(SANITIZED)SOVIET PAPER ENTITLED, ACADEMY OF SCIENCE USSR INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY, METHODOLOGICAL MANUALQUANTITIES/TECHNIQUES/EQUIPMENT(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A018100070001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 5, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: September 26, 1962
• Content Type: REPORT

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FOR OFFi
l~ieJt~ tt~e~~~
Con itio of mcwtr=ent of the ga tity of
Kr
Dwa or aetrom-
o seal noon
D ration
of
Ihalfday, whole
light day, or
24 ho'Q.
Half light day
Halfday, whole
day or 24 hours
iaary pro d do
oaaditions
of
In a water
body at differ
ant h-nieons.
In a barrel on
board.
Indifferent, b
but under iden-
tical conditions
of illumination
In a water body
at different
h ariaons.
Ding o imen the time of e o should ea lop
ily iation of rmatural i tion be==* of which half a light
day to the eih met period of exposure. When conditions clloar it the
duration of expoo a 040 be increased to a whole light day to one or
en c eo 24 hour parioda. A 24 how exposure is the most desir-
able during oaf o iments, Uae certair e itiors (e.g. marked
a lkalinimation of the m odium during pass development of algae in fresh
eater bodioz and others) the exposure shortened t half a light dsy.
Sit 1a M ter tea rature a lcu photo thesis the period of
expose can bo increased to two to three 24 hour periods. It is
do i1?table that mu*les frn photosynthesis with depth in the. host ideal way.
On me"urind photosynthesis at each horison a curve is plotted,
the are included by the curve corresponds to the production in the
water column.
To use the ,giS& method, prolonged exposures of the flasks
in the water body are necessary which is far fr a being possible.
Therefore particularly in ocean conditions one should frequently use
the other method.
Otipth is based on the determination of the quantity of photosynthesis
in a sample from surface water layers and twi correction oneffieients
which reflect the dependence of the rate of photosynthesis at different
depths on the penetration of light (ET) and on the vertical distributinn
of phytoplankton (bt) (Sorokin 1956, 1958, 1959a).
The coefficient XT can be determined in two ways. When the first
way is used an ja site experiment is carried out in the water body
(Procedure A, fig.l . The results of measurements obtained at each
sEe divided by the 1uantitiea obtained for parallel samples
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1. 0. th,g results of s asurea,enta nrs expressed in relative quantities,
the quantity of photosynthesis sraneqsured under lag ve light
falcon gas unity.
ient 1Cj for each horizon. In practice when the sago asaunt of C
rmdioiaotope is adc'sd to the flasks of identical volume and the activity
is determined under identical. conditions it is sufficient to take the
ree.lts of measurements of the activity of corrospnding filters for
caleuletin7 the cosffie fonts.
Jhen the secon way !s used, a uniform sam::ple of ester is poured
into a nustber of flasks (Procedure F, Fig.l) which are then .,posed
in the water body at tb,: name horizons as in the case of the M.i1U
e periments. The results are also a Pressed in relativ units, i.e.
in fractions of the photosynthesis at the surface. 2during0 the increase detersithema-
a'euracy and to ahorten the periods exposure tion of hp it is rscomr'ended that flasks be filled with water first
enriched with phytopla'.kton. When the water is enriched with phyto-
plankton sooplankton can be eliminated by different methods, for
instance by filt?ratil'n through coarse meshed seives. For oceanic
plankton it is possible to hold the sample of thickened planktost for
15-.20 minutes" During this period the oay-gea content decreases,
aooplankton settles to the bottom and it becomes possible to eliminate
them by decantation. ''
Coefficients I2' are dety raalneci only at occasion al prolonged stations
lith the 3pecifid optical oharaet?rist:es of the water for a given
region and se.xsoon with relatively low variatiins o eta i-n ttosstation.
Ther*f we, as it has bran shorn by studies of the ro r the of determinations of XT obtained at one statiin on be at:plied to
neighbouring stations.
The abois method of cralcLLIation gives approximate results only,
because it does n^t take into account variations in the quantity of
solar radi,stion from day to day. The coefficients LT obtained under
certain weather eo diti-)ns are applied to calculations at other stations
carried out under different conditions. therefore, another method
for Obtaining the coefficient FT that is derived from Ryther's papers,_
is briefly described below, kocordin; to this method, the es enfor finding the relationship between photosynthesis and light
aoaorepenied t+yth tht measurements which make it possible to calculate
the total solar radiation for a day at different horisons, which is
possible without lengthy stoppages of the vessel. If curves with
subsurface maxims such as in Fig. ZA are obtained as the result of
the measurement of photosynthesis of the uniform samples of phyto..
plankton placed at different depths, they can then be used for further
calculations. -heir oospcsnents are a-pressed in relative units, the
raxi"M value being taken as l-,-% . Substituting for depths the
correspo ding quantities of light enemy it is easy to plot the our"
for vaaristion of photosynthesis with light (Fig. 23) similar their to those work.
given by 3teesann Nielson (1959) (1956-571 in
their amsrtN
The difference consists in that these
under conditions of artificial illumination but the method suggess~-
sakes it possible to obtain then under natural conditions.
Bury comparisons showed that the behavicusr of the carves ~lthe of type
y~,,op2s,nkton which inhabit one and i~esuffiaientatberet~'e to obtain
water varies insignificantly,
one curve and it would be possible to use it within a given region
relative
and season. To obtain the coefficients XT the values of the
ph~ynthesis are taken from the curve, which eale
total radiation recorded at different depths and the values obtained
are expreseed in per cent of sun .face photosynthesis.
The r, ceff3 giants F.,. vary such sore from s .ati 3n to atati m than
..s. ,? t i deter r ined separately at each st.atimn.
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To determine coefficients E (Proadure C, Ftg.1) the flasks
are filled with water taken from different horisons sed incubated
with identical illumination (on board, in the laboratory Ae.).
The value of ktjr is equal to the quotient of the division of the
activity of the filter obtained by secs of filtering the sample
taken at a osartain depth by the activity of the surface sample,
fly taultiplying the coefficients L and Kr, referring to sae
8md same depth, the total oorrec ion coefficient Ke is calculated,
Ke=Kr 24
The noefrisiont to ah,ets the factor of the intensity of photo-
cyathesis at a given depth to that at the surface. Multiplying the
intensity of photosynthesis at the s+.rfase by Is we obtain the
photosynthesis at the depth to which the given magnitude of Is sorresponde.
Raving detained it for a sufficient number of hariseas it is possible
to obtain the parodestion fader a square meter of ourfaoe of the water
body. by calculating the intensity )f photosynthesis (production)
for each depth and plotting the corresponding graphor by plotting go
(see peke 2}) in the latter sue the area restricted by the aurvr shows
the ratio of photosynthesis in .he water column to that at the euafaes,,
in order to obtain the absolute quantity of photosynthesis under nee
square motor this ratio should be multiplied by the photosynthesis at
the curfass, i.e. by Cfp. The area as be measured in different ways
(planinetry, vaeigbing, calculation).
T; 'tiAlQti:a ~g ;nr:B12IC
Different quantities of radioactive carbon are ads ed into exper- -isso-tea
r..ssks depending on S. abundance of phytoptankton in the water body.
Usually the isotope 'AC is brought into a flask so that its activity
is 2 to FO C/1. This quantity is selected depessding on season,
cbunda of phytoplankton and the duration of the experiment. for
instanoo, loss active initial solutions should bu used in soccer than
in winter; in the ease of strong development of phytoplanktoa in the
water lose active a,lutions should also be used than in the case of wst6ar
with poorer phytoplankton.
The initial solution of uC is prepared from the preparation
zupplied by industry as follows. A certain quantity of distilled
eater Greed true Cii2 by boiling is poured into well washed flasks
with ground stoppers and 1;< solution of 109 is added (2 al of alkali
per 1 1 of water), the alkaline medium prevents volatilisatian
of the i4eoz. The content of the a sp ule of radioactive isotaps is
transferred i.tt -) the same flask, fulfilling all the rules of aeshdeat
prevention, after which the flax is closed and the solution shakes.
In the ease of high activity of preparation it is diluted repeatedly.
The solution must be kept in carefully closed flasks is darkness,
rha activity of the solution decreases with time due to exchange of
with 'C of the atmosphere. Besides this a is o-orpnisns ens
develop in the solution. In aonnestion with this before being intro-
dused into the experimental flvsks the working solution is filtered
each time through a settbr+ filter No.1-2 to resew partialee,
mostly bacteria eoetainIrg MC.
ifter cilterint; the working solution of radioactive earboe as
be p,irsd into ampoules in required concentrations and volesss calculated
per flask or per the whole number of flasks for a single experiment.
The aspoules should be sealed, sterilised in an autoclave, and used
directly with the arras; *asent of the experiment.
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The
flasks to be used in experiments should be washed with a chromium
mixture or cleaned from bacteria by other known methods. It is
preferable to use for sampling a water sampler lade of polyethylene
plastic, plexiglass, or glass (Van Dorn 1956, Zoitts 1957) because
metal oxides have toxic effects on algae. Water samplers made of
pl?,stics should be washed with hot fresh water. Wben a Metallic
water sampler is used its internal surface should be carefully
cleaned and covered with a mixture of wax and paraffin (1-1) before
the operation.
To determine the depth of sampling one should take into account
the transparency of water and the vertical distribution of phyto-
plarkton. When w-irkinZ in open seas standard horizons are ordinarily
used (0,1c,25,50,75,100,150, and 200 ^ ). To obtain the curves for
IT and in i3 experiments one should take additional samples at
depths of 5,15, and 35 a, and for obtaining the curves for K1. at the
horizons of pbytoplankton acausulations which are frequently observed
in the layer of water density discontinuity. A layer of phytoplankton
accumulation can first be fomsd optically by means of a transparency
meter.
Samples of water taken by the water sampler are poured into
light and dark flasks with ground stoppers. The volume of flasks
should be equal to or more than 500 al in oceanic operations, whilst
in fresh water bodies it could be 60 to 200 al. If the flasks are
submerged to different depths the light flasks should first be placed
in black bags or a case, filled with water and removed just before
being submerged. Otherwise a burst of photosynthesis will occur in
light and the production in depth will prove to be over-estimated.
As well as placing the flasks in darkness one should also arrange a
control for their exposure to light for a period equal to that for the
start and finish of the experiment. For the period of exposure
these control flasks are planed at a depth to which practically so
light penetrates. For such a control 2 flasks are usually sufficient
which are kept at a depth of say 100 or 150 a.
The working solution is introduced either with a Mohr pipette
connected by a rubber tube with a syringe or a bulb, or an automatic
pipette or a bw retie.
After the isotope is added the flasks are closed with stoppers
and their content carefully shaken.
C, onditio,. up sj3d dwati2n of e. Canditi gas of exposure
are different depending on the procedure of experiments chosen. When
the primary production is deterk ined by the direst method (,jg situ)
(Procedure A. 1"ig.1). The flasks are exposed it the same depths from
which water was sampled. When determining the production by the
indirect (aosputatioa) method one should know the quantities of daily
photosynthesis a* .be surface (Cfp) and the coefficients 1T and 1r
the asp-,sure during determination of these quantities occsrs under
different conditions which are summed up in Table I.
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Wbon wcr*kLn at sera the HC1 is prepared from a solution at
isounis
In all the tkree oases is order the reataiaiag AM the filters
era washed with distilled or filtered sea Batter in the am* way
as in the said treataegt..
When the first method is deed it is arsessary either to add
an alkali into the filtration flask or to observe that the air
errata: -1' -,d wltish passed thro*h the vaetitss pump In remo
to the working area 17 mesas of a hose put an the o itlst pips.
In sash a far's the first set&id is most eaevesiest tram the palm
of view of sic idaat prow ion*
After washing with water the filters are dried first is the
air for vlieh perpose they we pissed onto a filter paper is a
Petri disk and tissi ,T in a dssieoasar over Qa412 tad sods-use.
The aetivrity of the filters is saww d by testae of an snd.orisdev
eauarter. To avoid earliag of the filters when dried it is
r.o. sa+aoded that special holders be reed which sasses the, flat
owfase of the filters wbieh is assesssry for detersiaiag their
activity. The holders shzu2d not toiw& the filtering wartaees
Whea there is w possibility of dst isia the astivitt at the
filters lxudiat*17 after their treatasst they ahamlA be stored is
a desiesstor over Cad 2 and sada-Use. The latter is introdnoed
in arrdear to decrease the lose ofastivrity of the filters dos to
isotopis sirakange with the CO2 of Site air. Ds tag stagy je at the
filters as-s sboelt pay apesifis attention to enseriag eanditiams
vtndr whisk the srt'tass of the titter. haws so sarsMast
with anything Bess.
To sAatrol the slsaal lees s of operations (the grainy of the
initial satstion of isotepe, the adequate waskiag of the filters,
Ste. am *o ld perform from time to line a bleak d iastiart
OM W with dissil9.ed eate!e at with the wale reed is the e=perls stn
without s osan'e,
The 4strrsisasica of the initial radioaotivitp- k, i,er tide
estivity added to the experimental flasks is carried ash uiar tie
inn 4:? Y
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saga osatsd.iti a -~a they dsterminatica at the aetivity at the
axpez tar filters the saw filtering egsipse? ct (aad
"tWe filtsre of the sass area) is Meld, the ease OOMONVI,
the sae. s+msatly PONVU7 ante. Is this seas it is sattisieat
to determine the relative s vt1vity and to express the results
of the experts"t is the aaober at PW per, time tail.
To detersaaiaaaa the isitisi setivity of the soldiaa vhi,th
aomtalss in esb t. , biearbaaat, aw free 6t%2# esCi2
xa added to it a,ad it is filtered tkr,u a ryas tiltsr *to
wT11 dt a layer of the deposited SWX3 L so ply r i .h eawtaiir
the whole xsoat at L IC in the solstice.
If the 1Var of precipitate is to grly titan (less than 0.033
aasd l as 2) the a twit, of the Precipitate waared sarresp oads to
the ?eitial astiyity. Harevse, the prop area of 002 in the Fertiwsm
t, the sarraesort41ar6 sir result is that the precipitates eetaiae/
.o utasr f tinker. Us iafluasse of Wo as osite effects,
if-Aboarpti m sad self aesttaor iy begin to appear with is es=e2
thlsk3mm of the parseipitate, vhiei makes the istrodttetiaa at
eeel *atioms a cram, The snwbor of
pasLss steed deeorsases with
isare s as thy. of the preparatiaat draw to Self abiarptica.
The self. tters of the rzrdiatiaa within the atiao iesr.ases
the mumbow of pates aettated by the imtrament. At first it r+gdrtltr
iusresses with the thick ems of the preparations resskss a assure
at a still ton lywr (t.eths of a Re/on 2 ) and then dser.ss. ,
An Ala of the relatloeshp brlawsea the .omt rate mad the
thiekne" of the preparsti -u is gives is Ptg4. The mtitrde at
the modam cd the slope of the desrsase alas.ar red on the eao, Am
Mind with emd.4t tiav SOUStea., depend as the ooostiut
the ocar4rrrtioa at the eorptear t:Ltskmesa of its viaed.v and the
iethcd by which the prupaaswti-m was earde. Wbw vasr with iariermal
dsasttess ib is possible to WAS pablIaMsd ewrary (Calvin, 1%9, Steeeanr
WISM-, 1"17), In all Aber sse.a each research vark&V should aM6a3s
a eaarrestia? 'true for the ?rsditiastts used.. It is passible to s%oee
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prepared specimens with different thicknesses of precipitate and
use them when counting conditions are changed.
In practice the self aosarption curve is plotted as follows.
A quantity of the initial radioactive solution suitably diluted to
contain 0.1 to 0.15 C of the rediosotive carbonate is placed
in a number of wide test tubes washed immediately before the work.
Then different quantities of a solution of sodium carbonate with the
stable isotope of carbon are Wed into each test tube so that the
weights of barium carbonate precipitates obtained were within W
to 30 mg/em2. For a bett&ir coagulation of the precipitate e.1
A of 1% solution of NH4C1 are also aided.
For precipitating, a mixture is prepared of 200 ml of :;.1N
Nauki and 5 al of 2N SaC12. The mixture is allowed >iettle in a
flask (for precipitating the carbonates which were in the alkali).
After deoantation, 3 al of NaQH solution free of carbonates are
aided to each test tube with a burette, after which the test tubes
closed with Bunsen valves and heated in a water bath for 30 minutes
at 600C. The precipitate thickens and settles to the bottom of the
test tube. The content of the test tubes are coiled dawn to roost
temperature and transferred quantitatively to the filter No.5
(Fis.3 here)
The c >mplutencss ?f precipitation is checked as follows. 1 ml
of the filtrate is evap raind or. a disc f filar paper 1 am in
diamet_:r after whicl the disc is p'aood under the c iuntar to r.:eas'.re
the aetivit j. If the incr :are over the beckLr )und is equal to or
lees than 3 counts per minute the precipitation can be rngarded as
complete. The precipitate on the filter is washed twice with
frdsl:l boiled cold water. The filters are dried in holders which
prevent the filters from curling and the precipitates from cracking
at room tenpurature. The drying is continued until the weight of
the precipitate is constant and after that the radioactivity of the
filters is determined.
The r sultl obtained are plotted on a grapth The initial
activity can be obtained in two ways. The method of extrapolating
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nq?`q.' 3r'
l ~i -w
A 4.
the left descending section: of the curve into the region of "weightless"
precipitates is more accurate. It is difficult however to obtain
precipitates of law thickncas and vei ht and very careful work is
required under good laboratory conditions; therefore another
method can be used. Preeipitstos of thicknesses of 1: to 40 mg/cm2
are -)btained and their activity measured. In this case logs of the
activities measured at different thicknesses of the 3aC13 layer on
the filters are plotted on a graph. iho graph represents a straight
line whose point of intersection with tho axis ~,f the ordinates gives
the log of the initial radio activity of the volume of the initial
soluti.n analysed (Fig. 3).
No. of the
Flask
Weight of
precipitate
(%6am2)
Activity measured
Counts / min.
--- - -- -
Log
Activity
1
12.38
l-87?11
3.0362
2
15.14
974 It
2.906
3
22.22
736+,x13
2.8669
4
25.11
683110
2.8344
5
30.23
479.+7
2.6803
6
34.97
428,+,8
2.6314
7
40.08
317_7
2.5011
The e,;trapolated value of the log corresponding to the point
of intersection of the straight line and thu ordinate is 3.27, hence
R (activity) : 1860 counts/min.
In the case when the time for determining R is limited or the
conditions ri,.quired for an accurate determination are atsent, it is
possible to operate for obtaining preliminary results in the following
way. An initial solution with a specific radioactivity of about 10 C/mi
is preparod,, .1 al of this solution is taken with a micropipette
spread on a plastic target and dried rapidly. The dried preparati'n
is counted under the end-window counter. Later on, en the e>?pletion
of the e,pedition, the results so obtained are made more accurate.
With this purpose the initial solution of the isotope is periodically
sampled in a strictly measured quantity placed into an alkaline
sodium and in this form delivered to the laboratory in which its
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simplified formula (Harvey 1948)
Ck = A
l x
activity is accurately determined by the 'irst method,
In the ease when suitably prepared sterile ampoules are used
14
with a solution containing Co its initial activity is c:etLrminod
)n1.y during preparati n of ampoules and after a certain period of
use ( at the end of an investigation) for control.
v ,
The calculati )n of the total c-)ntsnt of C in all forms of C(,
1n vat.
ro calculate the total amount of CJ2 compounds in sea-water it
is necessary to know its phi, temperature, et:l-rinity and Barb-hate
alkalinity. In oceanic waters the rati, of alkalinity to salinity
is a constant magnitude equal to x.123 therefore it is possible not
to determin directly the alkalinity in this caso. In estuarine
waters the alkalin,t,,/ehlorinity coef'icient varies greatly.
For sea-vator the bt-1 content of carbonate carbon NO can be
determined with sufficient ac?uraey from the fills ' slightly
(1+M
an
an
where Rj - the second apparent dissociation constant of C`2 in
'sea-vator at a given temperature and chlorinity; an - the
o mcentration of active hydrogen ions;
A - the: carbonate alkalinity in milliequivalonts,i
the values of KI under the conditions or th.:measurement are found
from Table 2. The values of an are easily calculated fr-e the
equation
pH a log I
To simplify the calculations it is possible to use the auxiliary
Table 3. Tenth and hundredth fractions of pH are given in the column
pQ of this table, i.e. multiplied by 100 negative rrantiseas of logs
and by c'rresponding values of antilogs (.). Finding Q in thu table
and multiplying this value by 1'i to thu negative per equal t- the
numerical value of the pH in whole numbers, i,e. the characteristic
of he log, we obtain am
Taking an example of computation.
'aking PH - 8.28, A a 2.37, temperature of the water as 16'C'
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-9
chlorinity 17i In th.:~s,s conditions Kj equals (..83z1,., from
table 2. From table 3 we find that an equals L'.562 x 1C)
Hence
Gk n 2. 37 x 12 ?9
? ~. 83 o (1 ? -8 )
o 5 oU.562x i&~
21,.67 agC/1
In oceanic water the total content of Ci;-2 in its various fors
varies in the range 20 to 30 mgC/1, therefore it is possible to
take for approximate calculations that Ok = 25 egC4.
r
The second apparent dissociation constant of C~2 (4) in sea-
water at diffuront temperatur:os and chlorinities (after liuch 1933
taken from Harvey 194E)
TAM I
Values of Q with PQ a log
For fresh water the total content of carbonate carbon is found
from the results of determination of total CL .2
(, ll , 1944).
For the waters of carbonate type it is usually possi?.,le to c-3nsider
without a large error that the total content of CU2 is equal to the
alkalinity.
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EZMple of thQ Calculati xn of reduction`
Th::: follwing results were obtained for :example during the
arrangt;nunt of the, a iperiment.
R = 4.4x1`6 counts/mini r = 52 counts/min; Ck = 25 mgC/X =
25z1L3 mgC/m30
Cfp is calculated as has been a Mn above from the formulas
Ofp = r Ck _ 52x2ii 3 ..~ s 6.295 sgC/m3
e 4.4x1.
Depth K,
1 Kr Ks
t~ Counts /m n. A__ C , , s,,,,jr~_____
In order t-) calculate the production in a eater c'lumn thu
curve Ks is plotted. It has the following fora (Fig.4)/
(Fig. 4 here)
It is necessary to determine for the calculation the ratio of
the aruas ABCDEFG sod ARHI. The ABHI area corresponds to the
production of 1 m3 of the water. It is most expedient to cut out
these figures from paper and to weigh then. In the case when the
weight of the A13CDZFG area is 166 mg and the weight of the AM
area 5.4 mg, the ratio of the values of those areas is 31. By
multiplying Cpf by 31 we obtain the production itthe eater a lumn
under 1 m2 of the water body surface. In our example it is
0.295X31 = 1.15 agC/ 2 = 0.01,9 WIN 2
In this example the result is expres-3ed in weight units of
carbon. In order to express the production in other units it
is possible to use Table 4 (Vinb,.:rg, 1960 p.59)
Coefficients for transforming .he results of measurements of
production into different ways of expression.
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The coefficients included in fable 4 are only suitable with the
photosynthetic coefficient 1 equal to one. In reality
1 The ratio of the velure of C02 a>nsumed in the process of
photosynthesis to the volume of 02 given off is called the photosynthetic
coefficient.
photosynthetic coefficients higher than )ne correspond to the
elementary composition of phytoplankton according to the literature,
they are about 1.25 therefore when calculating the primary producti)n
of water bodies the quantities marked with one asterisk should be
multiplied by 1.25 and those with two asterisks divided by the same
factor.
ACCIDENT PNg4NNTIQN
All operations with the radioactive isotope 1J'C must be carried
out with strict observation of the accident prevention rules by
the staff specially trained. It is necessary to work in special
olothingi laboratory coat, cap, sleeve-guards, rubber ,,loves,
and a long apron.
All the operations in diluting the isotope, filtering active
liquids etc. should be carried out in enamelled basins covered with
a thick layer of filter paper. The filtrates should be treated by
ACl in a fuse cupboard under a hood with barium absorber or under
14
other conditions which are able to protect from gaseous CO2
discharged during treatment. All the radioactive solutions in
filtrates should be kept under lock. One should always use only
paw. ~ x ~ .-~-n
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special pincers and pipettes with syringes or bulbs adjusted to
th om.
In cases when radioactive solutions have been split they should
be collected with filter paper and the eontaminatiun areas should
be treated first with soda then with dilute HC1 and washed nary
times with water.
Radioactive by-products on land should be diapered of according
to the rules established by the Health Authorities. In the sea
they can be simply thrown away but avoiding the use of the ship's
drainage system and at a distance from the shore.
It is recommended to wash contaminated ware first either with
soda solution or with a solution of the following camp )siti)n t
water 1C 1 Bona. HNG3 675 ml, oxalic acid (saturated s.Aution)
1 1, common salt 200 gr., and then to wash them by usual aeth->ds.
Ll t MaUY ;golPrr-:NT
1. Equipment i31 3.,1 or "Tobol".
2. Vertical lead castle.
3, ;.nd-vindw counters, type MS-25 or MSa30 manufactured by the
workshop of the Tisiryasev Agriorltm'al Academy.
4. A funnel 7r riltrati )n set.
5, A pimp, Komovskii or Shchipts, ,r a h,rvacuua pump with an
electric drive, type VN-461.
6. A sampler, preferably of plexiglass or polyethylene.
7. Flasks of colourless glass with ground stoppers or Jitts
samplers.
8. A pipette with syringe for introducing the radioactive solution
or a set of ampoules with the isot-)pe measured into them. The
latter can betroken directly in the flasks by means of a tube with
notches -)n the and which is put on the amp yule end.
9. Analytical or torsion balance.
l0. 3asins, desiooat-)rs, drying cupboard, eta. as usual.
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1r{~~yj 6 /t_
ii ~i,i 6~riW-JL W VYtilrrr
;OT CE S
Alekin, C. I. (1954).- Cht:nical analyses of land uatcra.
Leningrad Gidreoteoisdat.
Vinbcrg, G.G. (19'SO).- Pri:..ary pr-'ducti )n of wat,'r b,dics
Minsk.
azd FAler, V.L. (1960).- C-3mpxativa invoetigatiin
of the primary production of plankton by radircarban rti,d
oxygen meth )do.
Doklady AN-S33R..130 446.x.49
lsusnetsov, 3.I.(1955)... Use of radioactive CJ far determining
c )mp?.rative quantities of photosynthesis and ahem )synthosis
"Is-)tipee in Microbi,logy', eolloetiDn of papers.
(Proe. 3f thu conference on the use of labolled atoms in
biology) p.126-135.
Sorokin, ru. I. (1956).- '-n tho use of r:.diiactiv carb)n 14C
in studying the production of eater bodies. Proo. Ail-union,
Hydrobi ,1. '0C. Z $ 2'71-286.
Scrokin, Yu. I. (1958).- The primary production of organic setter
in the water column of the Rybinsk r.servoir.
Proc, Uiologioal ,tation "Borok" 3 t 66-8E.
(1959).- Detarsinin the quantity of the isotopic
effect in eultt.res of cennedce guadrieavd? 3u11. Inst. 9i 1.
of fiesorv =irs. $ t 7 - 9
(1959a),- Determining the productivity of phyto-
plankton photosynthesis in water columns by means of 14C. 1
___rs_i I=- I i 11E-125.
Harvey, H.V. (1948),- Advances in the chemistry and bloloty of the
sea. (Moscow translation)
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TEXT FIG
F,':!
Fig.l (p.8) The procedure of filling and eposing the flasks when
measuring the primary production according to Yu.I. Sarokin's
method $
A - the "in situ" method of observation and an example
of tho curve for the variation of photosynthesis
intensity with depth]
B - determination of the values of the ooef? Xr and
and example of the curve for the distr:
over depths;
C . determination of EA over depths.
The a>-periaental results ,f the photosynthetic intensity urproased
in per cent. of the intensity of the photosynthesis in a s rfaee
sample, are given on the horis-.ntal axial the depth, in a, on the
vertical axis,
Fig.2 (p.l4) V'ir`ati-)n of the photosynthetic intensity with the light
conditions $
Fig.3
A - the distribution of the photosynthetic intensity over
depths frm the results of arsaeur% monts by in methods.
::n the abeissa photoaynti- i per cent. of the maxi +am
on the ordinates depth ii and the values of radia-
tion onargy corresponding to them in orals/caz/day.
B - the same data given in the form of a curve or the varlA-
tihen of photosynthetic intensity with the v lao of daily
radiation enorgy in cal/cat/day, or ordinates photosynthesis
in per cent. of the maxims.
Thu self abs vrption curve of BaC14,'3. obtained with an end-
window somater.
i3 - variation of the activity to be measured with the
thickness of the B.C":;3 layer.
A - a part of the same data in the firm of a semiylogarithaie
graph which makes it possible to determine the value R
Cs aboissa the thickness of 3aC0 layer in mg/sm2, on
ordinatos the ratio of the activity moUured at a
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Fig ,4
given thickness of the pr-?p-rati,n (I) to the activity
at zero-thickne33 (1))
An examplo of th,2 curvc f -,r the di3tri5utlon of values of
Ks over depth, which serves for cnla'tliiting production
undar 1 m2. Ih aides ~)f _he squares are f 2 m if depth
in the vertical and 1)% of Sfp in tho horizontal, Uth,.r
e planatinns in the to\t.
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