THE INSTITUTE OF WATER ECONOMY AND HYDRAULICS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF THE UZBEK SSR/IRRIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF GOLODNAYA STEPPE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A020500230001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 42
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 19, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 14, 1963
• Content Type: MISC

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--I-NIORMAT ON REPORT INFORMATION REPORT
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
50X1 -HUM 1
This material contains information .affecting the National Defense of the. United States within the-- meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Secs. 798'and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any..manner..toai unauthorized persgn is prohibited by law:
CONFIDENTIAL
50X1-HUM
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT The Institute of Water Econ. and:.
HYdraulics of the Ads,demsy of Science of
the Uzbek SSR/Irrigation and Development
of Golodnaya Steppe
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ
REPORT
DATE DISTR. 111- Ma.r 63
NO. PAGES
REFERENCES
1
1
50X1 -HUM
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two pamphlets in English published
in the Soviet Union. The firm, one, published in Tashkent by the Academy of
Science, is entitled The Institute of Water Economy and 'Hydraulics of the
Academy of Science of the Uzl;ck SSR." It covers the following problems that
the Institute is solvin:: and the iv,nortant results achieved:
Problem 1. Scientific Principles Under1yin7. the Complex Utilization of Water
Resources in Uzbekistan
Problem 2. Irrigation _and Reclamation
Problem 3.. Study of the c.. Bed Courses, Water Intake Structures and
Hydraulics St actures
Problem 4. CalcuIdtIng Me es and Construction of the Hydraulic -Structures
Problem 5. k hanizatic and Industrial Methods in Hydraulic Construction
Problem 6. s dra 4achinery and A
The second pamphlet
is entitled Irrigati
following subjects:
- 4CIASSILelw
in 1961 by the Ministry of Agriculture,
eodngya S . It covers the
Natural Conditions ok the GeloOpe
Short Description of Irrigation De ,
Present EconoLly
Construction, Project Planning an search Or- zations
Engineering Scheme of Irrigati
,?,
Irrigation and Drainage Network
Communication Lines
? Proposed Agricultural Development
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ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF THE UzSSR
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INSTITUTE OFWATER ECONOMY AND HYDRAULICS
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THE INSTITUTE
OF WATER ECONOMY. ,
IAND HYDRAULICS OF THE.
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
OF THE UZBEK SSR
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF THE UzSSR
TASHKENT.1961
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Fig. 1. The Institute of Water Economy and Hydraulics of the Academy of
Science of the Uzbek SSR.
The Institute was founded in 1925 under the name of the
Central Asian Scientific Research Irrigation Institute to provi-
de the irrigation engineering of Central Asia with tasks for
the experimental part of the research work.
The .scope of the scientific research work in water econo-
my was greatly enlarged after the Academy of Science in
Uzbekistan was established in 1943. . At present the work of
the Institute involves all the problems dealing with the study
and utilization of water resources, construction and maintenan-
ce of water diversion works, hydraulic structures, irrigation
and drainage systems.
The Institute serves all the water organizations and at the
same time carries out theoretical and experimental work in all
branches of hydraulics and reclamatioh.
The Institute is composed of the following departments and
laboratories:
l.-..Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, .
2. Department of Complex Problems and Water Power En-_
gine-ering,
3. Irrigation and- Reclamation Department,
4. River Beds Department,
- 5. Laboratory of Intake -Structures,
'2
,
6. Laboratory of Structure Hydraulics,
7. Experimental Wave Action Laboratory,
8. Soil Science and Soil Mechanics Laboratory?
9. Department of Hydraulic Structures and Seepage Flow,.
10. Laboratory of ,Building' Materials,
.1.1. _Mecfianization . Department,. . . - .
Laboratory 'of Prefabricated ? Reinfdrced. Concrete Struc-
tures,
? 13; Laboratory of Hydraulic -Machinery,.? ?
14: Laboratoey of Water Gauge Sets.
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. ;
Fig. 2. A Plan of the Institute:
1 ? main building; 2 ? the Lahoratory of ,Intake Structures; 3 ? Experimental Wave
Ac-
tlon Laboratory; 4? Labgratory of Building. Materials, ? Soil Mechanics, Analytical and
others; 5? Experimental Mechanical Work-Shop of precision Instruments; 6 ? Laboratory
Water, Gauge Sets ,? 7.? Laboratory of Prefabricated 'Structures; 8 ? Calibrating Station; 9?
Laboratory "of Hydraulic Michinery; 10 ? Pumping Station; 11 ? Laboratory of River Beds:
12?Laboratory of Soil-Science, Seepage Flow and other depirtrnents;./3.? Building of the
Laboratory of Hydraulics and Hydromechanics now being designed; '14? Experimental
Models.
.1193
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PROBLEMS THE INSTITUTE IS SOLVING AND THE IMPORTANT
RESULTS ACHIEVED
?
Problem 1. Scientific principles underlying the complex
utilization of .water resources in Uzbekistan ?
The Department of Hydrology and Water Resources car-
ries out research work on the problems of water resources
and flow formation, it studies the river flow regimes, works
out the methods for hydrological estimations and solves ques-
tions of water balance of irrigated areas.
On the basis of the studies of the Central Asian rivers
-flow and observing their regime fluctuations the rules for flow
control are derived and the main characteristics established.
This brofight about the further development of methods for
approximate determination of river flow characteristics for the
-unexplored regions of Central Asia.
The role of .various sources of river water supply is made
clear 'and it was ascertained that it is not glacier, but snow
that plays the leading part.
The research work is going dn the problem of water los-
ses. from the water table: "'?f reservoirs. on the territory of
Uzbekistan. The 'estimation of the Sir-Darjra river water ba-
lance is driwn up on the, section .jut above the Chardar
Reservoir for further necessary 'construction of water - power
ancOrrikation -works.
WaterThoiVer cadastre? Of ? the rivers of Uzbekistan and sur-
rounding ? regions is, being. completed.
\Tlie.'Departmentiof,Complex Problems and Water PoI?;
wet, Engineering workg on the questions of complex .utiliza.:h:41
tiory of-surfaCe and Underground water resources in :the riati-'
onal `'economy of, Uzbekistan (in the first.place for irrigatiOn
needs, water supply and water power), bringing out the ba-
sic points and methods for drawing up schemes for complex
utilization of the Central Asian rivers and dealing also with
control and Teaulation problems of river flow along with water
power estimations.
This Department derived , a method for "drawing up schemes -
for the purpose of pump irrigationw .ith complex 'utilization -o
water resOurces.
In accordance with the newly obtained experimental data
a plan-scheme for the development of irrigation along the-
mean 'flow of the Amu-Darya river is in preparation; in the
valleys of the Zeravshan and Kashka-Darya " rivers pumping
irrigation and gravity flow irrigation zones are set 'up together
with the techno-economical reasons and a plan-scheme for
subdividing the territory into zones is worked out.
- Problem 2. Irrigation and Reclamation
The Department of Irrigation and Reclaination,works on
the following general .problems: technique and machinery for '
irrigation of agricultural crops, control of canal silting and its
overgrowing, reduction of the maintenance costs, on reclama-
tion problems of saline soils by means of horizontal surface
and underground drainage and vertical drills.
Fig. 3. A field irrigated by long furrows.
.:This.Department introduces: a method of estimating the
elements for furrow irrigation, sprinkling of cotton plants, de-
vIcOliir:Increasing the-labour efficiency ?.such .as pipes, si-
phgniAiubber tubes), portable pipelines; methods for designing
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Fig. 5.. Port-able ,Pipeline..
Fig. 6. Horizontal open drain.
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and practical execution of levelling as well, as extention of
irrigated areas; the Department also worked out methods of
estimattorr arid?;:cpnstruction 'oLyertical drainage; it derived a
methodr _fo estim:ating the horizontal draipage by water balan-
ce equalization and, construction' of temporary drains.
Fig. 7. Vertical drainage pump.
Problem 3. Study of the,River Bed Courses, Water Intake
Structures and Hydraulics of Structures
The Department of River Beds in engaged in studyirx
the rivers of Central-Asia with the aim. of drawing up mO-
Mods to regulate river beds, to estimate silting process and
washing of upstreams and doWnstreams of headworks as well
as to estimate the scouring of beds along the great length in.
dams downstreams; in is occupied in compiling the methods
for estimating the ice regime on river sections adjoining the
headworks and determining the time of the reservoirs silting.
Analyses of turbulent flow patterns carrying sediment are
conducted.
The River Bed Department carries out laboratory and field
research work for a series of large hydraulic projects (Farhad,
8
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Kairak-Kum Dams on the Sir-Darya river, Kampir-Ravat and
Cazalkent Dams). The methodical part of the main silting
problems of the work is completed and-the- reason's for iapid
silting (twice as much thas ha been' expected) ? of Farhad sand
Kairak-Kum reservoirs were elucidated. It was determined that
In estimating the ,silting prOdeis period one-should take in con-
sideration also. the effect of wind wave action on the reser-
voir banks and some other factor's. ?
The Laboratory of Intake Structures is busy with me-
thods of further improvement of intake structures on the Cent-
ral Asian rivers with appliances controlling -.the entrance of
sediments into the irrigation ana power .stationk canals.
, The Laboratory together..with the designing. 'institutes has
-completed the- scheme of 'an intake works. of Fergana type
which permits the ?draw of ,water .for -the. canals-- with the least
; amount' of sediments.
The operation of this type of intake Works based on the
principle of utilization of a lateral flow circulation, possesses
the following characteristics.
The intake process takes place from a curved flow at a
concavity of the river bank. Intake works dams consist of
curvilinear approach channel gate dam, intake sill adjoining
the dam at, the concave bank. In most cases the river head-
works in Central Asia are built according to this type.
The Laboratory of Intake Structures has worked out he
theory and a calculation nlethod for silting]' basins, curvilinear
sand traps, and silt-discharge canal capacity.
In the Laboratory of Structure Hydraulics questions 'con-
nected with energy , absorption - in the ?downstreams of head-
works are studied, research work is carried out ' on .the ques-
tion of disturbed and pulsating flow as well as; on methOds of
the hydraulic modelling..
The elabontion of a method for the depth calculation of
local scouring beyond the headworks which is of;great impor-
tance for 'correct evaluation of ?possible scotiiing, as wellias
tiesigning and calculation of tower and siphon 'spillways were
accomplished by the Laboratory,.
'The main problems with which the Experimental W.ave
Action Laboratory ,is concerned consist in actiVe and passive
control measures for protecting the slotes ,of earth darns and
reservOir embankments from ,wave action.,, The Laboratory Ohs
to study wind ',and wave regimes of re?dvOiis,. fixing the
wave. JOad' standards more, accurately. ThelLabofatOiy is also. bu-
sy with the testing of large-scale diddels of vdriOUs'tYpeS of
strerigtliefiiig 'int order td choose the beit soltitiOn and"finlly
the Laboratory is engaged in making a detailed study of cal-
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culating methods. Visual observation is set on the experimen-
tal sections of 'reservoirs. For example observaticins: o? con-
ditions-of strengthening the Katta-Kurgan Dam 'slopes ..were
concluded; and the 'values of wave height vs. wind' velocity
were determined.,,,
A labdratory with two wave-flumeS 16 in and 80. 'm long,
respectively, will be .completed in 1961. The height of the
waves in these 'flumes will reach 1,7 -m.
Problem 4. Calculating Methods and Construction of the
Hydraulic Structures
The Department of Hydraulic Structures and the Labo-
ratory'of Soil Science carry on research work on the structu-
ral properties of loess soils used as., building material
In the majority of earth structures in Central Asia. The .calcu-
bating methods of designing arid erection of earth .hydraulic
works are being studied. The Laboratory of Soil Sciencei,con.-
ducted research work on structural properties of loess soils: .
common), saline and loose settling soils. The. results of' these
tests make it possible to apply soils containing 109o of salt
for important earth constructions_ and in some cases it is even
possible to apply tolls containing as much' as 15% -instead of
the usual 3% of salt .fixed ,by State Standards.
Methods for fixing 'the bed settling fo'r embankment and
dam construction are also completed by the Laboratory and
recommendations are given for foundation treatment in loose
settlin.g soils. This helps to determine more accurately the
necessary volume of supplementary work due to fofindation
settlement and garantees to a greater degree the safety of the
construction. The Laboratory has provided methods for design-
ing, constructing and maintenance of canals .in highly loose
settling soils.
The Department of Hydraulic Structures studies questions
of defofmatiOns of earth dams (among these are the dams-..con-
structed by filling the -water- with soil), the consolidation
process and stability of .canal -slopes in saturated loess soil
are also studied; simplified methods of percolation calthlation
in structures taking in account all volume seepage are. w,orked
out (among these drops-chutes, water outlets,- aqueducts and
cantilever spillways.)
The Laboratory 'of Building Materialsis engaged in fin-
ding .new as well as local m'aterials.for'water 'Works problems,
choosinber 'right concrete proportions' and.testing.their properties
for application in irriation cons tinction.
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Fig. '11. Cracks In settling loess soils as a result of; wetting.
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Fig. 12. Diagram of value variations
of relative depth settiment In loesS
soils.
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The Laboratory is ,also 'busy with .studying'; of e'arthcan4.2
lining materials and coverings in ader to ,protect concrete,?
from 'alka'Sioil: Technolo.gyor.preparatiod. and .1placirig. of cold
mixed - *halt. materials was likewise com.pleted.General chat
Tactei*its':Of plastic concrete ontaining fucfiltolketone:mo;.
nome'r.,?-FX"4With required abrasion 'resistance were dbliffied
1,
Fig. 13. Abrasion resistance of lining materials (kilograms per
square meter .ppr hour) determined by a special device desi-
gned in the Institute.
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as a result of- ,research work. Properties Of reinforced gunite
were studied_ so as to apply it as a lining material for pres-
sure hydraulic structures, research work is going On making
gunite more - plastic and ,using it as' ..an anti-seepage canal'
lining.
Problem 5. Mechanization and industrial Methods in
Hydraulic- Construction
In the ,Mechanization Department for 'Water Works besi-
de testing of irrigation machinery and improving their service
and methods ,of advanced mechanized processing they design
new machines for building, and maintenance services in irrigation
systems.
Field testing of a floating mower for cleaning canals from
vegetation .designed by the Institute was, carried out and a
special machine has been designed for cleaning laterals from
vegetation and silt deposits. a
For' horizontal underground drainage ? 2,5-3,5 m deep the
Mechaniiation Department together' with Glavgolodnostepstroy
(Hunger-Steppe Design Institute) constructed a drainlayer.
This machine prepares trenches, lays drains -500- mm long and
15
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covert- them with - grayel: The efflency:loft the t?nachine. attains
250 linear .meters, per shif. - ? .
The. Laboratory ? of .prefabricateci:.Aeinforced Contrte-
StruCtures is engaged in improying.Prefabricated concrete and,
reinforced concrete structures and canal linings;'.besides,that it
Is buSy in creating new thin7alled prefabricated structures.
'Fig. 15. Diagram of drainlayer operation.
_
..For manufacturing' Ii situ the prefabricated parts the Labo-
ratory; ha_s. plan.ned e?cmimental stations with stand-basins.
adjustable for Worli.irig in SOecific Climatic conditions of Cent-
ral As1a. -
The Laboratory discovered the possibility of reducing the
thickness of reinforced concrete iinings from 12 cm to 6 cm,
for Main canis and. in canals Where' water discharge runs
from.0,2 to 26 cubic meters 'per second:The practice of using:
prefabricated concrete linings 5-8 cm. thick rather than those
of reinforced concrete thas.,..been proVe& to more econo-
mical.
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in situ.
? Fig. 17. Placing prefabricated concrete llning:on:the-main..canal during operation. per1904
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Fig. 18. Reinforced cement flume 9,nt long with the capacity of 0,5 cubic
meter per second.
Fig. 19. Prefabricated reinforced cement gate-regulator with 3,4 m'span
for the capacity of 0,8 cubic meter per second.
New reinforced cement slabs 2 cm thick were recommended
for lining ditches in small farming network. The Laboratory
worked out a scheme and a technology of producing
the reinforced cement flumes of parabolic shape which are
twice as economical as reinforced concrete. The dimensions
of a flume are: 6 to 9 m long, 60 cm high and 80 cm ,wide
in its upper part, its capacity being 0,5 Cubic Meter per se-
cond.
For - minor- networks the Laboratory has 'worked out prefa-
bricated hydraulic structures of an economical shape. They
-consist of ribbed slabs and panels- which are prepared as flat
reinforced cement details receiving prefabricated ironconcrete
ribbs.
Problem 6. Hydraulic -Machinery and Apparatus .
The Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery_ studies 'serving
-conditions of water-hoisting machines for water economy of '
the Republic and questions of their rational utilization.
Propeller pumps, of small capacity foi-, pumping irrigation of
Horezm -and Kara-Kalpakia regions, shaft pumps for vertical
-drainage and for utilization of ground waters for irrigation pur-
poses as well as cord and band pumps for pasture watering
were created by the Laboratory. _
This Laboratory is also busy with methods of choosing
pumps for zonal pumping irrigation and- for vertical, drainage;
estimation of hydraulic ram effect in pressure pipelines, theory
of operation process in the cord and band :water loiSting de-
vices as well as the theory of vacuumless charging of propel-
ler pumps.
The problems of the Laboratory of Water Gauging Devi-
tes consist in creating of new types of water gauge sets (tu-
bular and, surface gauge), automatic aparatus for recording
and controlling irrigation ? water (hydrometers,- distant trans-
mitters, discharge indicators, discharge recorders, flow meters,
,zrid.making use of the advantages Of ,automatie* and tele-
mechanic inventions to solve these problems.
Besides ;that the Laboratory calibrates, water :ga0Ing devi-
ces for, all- irrigation systems of Uzbekistan. - ,
? ?
Among the recommended types ere' :the following water
gauges and automatic equipment des.igned. by the Laboratory
itself: an open 'gate - regulator for collectilig -farm. alloCation
water where the wafer discharge "caplicity' reaches 2,5' cubic
meters per second;- tubular -water-gauge whose -discharge-water
capacity reaches 1,5 cubic meters per second;- surface water
gauge-regulator to be applied in the farming whose water ca-
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Fig. 20. Shaft propeller pump 13r1,8 for:vertical drainage and utIlliatibry of
underground water for Irrigation. purposes..
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. ?iuii
Fig. 22. Cord wate`r-hoisting7device SCD for hoisting water from drills of.
small diameter located.gn pastures. Its capacity_ being 1,5=2,5 litres Per.
- '?
second; the height of hoisting-30 m.
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arrimizzinszmililis ,
.04(''/'ufT///"WI4 I
if; / .c. 4nentla jart e , i
-7: _ MPRfflualgrixii a., `i A
124= 2 fet r 4 sei i r 0 1 ej24121?0* F=11 mem r I 74 3 22 22 55 4 1
15 1
-4I?Qn:?(f? . ? 0 .
_
Fig. 24. Level?discharge recorder.
Fig. 25. Water gauge attached td Oen regulator.
Fig. 27., Diagram of the dynamic discharge recorder.
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?
pacity runs to 250 litres per. *second; dynamic discharge indica-
tor which operates on water level difference, indicating dischar-
ge capacity ?per second; dynamic aid rotary 'flow recorders
indicating the supply. of water during a' definite period.
Gates that are used for upstream sections such as those of
Finke and Neyrpik type are being studied. ,
Over 10000 water gauging devices constructed by the Insti-
tute are in opeiation on the irrigation systems of the Central
Asian Republics.
*
'While caging out scientific research work the Institute of
Water Economy arid Hydraulics is,.engaged .at the same time
in summarizing .and propagating advanced experience, gathered
at home and abroad, with the use of technic achievements
in water economy, ?.introduces them into service and is busy
In educating scientific workers.
The Institute takes an active 'part in scientific congresses
and conferences on hydraulic engineering and reclamation prob-
lems.
The scientific ?actiievements of the Institute are published
as books, proceedings and -special editions .by the' Institute or
in journals of the Uzbek Academy of Science: ?143BeCTITSI" II
Jloxjmaiu AH Y3CCP and other scientific Journals which i deal
with hydraulic engineering such as ?FHApoTexima ii me.rmo-
palm", ?FitnpoTeximgeeKoe crpOliTe.11bCTBO? etc.
' 'L.
Chief editor
corr. member of the Academy of Science of the UzSSR
R. A. ALIMOV
Ha anAutIcxom Ram
ilHeTHTyT BOAHLIX npoftem H 114,4p0TeXHHHH
Attmemnu itayK Y36eRcKoA CCP
Edited by A. V. Baklilzky
Technical Editor H. U. Karabajeva
C.ItaHo B Ha6op 20/VII-61r. Iloanncafto IC negaTH 29/VII-61 r. Bymari
60X921/16 = 1,0 6yAr. a. 2,0 neg. a. Haa.a. 2,0 1/13a. M 313/61 THpaw 600
BecnaaTHo
THITOrpatillfg 143/1aTellbCTBa Y3CCP, Tawiceirr, XopeamcBan, 9. 3aBaa 793
Aapec 1/13,aaTeabcnia: YJI. Kyil6mweBa, 15.
1.
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tc
4:1
t
_e
MINISTRY OF- AGRIquLTuRE, USSR
? _
T)ie USSR National
Codtte on IrrigeitiOn itri(Diqiinage
e7?
?;- -
? ,
,
?
,
el:-
-"-
"c?
,.
4 ? c
' IRRIGATION AND ./..
DEvEIpPMENT
?
' OP ,GOI;ODNAYA STEPPE
.-
i
.11diaow, 1961
,
'
_
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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, USSR
The USSR National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage,
IRRIGATION AND DEVELOPMENT.
OF GOLODNAYA STEPPE
Moscow, 1961
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The report is compiled by engineer
Girshkan S.A., by-the materials of,
the Institute "Sredazgiprovodkhlo-
pok". and Glavgolodnostepstroi -
?
Irrigation and deVeloPlilint of the Golodnaya Steppe Megan
90 years ago and the irrigated area in 1917 was 34 thous.ha.
During the first ten years of the Socialist Development'
Programme,.V.I. Lenin paid considerable attention to the ir-
rigation in the Southeth?republica, to utilize the rich natu-
ral resources of the Golodnaya Steppe and its advantageous
proximity to neighbouring industrial dentres,power and water
resourbee and favourable topographical conditions,to develop
this area into dhe of the main locations for .cotton growing
in the Soviet Union, although faced with rather difficult so-
il and land reclamation problems.
Since 1917, hndet,the Soviet Regime the irrigated area
in the Golodnaya Si.eppe has been: eteadily-increasing and now
amounts tbs250 thbus.ha.
Development of industry in our country has been stepped
up and 'provided civil engineering projects with various types
of powerful machinery for speedier fulfilment of the develop-
ment programme in this area. The general practice for deveLp-
ment of virginaands is by state farms. Complex mechanization
too has been introduced into the realisation of the Soviet
Agricultural Piograme.The Government expects in the nearest
future a threw-fold increase in the acreage irrigated .here,
-by their decision to exploit the above facilities for the in-
tensified development and irrigation of the Golodnaya Steppe.
Natur-al Conditions
The Golodnaya Ste-pp& is-the hamt given to the vast plain
in the Iditer sebilon of the middle-ieadhes of the Syr-Darya
River and bbtderedon the nbith-:east and eaat by the Syr-Darya
River, on the hbtih7liteWandst by the sandy desert Kara-Kum
5.21
and 'on the ebuth bYtthe foothill:a-of the Turkestan ridge.With-
theie liMitSsthe feta-I arediofthe.GolOdnaya'Steppe
over 1
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The-mean'annual temperature inthis vast area is 140C;
the sum total of temperatures .for the frostless Period is
4,700?C; number of -days with average daily temperatures above
14?Cl'exeeeds 200".!The'ennual precipitation is about 250 mm,its
distribution through the seasons being typical of that for se-
mideserts of Middle Asia. Evaporation is 1.,200 to 1,700 mm.
The plain has a flat gradient from south-east to north-
west, the, gradient being 0.0002 to 0.0005.In the south nearing
the 'foothills the gradient is 0..003 to 0.005. ?
' The Golodnaya Steppe soil . strata were formed under the
effect of 'waste from "Says" of the Turkestan ridge, sand and
pebble deposits of the Chatkal ridge rivers (Chirchik & Angren)
to say 'nothing of silt run-off 'of the Syr-Darya which is the
main water-artery.
' -Surface horizons are-mainly composed of loam, banded in
the southern part with pebble and rubble,in the central part
with clay and sand,,and in, the northern, eastern and south-
western parts with loam and sandy loam overlying old debris of
the Syr-Darya.
The occurrence and mineielization of ground water requir-
ing land reclamation are determined with the whole complex of
geomorphological and hydrogeological conditions.
The Southern part occupied with grey
soils (sierozem) is characterized-by natural drainage and
stability of groundwater. It does not need special'reclama-
..,
tion arrangements ?
Fa r t'h e r to 'the n.orth gradients be-
come gradually gentler. Underlying soils here consist of-fine
earth depobits, drainage conditions Are not quitefavourable.
Ground water does no occur deep below the surface though wa-
ter table is quite stable-. Ground wateris consumed only for
transpiration and evaporation accelerating the process of
selinization. Such 'conditions make- 'it necessary toIviesh alka-
li soils in collectingdrainage-network. -
Still farther-tO the north, in! t h e c e ii t r a 1
p a r t. of the Goilodnaye Steppe, inflow of ground water is
?
? 5 ?
low,water table is. 5-10 m or even 20 m below the surfaceHere it
is very important'to_prevent recharging ground water in the
future.'periodof operation.Therefore collectingdrainage net-
works as 'wellas.permanent.peepage contral-in ognalsate-requi-
red.
The
! _
n t h- e r n a n-d t h e a.s te r n
parts within the limits of alluvial deposit& of the Syr-
Darya River are similar in soil structure to the former parts,
The water table is however 1.5- to 2.0 m below the surface.
Along with-reconstruction of the irrigation network, a new
collecting-drainage network will also be required.Inyestiga-
tions indicate that conditions in this region are favourable
for vertical drainage..
The above may be generalized as follows.
-450 thoUs.ha of the total area -of the Golodnaya Steppe
are referred -Co as the 1-st category,that.is the type of lands
suitable for development, either not needing any reclamation
at the first stage -of development or requiring only arrange-
ment of collectors, in some places widely spaced.
375 thous.ha of.land referred to a?he 2-nd category
are less suitable for development. These lands require either
rarified collecting-drainage networks or a dense network, of
colleators.-
-The rest of the lands (about 200 thous.ha)13elong to the
category of lands' suitablefor development only after. leach-
ing with suitable drainage-collecting networks-.
The-portion of the Golodnaya Steppe now under irrigated
farming does not exceed 30,, per cent, the remaining lande
ing-occupied'with pastures-or dry cropp.
' ShOrt Description of Irrigation-Development
-n _ --:, "; ? - y u. ?S.,z 1, , . e ? , : . . ? .
. ,
The; first.,qt,tempts to .irrigate ,the .Gq1p4naya Steppe were
. _ _ 2 . ..
made in the seventiepeo.;Ahp ,last _pe,.../yyt.,, .
:In 1908. he Iiii,iated area of -011,p, Gpl.pAgeye Steppe Was
10 thous.ha te-nd; in. 1911i7t was .34 thous._ha.Bat rep pus 4and
-....1-i--t-7 - -
utilization and unpractical water use ceased rising of the
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water table and salinization of arable lands at the earliest'
stages of irrigation development.' ? ? -
.? During the- infancy of the Soviet Republic the irrigation
of the Golodnaya- Steipe was evaluated as being very important
for the national economy of the country. The decree _ of. the
Council of People's Commissars signed by V.I.Lenin on May 17,
1918, provided irrigation of the Golodnaya Steppe for an area
of about 500 thous.ha to supply the textile industry with
cotton. ?
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War the cultiva-
ted area of the Golodnaya Steppe had reached' 90 thous.ha.
-; During the War. a collecting-drainage network. was const-
,- -
mated in the Golodnaya Steppe. This construction and general
regulation of water utilization resulted in improving rec-
lamation conditions of the' Golddnaya, Steppe. Up ..to .the - last
period-collectors and drains in the Golodnaya Steppe were open,
and waste water entered them together with ground water. - If
collectors were not available waste water would recharge gro-
und water and raise the water table. The length of drainage
canals in 1958 was as much as 13 m per ha .and :therefore the
water' table was _lowered. by 0.3 m as compared to the 1952 laVel
while the drainage from all the irrigated lands of the Uzbek
SSR ?(about 180 thous.ha) increased for that period from
228 mill.cu.m to 484 mill oCUsto Water supply per_ ha decreased
during the same period from 13.4., thoits cu.m to 12.4 thous .cu.m
In large farts (Malek, Pakhta-Area) :operation experiments to
improve irrigation practices have been broadly developed. In
Pakhta-Aral sprinkler irrigation 'of over 2,000 ha of lands
under rotational cotton has. been commended.
Present Economy
In 1960 the irrigated area of thii eroladnaya Steppe was ?
256 thous.ha, 60 per cent of 'which- 'tab under cdttn. Irrigated
lands are distributed among 22 statiV.taress anit.53- collective
farms. Benefits derived from these " feria equal 0.3ill.;rdublas
- ? -
?
per! year,: about t 85o peri cent-df.-1 the, income z being,: from , -cotton
growing. Cropped' area per one agriculturalt worker= is- 2 to 3.6;
ha- -in- the Uzbek SSRt and;.; 2'; 6nto 57.1 ha in, :the:: Kimakh SSR; In
1959 cotton' yielda:t am-min-telt centners-,P,r,_ ha ,r in- the ?
Uzbek SSR' and' 26;4 centners per:, ha. im the- Kazakh SSR,i.e.high-
er than the meair figures:, for' the. two, republics.
The industry_ df the Golodnaya- Steppe: is mainly composed
of ginneries. -
The population of the Golodnaya Steppe is 461.7
which 326:9 ':thoulie is rural. ?
The Kirov canal taking water.,.from the downstream, of the
Farkha& hydropoiver!?piant. is the maincline2'' of. the existing. ir-
rigation scheme:- }Lore _than, 200 thous:hC are now irrigated ? by -
this, canaf which is designed for 230. cw.m,!per sec .at the head.
Water, flows; through the canal _during; 10..5 - 11 months as- -it
is re'quired beyond ..the cultivatiOn season to, meet domestic and
industrial.- needs': --
- The next in size to the Kirov Canal..is: the Bayaut Canal,
14.5 km long, with At design discharge at ...the head 50 cu..m per
sec. At preeent..it irrigates about 50 thous_.ha: With water di-
verted from the upstream of the Farkhad,,power plant..
The Begovat Canal, small izI size, takes water .directly
from the tailrace. of the Farkhad power plant and commands on-.?
ly about 5 thous.ha. -
Reclamation conditions of the irrigated area of the Golodnaya Steppe are mow not quite satisfactory, considerable..aa-
linization of some soils and high water table being observed
there.. . ?
Thus, the experience of past years should be taken into .
thous.of
consideration in planning and designing future irrigation de-
velopment. The problem of irrigation and development of the
:?_
Golodnaya Steppe is to be'iolired-by-0.--1arge construction or-
ganization with application, of4ndustrial methods_ of construe-
tionj Mul ti4Urpiose,; irrigat ion., and land ?deTelopment. ?
Ther.doOtri,ift tog,. economic, deveippments, now carried
out in; t'Are-,01i-epub,11..9,13 zbek,Kazakh and, T adjik) just interest-
_
., ?
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ed in the Golodnaya Steppe irrigation are for the first time
arranged in the Soviet Union on' such a large Stale. The re-
alization of the project of the Golodnaya Steppe irrigation
is.lof great significance for, national economy.
Construction, ProJect Planning and
Research Organizations ?
To implement all construction works pertaining to irri-
gation and development of new lands within the boundaries of
the three republics and organizing state farms on newly ir-
rigated lands a Central Board for hydraulic construction and
development of the Golodnaya Steppe was formed known as"Glav-
.golodnostepstroi".
The general designing institute responsible for hydrau-
lic construction and development of the Golodnaya Steppe is
the Institute "Sredazgiprovddhlopoku. The projects for agri-
cultural,,Toad and power development were worked out by spe-
cial project planning organizations.
In the Golodnaya Steppe scientific research work is in
prdiress to.,examine new irrigation practices,various methods
of seepage control, new designs of hydraulic structures,etc.
These ;research studies are effected by the Academy of Scien-
ces of the Uzbek SSR (the Institute of Water Problems and
Hydrotechnics), the All-Union Institute of Nydrotechnics and
Amelioration named after A.N.Kostyakov (VNIIGiM),the Academy
of Sciences of the Tadjik SSR (the Institute of Water Prob-
lems), Giprovodhoz and other scientific and projecting Orga-
nizations.
? Engineering Scheme of Irrigation
' .The scheme, of the Golodnaya Steppe irrigation is short-
ly described below. The headwqrks comprise the dam On
the Syr-Darya River with the derivation,canskon the, left
bank of' the river, and the right, bank oanalt,,tommanding
?
? ;7.
50-tholiii.ha,i0heDafferiie.Steppe;, Theciticharge-capacity of
,
the derivation-Canal'iSq500'cu.m:lier'ieW.i.
dg''the14-thieetr'the7deriVition7dinal:ielhYdropower plant
ie.erecteci. AbOUV)boteper'secV"of'iiter-isrdiverted from
the upstream of the power plant through a regulator, into the
Southern:Golodnaia4'Stettiecanar. The:-.Southern-canal commanding
virgin lands of the-GOIOdneya,Steppe%will irrigate .354. thous.hal
290 thime:ha of'this,teing new virgin-lands. (The boundary be-
tween virgin lands'and. existing irrigation area of the Golod-
naya'St4perUns'alongitheeCefitral collector).
The'derivatitn:canal ofthe'Farkhad power plant is equip-
ped viith!alregulator-toAeliver 230tiaome.cu.m per sec.of water
intothe),Iirolecenal Tbe. canakcommands,276:thoue.ha of the
developed zone of the' Golodnaya Steppe including,73-thous.ha
of-thwintrement4of'new-lands:
32-div.mpersec, of-water-orthe.derivation canal, of the-
Parkhact power plant will be lifted, to a- height of 170 m to.ir-
rigate thoud:he'of virgin lands in the Tadjik part of, the
Golodnaya Steppe..
The Sciuthern.Golodnaya Steppe canal' flows from east to
weit, thegreaier;partof it being cut partially below and par-
tieny: abbve=iiide. Th Southern canal includes 14.5 km of the
Bayaut Canal alreadrunder operation which-was subsevently
widened: The;.14rigthof the: Southern canal is 126 km. it runs
-through dusty iypseous sandy loam and' loam. Water 'table along
the canal routeisi2-6'm below the. surface. Atithe:63-rd km the
Central branch 'bifurcates from the Southern canal:It is .20 km
long, delivers-water- Into the Right and Left minors and' is also
used-nee:flood' escape (the Southern canal- Central collector)
itifh"dedigned,dischargeiot 160 cli.m per sec.,
The' gradirentstt:the.Oanal kre,0.000054frOm 0 to the 63-rd
O'.00006. from 63-rd -km to 74.-th.,km-and 0.00007 farther
to the-'end; Tifi:Isitf6&14 poIyional:with 8lopes.41-1-and . 3:1
in-the'dainstreiiPiiiilihr,2)*Ilin7-4pe_upstream:Eottom width
i4F-nOt,miireithanI8rithedepthis-*koximately.715,.m. As
the-;;Ssiutherivcanal-runetAhroughthezonewhere,:the water 'table
4
?4--? ? ,?,..???,..????;:.; ? ..:????'1,
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is rather high, no provision is map for waterproof lining.At
some reaches the slopes are planned-to be Strengthened with
fast-sprouting tree planting (willow) to cOntrol wave action.
-
The Central branch is proposed to be linedwith concrete
t-.
from its beginning to the.10-!th.km.
. -
, -
The Kairak-Kum reservoir (5.5 bill.cu.m full .capacity, ?
2.5 bill.cu.m useful capacity) *stream of the Golodnaya Step-
pe and thelChardara reservoir (5.7 bill.cu.m full capacity,
4.7 bill.cu.m useful capacity) downstream ofthe Golodnaya
Steppe provide the Golodnaya Steipe irrigation system . with
6*5.bill.cu.m of water per year which is enough to irrigate
-
669 thous.ha.
. .
When development of. the total area is accomplished drai-
nage water removed from the territory of the Golodnaya Steppe
will amount to 70 cu.m per:Cee. Water will.floW -into the Arms-
Say depression and the Syr-Darya. The discharge of the lar-
gest Central collector to Arna-Say will be 40 cn.m per sec.
Irrigation and Drainage Network
, -
Irrigation and reclamation of the Golodnaya Steppe are
planned with due consideration for the f011owing:1)to increase
efficiency of the systeM, thus 'raising irrigation capacity of
the water taken for irrigation, and-to lower the amount ofwa-
ter losses for preventing the danger of salinizationi,2)to dec-
rease :total water consumption; 3) to provide washing-out sali-
ne lands before and in the process of development and to lower
water table; 4) to lower labour requirements for irrigation in
every way possible; 5) to increase land;utiiiiatiOn factor,i.e.
to decrease the area under laterals, drains and "irrigation
? '
Canals' on newly irrigated areas and partially On. old
lands are. 'designed- and 'conitructio'Ciii flUsies,with concrete li-
ning or With Screena Of.waterproofteriali(including-plis-
tic materials Or cothimoted soil), in Comefcasei- iriiiiiion
canals run in tubei,for example the canal in Ee Farkhae4ta-
.
te farm and many others.
? ?
?
Not less then-15.par Cent'br the-GbiodniYi Steppe will
be irrigated by sprinkling., -
Lind ii*eiiing,ialiroibied effected everywhere.
tj t ?!, '
Broad deVelfdfient Of tree'
iiiinfifiOns ii-planned"to low-
. _ -
er water cOnSi4tion and harifal ifiedt Of itiong Windt; and
being iipertintiOr .
Buried drains and notwbik Of O??Or?re arranged on
the lands needing reolaitation.
The density Of the redlimation network is determined
with Uteri-able a. Wellae'with the ektent and type of ia-
TO ioier the cost "ilreat aCcuraey we's nedeisary
inin'rdeteriihing the density Of the drainage network and the
OdIi 6i Of cutting the nbiork.
the ioibtobrdynaky
itatien in 'the--aledniya Steppe durihOie*eral decides re-
sulted in ioalUable eierience 'of irrigation agridUltUral ma-
nageMent Under him soil and canditiOns.The re-
Cults Of.obiervations are takish into consideration' when de-
alining 'th ?? of the tOlddneya Sfel)ise irrigation and
deiefOOM"enti.
tommuntdation Lines
Main iinee of the Golodnaya' Steppe under operation
be-
fire,1956 11401416d the railway section from the S'--:Deitya
'station to the Ursitye*Ckaya oifition with a branch to. the
state farm O'f.Fikhta-Aral and the highway ( the Uzb?High
Road) 'from, Chinas to Dsjizak with the brand'," to Ura-Tjube
and 'to the Fergana _
At PiseSent the railway i-601.(oh f?6iii the Syr-Darya
tion,to the pp..*),Itkta-4p#!...,121 19.5 o.f, new route)
ft
iSdOMiiie:ted,:Whilk,the4Onatrudt4*rbOh-eraAwayirbmlietty-
Sayto Chardara is nea ngcompietion. *;i4e p;.7tin
laye.(with acdess
are'tO
roa 70.5 1-0*tht wh c e-dby Access
"tb Vi?eas-.
?
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High.voltage transmission lintp,1,200,km long are now
under construction. Power network will,cover all yardso.set-
tlements, industrial and operation-points-over the whole ter-
ritory of the Golodnaya Steppe.
Main telephone communication lines connecting all yards,
field camps and industrial-operation .points, to say nothing
of settlements, will be as long as 1,100 km.
Main as pipeline from Bukhara to Tashkent has already
Crossed the Golodnaya Steppe making real the gasification of
settlements.of the Golodnaya Steppe. It will require 412 km
Of 'gas piping.
The length of watei-kupply piping will be 531 km making
it possible to provide the needs of the Golodnaya Steppe p9-
pulation for drinking water. Underground water will be the
main source of water.supply.
Proposed Agricultural Development
A ,
The main agricultural crop in the Golodnaya Steppe is
witton..This was_characteristic-cf,the period'prior.to this
great irrigation development and will be the same on attain-
ing the proposed development.The percentage of the state
farm sector considerably increases.. This is because of the
fact that allvirgin soils will be developed by state, farms,
the latter making up 81 per cent of irrigated areas. Forty
tow state farms will be added to22 existing ones including
34 cotton state 'farms and.5.state farms responsible for ar-
ranging orchards and vineyards.
Arranging cotton state Parma in respect of irrigating
and developing the Golodnaya Steppe in, given special atten-
tion. .
'A..state.faim colleting 8.140,thoug4ha will have a_centre.
The latter- will be a large 'well-planned settlement with in-
dustrial and cultural enterprises.,Tht,:houses itre two.etorey-
ed, the flats are planned on both floors. All the houses are
provided With-central heating, water, gas_andjiewerage. The
13 ?
centre of the state farm will be supplied with electricity,
radio and telephone-facilities. ProvisiOn.is also made for
aforestation'Of the,entire'territory.of the Centre, 30 sq. m
per a person. Each family is given a plot of 200 sq.m with.-a
house. In addition,to thit each family is also given a plot
beyond the central territory of the state farm 550 sq.m in.
area to grow truck crops, fruit trees and floWers.
Cotton yielding capacity is designed to be 25 -centners
per hectare at the beginning and 35 centnere.per hectare for
the future..
High level of complex mechanization of cperationproceases
helps to increase the labour productivity in sOcialist agri-
culture, resulting in the increase of hectarage cultivated by
one worker; i.e. p ha for cotton. and 18 ha for alfilfa..
As many ais 392.7'thous.ta of-the new area, or 92 percent
will be Own, including 252.7 thous.ha, which will be under
cotton. _ - _
In 1959, 307 thous.tons of raw cotton was harvested from
the irrigatedlared8"of.the Golodnaya Steppe. As .a result of
irrigating-and'developing the entire Golodnaya Steppe,
yield of,ralkdOttein Over the territory Cf46691hous.ta
be 1,300 thous:tons.'
_Quantities Plant and-Equipment
the
will
Volume of earthwork when constructing
draina-
ge and roadmetworke2,.-as well as levelling of irrigable areas
will amount to 568 mill.cuon. including 201.mill.quou: while
VOlUMe..6f,concrete.and reinforced.c.oncrete, ? work
Will be 2.-1'mill.cum,Ancluding mill:cu.p,of_prefabrica-
ted reinforced Concrete.
-InAstate:firdsliiiikAnduetrial:yardsthere willIbe 1.45
pUblic,,_and other
taCilitiiiiyandf,841'44.m%tdf-plantsfaCtOri'es, workshops
This 2griat 'volume of 'work 'became reality, aa a reliable
source of bizilding"matriala and elements has been established.,
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? 14?
Given below are thO -largest minnfacturers:
- Plants producing reinforded concrete articles in Owns
of Begovat, Yangi-Yer aneChiniz,-their total output in 260
thous.cu.m of articles per year. In addition to this 40 thous.
cu.m of concrete and reinforced concrete articles are manu-
factured on yards. ?
? - Plants manufacturing construction ,Materials such asisd
antimony-concrete and precast silicate-calcite walls.
- Brick factories in towns of Begovat and Khavast.
- Plants producing drainage pipe's in the town of Khavast.
- Asphalt concrete plant in the towns of' Yangi-Yer and
4etty-Say.
. In conformity with the above volumes of work the follow-
ing number of machines will be required for,constructionl
excavators - 750
scrapers. - 1;000
.bulldozers - 1,050
levellers,long wheel base - 150
tractors, heavy - 1,450L.
dump trucks, " 1,99,Q::
'trucks with-fianks .7 1,200
mobile electric plants - 200
Most of this machinery is already in Commission.
Construction Cost
'The total construction cost will amount to 1,067 mill.ro-
ubles. Hydraulic development, requires 392 mill.roubles, agri-
cultural development 528 mill.roubles, 106 mill.rosbles for
construction of outer communication lines and 47 mill.troubles
.for construction Of industrial4nterprises.
Moreover, the state farms will be given 130 mill.roubles
for agrioultural development other than any kind of Construc-
tion, namely purchasing agricultural machinery and iteiaike.
Thus, the total cost of all 'kinds of constrnction taking
into account t1111 expenEes for irrigating and.devilOping the
areas of the Golodnaya Steppe over the territori-of Vacua.
ha together with the new land e will make-up'1:2-bithiouisles.
t ,
?
?;-%
,icfp4 tto
(71c--. YrN.' 1. 7: '1
-,r qs? 5.k180I 1 w-ss
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013/03/19 : CIA-RDP80T00246A-02050023000118
4 . ?
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Fig,2 -Head regulator of derivation canal of Farkhad hydropower plant,
500 m3/sec. in discharge
.10101681:f
Fig.3 Derivation canal of Farkhad. hydropower plant,
500 m3/sec. in discharge
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Fig.4 Farkhad hydropower plant
Fig.5 Reservoir at Farkhad hydropower plant; Southern Golodnaya
Steppe canal to the left
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FigEZErt.BEEEE3 1
.1 1
N".).70.4763.LWA
Fig.6 Southern Golodnaya steppe canal
Fig.7 Barrage across Southern Golodnaya Steppe canal
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Fig.9 Outlet from R.C. flume to irrigation pipeline
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.? ea, ...rte..,
maig
T. tt 1..3. ? Y'L.,1?. ? * ?
',3311;114P- .1747:7
41C2 g=i3EZ; imzi -6,u4'.7??
"7-1 MX) r?g a
I 3
11, aitAl 1.4:_,.."???? ?>
I
i="77.1
kV;?I ,iLej P'? 14,;131 & _ i'? Is. ? 2.1t..417
"--:???? ? r ? ? . ?
?
- " ? ep?,.
t'VrrN! L,tpkti fki A 0..csi .."1"lk"
? wz,cII
etz,
4?44'4%-
',.?4?44.6..el`???441?? Pideat,
Fig.11 View of precast concrete plant for irrigation works
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Fig.14 Sprinkler DDA-100M
I -
?-? ------- ?
Fig.15 Test plot of vertical drainage on
? Shuruziak depression within the
existing irrigated area
Drainage combine
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/19:
CIA-RDP80T00246A020500230001-8
.1'
nI1113050.11X03
? r
3ax.934. T!ip:200.
? ..
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CIA-RDP80T00246A020500230001-8
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GENERAL PLAN OF A STANDARD STATE FARM YARD
:$4
141?'
7771
I
?
COMMUNITY CENTER
1,-77 'NS -110Tlyld fists
76-111 Cultural, recreetional and shopping facilities
INDUSTRIAL CEN E
us-us Sh,s fer agricultural machinery
SierthiUM'
11$-ill liet1111/313 1111C /101113
ettieel , " .
Sarni and suemeliory faeilitnes tattle farms
c?-
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P
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SCHEME OF
LAND IRRIGATION IN GOLODN.AVA
ST E PP E
(Uzbek SSR, Xcizalch SSR and
Tadjik SSR)
Classification of Golodnava STeppe Lands
Reclamation requirements
Initial development requires el/her
no reclamation or rarified ne/work
of collectors.
Requires rarified colleclini and
drain* nelwork or dense network "
of cotteclors
Requires leach iris Wilt, dense drainage
and colleclinif nelwork. ?
Xairatc-.7Cum
reservoir-
' Leninaba
t
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/19: CIA-RDP80T00246A020500230001-8
SCHEME OF
LAND IRRIGATION IN. GOLODNAYA
STEPPE
( Uzbek SSR, Jiazalch SSR and '
Tadjik SSR)
Classification or Golodnava STOPPO Lands
Initial development requires either
no reclamation or rarified network
of collectors.
Requires rarified collectini and ?
drainage he/work or dense net work
of eotteetors
Requires leuehig with dense drainage
and colleting network. ?
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. 06
els)e44
4 50X1-HUM
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