(SANITIZED)UNCLASSIFIED SOVIET PAPERS ON UPPER ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A009300120001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 5, 2009
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 28, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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2.I3
ON CORPUSCULES OF THE OUTER ATMOSPHERE
by
V. I. KRASSOVSKY
Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow
It was thought before the launching of Sputniks that
illumination, heating and ionization of the upper atmosphere
are mainly due to the hard electromagnetic radiation of the
Sun. It was assumed only for the Polar regions that the
solar corpuscules (charged particles : protons, < - particles
and electrons) may penetrate into the atmosphere, while geo-
magnetic disturbances and aurorae are occuring. The study of
spectra of these aurorae showed that they are frequently
caused by protons with a sizable range of speeds. However,
no hydrogen emission was observed in many cases. Here again
the aurorae was presumably explained by not very hard electrons
of up to hundreds and thousands of ev penetrating into the
atmosphere.
An attempt was made to discover these not very hard
electrons by the third sputnik. Two very thin fluorescent
screens with aluminium foils of different thickness were used
as indicators. The emission of the fluorescent screens was
received by a photoelement. The photocurrent was then ampli-
fied. An electric signal was transmitted to a memory system
and then by radiotelemetry transmitted to the earth. By using
metal foils of different thickness it was possible to estimate
both the intensity and the energy of the electrons that pro-
duced the greatest fluorescence on the screen. The peculiari-
ty of the instrument was in its reaction-practically only to
electrons, without recording protons and photons of the same
energies. As a result powerful fluxes of electrons of about
10 kev were recorded at heights up to .1900 km in the south
Pacific. The intensity of these fluxes was, very high in the
majority of cases the instruments appeared to go off scale,
since such high intensity was not expected. The effective
energy of electrons was observed to be less in the polar re-
gions. The e ergy flux of the electrons studied exceeded I00
erg cm-2sec- at the height up to 1900 km at the moment of
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going off scale. If the electron. fluxes of the indicated inten-
sity had penetrated into the lower layers of the atmosphere,
i.e. the F-region of the ionosphere, they could not remain un-
noticed since they would essentially increase ionization of:the
upper atmosphere and lead to the appearance of aurorae. Since no
suchpjlenomena was observed, the :recorded fluxes were explained
to be electrons osci'll .ting along the magnetic field lines
(July 1958, Fifth Meeting of CSAGI).
Thus, information was -obtained about the accumulation of
electrons of about I0 kev at great heights up to 1900 km. All
other explorat,io,ns. known to us, refer to much lower altitudes and
cannot be an 'indication of the existence of a magnetic trap
around the earth.
The majority of not very hard electrons move along the
directions normal to the magnetic field lines. The electron flux
downward is greater than .upward. -' _ -
1 he dependence : of, effective energy of the. discovered elec-
trons upon the direction:of,the..electron motion with respect to
the magnetic field-lines is -illustrated. Since the angle sub-
tended by the indicators was 1/4 steradian, the diagram shows
that the opposite motion of electrons from the earth near the
magnetic field lines is practically absent. The electrons moving
to the, earth were observed even under small angles to-the magne-
tic field lines: This indicates that the particles penetrating
to the lower layers of the atmosphere appear as a result of some
processes .at the heights exceeding 1900 km. It has been found out
that the energy of-electron fluxes able to reach the F-layer of
the ionosphere without reflection can reach values about I erg
em-2sec-I. P::rtial increases of intensity of corpuscules were
registered above the Pacific even at -4? of geomagnetic latitude
at the height of I500,km, as was already reported in the material
published.
It is no exageration to..say that the powerful. flux of the
electrons, discovered in the upper atmosphere, is of extreme
importance in understanding many. important processes, although
it creates no threat for astronautics. It is of interest to note
that sizeable intensities of such electrons begin to appear at
that geomagnetic latitude, where in the~F-region of the iono-
sphere one- o.bserVed the increase- of ionization also before but
which couldn't be explained by the effect of hard electromagnetic
radiation. of the sun. Some inhomogeneities in the ionization of
the upper atmosphere and the system of. ring currents around the
earth can be explainediby the existence of such corpusc.ules. The
dependence of the, temperature variations and the density of the
per atmosphere upon the solar activity becomes more. understand-
able now, since the,cor,pus.cules, the intensity of which is
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2.1Z
governed by the solar activity, are the sources of heating. The
heat flux brought by these electrons can well account for the
increase of temperature with height and latitude, which could
not be ascribed to the hard electromugnetic radiation of the
sun alone.
The problem of great accumulation of hard particles in the
upper atmosphere is now widely discussed among geophysicists and
astrophysicists and there are different viewpoints on the pro-
blem.
Harder corpuscules, discovered in the upper atmosphere are
of no geophysical importance. They cannot essentially change the
state of the upper atmosphere since their power is small. However
these hard corpuscules, as well as x-radiation arising in the
earth's atmosphere and in the body of rockets and sputniks while
they are irradiated by these electrons of energies of tens of
kev, are very unpleasant for astronautics, since the dose of
dangerous radiation may reach tens of roentgens per hour.
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.a .i 1J Li/V Vl' 111L'J 1'JLi11.L11 li1Vid 1VAUU11
~.Y l~j,L'i11V U
OF SPUTNIK III AND SPACE ROCKETS I AND II
by
S.Sh. Dolginov, E.G. Eroshenko, L.N. Zhuzgov
N. V. Pushkov, L.O. Tyurmina
National Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moskow
ABSTRACT
Measuring the Earth's magnetic field by Sputnik III
The principal problems of geomagnetic measurements by means
of artificial satellites and rockets have been considered by
Pushkov and Dolginov.
The aim of the experiments was
a) to obtain experimental data on the spatial distribution
of the magnetic field about the earth and on its variations in
time ;
b) to separate, on the.basis of these data, the geomagnetic
field into fields of inner and outer origin;
c) to determine the location of sources of the general
field, of secular variations, of world-wide magnetic anomalies,
of diurnal variations and magnetic storms ;
d) to determine the nature of solar corpuscular streams
that are responsible for magnetic storms ; namely, to find out
whether they consist of particles of one sign or of particles
of different signs and are electrically neutral.
The magnetic measurements by Sputnik III were carried out
between May 15 and June 5, 1958 (20 days). They consisted of
measurements of the scalar magnitude of total magnetic-field
intensity by means of a full-vector self-orienting magnetometer.
Measurements obtained yielded numerous data on the intensity of
the magnetic field over U.S.S.R. territory at altitudes from
800 to 225 km. Data referring to greater heights, up to I880 km.
,were obtained only in the Southern Hemisphere,.a nd they are
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scanty. Ths total length of the trajectory paths of the satell-
ite over USSR territory that has yielded data comes out to
about 80,000 km.
There are several hundred points over which the satellite
passed a few times at different times and-at different altitudes,
in some cases in direct circuits and in others, in return cir-
cuits. There are also cases when the satellite passed over
quite considerable distances twice moving along one and the
same are or along close arcs, but at different heights. All
these cases are equivalent to magnetic measurements by rocket
and yield much interesting material for purposes of comparison.
The measurement data at such points were utilized
a) for control of the functional behaviour of the magneto-
meter ;
b) for determining the magnitude of the gradient of the
field intensity at the altitudes of satellite flight ;
c) to clarify the nature of field variations at altitudes
during magneto-ionospheric disturbances.
Analysis of many of the numerical measurements obtained by
Sputnik III continues. The results of analysis will be published
in papers by a number of authors. These papers are either in
preparation for the press or are in the press.
At present we can draw the following conclusions
a) the field gradients determined from measurements at the
control points mentioned above proved to be very close to the
values calculated theoretically by Vestin on the basis of a
cumbersome analysis of epoch 1945 ;
b) the field gradients observed over the world magnetic
anomaly situated in Eastern Siberia do not markedly differ from
the field gradients observed in a normal field. This suggests
that the causes of this anomaly should reside at roughly the
same depths as the sources that produce the general magnetic
field of the earth ;
c) the most considerable variations in the field gradients
were observed at high latitudes. Here, the satellite passed at
heights of the order of 350 km., that is, in the ionosphere.
Not excluded, for this reason, is the fact that the variations
in the field gradients are due, to some extent, to the magnetic
field of electric currents in the ionosphere, which currents
give rise to the diurnal variations and perturbations of the
terrestrial magnetic field.
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Measuring the magnetic field in the outer radiation belt of
the Earth.
Very exceptional, as to scientific results, are the results
obtained in measuring the magnetic field by space rocket I and
space rocket II, in the radiation belt of the earth. These mea-
surements were carried out by devices consisting of three single-
component magnetometers with magneto-saturated pick-ups of even
harmonics that measured the field components along three mutually
perpendicular axes fixed in the rocket container.
The magnetometers of space rocket II were designed to
measure the magnetic field of the moon, and so their sensitivity
was increased over that of the magnetometers of space rocket I
by four times. Accordingly, the measurement range of the magne-
tometers was narrowed. This is why measurements of the magnetic
field by space rocket II began, approximately, from 18,000 km.
from the centre of the Earth, while on space rocket I they were
begun at approximately 14,700 km. The measurement precision at
these distances was, in the first case, about IGO gammas and,
in the second, about 50 gammas.
The results of the field measurements by space rockets are
given in Fig. I by curves of the differences between the measured
values of the total field intensity and the theoretically cal-
culated values of field intensity from the data of a spherical
harmonic analysis. From this figure it will be seen that the
magnetic field effects discovered by rocket measurements are
associated with the outer radiation zone. They were explained by
the superposition of the magnetic field of the outer radiation
zone on the terrestrial magnetic field.
It was suggested that one of the most probable causes of
magnetism in the radiation zone is the electric drift currents
that arise due to the drift of charged particles of the radiation
zone in the magnetic field of the earth. Further, in accord with
present-day theories of the origin of magnetic storms and auro-
rae, it was thought that the out---r radiation zone is formed by
the penetration of solar corpuscular streams, consisting of
neutral particles and of an equal number of positively and nega-
tively charged particles (protons, positive ions and electrons),
into the terrestrial magnetic field. In accordance with this
assumption, it was expected that in the case of stronger streams
creating stronger magnetic storms, particles will be retained
closer to the earth than in the case of weak streams that create
weaker storms. This assumption seems to be corroborated in Fig.2.
Here, on the abscissa axis are plotted the distances, from the
centre of the earth, of intensity maxima of corpuscular radiation
from the measurements of Vernov.. Chudakov et al by space rocket I
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and space rocket II and from the measurements of Van t;llen by
the Pioneer III space probe ; on the ordinate axis - the great-
est decrease in mean-diurnal values of the horizontal component
of the magnetic field at the Krasnaya Pakhra Observatory (near
Moscow) during the most recent magnetic storms preceding measure-
ments of the corpuscular radiation.
The results of corpuscular-radiation measurements by Van
Allen on Pioneer IV likewise fit into this scheme. As has been
demonstrated by Singer, the contribution of electrons to the
magnetic field of the drift currents should be insignificant
due to the small radius of curvature of their spirals. For this
reason, one has to presume that the magnetic field of the ra-
diation zone is created, in the main, by drift currents of pro-
tons and positive ions.
Aurorae, the spectra of which reveal hydrogen lines, indi-
cate the possibility of protons existing in the radiation zones.
A joint consideration of the results of measurements of
the magnetic field and of corpuscular radiation carried out on
the first space rocket shows that the biggest magnetic effects
associated with the outer radiation zone were observed closer
to the earth than the intensity maximum of corpuscular radiation.
If a similar relationship was observed also during the measure-
ments by space rocket II, the field maximum of the outer radia-
tion zone could remain undetected by the rocket, owing to the
fact that this maximum belonged to a region where the magnitude
of the magnetic field of the earth extended beyond the limits
of measurement of the magnetometers.
Measuring the magnetic field of the moon.
.The magnetometer of Space Rocket II was designed to detect
a lunar magnetic field. It functioned normally right up to
impact of the container on the moon. The last measurement was
made at approximately 50 km. from the lunar surface.
Measurements did not detect a lunar magnetic field.
An analysis of the precision of measurement of the magnetic
field of the moon and the precision of telemetry recordings of
the measurements permit of drawing the conclusion that if the
moon had a magnetic field, whose intensity at the lunar surface
exceeded 100 gammas, it would have been detected.
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 3.21
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Thus, the moon does not have a considerable magnetic field.
At any rate, it may be asserted that the intensity of the lunar
magnetic field at the surface of the moon is at least less by
a factor of 400 than the intensity of the magnetic field at
the surface of the earth. This means that the mean value of
magnetization of the moon does not exceed 0.0002 CGS, i.e.,
does not exceed 0.25 % of the mean value of magnetization of
the earth.
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RADIATION MEASUREMENTS DURING THE FLIGHT OF THE SECOND
SOVIET SPACE ROCKET
by
S .N . VERNOV
Associate Member,. Academy of Science,. USSR..
A . E. CHUDAKO V, P . V. VAKULO V, Yu. I LOGACHEV
A. G. NIKOLAYEV ,
National Academy of Science of the USSR, Moskow
ABSTRACT
The apparatus for investigating radiation installed in the
Second Soviet space rocket that was launched.moonwards on Sept.
I2, 1959 was designed to.obtain'new data on the outer radiation
belt of the earth, to register cosmic radiation between the
earth and the moon,.and also to detect a lunar radiation belt
if such 'exists.
The instrumentation and the volume of measurements were
increased over the First Soviet Space rocket (I). What ' is more,
a part of the radiation-recording instruments was positioned
outside the pressurized container (at a distance of 56 cm. from
its surface), thus making it. possible considerably to reduce
the shielding of these instruments.
The entire outfit of measuring apparatus consisted of 6
gas-discharge counters and 4 scintillation counters.
'I. Data on the spatial position of the outer belt of
radiation.
The trajectories of the First and Second space rockets
relative to the magnetic field of the earth, and the results
of ionization measurements are shown.
The trajectories of the rockets differ very slightly
the flight path of the Second space rocket passes through the
zone of high intensity some 200-300 km closer to the plane of
the geomagnetic equator than that of the First rocket. This
shift in the trajectory cannot be responsible for the altered
shape and displacement of the maximum of the intensity-versus-
height curve and only emphasizes this difference.
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3.19 - 2
The general picture of the deformation of the zone of high
intensity of September 12 relative to its position of January
2, 1959 amounts to a shifting of the zone in the direction of
the internal regions of the magnetic field.
The intensity maximum of September 12 is observed at a
distance of 172000 km, from the centre of the earth on line of
fo'ree 59?(i ). On January 2 the maximum of intensity was observed
at a distance of 27,000 km. and on line of force 63?.
What are the causes of the observed deformation of the
outer radiation belt ? It should be pointed out that the flights
of the First and Second space rockets were made over trajecto-
ries that were extremely close as regards the relative geogra-
phical coordinates, but were essentially different as regards
the direction to the sun ; this could reveal a systematic de-
formation of the magnetic'field of the earth. However, it is
more probable that the deformations of the outer radiation belt
are associated with the variable character of solar corpuscular
streams and, accordingly, with the variable nature of partic1
injection into the zone of high intensity. Supporting this view
is the difference (observed in the experiments of Jan.2 and
Sept.12) in the energy spectrum of the particles, and also a
comparison of the general trend of intensity with the data
obtained by the United States Pioneer-3 rocket (2). In the
latter case, the flight path relative to the solar direction was
close to that of the First Soviet space rocket. Nevertheless,
the intensity maximum was recorded at a distance of 22,000 km.
from the earth's centre on a force line intersecting the surface
of the earth on geomagnetic latitude 57?, that is to say, in
better agreement with the data of the Second Soviet space rocket
and not the First.
2. The composition of the radiation in the outer radiation
e of the earth
The counting rate of the scintillation counter with the
3.5 Dlev threshold confirms the fact (to a considerably higher
degree of accuracy than was done on Space Rocket I) that part-
icles with a range of several g/cm2 are absent in the outer belt.
In this case, too, the slight increase in the rate (about 30 %)
in the region of the maximum is possible due to superpositions
of counts of lesser amplitude.
(i) The force line'is denoted by the geomagnetic latitude on
which it intersects the earth's surface.
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3.19 - 3
Thus, the electron flux of energy :;~5 Mev (or of protons of
energy > 30 Mev) amounts, even in the maximum of the zone, to
less than one particle per cm2sec.
Essentially new data have been detected on the basis of the
readings of gas-discharge counters situated inside the container
and shielded with supplementary filters made of copper and lead.
The data of the scintillation counter with the 3.5 Niev threshold
show that the rise in the count in counters cannot be due to
charged particles penetrating the shell of the container. This
means that both counters recorded photons. In as much as the
counting intensity in this counters differs by only a factor of
12, it is necessary to attribute to these photons a relatively
high energy (over 400 Kev).
In principle, two explanations may be suggested for the
appearance of photons of the observed energy
I) at the expense of x-radiation of electrons of energy
of the order of 106 ev.
2) the second possibility is the production of induced
radioactivity in the shell of the container due to bombardment
by protons of energy-VIO Mev. Just as in the case of electrons,
the proton spectrum should have a sharp out-off on the side of
high energies (protons with energy over 30 Mev are practically
absent).
Right now, the first version appears to be most probable.
But even in this case the energy particle of the particles
(electrons) turns out very unexpected. An estimate of the flux
of electrons of energy -2 Mev in the maximum yields a value of
5 x 10 particles per cm2sec, a flux of electrons of energy
5 Mev (as already stated) is less than one particle per cm2sec.
On the other hand, experiments on the First space rocket revealed
an exceedinggly large flux of electrons of energy 20 to 50 rev,
namely : IOZU particles per cm2sec. This soft part of the elec-
tron spectrum was also detected in the experiment on rocket I at
the edge of the zone by means of scintillation counters.
3. The search for enhanced radiation near the iv~oon
Approach to the moon to a distance of 1000 km. from the
lunar surface did not reveal an increase in the intensity of
radiation within 10 % of the cosmic background. It was difficult
to obtain accurate data over the range 0 to 1000 km. from the
lunar surface due to short flight time over this part of the
trajectory ; even so, no considerable increase in intensity was
detected at these heights.
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If we compare the radiation intensity in a hypothetical
lunar radiation belt with the maximum in the outer belt of the
earth as based on readings of the detector-scintillation coun-
ters most sensitive to soft radiation, we find for heights >
1000 km. a ratio of intensities I0-6,or less, and for heights
from 0 to.I000 km. -- JO-4 or less. Thus, it may be considered
that, practically speaking, no lunar belt of radiation exists.
If it is assumed that the existence of the outer radiation
belt and the particle intensity-in it are determined by the
intensity of the magnetic field, then the intensity. of the ter-
restrial magnetic field at the boundary of the outer belt gives
also the upper limit of the magnetic field at the surface of the
moon. This limit comes to 10-3 of the field at the earth's
surface.
4. Measuring cosmic-ray intensity
After emergence from the outer radiation belt of the earth,
at a distance beginning with 70,000 km. from the earth's centre,
and on the lunar section of the flight path, all instruments
recorded a constant intensity. The positioning of a part of the
instruments outside the container yielded a perceptible result
in the sense of reducing the contribution of the secondary ra-
diation produced due to the action of cosmic radiation.
Table I lists the measurement data of space rockets I and
II for different components of radiation. The data obtained are
in sufficiently good mutual agreement. The purest data on the
intensity of primary cosmic radiation is given by the bottom
row in the table (instruments outside container).
References I. S.N. Vernov, A.E. Chudakov, P.V. Vakulov, and Yu.I. Logachev.
DAN, SSSR, 125, 304 (1959)
2. J.A. Van Allen and L.A . Frank, Nature, 183, 430 (1959)
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TABLE I*
Date Position
Gas-discharge
Scintillation counters; Ionization
of
instruments
counters ,inten-
sity particles/
Threshold
in crystal
Intensity-of weight
cm2sec.
energy
*****
I80 gm.
-------------
-------------
----------
Jan.I.59 Inside
2.3
= 0.1
4.5 Mev
1.9 ? 0.1
450 Kev
3.0 f 0.15 j
I.42:I09
eV/sec
45 Kev
6.75 ? 0.3 i
0,05
Sept.12.59 Inside
2.46
? 0.I**
3.5 Niev
2.12 0.1
600 Kev
2.77 0.I5
I.55 x I09
ev/sec
2.45
? 0.I***
60 Kev
6.7 ? 0.3
0.05
Sept.12.59 Outside
1.98
? 0.1****:
450 Kev
2.02 ? 0.I
I.I5xI09
container
ev/sec
0.05
* Errors characterize maximum spread in the area of the ietectors.
** Counter with supplementary shield 1.5 mm Cu.
*** Counter with supplementary shield 3 mm. Pb.
**** Counter with supplementary shield 3 mm. Pb.
***** The number of counts per second related to unit area of the
crystal (19 cm2) is indicated.
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TERRESTIAL CORPUSCULAR RADIATION AND COSMIC RAYS
by
S.N. Vernov and A.E. Chudakov
Academy of Sciences of USSR, Moskow
ABSTRACT
I) In cosmic space exist such conditions that the total
energy of high energy particles is comparable to the energy of
the magnetic field and to the kinetic energy of atoms. For this
reason the properties of cosmic space are determined by processes
of energy transfer to high energy particles and back again. Within
the vicinity of the earth the strength of the magnetic field is
very great. Therefore, if the above mentioned conditions are ful..-
filled, the intensity of radiation around the earth may be very
great. During the flight of. USSR satellites and USA satellites,
outer (I) and inner (2) radiation belts were observed..
During several orbital passages of Sputnik II (from Nov.
3rd to Nov.9th, 1957.). an anomalous increase of the number of
particles was observed to the north of 60 degrees geographical
latitude. An especially large increase was observed on the 7th
of November 1957. By means of Sputnik III (from May 15 - Aug.I5,
1958), it was found that in each case - without exception for more
than 300 observation - X-rays with energies of I05 ev. were present
at high latitudes (- 60?N). A comparison of data obtained at various
altitudes, 300 to 500 km, in the northern hemisphere, shows that
the intensity increases along the lines of forces of the magnetic
field. This is experimental proof of the existence of particles
being trapped by the earthTa magnetic field..The data obtained in
Antarctic show that at altitudes of 1800 km,.the intensity is great-
er by a factor of 40, in comparison to the intensity at 400 km.
During the flight of the first USSR cosmic rocket, the maximum
intensity was observed at a distance of 26,000 km from the center'
of the earth. There, the intensity was I6--times greater than the
intensity at I800 km. (along the magnetic force line which inter-
sects the Earth at 63?N). During the flight of the second USSR
cosmic rocket, the maximum intensity was observed at 17,000 km.
along the magnetic force line of 59?N. In this case the intensity
was greater than in the first case.
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2) The boundaries of the outer zone are the lines of force
of the geomagnetic field. At comparatively small altitudes, 306,to
1500 km, the outer zone is observed in the interval of geomagnetic
latitudes 55?-70?.. The outer zone in the equatorial plane begins
at a distance of about 20,000 km. from the center of the Earth and
extends to 60,000 km.
3) The measurements made by means of scintillation counters
show that the particles comprising the outer zone are electrons.
The electron flux with energy exceding 0.5 - 1.106 ev. at the
maximum of the outer zone is I05cm-2 sec-I sterad-I. The electro
flux with energy greater than 5.106 ev is less than O.Icm-2 sec-Y
sterad' . The electron flux with energy greater than 2 x 104 ev
corresponds to I09em-2 sec=l sterad-I.
4) A great fluctuation of intensity was observed in the
outer zone. The intensity was greater during the following times
16 - 23 of May, 6 - 17 of June, 8 - 16 of July, 6 - 16 of August
1958 (obtained from Sputnik III).
5) The inner zone in the equatorial plane begins at a
height of 600 km, in the Western Hemisphere and extends to dis-
tances of the order of the Earth radius. The boundary of the inner
zone is a line of force intersecting the earth at geomagnetic
latitude of 35 degrees. A comparison of the measurements along the
same lines of force of the magnetic field, but at different alti-
tudes, shows that also in the inner zone the particles are trapped
and oscillate along the lines of force.
6) The radiation intensity in the inner zone remained
constant in the course of one month (from 15 of May to 15 of June
1958) at least to an accuracy up to 15 `o. From 15 June to 15 August
1958, radiation intensity fluctuations are greater.*30 %). This
is probably connected with magnetic disturbances.
7) Particles comprising the inner zone are protons of ener-
gy close to 106 ev (this data was obtained from ratio dynode current
and induced radioactivity). anode current
The flux corresponds to 103 protons cm-2 sec-I sterad-I.
8) On the edge of the inner zone, approximately in the
interval of geomagnetic latitudes 35? - 40?, low energy radiation
is observed (less than 106 ev), which apparently consists of
electrons. It is natural to expect that this radiation is .lso
present in the inner zone.
An examination of data suggests a relationship between
variations occurring in the outer and inner zones.
9) Between the two zones, in an interval of geomagnetic
latitudes 40?-55?, there is observed a region where elevated ra-
diation intensity is practically absent. Proceeding from the
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3.18 - 3
precision of the measurements made, it may be stated that the flux
of electrons of energy exceeding 100 kev in this region at altitude
300 - 700 km. is less than I0-3 of the flux within the outer zone.
The flux of protons of energy greater than I08 ev is less than I0-3
of the same flux in the inner zone.
10) Outside the magnetic field of the Earth, radiation
consists of protons and other nuclei. The total flux is 2 particles
cm-2 sec-I. The mean ionizing power of,charged particles of high
energy is 2.5-fold that of the minimum .
P W-err In interplanetary
space, the flux of photons of energy h v > 450 kev is less than
0.1 photon cm-2 sec-I, and with energy h I > 45 key it is less than
3 photons cm-2 see-I. Thus, hard electromagnetic radiation does not
play an essential role in outer space.
During the flights of space rockets I and II, no variations
of the above-mentioned components of radiation were discovered to
exceed several percent with the averaging time 10-20 min.
II) A comparison of experimental data with theoretical
reasoning shows that high-energy protons in the inner zone can
originate from the decay of albedo neutrons. The radiation intensity
in the centre of the inner zone at small altitudes is determined
by Ionization losses of protons in the upper layers of the atmo-
sphere. At geomagnetic latitudes above 30? and, accordingly, at
high altitudes in the plane of the equator, the intensity begins to
fall off sharply due to imperfection of the magnetic trap at these
latitudes. This imperfection of the magnetic trap is almost the same
both for high-energy particles and for low-energy particles (see
point 8, Conclusions). For this reason, it seems highly improbable
that the imperfection of the magnetic trap is connected with non-
conservation of magnetic moment of the particle.
(I) S.N.Vernov, N.L.Grigorov, Yu.I.Logachev, A.E.Chudakov, Doki
Akad Nauk SSSR 120 N?6 (1958)
S.N.Vernov and A.E.Chudakov Papers at Fifth IGY Assembly (I958);
Paper at Second International Conference on peaceful uses of
atomic energy.
S.N.Vernov, A.E.Chudakov, P.V.Vakulov, E.V.Gorchakov, Yu.I.
Logachev, Collection "Artificial Farth Satellites" issue 2
(1958) and Planet Space Science vol. I, 86 (1959).
(2) J.A.Van Allen paper presented at joint meeting of National
Academy of Sciences and American Physical Society on I May 1958.
J.A Van Allen, G.H.Ludwig, E.C.Ray and C.E. Ncllwain; Jet
Propulsion 28 588-592 (1958).
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 I ,III i ~.~
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l` COSMIC RAY IN__~ . E SECOND COSMIC ROCKET LANDED
ON THE MOON
by
L.V. Kurnosova, V.I. Logachev, L.A. Rasorenov,! M.I. Fradkin.
Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moskow
Cerenkov counters were.used for recording primary cosmic
ray nuclei. The breakdown thresholds of the instrument were
set in such manner as to record oc particles and more heavier
(the first threshold), particles with Z5 and Z >I5 (the
second and the third thresholds accordingly. A plexiglass cyl-
inders 26 mm in diameter and 26 mm high served as the detectors.
There was a separate canal (apart from three canals men-
tioned above) for detecting the intensity of all charged part-
icles in the radiation belts. This canal was named "monitor of
radiation".-Cerenkov counter's, photomultipliers are sensitive
to X-rays, therefore the "monitor of radiation" -.an detect the
bremstrahlung radiation which appear,in the shell of the cont-
ainer by the.action of charged particles.
The "monitor of radiation" found out a radiation belt its
maximum being situated at the distance of 17.000 km. from the
'centre of the Earth. The maximum of radiation belt detected by
the identical monitor of radiation during the flight on 2 Jan-
uary 1959 was situated at 27.000 km .from the centre of the Earth.
The "monitor of radiation" has not found out any detectable
increase of the intensity near the Moon : the counting rate was
inchanged_in limits of measurements accuracy equal to the count-
ing rate of cosmic rays.
At the great distance from the Earth"the counting rates in
the Cerenkov.,counters were equal to 23,5 ? 0,2 ; I,9..? 0,06 ;
0.908 ? 0,01 counts per minute for the particles with Z :?,2
;
Z 3 5 ; Z > I5 correspondingly. The rations'-of fixes of corres-
ponding groups on nuclei are I000':75-:3
At the distances of 10000-30.000 km from the center there
was an appreciable increase of the counting rate in the canal
intended to detect cx particles. It is difficult to interpret at
present such increase. It is possible this result'may be account
Ed for by the effect of the radiation belt on the instrument,
but there is a chance that the energetic ocparticles are accu-
mulated on the orbite'circulating the Earth.
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