POLAND'S STEEL AND COAL PRODUCTION AS OF MID-JUNE 1952

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80S01540R001400010005-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 6, 2012
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: May 19, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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SINERPOMITUNI
Polandls Coal and Steel Production
(as of mid-June 1952)
Table of Contents PaRe
Introduction
1. Deposits
a. Coal
b. Iron Ore
c. Other Raw Materials for the Production of Steel
2
2
2
3
3
2. The Production of Coal and Iron Ore 4
a. Coal
b. Iron Ore
c. The Utilization of Coal and Iron Ore
4
11
12
3. The Import and EXport of Raw Materials 13
a. The Import of Iron Ore and Scrap Iron after the War 14
b. The &port of Coal 15
4. The Production of Iron and Steel 17
a. The Production of Steel 17
b. The Iron and Steel Production before and during the War 19
c. Development after the War 21
5. The Individual Iron and Steel Works
6. The Production of Coke
7. Education
S. Wiese and Social Measures
9, Organisation
16. Ossausion
11. List of Sources
Appendix Is List of Iron and Steel Works
in Poland
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23
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
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POLAND'S COAL AND STEEL PRODUCTION
Introduction
In the evaluation of the economic (end military) potential of a country,
coal and steel are two of the fundamental factors. The production of these
shows largely to what extent the country, based on its own, or easily obtained,
raw materials, is able to carry through a domestic industrial expansion and/or
to compete in the world markets as an economically important factor.
Poland, producing 7 percent of the world's coal, holds therefore a significant
place in the present European economy. Only two countries (England and jest Ger-
many) are able to produce more coal. As an exporter of coal, Poland is even the
most important nation. On the other hand, Poland is very much dependent on imports
of iron ore, since the domestic production is able to cover only 10-15 percent of
the consumption. Even considerable planned expansion of iron ore output under the
6-Year Plan (1950-1955) will cover only a further 10-15 percent of the need in
1955, because the iron and steel-consuming industries are also to be considerably
expanded under the 6-Year Plan. Therefore, Poland's greatest procurement problem
today is to obtain iron ore in exchange for its surplus production of coal.
1. Deposits
a. Coal
within the present boundaries of Poland, coal is found in two preps: Upper
Silesia (Oberschlesien) end Lower Silesia (Unterschlesien) on the northern slopes
of the Sudeten 1:ountains,
Pefore the war, Poland held an area of 2,200 soupre kilometers of the Upper
Silesian coal fields, rhile Germany held the remainin- 600 snuare kilometers in
addition to the whole of the Loler Silesian field.
The coal fields of Upper Silesia lie north of the present Polish-Czech
border, between the rivers Oder and Vistula, 74here the distance between the
rivers iS the shortest
In the northern part, coal is mined at depths of from 20 to 300 meters.
Farther south, coal is found at depths down to 2,000 meters. These figures,
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however, arTly to known seams only. Probable seams in the whole territory are
estimated to reach to a de th of 2,700 meters in the eastern part and 6,900
[sic.] meters in the western part. Ti:ramm seems in the fields of Upper Silesia
are estimated to contain 20.5 billion tons of coal; the probable seams are esti-
mated to contain 170 billion tons.
?
The Lo;er Silesian coal fields border on the present Polish-Czech boundary
south of the tom of .albrzych. The seems here are very irreuinr, tut generally
lie nt depths of less than 300 meters. Known seams are estimated to contain 1.24
billion tons; probable seams, a bare 3 billion tons.
The main difference between the two coal-bearinL re-ions is that the coal of
Upper Silesia, flame coal, is suitable only for fuel not for the production of
coke. The Loier Silesian fields contain bituminous coal.
b. Iron Ore
Iron ore is found in Poland in the region 'est of Czestochcx,a and in the area
north and northeast of Kielce. Further scattered occurrences are found north of
'Zzeszow
The probable fields are estimated to contain 59 million tons of iron ore,
PnC the potential reserves, 30 million tons. The ore, hoever, is of a rather
poor:rode, the average content of iron being only 35 percent.
At ZabkoAce southeast of ,albrzych there is a single deposit of nagnetite;
this iron ore contains 50 percent iron. This deposit, ho. ever, produces less than
10 percent of the total Polish production of iron ore.
Lastly, northwest of ",albrzych and east of Kielce occur deposits of pyrite
containing about 50 percent sulfur and up to 45 percent iron. The production
from these deposits is comparable to that from the magnetite deposits.
c. Other Raw laterials for the Production of Steel
The materiels most important for the production of steel are nickel, chromium,
manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, cadmium, and wolfram. These materials are added
to the raw iron to impltt the nualities necessary for the varied uses for 'hich
steel is employed.
Only insignificant ouentities of nenc-enese are found in roland, these in
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fields south of Rzeszow and south of Kielce. Small quantities of nickel are
found with the magnetite southeast of Walbrzych.
The remaining important minerals do not occur in Poland, except cadmium
in the very large zinc deposits (cadmium content of 0.1-0.3 percent).
2. The Production of Coal and Iron Ore
a. cog
When Poland was established as a nation following the first World War, she
received, through the demarcation of her boundaries, territories fro* Germany,
Russia, and Austria-Hungary comprising several thousand square kilometers containing
rich coal fields. This, at one stroke, made Poland third in importance among the
coal-producing countries of Europe, following England and Germany.
In the years between the two world wars, the production of coal within the
present boundaries of Poland was as follows, distributed between the territories
received after World Wars I and II:
The Production of Coal
Table 1,
within the Present _Boundaries of Poland. 1913-1944
(in 1,000 tons)
Coal Districts
1913
1923
1925 1932
1935
1938
1940
1940
Krakow 1)
1,971
2,048
1,692 1,832
1,981
2,642
14,716
Dombrowa 2)
6,834
7,419
5,729 5,502
5,428
6,696
--
Polish Upper Silesia 3)
34344
26,400ail433 z.,453.a,132
28,740
39,869
Teschen 4)
184
165
226 4a)
-
=OMNI
=NMI
Poland (1938 borders)
4,1,333
36,112
408024785
28,541
38,087
--
44,585
5)
German Upper Silesia
31,091.
8,745
1427415,278
1V:42
25933
26,390
28,572
German Lower Silesia 5)
4,232
4,770
5,307
4,949
4,320
Poland (1945 borders)
48,925
52 $353
69,377
???
77,477
1) 1913-1919 Austria-Hungary, 1919-1938 Poland. 2) 1913-1918 Russia, 19196-1938
Poland. 3) 1913-1922 Germany, 1923-1938 Poland. 4) 1913-1921 Austria-Hungary,
1922-1938 Poland. 4a) From 1932 included in Polish Upper Silesia. 5) 1913-1944
Germany. --x) Here and below, no figures.
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Parallelling a steady decline in Poland's coal production during the years
between the wars (disregarding the upward swing immediately preceding the war)
which was due to the stiff competition in the European market during the economic
crisis in the early 19301s, there was, however, an increase in productivity (see
next paragraph concerning the emigration of miners in the years between the wars).
With 1927 as the base year, production per worker per day showed the following
increase:
Year Index
1927
100
1929
123.4
1932
130.0
1934
187.6
1935
194.2
1936
198.8
At the same time, within the then existing borders of Poland, the number of
mines being worked decreased from 91 in 1925 to 85 in 1932 and to 64 in 1937.
During the war, the Germans carried out a policy of intensive production,
during which all rational regard for both materiel and mines was abandoned. During
the last years of the liar, therefore, there was a considerable decline in produc-
tivity, even though production figures showed a steady rise. At the end of the war,
destruction of buildings at the mines was 48 percent, and 63 percent of the technic al
in the mines and associated factories was damaged or totally destroyed. In addition,
a number of mines had been flooded as a result of battle action.
The greatest difficulties facing the Polish coal industry, at the end of the war
were lack of capital investment in the mines and associated factories and lack of
manpower. The mines acquired from Germany accounted for over 40 percent of the coal
production. The German miners employed in these mines were moved to Germany as a
part of the great population shifts in Poland after the war, and since no less than
60,000 coal miners were involved, Poland had to look around for replacements. This,
however, was difficult, because many thousands of Polish miners had emigrated to
Germany, Belgium, and France in the years between the wars due to lack of employment
in the Polish mines.
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Even though over 50,000 of these workers returned after the war, the shortage
was still ft felt, owing to the great plans for production. By means of the trans-
fer of workers from, agriculture, and thanks also to the workers' own enthusiasm,
this difficulty was overtome.
While within the present boundaries of Poland, coal miners numbered 140,000-
150,000 in 1938, in 1946 the figure had risen to 190,000-200,000; in 1947 to 201,900;
and in 1948 to 205,200. The loss of 60,000 German miners has thus been canceled
numerically, though productivity has far from reached the heights attained before
the war. Nevertheless, a considerable increase in productivity has occurred in the
postwar years. While in 1938 the output per man per day was 1,800 kilograms, the
corresponding figure was 860 kilograms in 1946, 1,216 kilograms in 1947, and 1,327
kilograms in 1948. The reason for the low productivity may be partly due to lack of,
or poor, equipment.
That poor equipment is a substantial drag on production is plainly shown by the
large investments that have been made, or are planned, under the 6-Tear Plan. Trans-
lated into 1937 values, the following investments in zlotys per ton of. mined coal
have been made in the postwar years.
DM. 1937 zlotys per ton
1938 0.30
1945 0.36
1946 1.03
1947 2.02
1948 2.22
1949 2.50 (planned 2.67)
1950 3.47 (Plan figure)
Under the 6-Tear Plan alone, an investment of 250 billion zlotys (current value)
is planned, which corresponds to about 2,500 million mr zlotys at 1937 value.
(There appears to be something peculiar here -- the original says that 250 billion
(current value)/
(milliarder) zlotys/are more or less equal to 2,500 "mill," zlotys at 1937 value.
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If "mill." in supposed to stand for "million", which seems most reasonable, it
current
means that one 1937 zloty equals 100
zlotys--
On the other hand, if "mill."
is supposed to stand for "milliard, the abbreviation is lost unusual. But that 50X1-HUM
being the case, it means that ton 1937 zlotys equal one current zloty; this is not
the case either
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Investments under the 3-Year Plan (1947-1949), which amounted to a total of
about 45 billion zlotys at current value, were 10, 15, and 20 billion zlotys
respectively for the years 1947, 1948, and 1949. The following table shows the
percentagewise distribution of investments in the various segments of the coal
mining industry.
Table 2
Breakdown of Investments in the Operation of Coal Mines under the 3-Year Plan
(in percentages )
1947.
1948..
1949
Underground (excavation, etc)
18.8
27.2
8.4
Underground equipment (machines, etc)
10.9
10.0
30.5
Surface equipment
12.3
5.1
9.8
Loading
8.0
14.5
7.3
Miscellaneous machines for coal processing
3.8
2.7
Coking plants
8.7
2.4
3.8
Power stations
10.5
6.0
10.3
Balance (Harbor loading equipment, mining
equipment factories, etc)
27.0
32.1
24.3
Totals
100.0
100.0
100.0
The above table shows plainly the development during the period covered.1
In 1947, effort was concentrated on rebuilding the mines themselves and the pro-
duction of the most necessary mining equipment. This production has continued
through the three years. At the same time, the work of underground reconstruction
was further intensified during 1948, and large investments were made in loading
installations and other transport materiel. During 1949, the main emphasis was
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Placed on the installation of the necessary machines underground, while the same
for above-ground machines had taken place already in 1947.
frAa a result o hese efforts and investments, the production of coal in
the postwar years has been steadily rising, as shown in the following tables
Table 3,
Poland's Production of Coal after the War
(in millions of tons)
1938a)
1944a)
1945 1946 - 1947 - 1948
planned attained planned attained
69.4 77.5 27.4 47.3 57.5 59.1 67.5 70.3
1949 1950 1951
planneg attained planned attained planned attained
77.5 I)) 74.1 77.0 78.0 82.0 82.0
a) Poland's present territory b) This planned figure was changed to 74.0 in 1948.
The number of mines in production was 80 in 1946 and 1947, and 82 in 1948.
The moat important coal mining centers in Upper Silesia are: Jaworzno,
Dabrowa-Gorniczne, Katowice, Chorzow, Bytom, Zabrze, Gliwice, and Rybnik.
In lower Silesia the most important centers are near the towns of Walbrzych
(four mines) and Nowa Ruda (3 mines).
The following tables are given to furnish an impression of the distribution
of production in the coal mines.
Table 4
1947 Production according to Size of Nines
Annual Production (in 1.000 tons) Nueber of Mines
Under 200 4
200-400 14
400-600 17
600-800 16
800-1,000 14
1,000-1,200 7
1,200-1,400 4
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Annual Production (in 1,000 tone)
1,400-1,600
1,600-1,800
Wilber of Mines
3
1
Total
80
In 1947, the average production per mine amounted to about 740,000 tons,
and two-fifths of the mines produced between 400,000 and 800,000 tons. The
highest production in a single mine amounted to 1,625,000 tons.
Table 5
Production Percentages according to Depth of Extraction
Depth of extraction (in meters) Percent of Production
Under 100 2.8
100-200 17.5
2006300 24.3
3004400 25.8
400500 17.6
5006.600 7.8
600-700 3.9
700-800 0.3
Total 100.0
Thus, 50 percent of the total production originated at depths of from 200
to 400 meters. In Upper Silesia in 1947, the average depth of extraction was
325 meters.
The thickness of the ext coal art seams varied from 0.6 to 22 meters, but
about 50 percent of the production originated from seams of 1-4 meters' thickness.
The 6-Year Plan. In order to attain the production goals set for 1955,
108.4 million tons of coal, considerable expansion, through extensive investment",
is necessary. While efforts during the 3-Year Plan were concentrated mainly upon
increasing production through increasing the number of workers and mines, the 64ear
Plan provides for, parallel to a continued increase in production, rationalization
and extensive mechanization of operations and the installation of new machinery.
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Productivity, for example, is to be increased to 1,800 kilograms per worker
per shift, from 1,300-1,400 kilograms before the inception of the plan. Thirty-
six existing mines are to undergo a thorough mechanization and electrification of ?
operations and improvement of ventilation conditions. The underground loading of
coal alone, regarded as the heaviest work of all mine operations, is to be mechan-
ized up to 66 percent, the percentage of mechanization having been 35 percent in
1950. By means of these improvements and expansions, production in 1955 is to be
increased by 14.5 million tons.
The opening of 11 new mines is expected further to increase the production
by 9 million tons in 1955. Theestimated production of each new mine is 8,000-
10,000 tons per day. Construction of three of these 11 mines was begun in 1950,
and construction of five more in 1951. The first new mine, Wesola, is to start
production in 1953; the next five in 1954, And the last two in 1955. The remaining
three mines, on which construction has not yet begun, are not to go into full pro-
duction until after 1955.
A total of 16,500 meters of shafts and 150,000 meters of drifts are to be dug.
Twenty-six coal-digging machines, each of 1,000 kilowatts, of the "Donbas" type
are to be instal&ed. Such a machine, which automatically digs, crushes, and loads
coal, can be served by six men. The first two are already installed. Thirty-four
mine towers are to be erected, each having a carrying capacity of 200 tons. Six-
teen closed (personnel) and 25 open ( car) elevator platforms, the latter having
a tipping device, are to be installed.
Seventy exiating coal cleaning and processing plants are to be repaired and
expanded, and 14 new plants are to be built.
For the operation of compressed air drilla and for ventilation of the mines,
45 large turbine compressors with a total capacity of 800,000 cubic meters per
hour are to be installed. (lit present there are 465 compressors with a total
capacity of 3 million cubic meters per hour.)
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In addition, power machinery and transport materiel are to be built and
installed on a large scale. In the Walbrzych territory, construction has been
started on, inter elle., a railroad to bring coal directly from the mines to the
coking planta. The remarkable thing about this railroad, however, is that it is
being elevated above the terrain and buildings in order that it may pass freely
through the hilly countryside. In places elevations of 36 meters are being con-
sidered.
Within the field of mining machinery production alone, expansion is to be
carried out on such a scale that the value of production in 1955 will amount to
280 million zlotys (1937 value), as against 80 million zlotys (1937 value) in
1950.
b. Iron Ore
The production of iron ore in the prewar years reached the highest point in
1939 with 872,000 tons. At the same time, the production in the German territories
later ceded to Poland amounted to a bare 400,000 tons.
One main reason that production was not larger, despite the rather large
deposits, was essentially that the Polish iron and steel,industry was dominated
by foreign capital which considered increased production not worth the trouble,
since the iron content of the ore generally was under 35 permed, Competition
conditions and marketing possibilities may also have influenced the extent of
production.
At the end of the war, 22 of the existing 40 iron ore mines were flooded,
and production was slow in getting started.
Under the 3-Year Plan (1947-1949), a total of 27 mines were reopened, and
several iron ore sorting and crushing plants were constructed.
Table 6
The Production of Iron Ore in Peland_fin 1.000 tons)
1939 1945 1946 1947 1,94
planned attained planned attained
872 106 424 600 544 700 659
1949 1950 1951 1952
' planned attained planned attained planned attained planned attnd
650 699 750 790 900 909 1,100
1955
planned attained
3,000
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About two-thirds of the mines are located in the territory west of Czestochowa,
a few near Walbrzych, and the remainder north of Kielce.
About four-fifths of the ore produced has an iron content of 25-32 percent.
The balance of the production varies in iron content between 38 and 45 percent.
Under the 6-Year Plan, 35 new ore mines are to be opened up, and in 1955 a
production of 3 million tons of ore is expected, which should cover 30 percent of
Poland's requirement at that time.
c. The Utilization of Coal and Iron Ore
The total production of iron ore in Poland is utilized in the iron and steel
producing industry. The domestic iron ore production covers 10-15 percent of the
needs of the iron and steel producing industry, as against 35 percent before the
war. (As regards the consumption of scrap iron, the opposite is the case today,
in that at present 65 percent of the requirement is covered by domestic sources,
as against 25 percent before the war.)
The coal production, however, is so large that a considerable portion of it
can be exported. In exchange, Poland receives important raw materials, iron ore,
for example, and numerous finished goods which cannot be produced domestically in
sufficient quantities.
As shown in the following table of the distribution of coal as utilized, the
domestic consumption, despite the terrific industrial expansion in the postwar
years, has not increased to quite the same extent as this expansion. The principal
itreason for this is the coal export. Coal-eavin asures feerej initiated and
unimportant
natural gas substituted for coal for the use of the population. A not
reason for this was that suddenly in 1951 the postwar housing construction program
completed a large nutber of accommodations which had been under construction for
several years. This caused an increased demand for coal for the heating of
house,.
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Table 7,
The Utilization of the Coal Production (in million tons)
sear
Utilization x)
Total
Production. &Port
Domestic
Commotion
Brown
Coal. etc
1938
38.1 11.7
26.1
0.3
1945
27.4 3.6
23.7
0.1
1946
47.3 14.7
29.9
2.7
1947
59.1 18.5
37.9
3.7
1948
70.3 25.6
42.8
1.9
1949
74.1 28.2
44.9
1.0
1950
78.0 28.0
49.1
0.9
1951
82.0 28.5
MO IMI,
....
x)
The years 1937-1948 (inclusive) include exports to overseas countries.
The breakdown, fairly constant each year, of domestic consumption is approxi-
mately as follows:
Consumed by the population 20 percent
Coal and coke industry 20
Gas and electric plants 15
Communications (edoluding merchant marine) 20
Industry 25
3; Import and boort of Raw Materials
For Polish foreign trade, the export of coal and the import of iron ore
has been much more important after the war than before.
Poland before the mar was predominantly an agricultural country with poorly
developed industries. The need for coal and iron ore was therefore considerably
smaller than for finished goods. The import of iron ore amounted to only 2.7
percent of the total import, but import of scrap iron was greater, amounting to
7 percent of the total import, because Poland at that time was able to supply
only 25 percent of its consumption of scrap iron from domestic sources.
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The export of coal in 1938 amounted to 11.7 million tons, which corresponded
to 17 percent of the total value of exports. The most important items of export,
however, were farm products, with 27 percent of the total. Timber exports had the
same value as coal exports.
The possibilities for increased export during the years between the wars,
however, lay within the coal industry, which Poland herself also realized (agri-
culture was already under great strain), and great efforts were expended with
this in view. The most important results of this were:
1) Construction of the so-called coal "magistral, the railroad line Katowice-
Gdynia.
2) The introduction of special railroad rates for coal for export.
3) The granting of state subsidies to the coal export.
4) Lowering of reloading expenses and shipping rates.
These efforts, which did not fulfill expectations, were fully carried out
because both England and Germany occasioned Poland very serious competition in
the European market. From 1925 to 1938, the Polish export of coal rose from a
total of 8.1 million tons to 11.7 million tons.
a, The Import of Iron Ore and Scrap Iron after the War
When Poland took over the German territories lying east of the Oder-Neisse
line, her iron and steel producing industry was almost doubled, and she was, as
a result, even less able than before to provide herself with the necessary supply
of iron ore from domestic deposits. From a 35-percent degree of self-sufficiency
before the war, her degree of self-sufficiency decline to 10-15 percent. On the
other hand, with regard to scrap iron the degree of self-sufficiency increased
from 25 percent before the war to 65 percent afterwards because of the large
quantities of scrap iron in the acquired territories. This latter condition,
though, seems also to have changed recently. During the first years after the
war, about 200,000 tons of scrap iron were collected annually in Poland, and in
1950 no less than 1 million tons. In 1951, however, the amount collected was
considerably less. The import of scrap iron has also undergone unfavorable
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development in that the supplies received, which during the first years after
the mar amounted to about 400,000 tons per year, have also decreased.
The import of iron ore amounted to about 730)000 tons in 1937, of which
82,000 was manganese ore. In 1946 the import amounted to over 1 million tons,
in 1947 to 1,470,000 tons, and in 1948 to 2,5000000 tons. The amount of man-
ganese ore included was, in these years, a little less than the amount in 1937.
During recent years, however, there appears to have taken place a considerable
increase in the import of this very important ore.
The most important suppliers of iron ore were and are Sweden, the USSR,
Rumania, and Norway. Thus, in 1948, the USSR supplied 43 percent of Poland's
total import of iron ore and all of the import of chromium ore and manganese
ore. In 1949, a total import of 1,600,000 tons from Sweden and the USSR was
expected. In 1950, the USSR was to deliver 65 percent of the total import of
iron ore, 40 percent of the import of chromium ore, and all the import of manganese
b. The &port of Coal
After the war, the addition of new coal mines and deposits plus the partial
disappearance of Germany as a supplier of coal caused a terrific increase in the
demand for coal from Poland. Then there were Poland's own plans for industrial
expansion, which presupposed import of the necessary machinery and other factory
equipment, imports for which Poland could pay only with coal.
The result was therefore a considerable expansion of the Polish coal industry
and coal export. Thus, in 1945 the coal export comprised 75 percent of the total
export; in 1946, 63 percent; in 1947, 50 percent; and. in 1948, 48 percent. The
decrease may be attributed to the gradual revival of other exports, especially
farm products and lumber. Nevertheless, the postwar figures are far above the
1938 figure of 17 percent, and clearly show the structural changes which have
taken place in Poland after the war.
The most important buyers of Poland's coal are Sweden and the USSR, which
together during the first Am few years after the war took one-half of the total
Polish export of coal.
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In 1946, Poland exported to the USSR, besides the regular delivery, 5,700,000
tons of coal, plus 2,300,000 tons which went on the USSR's account to other coma,-
tries of the Eastern bloc, including East Germany. In each of the years 1947-1950
there was to be delivered, in the same manner, 13 million tons of coal (in 1947
changed to 6,500,000 tons annually), and thereafter 12 million tons (probably also
changed) annually so long as East Germany remained occupied by the USSR.
These deliveries, which took place at very low prices, were to be regarded
as a kind of payment for the turning over by the USSR to Poland of the entire
Upper Silesian industrial region.
By a general commercial agreement, Poland in 1945 was to deliver an additional
5 million tons of coal and coke to the USSR, and in exchange was to receive 280,000
tons of iron ore, manganese ore, and chromium ore. The corresponding export for
1946-1947 was to amount to 1,300,000 tons of coal and coke. The following table
shore the development of the coal export after the war, in totals and divided by
regions:
Table 8
Year
Regional Breakdown of the Coal Export (in million tons)
Eastern Central
Europe Marone
Total Export
Scandinavia
Western
Planned
Attained
Denmark
_Sweden_
Others Europe
1937
11.0
10.1-_---___--_
0.9-____-_
1945
3.6
0.01
0.12
14.?
41=1.1
1946
13.5
14.4
0.6
1.6
__ __
--
--
1947
17.0
17.9
0.88
2.0
1.42 2.5
-10.8-------
1948
24.0
24.7
1.7----
3.44
2.16 3.9
2.8
7.4
1949
26.0
26.8
1.45
2.2
-13.85-
1950
26.5
1.6
--
-- --
_-
_x)
1951
28.5
1.8
____-_----8.2_____-__ _
--
-xx)
x) However, to Austria 1.55. xx) 1.05
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4. The Production of Iron and Steel
a. The Production of Steel
Before iron ore is turned into steel, it undergoes a number of technical
processes, which here will be briefly sketched in order to clarify the problems
of steel production.
The furnace plays an essmntial role in the production of iron. There are
various types of blast furnaces, holding up to several hundred tons, as well as
other types of furnace, such as the Stemeee-Merb+n furnace (2006-300 tons), and
the electric furnace.
A blast furnace of the largest type daily puts out about 1,000 tons of pig
iron (Denmark's total consumption is about 600 tons per day), and the cost of
firing and maintenance alone is so great that such a furnace is fired continuously
for several years. Repairs, etc, must therefore be carried out while the furnace
is in operation.
Before iron ore is dumped into the furnace, it is crushed in large crushing
machines into lumps the size of a walnut in order to create a homogeneous material
that will not fuse in the furnace. Thereafter it is transported in special cars
up an incline to the top of the furnace and is dumped in, followed by the appropriate
quantities of coke and lime. For the production of 1 ton of pig iron, 2 to 2.5 tons
of iron ore and a little over 1 ton of coke are required.
The coke (cinders), the fuel value of which is higher than that of coal and
the size of which permits better smelting, has as its purpose the production of
the high temperature necessary to melt the iron in the ore
The line is added to bind the waste materials of the ore;
hereby slag is formed, which floats atop the molten iron and which is tapped from
the surface through a special hole in the furnace, later to be utilized in the
production of chemical fertilizer (containing phosphorus).
At certain intervals the furnace is tapped for liquid iron, which is either
emptied directly into large portable crucibles to go on to further processing, or
is poured into forms carried on conveyorAt belts in which the iron is hardened by,
among other means, being sprayed with water. At the end of the conveyor belt, the
iron, now solid but still red-hot, falls into cars and is sent on for processing
in foundries.
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(During the blast furnace process, gas is formed, which is piped to purifi-
cation plants which remove all impurities in thelas, which is then utilized both
in the operation of the power plant of the steel works and for injection into the
t
blast furnaces to sustain combuipn.)
According to the carbon content, iron is classified as pig iron (2-6 percent
carbon) and malleable iron (under 2 percent carbon). The first is utilized as
cast iron, as it is hard but brittle. From malleable iron are produced wrought
iron (0.03-0.6 percent carbon) and steel (0.6-2 percent carbon).
Iron from blast furnaces always contains over 2 percent carbon, and mmst
therefore undergo further processing if it is to be utilized for wrought iron
or steel.
The most important processes in the production of steel are the three following:
(1) The Bessemer process: The liquid iron is poured into a so-called converter
(Bessemer pear, which has the form of an asymmetrical pear of 25-50 ton capacity),
and, to the accompaniment of ear-splitting noise, air is blown through the liquid
iron, whereby the carbon in the iron is burned out. Thereupon is added the quantity
of carbon necessary to give the iron the desired degree of hardness.
This method, however, does not remove the phosphorus in the iron, and is there-
fore employed only for phosphorus-free iron.
(2) The Thomas process: This process also removes the phosphorus present in the
pig iron. The converter is lined with dolomite, which prevents the added lime
from corroding the walls of the converter. The lime combines with the phosphorus
to form the so-called Thomas slag, which is used in the production of chemical
fertilizer. This process is used particularly in Germany, where iron ore con-
taining phosphorus is mainly used.
(3) In the Siemema'Martin-eteel furnace, a mixture of crude iron, iron ore, and
scrap iron may be used as raw materials. Especially in countries where old iron
is utilized, this method is very common
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In order to make steel usable for the varied uses for which it is employed
today, it is necessary to add to it various auxiliary materials which impart the
the desired qualities (for example, manganese, to make it especially hard).
This addition takes place during the three above-mentioned processes, so that
the steel, when it leaves the furnace in liquid form, needs only to be cooled until
it solidifies, whereupon rolling may take place.
The table below shows how 100 tons of pig iron is gradually transformed by
further processing.
Production of pig iron 100 tons
- Of this as cast iron 10
Pig iron for steel production
90
;crap iron added 40
Total pig iron 130
- Of this for forging and casting 10-15
Supplied to rolling mills 115-120
- Balance: waste, shrinkage, etc 20-30
Finished rolling mill products 90-100
a
Coke is produced from coal in special coking plants. Here there are a number
of coke batteries, each consisting of up to 50 retorts. Coal is dumped into these
retorts, which are then heated. Gas is given off by the coal, and the coal is
transformed into coke. At the end of this process, the still glowing coke is
pressed or tapped from the retorts and sprayed with water to promote cooling.
The gas obtained, which most often is of poor quality, is, as a rule, used for
heating the batteries.
b. The Iron and Steel Production before and during the war.
Within the territory which today comprises Poland, there were before and
during the war the following number of iron and steel works, with production as
indicated:
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Table 9
Number of Iron and _Steel Works and their Production (Production in 1.000 tons).
1925
1932
1936
1937
1938
3.939
1944
Number of iron and steel works 28
25
23
23
23
23
Production of pig iron
858
1,144
1,290
0.1?1?1
Production of ingot steel
1,616
1,972
1,983
1,855
2,988
Production of rolling mill
products 11111????
? 1,140
.1111118
,10?111,
The number of workers, which in 1925 qmounted to 132,900, decreased in 1932
to 27,000, and rose again to 45,100 in 1937.
Of the above-mentioned iron works and steel works, eight were within the
then-existing borders of Germany, with seven in Silesia and one in Szczecin
(Stettin). The seven works employed 2,400 workers in 1939 and the works in
Szczecin employed 300 workers.
In addition to the seven iron works and steel works with their associated
rolling mills, there existed in 1939 in the German part of Silesia 19 coldilrolling
mills employing 2,300 workers. (In cold rolling, the temperature of the steel is
lower than in hot rolling, giving a stronger prodect which may be made thinner and
more precise, razor blades, for example.)
Divided between Germany and Poland, the production within the present borders
of Poland was as follows:
Table 10
The Iron and Steel Production Divided between Countries
(in 1,000 tons)
1925
1932
1936
Qprmany Poland
Germany Poland
Germany Poland
Pig iron
-- 315
199
274
584
Ingot steel
-- 782
-- 564
475
1,141
Rolling mill products
__ ?
-- ?
314
826
1937 1938
Germany Poland Germany Poland
420 724 497 879
520 1,452 826 1,441
1,076 74iEt
1939
1944
Germany Polan4
Germany Poland
236
?MMI???
455
1,400
744
2,244
272
364
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?
An impression of consumption in the production of iron and steel may be gained
by examination of, for example, 1937. During that year, 1,382,000 tons of iron ore,
97,000 tons of manganese ore, 104,000 tons of scrap iron, and 775,000 tons of coke
were consumed to produce 1,4520000 tons of ingot steel.
c. Development after the War.
After the last war, the Polish iron and steel producing industry was increased
tioned
by eight iron and steel works in the prededing section.
ti19-1
During the retreat of the German troops and the battles which took place
at that time in southern Poland, the iron and steel works, Polish as well as
German, were subject to great destruction. Some plants were up to 40 percent
destroyed.
The first postwar plans therefore envisioned especially the reconstruction
of this industry and of communications, since these two factors together were the
basis for the rebuilding of war,-ravaged Poland.
Three circumstances have especially favored the Polish iron and steel industry
after the wars
(1) The rich coal deposits in Silesia
(2) The importation of Swedish ore via the Oder and the railroads to the
coal districts
(3) The large manpower reserves in rural districts.
On the other hand, the limited occurrences of iron ore in Poland constitute
a severe handicap -- a situation aggravated by the fact that Polish iron ore cm-
tains only 30-35 percent iron. In recent years the USSR has also become an impor-
tant supplier of iron ore, especially manganese ore.
The iron and steel works in Silesia obtained from Germany were, before the
war, among the most modern in Europe, but they were too few in number to provide
for the increased production anticipated by the Polish postwar plays. It became
out
necessary therefore to carry extensive rebuilding, modernization, and
expansion of the existing works, which during the war had been neglected techni-
cally, as the means, anloabove all, the money, were not 0 available for such
work. Poland was at that time, as was pointed out before, predominantly an
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agricultural country without much industry. Not until the German territories,
with their large industries, were taken over were the conditions present for
an expansion of the iron and steel works.
Immediately after the war, it was possible to utilize only 60 percent of the
prewar capacity of the iron and steel works, but extensive investments as a part
of the 3-Year Plan (1947-1949) rapidly made possible a greater utilization of the
capacity. In 1947 alone, no less than 4.1 billion zlotys (1947 value) or 100
million US dollars was spent on such investments.
The results of these investments are clearly shown by the production figures
for the postwar years.
Table 11
Iron_ and Steel Production in Poland after the War (in 1.000 tons)
1949
Planned attained
1947 1948
12.41 1946.. planned att4ined planned attained
Pig iron
218 726 995 867 1,200 1,100
1,300
1,243
Ingot steel
495 1,219 1,456 1,579 1,750 1,955
2,033
2,305
Rolling mill
products
332 796(a) --1,092(b) 990
1,300
1,498
1950 1951 1952 1955
planned attained planned attained, planned awing
1,600 1,500 1,640 1,590 -- 3,500
Pig iron
Ingot steel
2,500 2,515 2,800 2,792 3,300 4,600
Rolling mill
products
?=1111111. 11M4111M 111.?? 110111D
3,200
a) Of this, 65,200 tons of steel pipe b) Of this, 74,200 tons of steel pipe
In 1946, there were in production 23 iron and steel works with a total of
72,300 workers, and in 1947 24 works with a total of 76,300 workers.
Under the 3-Year Plan, efforts were concentrated only upon the rebuilding
of existing works, since the Polish economy could not spare the large amounts
which would be required for new construction and modernization. In addition,
such expansion would in itself make large demands upon the production from existing
works, production which was already much needed for the reconstruetion of Poland's
other industries.
r-
Not until the inception of the 6-Year Plan in 1950 was Polish industry
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rebuilt to the extent that expansion and modernization of the iron and steel
works could be considered. Thus, during the whole 6-year period 1950-1955, six
new, fully automatic, 600-ton blast furnaces, twenty 706-ton Siemens-Martin fur-
naces, and three pressing and rolling mills with a total annual capacity of 1
million tons of rolling mill products are to be built. In addition, an extensive
automatization of production processes in existing works is to be carried out.
Technical improvements will entail production of steels of higher quality which
may form the basis for the output of metallurgical products which have not been
produced before and better utilization of the waste products of iron and steel
production.j
As a result of these planned efforts, the production will show the growth
indicated in Table 11.
5. The Individual Iron and Steel Works
The number of iron and steel works and the labor force employed have been
given above. Here only a recapitulition will be given in order to condense the
information.
Table 12
Pumber of Iron and Steel Works and Labor Forte EMoloved
1937
1911k
1.2ia
12k1
Number of works
23
23
24
28
Number of workers
45,100
72,300
76,300
As regards individual iron and steel works, refer to the list in Appendix 1.
Only those on which further information is available will be treated here:
The Czestochowa Steel Works in the city of Czestochowa consisted originally
of Handtkels Stahlwerk only, which had an annual capacity of 100,000 tons of pig
iron. As a link in the 64ear Plan expansions, the construction of a new division
(designated No 2) was begun in 1950, and the division inaugurated in the summer of
1951. Previously there was only one Martin furnace, of the above-mentioned capacity
of 100,000 tons of pig iron. The new division increased the capacity of the steel
works to 360,000 tons of pig iron through the building of one more blast furnace.
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In the fall of 1951, still another blast furnace was put into operation. Four
Siemens-Martin furnaces are included in the production increase.
During the last four years of the 6-Year Plan, one more division is to be
built, whereby the capacity in 1955 is to be brought up to 1,100,000 tons. In
addition, one rolling mill, one pig iron works, other metal shops, and a power
plant are to be built. One division for the production of steel tubing was
already under construction in the fall of 1951.
The steel works is to base its production on iron ore from deposits lying
west of the city.
The Kosciuszko Steel Works in Chorzow (previously Koenigshuette) in the first
postwar years had an estimated annual production of 50,000-60,000 tons of pig iron.
This steel works, the first in line for expansion under the 6-Year Plan, has been
modernized and partly rebuilt, including, among other things, the full automatiza-
tion during 1950 and 1951 of a blast furnace, so that now its capacity is 250,000
tons of pig iron annually. In 1952, one more fully automatie blast furnace is to
be erected. In addition, there are under construction one coking plant, one plant
for the production of coal by-products, one blast furnace gas purification plant,
one power plant, and one water purification plant, etc.
Among other things, this steel works produces railroad tails.
The Bobrek Steel Works in Bobrek-Bytomaki (formerly Julienhuette) put into
operation a rebuilt and modernized blast furnace in the summer of 1951. The
capacity of this blast furnace has been increased by 50 percent by 100 percent
mechanization.
The Iabedy, Steel Works in Labedy near Czestochowa (formerly Herminenhuette),
now rechristianediloseph Stalin", is likewise to be rebuilt. After the rebuilding,
the production is to amount to 600,000 tons of steel annually.
The Gliwice Steel Works, which was constructed during the war in a former
steel foundry, had 1,000 workers already in July 1946. Connected with this plant
is a large cable-rolling mill taken over from the Germans.
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The Stolczyn Iron Works in Stolczyn near Szczecin was dismantled by the
Russians, but reconstructed by the Poles. Before the war it produced 150,000
tons of pig iron annually. In May 1947, the capacity was only 1,200 tons, in
July of the same year it was 3,450 tons, and for the whole of 1947 about 23,000
tons. A blast furnace with an annual capacity of 35,000 tons was erected in 1948.
In 1949, a production of 100,000 tons of pig iron and, 24,000 tons of coke
wasr expected. Operations are based on imported Swedish iron ore.
Before the war, the works employed 12,000 workers. In 1948, the employment
of only 2,000 workers was counted on.
The Starachowice Steel Foundry in Starachowice, which is Poland's first
fully mechanized steel foundry, put into production a rebuilt and modernized
blast furnace in the summer of 1951.
Of other iron and -steel works which are to be modernized and enlarged under
the 6-Year Plan may be mentioned the Florian Steel Works in Swietochlowice (for-
merly Falvahuette), Andrzej in Zawadzkie (formerly Andreashuette), and Mala Panew
in Ozinek (formerly )Aalapane-huette).
Finally there is the latest of the steel works in Poland, the as yet far from
finished Nowa Huta west of Krakow. This steel works is the largest single invest-
ment in Poland under the 6-Year Plan. When finished, it is to produce 1,500,000
tons of steel (annually ?2. All equipment for the construction of the works is
to be delivered by the USSR as part of a larger credit agreement.
6. The Production of Coke.
About 9 percent of the total production of coal is today utilized for the
production of coke. Of the production from the Walbrzych mines alone, 40 percent
is utilized for the production of coke, as this coal is particularly suited to this
purpose.
The development in coke production has been as follows:
Table 13
Coke Production in Poland before and after the War (in 1,000 tons)
932 1936 P38 1944 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951
Poland (1938 boundaries) 1,288 1,616 2,291 --
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(Coke Production in Poland before and after the War (in 1,000 tons)
German Upper Silesia
German Lower Silesia
1932
1936
1938
1944
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
867
788
1,558
1,116
2,014
1,369
2,612
1,478
--
--
111M4O?
MOM,.
Poland (1945 boundaries)304342905,674 -- 3,575 4,465 5,091 5,751 5,924 6,266
(The plan for 1952 provides for a production of 7,250,000 tons of coke)
As by-products of the production of coke, these are obtained: tar and tar
products, crude benzol, ammonia, and gas.
Before the war, Germany possessed 11 of the then existing 20 coking plants,
four lying in Lower Silesia and seven in Upper Silesia.
After the war there was no change in the number of coking plants, aside from
the reconstruction after destruction, until the beginning of the 6-Year Plan, in
which were planned both the expansion of existing works and the erection of new
works. During 1950 and 1951, a new coke battery (about 50 coke ovens) was thus
put into operation in the Makoszowy works at Zabrze. A new coking plant, so far
having two batteries, was placed in operation in 1951 in Zdzieszowice.
The coking plant at Gliwice is to be further expanded by a number of batteries
so that the production as early as 1952 is to be double that of 1950; in 1955
this plant is to be Poland's largest.
7. Education
The terrific expansion of Poland's coal mines and iron and steel producing
industries brought with it great difficulties with regard to the manpower and
technicians required to meet the planned increased production.
Conditions in the years between the wars had not encouraged the influx of
qualified labor to these industries, and Poland faced therefore in 1945 not only
an acute shortage of labor, but also, especially, of technicians and engineers.
In order to overcome the deficiency in the latter categories, the mining academy,
already established before the war, was considerable expanded. While in 1937...1938
there were 500 students, in 1950 the number was 2,800. The number of faculties
was also expanded from two (mining and blast furnace operation) to several today,
of which the most important are mining, blast furnace operation, electromagnetics
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in "gm mining and blast furnace operation, geology and geodetics, and mineralogy.
The labor shortage was barely covered in the early postwar years by the trans-
fer of workers from other occupations (especially from agriculture) to the mining
and blast furnace industries. A short period of ttaining took place in the existing
plants. However, not until the inception of the 6-Year Plan was the training of
skilled workers for the iron and steel producing industries put on a rational basis.
In 1950 no less than 12,000 workers and apprentices were scheduled re to take 282
courses for thorough training as iron and steel workers.
During the whole of the 6-Year Plan, a total of about 1,000 courses are to
be established in order to train the many thousands of workers needed.
Each year a large number of men liable for military conscription are called
up for a 2-year period of service in labor battalions. These formations are
intended for commitment to those branches of the economy in which a shortage of
labor threatens or in which there is danger that the production goal will not be
met. The coal mines and the steel industry may, on equal footing with other
industries, avail themselves of this, and several instances of this kind have
already taken place.
8. Wages and Social Measures
A very important link in the Polish iron, steel, and coal production is the
activist movement, that is, competition between the workeraipor, more
commonly, among labor brigades, to attain the highest production. The best results
are rewarded with money and honors to encourage further efforts. On the other hand,
for the workers the system has the undeniable weakness that the constantly increased
production is slowly forcing upward the standard which forms the basis for judging
a day's normal work. Thus, new norms for the coal mines were introduced on 1 Octorer
1951. The minimum standard for extraction proper was increased on the average 10
percent (in certain cases 16 percent). At the same time, however, wages were
increased 22 percent. The rewards for overfulfillment of the plans were also
raised. Previously the latter amounted to 25 percent of the basic wage rate for
reaching the production goal and 2i times the normal rate for production above
the standard.
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If an attempt is made to compare wages before and after 1 October 1951 on
the basis of the above-mentioned rates, the following result is obtained (the
standard and the basic wage rate both being set at 100 before 1 October 1951,
and the standard at 100, but the basic wage rate at 122 after 1 October 1951):
Production Wages,
Pefore 1 Oct 5.
After 1 Oct 51
before 1 Oct 51
Atter 1 Oct 51
100
about 90
125
about 110
110
100
150
152.5
120
110
175
minimum. 183
This means, then, that the wages for fulfillment or overfulfillnent of the
new Er norm are higher in proportion to the old, while underfUlfillment of the
new imrs norm (which in many cases would mean fulfillment of the old norm) gives
a relatively smaller wage. The workers are thus forced to fulfill the new Vir
norm or suffer economic losses.
An important innovation took place within the Polish mining industry with
the creation of the sod-called "Miners' Charter". This is an attempt, with social-
welfare overtones, to improve working conditions and at the same time increase
production. The "Charter" is in three parts. The first deals with the problem
of absenteeism, providing rewards to workers who have lost no time from work aside
from approved sick leave, etc. The period for rjudging performance is 3 months
and the reward to the individual worker, depending on his employment in the sane
mine for 1 year, 2-5 years, and over 5 years, amounts to 5-10 percent, 106-15 percent,
and 15-20 percent respectively, of the regular wage.
The second part involves honorary privileges, that is, the introdUction of
rank among the workers, with uniforms bearing insignia of rank. For especially
outstanding work, decorations are awarded.
Finally, in the third part, there are regulations governing pensions, vaca-
tions, and compensation for invalidism.
9. Organization
The leadership and control of the whole Polish economy is today placed in
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the hands of PKPG (Panstwowy Komitet Planowania Gospodarczrego -- National Economic
Planning Committee). All ministries working with the economic affairs of the coun-
try are under the supervision of this committee. This includes also the Polish
steel and coal production. Previously this part of the economic life of Poland
was under the jurisdiction of four ministries, for the coal industry, for the
power industry, for the iron and steel industry, and for the machinery producing
industry respectively. In the spring of 1952, however, a change took place in
this situation in that the former two are now combined into the Ministry for
Mining and Power Production and the latter two into the Ministry for Heavy Industries.
At the same time, the operation of the iron ore mines, previously under the juris-
diction of the iron industry, was shifted to the Ministry for Mining and Power Pro-
duction.
The Ministry for Heavy Industries is broken down into subdivisions for the
machine industry, power supply, and iron and steel works.
10. Conclusion
The great rise in the planned figures from 1949 to 1950 (25 percent for steel
and a scant 20 percent for pig iron) might point to over-optimistic planning. On
the other hand, the coal production shows continued conformance to the plans, even
though the plans seemed in advance to be rather optimistic. The questil then
arises whether purely technical difficulties might not have made themselves felt,
perhaps not as directly regards the production facilities, as these might be supposed
to have had approximately the capacity anticipated by the plans, but as regards the
labor force, which in a steadily increasing degree must be made up of unqualified
personnel as the production facilities gradually expand beyond the point where
qualified iron and steel workers are available to fill the need.
Another problem which arises as regards the iron and steel industry is
rearmament. If the published plans for Poland's economic expansion are to be
realized, it would hardly be possible for Poland at the same time to embark
upon rearmament on a large scale, in the form of an expanded production of
weapons and other war materiel, let alone deliver steel to other countries for
that purpose. On the other hand, it must certainly be supposed that deeper
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reasons lie behind the USSRts assistance in the building up of the Polish iron
and steel industries than only to aid the country in carrying out its 6-Year Plan.
11. List of Sources
Official documents and publications
Polish
Statistical Yearbook of Poland 1948
Przeglad Gorniczy, March 1949
Wirtschaftsdienst, Polnischer InformationsbuerooNos 4 and 6, 1951
,No 2, 1952
Det nye Polen (The New Poland), No 21-22, 1949; Nos 11 and 17, 1950
Poland Toglay, No 5, 1950
Blick nach Polen, Nos 4 and 11, 1951
Polish Facts and Figures, 10 December 1949
Maly Atlas Polski, 1947
Rehabilitation of Polish Economy, 1948
Other Government and UN publications
ECE Steel Division: European Steel Trends
US Department of Commerce: International Reference Service, May 1948
UN: World Iron Ore Resources and their Utilization
Statiatisches Handbuch von Deutschland
Problemes Economiques, 16 December 1949 (L'Institut National du Statistique,
France)
Unofficial Publications
Europa Archiv: Die europaeischenSteinkohlenwirtschaft zwischen beiden
Weltkriegen (Verlag Europa -Archiv, Oberuset, Taunus)
Berichte des deutschen Wirtschaftsinstituts, No 13, 1950
Ostwaerts der Oder und Neisse (Wissenschaftliche Verlagsanstalt, Hannover)
Documents, No 1/1950 (Paris)
Petroleum Press Service, No 6/1952
Royal Institute of International Affairs: Soviet Trade with Eastern Europe
?30?
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Name
Appendix I
List of Iron and Steel Works in Poland
(March 1952)
Previous name
Location
1 Huta Baildon
2
3
It
Bat,ory
Fermi'
4 " Florian
5 " Kosciuszko
6 " Laura
7 1 Pokoj
Zgoda
9 Zygmunt
10 Andrzej
11 Bobrek
12 Gliwice
13 ft Joseph Stalin
14 It Mala Panew
15 Zabrze
16 Milowice
17 Nowa Huta
18 Huta Bankowa
19 " Bedzin
20 " Katarzyna
21 " Renard
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
I'
ft
It
Sosnowiec
Zawiercie
Czestochowa
Ostrowiec
Stalowa Wola
Starachowice
Kara
Stolczyn
Baildon-hdtte
Bismark-htitte
Ferrum-hdtte
Falva-hdtte
?"-`
Konigitte
Laurahdtte
Friedenshtitte
Eintrachthdtte
Hubertushfitte
AndreashUtte
Julienhdtte
Oberhate
Labedy, Herminenhfitte
Malapane-htitte
Donnermark -htitte
Hdtte Milowice
Bankhtitte
Eisenwerke Bedzin
Katarinahdtte
Hulczuski -Werke
Hochofenwerk Warthenau
and Eisenhtitte Zawiercie
Handtkes Stahlwerk
Ostrowietzer Hochofen
und Werke A.G.
Stalowa Wola
Eisenhdtte Stettin
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Katowice - Dabrowa
Chorzow
Katowice - Dabrowa
Swietochlowice
Chorzow
Siemianowice
Nowy Bytom
Swietochlowice
Lagiewniki
Zawadxkie
Bobrek - Bytomski
Gliwice
Labedy
Ozimek
Zabrze
Sosnowiec
near Krakow
Dabrowa Gornicza - "Feliks
azierzynikski"
Bedzin
Sosnowiec
It
Czestochowa - "Boleslaw kirut"
Ostrowiec
Stalowa Wola
Starachowice
Piotrkow
Stolczyn near Stettin
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1-15 are located in Upper Silesia
16-23 are located in the Dabrowa region
24-28 are located in the central territory south and west of Kielce
29 is located in Pomerania (Pomorze)
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