HYDRAULIC PROJECTS AND THEIR ROLE IN GENERAL IMPROVEMENT OF LAND IN THE SOVIET UNION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A002800100001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 26
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 2, 2008
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 20, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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HY:JAULIC PROJECTS AND THEIR ROI, IN G1'NNRAL IMOVEJUIff
OF LAUD IN THE SOVIET UNION
Academician A.Aakochensky, President,U.S. ;.R.
National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage
Aooording to peculiarities of natural sones and require-
ments of farming all reclamation measures carried out in the
U.S.S.R. may be referred to as irrigation, drainage of swamps
and water-supply of arid and semi-arid sonea.
Drainage has already been done on an area of a little over
? million has mostly, drainage was effected through cutting
opua ditches, planning the drained land and removing from it
vegetation and stones. If necessary, resort was made to banking
:And regulation of river-beds that were oolleoting water. Na-,
that greater bogged-up areas are to be reclaimed building of
reservoirs as well as regulation and banking of river-beds have
to be started on a grand scale. No leas import will be attached
to closed drainage.
Some 40 million ha of arid and semi-arid land have been
supplied with water through boring and digging wells and panda
and also through building water-supply oanale, for which purpose
among other things, use was made of dry river-beds, Sullies,
depressions, etc.
Yet, the'bulk of hydraulic projects have been undertaken
in the U.S.S.R. in the sphere of irrigation. We, therefore,waidd
rather limit ourselves to problems of irrigation so as to give
the broad engineering circles represented here a more detailed
account of what is most important in Soviet hydraulic onw ineeriq
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IRR& TION IN T USSR
1. Generale
As of 1933 /12.4 million ha of land were covered by irri-
gation net rork# of which 10,3 million ha were under crop.
The following table epeoifies irrigated area for eachof
1 saviet Republics:
Irrigated area under
crop in million ha
ra~ra^n~
U.S.S.R. (total)
10.3
Ruseian Federaticsl
1.4
1,5
+1
Kasakh S.S.R.
2.6
Uzbek S .S.R.
2.3
2,V
-r 3
0
7
3
Fenian S.S.R.
004
.
Ta,Lk S.S. i.
0.4
o.~
I~irgieian S .S.R.
101
Aierbaijpan S.S.R.
1.2
tie or gia.n S . S .a.
0.3
Armenian S.S.R.
0.2
Ukx'ainiam S.S.R.
002
Moldavian S.S.R.
0.03
0, 0 3
In the none always short of precipitations /Centres-Asia
and Traneoauoaaia/ irrigation is an indeapensable oonditien fir
atigrieul.tuire. The percentage share of irrigation in that come
is 72.1 while in Turkmenian and ICirgisian SSR tillage withott
irrigation is virtually impossible.
From 191 lto 1953 the total area under irrigation more
than doubled.
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Together with this, much better use i nu-,r wade o the area
under irrigations valuable industrial crops are being sown opt
an ever-wider massivea. Thus, the area under cotton expanded in
the period from 1928 to 195 2.25 times.
2. Natural Conditions in Various Zones of the USSR
with recd to Irri ation
In Central Asia and Transcaucasia big rivers like the
.' mu--Darya, Syr-Darya, Chu, Murgyab, Kura, and in the European
Soviet Union - the Dnieper and the Don serve the main source
of i rigatioui.
The Amu-Darya irrigating, together with its tributaries
0.a Vakhah, Kafirni n, Pyanj and others), the lands of
Toke the best use at um eat *ad land V"MMOO of emmilla and st ,, a sapid dop t of OgwiMA4-
the .
eof f+ inU.S.U.R.
am*e" have boon end eiill
ao f ma" Ath to Wobl50 of a ,adionl toe traotieen of the
to to Comet the requi to of
*&a trriMtLan of Q t a t e m ; M m t .. the to and
o- c to the car and for planned distribution of it among
they rs. Irrigation projects in our bunineas answer all.
tt - 2 requirements. 9o the moot urgent task in conditions of
:` < i~lisst construction was to create irrigation projects instead
o*' sm l scattered irrigation canals attached to isolated
r1 home..eUmWs or a group of aw h hnesteada. This task
aralled for a large-scale and mass effort to pull intake points
togetherr, to build head structures with cirmlltaneoua regulation
of rivers, to liquidate extra canals raising at the same time
the capacity of remaining canals and equipping them with necessary
structures, to level dumps and fill dead canals, to enlarge irri-
gated plate in oolfon4ty with mechanization requirements, to
improve currant planning, to tranoplont old and plant new trees
along canals and rows, and, finall,; , to remake all the irriga-
tion and aollectori-da :taing network erecting on it the necessary
structures.
As of todagy, the total length of canals of irrigation pro-
jects excels?d? 400,000 iee. On the irrigation projects there we
over 100,000 large and medium, hydraulic structures.
#3 of 1955 reconstruction of irrigation netvgerk on collective
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:'uk carried out on an area of 3,042, 000 ha, i.e. almost
all the area to have been in need of reconstruction. The xuriber
of irriGated plots in that a ea reduced from 280,000 to 58,000.
Liquidation of per rent irrigation network within irrigated
plots, of extra field road6, boundaries resulted in a 2-pew
cent tnorease as against the reconstruoted area.
- he reoonstruotion of the i rigation projects is far from
b?L..-. completed. To ewe up for that, at the preewnt stage we
avv 4 le elrea&y to maxtalp water economy as a oonoert of Indu-
strul enterprises' orgwiized in the shape of irrigation
TrQjeets, we are able to use water and land resources in aooor-
;es with the requirements of large--aoale and higM7 produo-
tive eaterpri se - oolleotive and state farms, and, at last,
a can de all tion work by the whine without di.strao-
tad rmzel p? tion from their own work in view of the fact
that o r water economy organisations are armed with equipment
Sufficient to wohaaLze 95 per cent of all the principal irri'
tion works. The total volume of mechanized excavations in
Soviet water economy was in 1956 equal to 400,000,000 ou. m e
Bore is the principal irrigation projects undertaken in
the USSR aocordlng to the three enlarged zones: i) Central Asia,
2) oats pia, Y) The Russian Federation and the Ukraine.
4.
Amah has been done to improve the head intake on the irri
gati n s in Central Asia. A number of reservoirs have been
oo etruated, hero is the biggest of them; the Parkhad mid
ones-on the Syr-Darya River; Tash-geprin- an the
Itrt o-on the Kai Rivera Talon-an the Talon;
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Job-Kizil - on the Surkhan-Darya; Katta. Burgin and Mkyu-V.-,&r ?.
on the Zeravahan. Conotruotion is underway of the Orto-Tokoy
Reservoir on the Chu River; SaJrr-'Yasin- an the Muramb; Dugan --
on the But un River with an Intake from the Asys River; Ty~
Dug - on the Angren River; and Chli-Kur - on the Kashka-
Darya River. The reservoirs that are now being deaigted/oon-
struotion is to be started within 1937--196O/: Tejon /the
seoaad one/, Surkhan-Darya - on the Surkha&-Darya River,
Chardarin - on the Syr-Darya and others.
All the above reservoirs have earthen dame with a head
of some 15-50 m and spillway structures made of oonorete and
reinforced oonorete with the exoeption of the Urta-'Tokoy
Reservoir on the Ksaansal River where the dam about --hilt
1s built of piled up stones strengthened on the proaeurc, aide
with reinforoed-oonorete screen. To take water into irriga-
tion canals a number of water-lifting dame have been also
built in Central Asia. We should like to mention Jumt a few
of them: the Chirohik Dam - on the Chirohik River, Pe rvomaia
Dam-Khoja and Vabkent - on the Zeravshan; four dam an the
Chu--over; Karstal - on the Karatal River; ICzyl-Order - on the
Syr-Darya; trr-Ravat and Kuig-Yar - on the Kara-Darya
River; SaryrKur n - on the Sokh River; Dl-uahambe - on the
Dnehnbe River and others. The average head of such die is
5-10 m; the ds= are mostly of dismountable type with flat
or sectional curtains /not so often with a concrete apillwa
or of mixed type/*
into some of the von toads of Central Asia water In
tak.n net through a dam but through head gstea - regulators.
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Sue ya gates are installed on big canals with considerable flower e
the Vakheh Cenci (150 ou.m/e ec ), ' sh-Sakin ("'20)9 v4z- Ketken
(17) , Lenin Canal (50), Big Fergana (I50) t Northern Fergana
(140)? and many others..
As we have alrea4y said, to establish big irrigation pro-
jects instead of many am]' scattered irrigation canals much
has been done in Central Asia to increase capacities and lengths
of the oldoanals. Along w. th this many now main canals have
been out. The comparatively favourable topographic and geologic
condition gave an opportunity to out cams without much exca-
vation and banking so in view of luck of machinery wide use was
of hand labour. Later on as the water-economy ovgunizations
re equipped with machines we could afford to undertake bigger
tasks of cutting canals in rocky grounds requiring more ezoa-
vation and Woking.
be biggest canals in Central Asia aret the Big Per na
Carpal, Northern and southern Fergana Canals, Big Gisecar Canal,
X g and Northern Tas ant Canals, Kirov Canal, aah.-Salon Canal,
Lenin Canal, Rye- tken, Vakhah, Darn, Narpai, AAdnm-Babaev
Canal, Big Chu Canal, Dalvertin and others. The construction
of so may big canals wanre aimed not only to it agate new areas
but also raise the caster-lo el in the irrigation projects short
at water at the expo a of water-ab t fig. Such ,rye
canals raising the water`-level served in a wed as a substitute
for rocervoairs. For the same p rpose an eztramely big Kara
Canal is now under construction with a length of 500 n (the
first stage) to take water fro* the Amu-De rya into the water-.
l basin of the urgab River and then (at the second stage)
into the Tejon River-Basin.
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JQ~ it1Oa t O this, oon tr notion is underway of the TuxkGstaus SWth and Central .odnaya.-Steppe Canals, the Kirov
and BU ?F"Sam Cam's are being widened and ZQninabad and
Beabkent Canals deli d, e$o.
In T$' o "ia the in construction site Of irrigation
pro jests is Nays of the Kurra and Araks Rivera' the so-
oa7llod I x -Araks Lawlr .
wl aallt abet 1aeriroir On the Kura with a
vol of 16,000,000,000 ou.a. serve., t40 teat base for i,rriBmtion
d o t in this lowisad. Prm this reservoir two oeaala
WO t*ig c t s z1 baadc Upper.. with a flow of 140 ou.
W/0oc and left-3aik UP, Whiz van Canal with a flow of 50 ou.
4/8"a use oanal.s will Toed wad to the water-lao g net.
Wftka and enand the area ender irri tjo in the I a rabakh,
,l and $kt a Steppes.
UP to 50 Me W/eeo of tester will be lot into the sapper
vatme of the pi,n Oasts now under oOnstrUotion on the
Araks River.
From this dam provided with a sediment basin the Main
man Cassel will receive olarified waters rhioh will ir'ri to
the ftrthera part of the SaMn Steppe.
On the W can r:LTM of the Kura Basin both an the
right and left banks a ll reservoirs and intake plants are
being desIgmed and built to saw with water the existing
irristion projsets,
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 A 7
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do - abgmea ,re the RusB
Wd the lid .
Tit the river volleys of the North Cauoaea primitive irrir-
gatiCn is deeply rooted in the past. But not until the Revo-
lution was this business switched over to the engineering
to lo. The biggest irrigation schemes were started in the
Valleys of the Kuban and Torok Rivers where the Tahoik and
Shapsug Reservoirs were oommiseionned. Besides, a Krasnodar'
Reservoir is being designed for the Kuban with a volume of
2,000,000,000 cu.m. to expand the rice plantaticam up to
400,000 be. The Kuban is to be the =Jn rice producer for
the whole Soviet Union.
In the North Caucasus baundleaa are indeed the vast
expanroee of the Stavropol Border Region, the principal pro-
vider of fine-fleeoed sheep. To supply water to the arid
steppes with a view to creating a stable forage base from
the Kuban the Nevinomyssk Canal takes water into the water-
lackiag Bgorlyk River. On this river there in a Novo-
Troitek Dam fkan which rans to the North the Right'-Sgorlyk
Canal to be ompleted this year. Through the canal meter
is delivered to the and part of the dry bed of the Balm
River to proceed further up to the Mhavoheo, lakes stretobing
like a chain from the Black to the Caaplm Sea.
Works have already boom on the scheme to divert the
K*ban waters to the place where the Xa1ans starts, which
will be, thus far, supplied with water all over its length.
The Sgorlyk, Right-Bgorly+k Branch and Kalaus will stye
the water arteries to establish a basis for further irriZ%.
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tins developme t in varliy .o pis of the .tavropol
Border Re;ion.
he similar irriZation and water Wrly tru aeuroe to pro-
mote the development of swami hvabandry an a 1=5 0 t3oa1e
are now being taken In the Caspian Lowland. The oasis basis
for this developrmt scheme 1a fumished by the car ml from the
Terek Diver to the Kum River to be put into dperatiou this
yaw* Me vmter-14-fting dam are now under construction on
both rivers at the head and tail of the oat- From the Mmw
D w a K canyoh Cam' will be out which will extend the
3'erekr-ads tel. At the and of the Kum--a. ua7nh Caa l a ChopvA
Reservoir will be ooawtrueted on the basin of -6w of the h
lbs. +rrom the res vain it will be possible to deliver
water further to the North to meet the was desimed to
teens from the Volms. Thus, the vast cattle 'ran a now devoid
of der located an the bars of the Nog i :;tepp?r I3laok
Ian" and : rpia Lowland will have water from the art "7
atrvtnh ag from the Terek to the c th in the diroation of
the Volga. Who territory enolooed between this water artery
and the Caspian Sea can be irriSatod through letting water
into the natural degrQ?oilonn and hollows and also by means
of artificial off.
suDPI,vW water to the Stavropol S t,3ppes and Cmapian
Lowland will capon up vat prowpeote for f d veloi ant
of fi .eooo eboep reprodawtion an these now waterless
areas.
srazw
in the poster years a good deal has been dome to solve
the a *ltlperpoae problem of the Volt-tea Frojeot; the Vol-
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Don ftvigatlon Canal was built; wiz .lyaa a Reservoir with a
Tolu a Of 22#000#000#000 ou. n. ; TsiMlyanskVa, Hydro-Power Plant
and irrigA-tion of lands in the Rostov Region, the Ruasl&n pa"-
ration. At the First stage 1000000 ha was irrigated soon another*
600000 ha will be.
Owing to the u vourable topographic conditions in the
Ukrainian South self--flow irri(ttion bad to be abandoned in
preferreaoe to Machine one so as to use irrigated area under
the crops that pay oft very wells oc ardss vineyards, vegetables,
beet 0 i tdu,strial crops and Indian 'corn which in the UlGrajajan
and Rusiaa South, when irrigated may yield up to 100 oentasre
per ha and sore. The lands under irri6Ltioo in that region may
be also used wigh good returns to develop a forage Use in
Tier of ehMtagee in natural heir meadows and pastures.
In 1939 the Kamen a Pod Irrigation Project was oonmiasio ed
with an area of 170000 ha under mmohiaae Irrigation from the
Dnieper River. In 1958 machine lrrig tion will be available
for another 600000 ha from the Zbgulets River. The work an the
eonetraotion site of the T(akhorka Dart nearing oospletiong a
malf-flow R es ?e . Canal is being out to 1rri to 300000
he of land. At a dietanoe of 64 km from that canal another
canal will branch out through which up to 30 ou.mVeeo will flow
From the Dnieper to the Crimea. Along the North-Crimean Canal
it will go up to Kerch and Moodoaia.
U the South of the Crimean Penin?r a Salgir rriastion
x~o? is being built on the basis of the already completed
4 *opsl Resezroiir.
On a smaller scale irrigated farming is being extended
tea' the first time further to the North; to the Central-
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to the valley of the Kasbk&--Dew River through a canal about
250 In load,. On the A>mr-Darya at the head of the 60-called
Aa BWdm i Cannl a dam will be pert up /near KaW/. From the
Kalif um or from the eeeosd darn to be built a little my down
Kedif an intake nl r be a r?w,,Vd Into the Xsrar-ftm Canal now
wad r construction to soli s the problem of 1rriaLtltm of the
unwed Iands in the lower reaches of the Tejon and at the foot-
. hills of the Kopetr-Ca-a with a total area of 500!000 ha. The
first part of the irriptlon project to be completed in 19.98
/90,000 ha In the lower reaches of the lhurgab/ will have an in-
tWke without a dam into the Kars--Sam Canal with a flow of 130
a u.Waa0?
9Ch+e third dam is to be constructed at thetrA-*v= to
develop Irri, ation at the upper part of the delta plain of the
Aomo-Hsryao filth the oonpletiea of this dam it will be possible
to create a reservoir 10-I5 thousand million au.ae which Is
to reduce the oouetant threat of floods both from suer
inundations and in the perl-ods of toe-packs is winter. In
addition, at the dam there will be a power plant which means
a rat deal in the eleotrification of agriculture and espe-
aiaeallB- In the cleotrifioatloa of the numerous pumping stations
which have taken the place in these parts of scores of thou-
aawLe ancient "ohi g ra" (wheels with scoops an them to take
water from the river into the network). The water to be taken
from the reservoir into the irrilption oaials will be clarified
which will out sharply the exploitation costs of the irrigation
a6-le now suffering from silting. Thus, the Tyuya-itsqun problem
to a vivid a le of mlt2ltipurpoae use of water resources by
a Socialist nationl eooaacW.
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Approved For Release 2008/12/02 : CIA-RDP80T00246A002800100001-9
 Approved For Release 2008/12/02 : CIA-RDP80T00246A002800100001-9
gym, in conclusion, we wait to call your attention to the
at that as a result of the general development of Soviet
vy indastriee did it become poaaible to proride our water
teoateW with building maohines, pumping equipment, power for
abohias irri*tion, the first-rate transport faoilities, *too
All this provides groundo for a state t that the serious
at owpl= problems Soviet irrigators are faced with will be
4werO a with f17ing 00iours.
Approved For Release 2008/12/02 : CIA-RDP80T00246A002800100001-9