TRAINING OF ENGINEERS FOR INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY AT THE LONSOVJOT TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF LENINGRAD

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A003700090002-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 45
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 9, 2008
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: April 21, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

 Approved For Release 2008/06/09 : CIA-RDP80T00246AO03700090002-0
N.D. Alookowalgy
Profos,or, Doctor of 3oionoo
(Ctomiotry)
Training of Estjinoora for
Industrial Chomintry at the
"Lonaovjot" Tochnolocioal Institute
of Leningrad
The dovoloprnnt of higher technical toaehing in Rua3ia, at its
start, was closely linked to the problems of the chemical mining iixlustry.
Attontion ins given to the teaching of ohmmioto oven undor Pbtor lot, when
spsoinliste wars trained in the fiold of minoral and cntnt anniyoio. Since
the udddlo of the lCth 00fttury in Russia, under the initiative o: Y1.N.
LOTflP00ov, regular training of highly qualified clxu?.isto ban boon carried
out. In a laboratory, wall equipped for its time, otudcnba of La,unosoov
carried out various projoota in gonoral ohomiotry, analytical cl:aatotry,
plyraical ohoasdetry and appl iod chamiatry. Thera was there a hap combina-
tion of physical - mathocntical Hotbeds aryl cixaudcal m3thode.
Uith that, th3 rigorously quantitative principlo was dcrninant in
research carried out in the laboratory. Polloturs of Loamnoaoov bocaao
chomtoto wall vurcod in n thotntica and ply'ai.cs.
In 1755, the opening of tloocow Univoroity ado possible the
trainisr C
C_C-C1a-CN2+1120
c:N~R.' rt c N 2
P. e - C =c;-C-~ =eH~ * C-COCH.CH=CHI
r')
If c /". r.H
T
HO GH.Cii1E0-C14=C
? ri,o
CHz=CN-CO-all-C~
J
ell = CH "CHIC-
;~ cNC l HLCOC#4c .
em- t(A("VAX
Utilizing vinyl-alkyl-cetones iu the reactions ul'
substances close in structure t, the natural P*U styrVU;.
C5)
C 143CNiC4 CA
F,OCHie, if.LWU{ =C:
~.,.lU /.-,i Grp ^P"- F
 The upi'_licttt;.on of the di i?h( .~~t?hn rita o.f
po) 3cyc]1c ;}-r-icr l.a~oe it. ic.ccr.;u1;/'Lr Lit, 0.I 1},c .1ruci,urIII
c.ircctivii3 of these reactions. In a large number of examples
it was possible to show that the cniditiotc of the reaction
and the character of the substitute in diene and di enophil iffizt
produce an essential affect tit the coarse of the process az01 the
structure of the final products of the reaction. In working out
the reaction of guided synthesis of stereoisomers it was possible
to obtain all four of the theoretically possible isomers of
octaline-4-dicarbo4i.ic acid and seven out of eight possible
decaline-1,2-dicaroboxglic acids.
Interesting investigations into the synthesis of a large number
of different heterocyclic compounds viere carried by A.N. Nesmeyanov,
N.K. Kochetkov and others. The initial pr&ucts of there ApXWO
synthesis ere p -chloro-vj:nyl-alkyl-%etones. Some of the trends
of trannsformatiens of (h -chloro-vinyl-alkyl-'eetones are given in
the general scheme on page 10.
Extensive research has been conducted in the U.S.S.R in
the processing of petroleum l~vdrocautxxts, both far their use as
motor fuel, lubricants, and also for proces:$ing; into 95Z2 (1aven:e
chemical products. Of the products of tle chemical. proco iin-, oi'
natural gases and petroleum hydrocarbons, wit mention ;;liattld first
he made of the synthesis of kkwtlogeno derivatives of hydrocarbons,
a]]^lene oxides, surface-active substances, lower and hi.ghe:,? alcohol;
carboxylic acids and other technically important products. In this
trend, mention gull! ;;hoald bee uu,de -f thy-: cre k of 5.S. Nametkin,
A.V. Topchiav, B.A. Kazansky, N.I. Shuikin, F.Y. Lavrovsky, ant
others .
 ih/H R.
' 'KCB RCOCll CHCl z` I I _ ~ 11 l (6)
/ / I k I Gt, t V/CWL
VM 1
K/rC vC Y .N.r~~.rA/ s 1
\ ; /i of
. A
In addition to the study made of aliphatic comp Some of the roost outstanding
representatives of Russian chemical science, such as A.M. Zaitsev,
S.N. Reformataly, P.P. Shorygin, N.D. Zelinslcy, and many others have
worked 80 in this field and have made their wiic,ri.bution to the
development of thic: inportant 0 branch# of organic, uhejuAiy. Interest
in this field is due to the Czamw !M, 'MAP ir,pcrtant part -+hich
element-organic compounds play in the solution of maxV problem., of
theoretical and ^ applied chemistry. Sufficje it to recall thA,
such important discoveries au est.,hlishing the valency of the elewnts,
the discovery of free aliphatic radicals, the obtaining of new
stable materials, and others C result ed from investig;it Inns ill
the field of element-organic compounds. Also well-known is t!,e role
of marW metallo-organic compounds in organic synthesis and their
highly diversified application in different, bronche;; of i.nu.>;t)y and
agriculture. Thus, they find application is raw noterinl Pon the
proih.u:tinv of ir?;iteri;ilu that are very resistant ant stable with rccrcct
 Approved For Release 2008/06/09 : CIA-RDP80T00246AO03700090002-0
\\ 4.d/'
to aggressive nudia)4ntiknock agents JW for motor fuel
r, admixtures'
to lubricants, insecticides., i.lungic:lhle;+, X10 secd.trcatment agents,
herbicides, and in m xr other cases.
During recent years in the Soviet Union, investigations have
been made of the organic compounds of the following elements:
lithium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, boron, alund.niun,
thallium, silicon, fl titanium, zirconiwo, germanium, tin, lead,
chromium, selenium, phosphorus, arsenic, rntimory, bismuth,
bromine, iodine, fluorine, iron, and. platinum.
Outstanding in their investigations iii t It r fold of el.ernent2
organic conpounds in the U.S.S.R. are the schools of A.E. Arbuzov,
W
A.N. Nesmeyanov, B.A. Arbuzov, I.L. Knfnyants, K.A. Kocheshkov, and
others.
To dift date, a large number of methods have been worked out
of this synthosis of different r_ler:eni;--org:u c c- pounds; numerous
types of new compounds have been obt,rir,ed ,,n(; t,;arjy of them have found
practical applications.fl The 5tMMftcU abundance of new material
Vm~ide it possible to draw certain fux nraenit:.,1 e w(j1 acn~s th;t arc
of importance 1A not only for the chemistry of element-organic
conpourxls, but for all organic chemistry as well.
Below we give several illustrations of the synthesis of element-
organic compounds.
The synthesis of clement-organic cxwmpound ; by means of double
oniurn CKTkimW salts d:i_n,covered by Nesmeyanov in 1929 has been widely
applied for the synthesis of organic compounds of mercury, thallirmr,
tin, leau, bisrauirh, arsenic, antimony (iJesrneyanov, Kocheshkov, ko-
kova) :ieutov, and coworkers). In its ener31 Ion., the reaction of
62 obtain:inl~ element -organic cosmrnuid;; by this net-hod may he resre-
6crtcd by the following ,Pner:,l scheme:
 .L,)2-
(f obt.Oning individual
metallo-organic compounds containing diverse functional groups in
the aromatic radical.
nveutigation)
In connection with the'kkft of the diazomethod a study
has been made of the decay mechanism of ft diazonium and other onium
compounds; it is shovnn that it is possible to control the reaction
and to dd guide its course either according to the ionic or
the radical type.
Very interesting results have been obtained in studying the
decomposition S boron fluoride ofg phenyldiazonium in ABdo
chlor9enzene and bromo-benzene. In this respect it was possible
to synthesize hitherto unknown simple aromatic compounds of
polyvalent chlorine and bromine:
Dye substituting other anions for the rut ions of boron
fluoride, Nesmeyanov and co ror}cers made a 7D6,' study of a large
number of salts of diphewlchloronium and. diphenylbrornonium.
The double salts of diaylhalogoniwn with the salts of petals were
also ur,eyyclko synthesize orgtuiic compounds of m(-,rcury, tin, antimony,
and bismuthfj (Nesmeyanov, Reutov, Iurkarov;t).
The diazomethod was applied by N.N. Ncl.n)kov, ],%P. Shvetsova-
J Shilovskayya and Grapov to ott,.ir iii:ed esters of thio$hotphoric acid
1 ~Z(?JZ !t .r47../'x(.0 (11 ())i(1'r:/i H1t
,A -JO (:1o)
 Approved For Release 2008/06/09 : CIA-RDP80T00246AO03700090002-0
-15-
au;riphosphinic acids from dialkylhalogenophesphites and the resp ctive
salts of diazonium:
tp
r,A
~11)
? -', II d?
Of great importance ? in tli; chemistry of element-organic
compounds are reactions UN linked by transitions from one set of
element-organic compounds to other sets. Nesmeyanov and coworkers
have developed numerous pathways of such transitions, especially
between the organic compounds of mercury,mthe me hand, and compounds
of zinc, cadmium, aluminium, thallium, tin, lead, arsenic, adz antlLny,
bismuth, and polyvalent Upq*asj iodine, on the other hand,
Kocheshkov and coworkers recently worked out a method of the direct
illtroductic*i of thallium into the aromatic ring:
3N~`J3-> e4NT-7e(0%UC3~f} SH~`(ll~
CJ1f~0U;lt is '1... '.,h',: i'ecct:i on of octal gob 5{;itilr, o
by Kocheshkov aril Talalievai
CI{r~'7 ,, t /Hq (and also Hg, Sn, Pb, As, 9b)
..- C Ff?. Jl (and also ((6 kf)sl( (C 1?c), 13)
(CWc)iA, (cjK,.) se)
a A new method of the synthesis of organic compounds of mercury
of the aliphatic aeries Was a worked out by O.A. Ra&vaiev and l1
coworkers:
C I},iJ)1 ill 0 C.p ('.I{~ ---i )1{~ Ct~ :=1f, .t f L llil)
4 J
This reaction is initiated by peroxides.
 The Fraukand-Duv*s method has been used in the U.S.S.R. for
the industrial production of seed-treatment agents. Due to the work
of N.N. Metnikov and. coworkers this method has produced
yields of dialkyl mercury up to 70-90% of the theoretical value.
In connection with the industrial production of mercuric agents for
seed treatment, Nesmeyanov, Melnikov, and coworkers have made a
rather detailed study of the reaction of dialkyl and iJj
diaryl mercury with mercuric salts of acids of different basicity.
iu: a result of these investigations it has been possible to find
eelwiitaons for prodnc'um;; alkyl-iircvric salts of poly-basic Mao
acids with yields close to the theoretical v,.lueG.
The syntheses have been worked out of substituted alkyl
\\LLd
mercuric salts by MMM comhiring the salts of mercury vrit.h unskturatt
compounds (Nesmeyanov, Freii]ina. Borisov).
The classical method of obtaining awn is (vnpounds of
'I
phosphorus is the Arbuzov rearrangement discovered by A.E. Arbuzov
as far back as the l ginning of this cattury. During recetrt, yco) ;
is
this method has been used to synthesize a large number of nv- coir! nu !1
some of which are of great practical importance for use as medical
preparations. New directions in the Arbuzov rearrangement have
been discovered. As you know, the Arbuzov rearrangement is still
ftw L.liirhf,t,ic )
the basic method of synthesi zin -: ffaT , mp, a nd s c? . pho;;ph u .
Recently, H.A. Artmzov and A.N. Auk,vi.k wor k.cd out n. )-b::?1 metho?
nh,zpho. ._ by combining dialkyl-
phosphites through double linkage of unsaturated c,)Fpounds; this
method has been used to synthesize over 14 one hundred different
cor,p(u;,dc.
 (1lo)~ 1'H
C'
Abramov, a SUM pupil of AA Arbuzov, kt1 has made a study
of the reaction of diathyl-phosphites with aldel dcs which was the
basis in the production of the well-known insecticide depterex,
obtained by coiidensatiuri of d_iraethyl-phosoh i,te -,,1th chloral. 011
th- reaction of obtaining dimethyl-phosphite from phosphorus tri-
chloride ,nrv3 a methanol may be combined with the joining of chloral.
A.E. and B.A. Arbu--ov and coworkers made' a detailed study of
the production of pyrophosphatea, thiopyyrophosphatea,
dithiopyrophosphates and. their different derivatives.
A method has been developed for the obtaining of different
phosphorus compounds by the interaction of halogeno phosphorus with
* ethylene oxide, aldehydes and the like(Isi.I. labrichnik).
`I 4
CJ + R.GN b -~ vk :! pry'
Ce
A.Y. Kireanov discovered a nor class of organic c(mpainds of
phosphorus obtained by the interaction of . halides of
phosphorus with sulfamides and amides of different acids
SO1dgL +`P cer -> z 50, 1=`)'yea ~'4z su. ~ti *-- - (01J.
Among the btained caupond.shere are interestinc xp*
system insecticides that are practically harmless to wmrm-blooded
animals.
In connection with the great importance of the di fferent
derivatives of thiophosphoric acid, which find wide application
in agriculture as active insecticides and acaricides, of great
tuignificanee is the obtaining of esters of ohloro-thiophosphoric
 acid.l* Lielni.kov am iviandelbaum and coworkers have worked out a
number of new and simple methods of obtaining there. compounds.
The most important of these methods may be ?i represented by the
gcjje~ral
almost equivalent quantity of the appropriate alcohol in the
presence of a hydrous alkali.
,
,
` ?t1 je( i- P~GN + NCH .> ? tV-1
2 Ro I'S02 '-(R; 0 211(3 --~ qR U `i'SCk (o
3 45CP lU"y)~ %i9J 'Sr + ;i?t?