(SANITIZED)UNCLASSIFIED PAPER ENTITLED THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXTRA-HIGH-VOLTAGE SYSTEMS IN THE SOVIET UNION(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A006500370003-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 25
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 18, 2009
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: March 1, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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TI `~ DEVELUFPriE,NT OF EXTRA HIGH VOL'.i.'AGE ~;YSTEPIiS
IN THF, SOVIET UNION
Eng.I3.P.Lebedev
Eng.S.S.Rokotyan
Frof.I.A.Siromyatn~.kov
I;OSCOu"J, I959
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4, Great research work on extra-long-distance ( 2000-
3000 km ) and large transmitting capacity (2000-3000 MW)
systems at 650-750 kV as c, and at ?600 to ? 700 kV de c,
is being carried out in the Soviet Union*
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IN ROLUCTION
,apidt growth of the Soviet national economy, in which
the rate of development of the electric power industry is
stressed, necessitates the intensive development of large: po-
?wer systems and networks of large transmission capacities.As
power systems grow they become interconnected in aceorda~u ce
with the development plan for economic zones in which they
are 'located; afterwards power syrstems in neighbouring econo-
imic zones will be interconnected, such as those in the Euro-
pean part of the Soviet Union, in the Caucasus, in ;!Middle Asia
in Central Siberia, etc? These power-pool systems servicing
vast areas will be created in the course of the seven year pe-
riod from 1959 to I965 actor.:G k.n ; to the approved piano
A large number of complex technical and economical pro-
blems arise in connection with the transmission of large
blocks of power or transport of fuel over long distances,
When' long-distance power transmission turns out to be more
economical than transporting fuel following additional advan-
tages can be obtained that must be taA-en into account when
designing the interconnected power system.
a) Inter--systen. ties are provided, which reduce the to-
tal load peak and the reserve capacity required;, moreover,
thermal a xcd hydraulic resources are more economically exploit-
ed;
b) Power stations and networks along the route of the
transmission line may be connected to the latter and form. a
consolidated. power thereby improving the reliability
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of these systems? This permits to build large more economical
power stations of 1000 MW and higher capacity with big units
(of 100 to 300 MW rat i.ng )
c) New areas are electrified.
When deterrinini whether or not it is expedient to deve-
lop extra-high-tvo1tage netzi-orks, the expenditure for erecting
local networks for distributing, the power transmitted over the
extra-high-voltage - l ..a es rjust be taken into account0
several cases the cost of such networks may be greater than
the cost of networks for power stations const.rueteei in the
receiving systezrmm .e? rotating reserve must be provided for
the case of an emergency tripping of the extr. a-ih Igh--vo7.ta e
lane during load peaks. The cost of the rotating reserve
required to ptevent dIsconnect;ion of consumers must be taken
into account when making an. economical comparison of alter-
native schemes.
Work carried out in the Soviet Union showed that the
posibility of using single-phase au '-omatic reclosing for,
400-30011:1' lanes which enables us to reduce the rotating re,-
serve capacity in the receivin ; system. It is necessary to use
high and extra-high--vol.tagees for thee conditions of the Soviet
Union with. :its vast F.era i tory~ When in, terco.nn,ecting powe tr
systems that are comparatively near to each other, the volta--
g,e 330 kV and sometimes 220 kV is used.
The voltage 500 kV has been selected for the consolida-
ted, power system of s;he : urope ua par't of the Soviet Un.'I on.:~
Si beria9 for 7iddle .''sia unad else whew' This voltage
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will also be used at the out-start in creating the Consolida-
ted Power System for the entire Soviet Union; in the future
a higher voltage of 600 to 750 kV will be required for this
purposes
Our first 400 kV transmission system- the Kuibishev-
Moscow line, has been described in the literature ( see Ref.
1-9) and therefore we will only mention its basic ch.aracterist
tics in this paper.
The 400 kV Kui.bishev-Moscow Transmission Line
Construction work on the 400 kV K.uibishev--Moscow line
was started in. 1952. The first stage of the transmission ,
two parallel ,circuits 815 and 890 km long on single-circuit
towers, with three ,witching stations and two receiving sub-
stations in the Moscow areas were put into service in '1956,.
In 1958 two additional. 400 kV sub-stations and the series--
capacitor installation. were put into service,
The 400 kV receiving sub-stations in the Moscow area
have similar schemes, and have two banks of 400/110/11 kV,
270 DIVA each of single-phase transformers and two banks of
220/110/11 kVs 180 MVA transformers. The intermediate sub-
stations have 400/220/11 kV, 4405 MVA autotransformer banks.
The series capacitor installation is located at the
second switching station, which is approximately in the
middle of the line. It consists of three parallel circuits
having a total rating capacity of 486 MVAR, a rated current
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of 2250 A and an impedance of 32 ohms per phase. These
series capacitors compensate 25% of the line reactance. They
are installed on metal platforms,which are insulated. to
ground by suspension stings of porce'la.in ixxsuala.tors"
The power transmitted to Moscow over two circuit: in
1958 reached 1200 M'0
From the date the line was put into regular service on
May 1, 19562 till January 1, '6959 more than 16 billion kwh.
were delivered over the line to Moscow.
The transmission system is equipped: with the zaeceasary
equipment for regulating voltage and reactive power. flow.
In addition to the poss;I.bi.lity of changing the voltage on
the 400 kV bus-bars c ' the s t,ep-up substation by means of the
generators at the hydro-electric station., the transmission
system is equipped with shunt reactors (5 banks of 50 MVA
each), synchronous condensers. (4 condensers of 75A. at each
receiving substation in the Moscow area) andan under load
tap-changing device In the power transformers (within ;;
12n5Q) at the receiving and intermediate sub-stations. Ope-
rating experience has confirmed the necessity of using the
above listed means of regulation.
During trial operation period of the transmission
system and in the course of its. first stage of commercial
operation, many different tests were conducted to determi-
ne the parameters of the line and equipment; to measure
the corona losses , the radio and. telephone interferences,
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the internal overvoltage levels; to check the relaying and
automatic reclosing devices; tests were made for self-
synchronizing the water-wheel generators at the Volga hydro-
electric. station.
In 1957 tests were made for evaluating the steady-state
stability limit of the transmission system. The transfer ca-
pacity limit of one circuit of line 815 km long working in a
block scheme when the water-wheel generators were equipped
with ordinary excitation regulators and no series capacitor
compensation was connected amounted to 570 MW. In 1958 testes
were conducted to determine the
Kuibishev--Moscow line when the
equipped with automatic "strong
transfer capacity of the
ester-wheel generators were
action" excitation regulators.
The, transfer capacity limit of one circuit of line 815 km
long at a voltage of 420 kV amounted to 720 MW with the
series-capacitor installation disconnected,
The insulation of the line and equipment in the 400 kV
transmission system was designed in accordance with follow-
ing principles:
The neutrals of the 400 kV power transformers are so-
lidly grounded;
the 400 kV transmission line is protected along its
entire route against direct lighting strokes by two ground
wires with a protective angle of 200;
the tower footing resistance under normal soil condi-
tions does not exceed 10 ohms;
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the sub-stations are protected against direct lighting
strokes by surge-diverters;
autovalve lighting arrestors are installed at the sub-
stations,
The industrial frequency (50c/s). test voltage level was
determined assuming a 3 times phase voltage value of inter-
nal overvoltage across the main insulation. The 50 c/s wet
flash-over test voltage was taken to be 700 kV r,m.s. for
the substation equipment and 775 kV r,m.s4 for the line
insulation.
The full-wave 1.5/40 microsecond impulse voltage has a
peak value of 1500 kV for the substations equipment, 1900 kV
between the disconnecting switch contacts and 1800-2000 kV
for the line insulation.
Series of tests were carried out for studying internal
overvoltages in the 400 kV system. Overvoltages were studied
when disconnecting a 400 kV transformer at no-load as well
as a shunt reactor , and also when switching various sec-
tions of the line in and off, as well as when clearing short
circuits on the 400 kV line.
The following are the maximum voltages measured when
testing the line without the series capacitor installation:
across the main insulation - 2.4 Vphase; between the breaker
contacts - 2.6 Vphase.
Large overvoltages were observed only under extremely
unfavorable conditions which were not provided for the normal
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working scheme of the transmission system.
In schemes with series capacitor compensation the over-
voltages were naturally higher. Their value was limited by
arrestors, shunting the battery of capacitors. This enables
the overvoltage across the main insulation to be held down
to about ,3 Vphase. Across the circuit breaker contacts these
overvoltages attained values up to 3.4 Vphase.
Despite the numerous
lightning storms along the line
route, in 1956 and 1957 there was no case of line faults on,
this account. In 1958 the Kuibishev-Moscow line was tripped
twice due to lightning faults. None of the other 1+00 kV 11-
nes put into operation in 1957-1958 have been tripped due to
lightning. Thus the specific fault occurance due to light-
ning of 400 kV transmission lines in the USSR is. 0.042 per
100 kilometer-years.
Increain; the Voltaf 400 kV Transission
.Lines In Service
The experience gained In designing the Volga Hydrosta-
tion-Moscow transmission system as well as the Volga Hydro-
station-Urals and Stalingrad Hydro-station-Moscow systems
indicates that costly measures have to be taken to ensure the
stability of the 400 kV line when transmitting 500 to 800 T
per circuit over a distance of about 1000 km mid greater.
This fact urged us to make a carefull analysis of the
expediency of employing a higher voltage 500 kV. A comparison.
of the technical and economic characteristics for a trans-
mission system transferring 700-800 .MW per circuit over
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distances of 800 to 1000 km showed that the voltage 500 kV
would reduce capital expenditure by 5 to 10% and operation
costs of power transmission by 8 to 13%.
When using the voltage 500 kV we may do away with
series capacitor compensation and thereby reduce the inter-
nal overvoltages value.
The following factors were also taken into consideration
when solvi.rg this problem:
the overvoltages actually measured on the transmission
line Volga Hydrostation-Moscow without series capacitor
compensation;
the development of the extra-high-voltage network and
the presence of intermediate substations and ties with
local systems; this reduces the internal overvoltage level;
the progress 'achieved at present in circuit breaker
designs which enables to reduce the overvoltages during
switching by using shunt resistors and to eliminate breakers
are -back.
the possibility of limiting the value of overvoltages by
installing special arrestors,, which were developed at our
research Institutes.
As a result it was decided that we had all the grounds
to select the insulation level for 400-500 kV transmission
systems on the basis of an internal overvoltages level of
2.5 Vphase instead of 3 Vphase, which was originally adopted
for 400 kV networks.
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Since the internal overvoltage level. was reduced, it. wwas
found possible to transfer the existing 4.00 kV lines to a vol.-
tage of 500 kV and to use the 400 kV sub-stations equipment
at 500 kV after some minor alternations.
Considering that it is technically and economically ex-
pedient to increase the transmitting capacity of 11nes when
the extra--high-voltage network and the capacity tr ansfeared
over it is in the process of rapid growth, the decision was
taken to convert the 400 kV networks being erected and in ser-
vice in the Soviet Union for a rated voltage of 500 kV, and to
design all new long-distance transmission systems, and i.n par-
ticular the Siberian ones, fox 500 kV from the ou.tstart,
Fig.I gives a diagram for the Kui.bishev-Ioscow and Sta-
lingrad--Moscow transmission systems when connected for operat-
tion at 500 kV.
Further Development of ]Extra. i, p ~ e Lines In the USSR
After the erection of the 400 kV Kuibishev 4iLoscow trans-
mission line, construction work got under way , n 1957 on the
extra-high-voltage Stalingrad- 1oscow and Kuibishev-Urals lines
as well as on several other lines in the Urals.
In 1958 construction work was started on 500 kV lines in
Siberia; in 1959 on the + 400 kV Stalingrad-Moscow d. c. trans-
mission line, and the first link in the Ural transmission net-
work from Kuibishev t o Ziat oust (761 km long) was put into ser-
vice,
In the European part of the Soviet Union as of 1959 there
are 2814 km of line and 9 sub-stations at 400 k:V in service,
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The first 500 kV line, one circuit of the Stalingrad-
Moscow transmission, will be put into service in 1959.
By 1965, during the second stage in creating the extra-
high-voltage systems, another 7800 km of line and 25 step-up
and step-down sub-stations at 500 kV will be constructed.. The
voltage 330 kV will be used in some areas of the Soviet Union
and during the coming seven-year period about 7000 km of line
and over 50 sub-stations at 330 kV will be constructed. Con-
struction work on the first lines of this Voltage was started
in 1958.
Fig.2 gives a diagram for extra-high-voltage networks in
the European part of the Soviet Union as of 1965. It was com-
piled on the basis of data from design bureaus.
Technical Problems for Power Transmission at Extra-High-
Voltages
A. The Scheme of the Transmission System
Since there were no clearly held concepts on the effecti'
veness of several measures for improving the steady-state and
transient stability of the transmission system, it was deci
ded to use all of the measures known at the time for increa-
sing the transmitting capacity of the line when designing the
first 400 kV transmission system so as to gain experience;
these are:
I) The-use of bundle conductors;
2) The use of series-capacitor compensation;
3) The reduction of the reactances of power transformers
and water-wheel generators;
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4) The use of snitching sub-stations sectionalizing the
line int o four pa
5) Special design of excitation regulatorL. for the water-
wheel generators at the Volga hydro-el.ec;r,..rric station
having a 1 her c e ling and a faster rate-of-rise of
the excitation, vi?oltage;
6) The installation of "strong, action's excitation rer. a-
tors used in the synchronous condensers at the recei.-
v.i.ng sub--stations as well as in the ene.r?at ors s
7) The use of high-speed relays and circuit breakers clea-
ring faults in the 400 kV network within 0.12 seconds;
8) The use of electric-al and mechanical devices for brak-
ing the water-wheel generators.
Analysis of test results and operating experience have
shown that reducing the reactance and increasing the inertia
constant for the water-wheel generators is not , uust:Lfied eco-
nomically.
Whether of not it is expedient to use mechanical and elec-
trical devices for braking the water-wheel generators will be
determined after tests will have been made.
Automatic "strong action" excitation regulators have
shown themselves to be Yre:ry effective. enabler the voltage
to be held constant not only at the generators, but also on, the
400 kV side.
Shunt reactors are ins-'Called to keep the voltage within
required limits, 'to reduce line losses and to lower internal
over^voltates. Some of these reactors must 'be connected on the
high-voltage side (at 400-500 kV), while others may be conneo-
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ted on the secondary voltage buses at the intermediate sub-
stations (at 35 or IN kV)o
The connection scheme, the layout and the design of the
switchgear at the 400-500 kV switching sub--stations make it
possible to develop the latter in the future into 110 or
220 kV receiving sub-stations for supplying the adjacent
area with electric power.
B. Transmission Lines
The transmitting capacity of one circuit of 500 kV li-
ne should be not less than 500-750 M.W. With the economic
current density of .CSR conductors equal to 0.5-0.6 A/mm2,
the cross section of the aluminum current-conducting part of
the conductor should be at least 1200-1600 mm2 per phase.
Bundle conductors are used so as to retain standard.
cross sections of the conductors, as'well as to reduce the
line reactance, the corona losses and radio interference.
Three conductors in a bundle located at the apexes of an
equilateral triangle which are 400 mm away from each other
is the design practice in the Soviet Union,
Special specifications are in force in the Soviet Union
for 400-500 kV lines, which are somewhat more stringent as
to mechanical strength requirements when compared with the
design code for 110 and 220 kV lines. Special attention is
given to ensuring their reliability. during strong winds and
sleet conditions,Reductioh of the design loads for the sus-
pension towers was an important measure in obtaining an eco-
nomical design. for the 500 kV lines, since these towers com-
prise 90% of all towers used.
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For this purpose releasing clamps or clamps ^e 4,:r a
mit ed holding capacity may be used., In any ca.see y the force
applied to the suspension tower should no o; exceed. 1.5 to 2.0
tons in the event of rupture of the three conductors of the
phase. Thus the tower design. is determined by normal. oper, -
tion. conditions when all the conductors are xntact. Relea-
sing clamps of special construction were used in the first
400 kV lines in the USSR. They were designed for a thres
conductor phase bundle. These clamps were tested at the test--
stand and now have a good performance on the .h~?:yr?~i+n~csc oar
line. The disadvantage of releasing clamps is the '.~.ecessity
of having to use strain towers (usually a gle-- ;t aIn owe r: s,)
every 7-10 km to limit the `lira. ection in which the wire
may fall to the ground when all three conduct or:s of a phase
bundle break.
In order to do without strain towers, clamps with lixnl-
t ed holding capacity are now used instead of :releas-J,.ng clamps
Here, the conductors upon, breaking slide in the clamps there-
by limiting the forces applied to the sus.pension tower and
limiting the faulty line section. At present clamps of this
type have passed tests successfully and are used in the new
500 kV lines being constructed.
In the first 400 kV lines H-f rame suspension towers
(flg.3) were used with pillars, solidly anchored. to their
foundations and hinged to the cr obs-arm. The distance bet-
ween adjacent phases is I0s,5 meters; the height to the insu-
lator suspension, point is 27 meters,,, The tower weighs from
7.3 tons (for geed weather areas) to 0?6 tons (-for areas with
strong winds),
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Suspension tower foundations for all new lines under
construction permit work to be carried out throughout the
year. These foundations are either pre-fabricated reinforced
concrete mushroom shaped footings (8 footings .1.16 m3 each)
or reinforced concrete piles (8 piles 0.3 by 0.3 by 7.0 me-
ters per tower).
In many 500 kV lines suspension towers with guy wires
are used with their pillars hinged to their foundations.The-
se towers save metal,(their weight is 7.2 tons for strong
wind areas) and simplify the design of the foundations (its
volume is reduced from 8 + 9 m3 to 3 m3 per tower), it was
found possible to use ordinary hard fixing clamps on these
towers since the deviation of the suspension point in the ca-
se of a phase rupture permits the force applied to the to-
wer to be reduced to a safe value.
Towers for lines from 220 to 500 kV have been designed
using centrifugal pre-stressed reinforced concrete pipes.At
present several factories are being built that will manufac-
ture these towers.
Strain-angle towers for 400-500 kV lines with tension
insulator strings are of the bar type for all lines under
construction. Very severe requirements are imposed on the de-
sign of these towers, for they must be capable of operating
as dead-end towers and also of taking on the load when two pha-
ses (6 conductors) covered with sleet are broken.
In the 500 kV lines that do not use strain towers with
tension strings, H-frame angle towers have been designed.
for turn angle up to 20?, with the conductors held in sus-
pension strings,
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330 kV lines are designed with a single conductor per
phase and also with a -two-conductor phase bundle. T ,,sts
have shown that the 330 kV transmission lines with the
single-conductor phase may be more widely used than it was
expected until now A design for single-circuit H-frame
towers with guy wires has been worked out that is similar
to the 500 :V towers described above. These towers weigh
to 7 ton and they are designed for a two-conductor pi-.Lase
bundle (type ASO-480 is to be used). A distance of #8.2 me-
ters between phases has been adopted.
A two-circuit tower has also been designed with the
phases arranged in a "ba ral" scheme T, ith two ground wires.
The height of this tower is about 40 meters,; It is designed
to carry two conductors per phase of ACO-330 type. The
vertical distance between the cross-arms is 6 meters, and
the phases are spaced. 2 meters from each other along the
horizontal. This tower weighs about 7 tons.
C. 400 - 00 I V Substations
Economical and at the same time reliable triangular
and square connection schemes are employed for the receiving
substations. The "transformer-busbar" arrangement has been
selected as the connection scheme for the substations in the,
Moscow ring of the Volga Hydro-station-Moscow transmission
system.
The 400-500 kV receiving substations :located near large
load centers step the power right down to `110 W. These sub-
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stations usually have two transformer or autotransformer banks
of 270 MVA each (fig.4).
For less concentrated loads and also when the substation
is to be used as a reversible one the voltage is stepped
down to 220 kV and one or tw6 a gut otransformer banks of 405 MVA
each are installed there,
The 500 kV bay is 28 meters wide, the line bay is 161
meters long and the distance between phases is 6 meters. A
phase bus is made of. two hollow copper conductors of 300 mm2
cross section located in the horizontal plane 400 mm away from
each other,
The equipment for 330 - 500 kV substation is manufactured
by the electrical industry of the USSR.
Transmission SxEtems of User Vo~ta~es
The voltage 400 kV has been put into service in the
Soviet Union and almost three years of operating experience
has been gained. Development of 500 kV is the task for the
immediate futures As it was already mentioned, the first
transmission system at this voltage will be put into opera--
tion in 1959.
The voltage 500 kV permits 750 to 1000 MW to be t.raas-
mitted over 1000.1200 kilometers per single circuit of line.
The growth of the national economy of the Soviet Union,,
the task of creating a. consolidated power system to service
all the territory of our country, the exploitation of rich
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hydraulic and coal resources of Siberia sets forth a problem
that must-be solved in the not too far off future, the problem
of creating more powerful and longer transmission systems than
the 500 kV lines that would be capable of transferring 2000
to 3000 MW per circuit over 2000 to 3000 kilometers. Transmi-
ssion systems of such a large scale can be made either by using
alternating current at 650 to 750 kV or by using direct current
at 600 to 750 kV.Great research and design work in this
field is being carried out in the Soviet Union0An important sta-
ge on the way to developing powerful transmission systems is
to collect construction and operation experience from the 500
kV lines as well as from the 400 kV, 750 Imo', 500 km Stalingrad-
.Donbas d. c. transmission system.
Research work in the field of long-distance a.c, transmi-
ssion at 650-750 kV is being carried out at test installations
to determine the dielectric strength of large air gaps, invesu
tigetion of oorana. ,loesesp stabi ,iYty and transmitting capacity
of the system, the insulation level, the magnitude of internal
overioltagee and other problems* Work on develops new de -
signs for transmission lines and high-voltage equipment is al-
so being carried out.
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REFERENCES
1. World Power Conference. Canadian Sectional Meting, 1958.
Paper N 117 A3/10.
Creation du r4seau 6lectrique d 1 intereormeXion unique
de i'URSS,son r8le dans i16conomic nationals et SO'
indices oconomiques.
Par F.D.Ivanichtchenko et Smirnov.
2. World Power Conference. Sectional Meeting in Belgrad,
195?. The Development of electric power systems in the
USSR. By Vasilkov.
3. CIGRE Session 1956, Paper N 413.
Kuybishev-Moscow 400 kv line and 400 kv substaAtion.
By Gogolin,Levitzki, Mirolubo;T, Rocotian,Ser ejev,Sokolov,
4. CIGRE Session 1958, Paper N 410.
The Development of 400-500 kv systems in the USSR.
By Akopyan,Burgsdorf,Butkevitc i,(8ertzik,Gri)ratal,
Rocotian,Sovalov.
5. The proceedings of the ITSE, Vol. 104, Part A N 18,
December, 1957, p. 471-London.
400 kv Transmission Systems in the Soviet Union..
By Rokotian and Lebedev.
6. CIGRE Session 1958, Paper N 318.
Increasing the Reliability of Operation of Power
Systems and Long Distance Transmission Lines.
7. World Power Conference. Canadian Sectional Neet.ng,1958,
Paper 118 D/9.
Economic characteristics of Long Distance Electrical
Transmission in the USSR.
By Mirolub.ov and Rocotian.
Approved For Release 2009/02/18: CIA-RDP80T00246AO06500370003-7
 Approved For Release 2009/02/18: CIA-RDP80T00246AO06500370003-7
8. Direct Current, vol 3 N 4, March, 19579 London.
The dace transmission from Stalingrad Hydro-Electric
Station to Donbass.
By Pimenov,Posse,Reider,Rocotian,Turetski.
9. CIGRE Session,1958, Paper N 14-11.
Some results of Studies conducted in the Soviet Union
on Extra Long Di stance 600 kv Transmission Systems.
By Bogdanova,Gertaik,Emelydnou,Kolnakova,Markovitch,
Popkov,Sovalov,Siavine.
Approved For Release 2009/02/18: CIA-RDP80T00246AO06500370003-7
 Approved For Release 2009/02/18: CIA-RDP80T00246AO06500370003-7
"A
K7yrenrfuq
`~ 7}INlf anSA'aja a\
attou Nouotcha'AO#A A,rtrahllw
N~.1Mi! ROL waN~~ YtrhkoWo
~` Penea
1a~oou ?Frrrrrcn,
Cr/atr 0 ~. [>m
AlattW
~praton
!Areamzf
Z 0
.wctchi hi a
A'arDn
AfAOrsAyO~,
AC lOpilJA j
? o NoiarrAaja
CAeliadinfA?
~,ibuNiAAa
Fig. +13. - Diagram of Soo kV systems in the European part of the Soviet Union for 5g6o and 1965 (plan).
75 "75
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