PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01731R003600020006-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 11, 2005
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: December 16, 1946
• Content Type: NOTES

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?
iSPOSITIO); FORM 4'
FROM
TO
DATE
FROM
TO
DATE
DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
CHIEF, CENTRAL REPORTS STAFF
DEPUTY DIRECTOR, C.I.G.
W. Europe?Africa Branch
ASSISTANT TO THE DIRECTOR'
E. Europe?USSR Branch
6 Dec
SECRETARY, N.I.A.
(Thief, Ariviscvry Crmlacil
Middle East?fodia Brancll_
Far East?Pacific Branch
X
CHIEF OF OPERATIONAL SERVICES
Western Hemisphere Branch
Y
Acting Chief, T(.APS
CHIEF, CENTRAL PLANNING STAFF
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
Policy & Review Branch
Personnel Branch
Information Branch
Budget & Fiscal Branch
Intelligence Branch
Administrative Services Branch
Security Branch
Central Records
Support Branch
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RECOMMENDATION
SIGNATURE
INFORMATION
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PREPARATION
Security Branch
DIRECT REPLY
REFERENCES:
ENCLOSURES:
COMMENT
FILE
NOTE
MAIL
OF REPLY
REMARKS:
Subject: Psychological 'llarfare
1. Draft report of SMCC ad hoc Committee circulated to the Advisory
Council for written comments is believed satisfactory except where the term
"National Intelligence Authority" is referred to in connection with psychological
warfare activities. It is believed preferable that the Conclusions, par 4 d
should read: "The Central Intelligence Group of the Nation') Intelligence
Authority . .. This change would improve the report and more nearly specify
the active interest of National Intelligence in the conduct of psychological
warfare, Any implementation of psychological warfare pertaining to Intelligence
would be undertaken by the Central Intelligence Group under policies established
by the National Intelligence Authority in concert with SWNCC and JCS.
NSC review(s) completed.
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Chief, Advisory Council
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ntf Itt
ADVISORY COUNCIL
COUNCIL
a
EXECUTIVE FOR PERSONNEL & ADMINISTRATION
CENTRAL RECORDS
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DISPOSITION FORM
'
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DATE
FROM
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DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
CHIEF, CENTRAL REPORTS STAFF
DEPUTY DIRECTOR, C.I.G.
W. Europe-Africa Branch
ASSISTANT TO THE DIRECTOR
E. Europe-USSR Branch
SECRETARY, N.I.A.
Middle Et-India Brant
Executive to the Director
Far East-Pacific Branch
CHIEF OF OPERATIONAL SERVICES
Western Hemisphere Branch
X
044,,.
Acting Chief, ICAPS
CHIEF, CENTRAL PLANNING STAFF
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER
Policy & Review Branch
Personnel Branch
Information Branch
Budget & Fiscal Branch
Administrative Services Branch
Intelligence Branch
Security Branch
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RECOMMENDATION
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OF
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REFERENCES:
ENCLOSURES:
,
Advance cony of
SWNCC ad hoc Committ-,
COMMENT
FILE
ee for Psychological
Warfare
NOTE
MAIL
REPLY
REMARKS:
Subject: Psychological Warfare
1. The SWNCC ad hoc Committee for Psychological Warfaresestablished to
study the provisions of SWNCC 304, and to which I was designated as an observer
for CIG, held its final meeting on Tuesday, 3 December, and it approved the
attached report for submission to MCC.
2. The recommendations of the Committee include approval by SWNCC subject
to the concurrence of NIA and JCS. It may, therefore, be expected that some
changes will be incorporated in the paper before it is received in CIG.
3. In general the report recognizes the interest of the National
Intelligence Authority in the production of intelligence, both in preparation
for psychological warfare and in the results obtained and in the conduct of
clandestine operations. A permanent subcommittee of SWNCC is recommended
with CIG membership. The charter of this committee is contained in Appendix
"A" (pages 3 and 4).
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L. It should be borne in mind that the pernanent subcommittee is
established for the preparation of wartime plans. I have underlined in
,red those paragraphs of the committee's report which I believe is most
directly concerned with CIO 'and to which 'I invite your particular attention.
5. It is recommended that this advance copy be circulated to the
Advisory Council, the Office of Special Operations, and the Office of Reports
and Estimates for return to ICAPS with their?written comments.
g Chief, Interdepartmental
oo rdinating and Planning Staff
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201024 of Ad Noe Committee
IAN PROD=
TO review World War I/ efforts in Peyohologioal Warfare, to
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study and report on the future status of psyohological warfare, and reoomeends
a. A pesoctime organisation for keeping psychological warfare in
ady-for-nobilitation statues
.b. A wartime psychological warfare organisation;
both organisations to be assigned such directives as will
insure effective planning, coordination and implementation, particularly
with respect to the integration of national psychological warfare with
military plans.
4,07P 11We al pis Mom= Alp mown'
2. Perchologisal Warfare is defined an the planned use, during time
of war r threat of mar, of all measures, exclusive of armed conflict, designed
to influence the thought, morale, or behavior of a given foreign group in suoh a
way as to support the acoomplishment of our military or national aims, with the
following objeotivess
To assist in overcoming an enemy's will to fights
To sustain the morale of friendly groups in countries occupied
ove the morale of friendly countries and the attitudes of
mrnztrat countries toward the United Mt**.
Por further Pacts Searing On The Problem and DISOUSSiOn. see
ndix
It is oonoluded thats
Peyohologioal Warfare is an essential faotor in the aehievement
aims and military objectives in time of war, 3r threat of war
rrnined by the President,
b. the State Department has primary interest in ane-ranyeniribirlity
%tonal policy determination if ?psychological warfare'
,etb
ci
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WARjarroved
The armed services have a direct interest in psyohologiesi :warfare
policy termination whieh affects the military seourity of the United States
and military operations against an enemy.
eL The National Intelligenoe Authority has an interest in the intelli-
Mee and other aspects of Psychological Warfare.
- e, There is need for the immediate establishment of a oommittes with
fUl -time representation from appropriate governmental agencies to serve as
an agency charged with preparation of peyohologioal warfare policies, plans,
and Studies for employment in time of war, or threat of war as determined
hi the President.
Appropriate agenoies of the government should be required to assist
in ear*.me implementation of approved Psychological Warfare plans.
The implementation of psynhologioal warfare plans and directives
during wartime in an aotual or projected military theater of operations should
be an active responsibility of the Theater Commander conoerned.
It is reeenaended that the MCC:
Approve Appendix "A" (a oharter for the agency proposed in pare-
? subject to the concurrence of the National Intelligence Authority
and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Inform the President by personal representatton of the eentents of
this report and request his approval of Appendix "A".
e. Thereafter, transmit this repert.ihe1tlelksemersiONOMOOrro
to the Secretaries of State, War and Wavy. the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and
the Director of Central Intelligence, for guidance and appropriate measures
Cf implementation.
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APPODU "A"
ZW,
MATER
VOW IMTCHOLOG_ICAL WARFARE 409,96 (1/111~a
911
d4114441,44-the (VW
ral Psyobologioal Warfare Committee (0.PA.
established as the agency of the State-War-Remy Coordinating Committee (SUN),
barged with preparation of policies, plane, and studies for immediate and
,?nontinuous employment of natiOnal piychologioal warfare in time of war (or
threat of war as determined by the Presidont),/and with the 000rdination of
implementation of approved wartime national psychological warfare plans.
S. Psycholo4ioal warfare is defined as the planned une , during time
Of likr or threat of war, of all measures, exclusive of armed conflict, designed to
influence the thought, morale or behavior of a given foreign group in suoh a may
as to support the acoomplishnent of our military or national aims, with the follow-
ing objectives:
To assist in overcoming an enemy's will to fight;
To sustain the morale of friendly groups in oountries :mu ed
by the enemy;
I. To improve the morale of friendly oountries and the attitudes of
ral countries toward the United States.
Central Psychologioal Warfare Committee will oonsiet of:
officials of the State Department, one of whoa will serve as
b. Two *Motels of the Central Intelligence Group.
c. One officer of the War Department.
d. One offioer of the Wavy'Department.
4. The members of the G.P.W.C. will be assigned no other duties.
5. Alternates shall be designated to sat for eaoh member in absentia.
S. The C.P.W.0 mill be provided by SWRCQ with a permanent Secretariat.
YON 2700
7.
for the:
The Central Psyohological Warfare Committee shall be responsible
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SPART
a. Preparation of national plans and implementing directives relating
to 'Wm employment of psyohologieal warfare in time of war (or threat of ear
as detormined by the President), and for transmission of sUbject plans to
GC
proval by STINCO, the National Intelligence Authority (NIA), and
the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JOS2le
b. Preparation of plans for orderly and offootivo organisational
transition pf the c.r.w.c. from pemetime to wartime status, and for
trangstsnion of this, plans to $WWC or approval by SWIM, NIA, and JOE,
and fjal approval by the President
WIAA
omen ation .pprod plans t* directives
,144011444
d in a., promding.
Guidanoo and supply of hOdessary information, including implementing
romp rt nts therefor, ooneerning national psyyhological warfare plans to appro-
priate policy offices of the State. War and Navy Departments and to the
DirootOr Of Central Intelligenee, and to authorised eoordinating agencies of
other Dopartments of the Government of the Unitod States.
ntoostniap
s.
The Central Psyohologioal Warfare Committos shall:
Establish its awn method of procedure.
b. Maintain olos, liaison with the appropriate policy offices of the
Stat., War and Navy Departments, and with authorised 000rdinating agonoies of
other Departments of the Government of the United states.
tilts., the sorvioes of the Central Intelligonoe Group for necessary
Lute i in the preparation of plans, studios, and reports.
/a els; lam and direotives specified in paragraph 7 a. above, which are
to be implomented in actual or prOseted military areas, theaters or commands, will,
following their approval, be transmittod by rapid communication to the military
so:menders concerned by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, only. Responsibility for imp.-
mutation or such EPAILL ane and directives mill be that of the oommandors comorned-
- ?
4/111'? gd Saila member of the O.P.W.O, is authorised to request the prosenoe
it committee mooting., an consultants, of representatives from the polioy and
functional offices of his department or agency.
4e.
If unablo to roach agroement on policies, plans, or directives, the
C.P.W.C. shall report promptly to MOO.
4 40
1 .zZ
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1, The United State? organisation for psyohologioal warfare in World
was itt,ot.4 by the following divelopments.
*4 U July 1941. Vae Office ef Coordinator of information (COI) was
?stabUshod by Presidential Ord*r to oolloot, analyse, and oorrelate information
and data bearing on national security, to make such data available to the
President and sue& ether offioials as dotormined by the President, and to.
,ertqr'* related aotivities. COI oommenood operations on the premise that
this agency would not only coordinate all incoming information, but also
iator*atton flowing from the United States to the rest of the world. The
fOr ign Information Service Was organised as a separate branch of COI. IIMA
situated in OW York City, and was ?hared with the responsibility of
eoOrdinating international broadcasting from this country.
b. SO July 1941. The ?fries of the Coordinator of Inter-American
(01.40 was ?rioted by tirsOutivo Order. This office was an outgrowth
at the Office for Coordination of Commeroial and Cultural Relations between
the American Republics, emoted by the Council of National Defense on 18 August
1040. CIAL was assigned broad functions as (*ordination ?inter of sommoreial
and cultural relation*, with other American republics, and was responsible for
furthering commercial and *loomed* wv11..boing in the Western Mimisphero.
*. 50 July 1941 The Board of 200710Mic Warfare (BEW) was established
(originally as the Economic Wens, Board) by Exeoutive Order for the purpose
of developing and coordinating policies, plans, and programs &signed to pretest
sod strengthen the international eoonomio relations of the United States in the
Marist of national defense. (Eventually ilEW was consolidated into the Foreign
ltonomio Administration).
. 24 October 19410 The Office of Foots and Figures (OFF) was created
by Executive Order for the purpose of foollitating dissemination of factual
information to the oitisens of this country on the progress of defense efforts
a*d on the foss, policy and act/vit./es of the government.
$ Earth 1942. The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) Greeted (in JCS 12) the
Joint Psychological warfare Committee (J1PwC) which was envisaged as the ultimate
authority over both foreign propaganda and foreign secret (subversive) operations.
(This oommitteels functions later vire absorbed by other agenolos.)
ICAPS
Appendix
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1$ Juno 1042. Tho Office of War Information (on) was established
by Executive Order of the Presidont for the purpose of coordinating into ono
sr information functions of the govermment?foreign end domostie.
The UT. Order brought the Office of Faots and Figures (OFF) into the
, and abolished the Office of Coordinator of Inforvation (000,
exclusive of the Foreign Information Servioe which was transferred to OWI.
3 June 1942. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) WWI entab.
Itihed by Military Order wader the jurisdiction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
for the purpose of collecting and analysing suoh strategic information as
roquirod by the Joint Chiefs of Staff for military operations in planning
and i* conducting speoial operations not assigned to other government
agenoios.
February 1943. The Director of 066 sent to the Joint Chiefs
of Staff a ***orandum enoloaing the first "overall strategic plan for United
States psychological warfare." This monorandun beteg.= JCS 230 dated 1 March
19414 (Certain provisions of the memorandum having to do with the function'
at Oa were approved by the Joint Chief, of Staff in JCS 15$/4/S on 27
toiler 19434
March 1945. The Joint Chiefs of Staff approved the first basic
or prychologioal warfare prepared by On. (Basic Plan for Psychologioal
? in Italy, contained in JCS 13911).
? 10 Mnroh 1043. The President issued the following clarifying order
with reespeet to the responsibilities of ORI and OSSe
*The Office of lir Information will. plan. dovelop. Lad :nowt,
of the federal program of radio, press, publication, and
ign promando activities involving the dissemination of
tion. The program for foreign propaganda in areas of actual
cted military operations will be coordinated with military
plans through the planning agencies of the Mir and Navy Departments,
hall be subjoct to the approval of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Of the toreisn propaganda program which are to be executed in
ter of military operations will be subject to the control of the
commander. The authority, functions, and duties of the Office
notion shall not extend to the Western Hemisphere', exclusive
d States and CAMitiks
The military *view of June 13 1942, establiihing the Office of
gio settees, is hereby modified to the extent necessary to make
this *view *irritative.*
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March 1043. The Joint Chiefs of Staff authorised liaison officers
tsr * War and Nay Dopertments with duties as follows
To tit as ambers of the Oversees Planning Group of the OWI.
To naintain Goatee% with all planning agencies of the JOS and
to furnish the Overseas Planning Group of the Office of War Information
with as sogoh of JCS p1w as authorised by Joint Security Control (an
at the Joint Chief* of Staff), and as necessary to insure earrala-
tien between and propaganda plans.
Ts rensmit requests from JCS to OW1 relative to propaganda astivites
desiredfor the purpose of furthering military operations.
240 present to the Jas all basic and such propaganda plans which
required their approval.
1. 17 October 1041. In JCS 133/11/D. Joint Security Control was
h direction of the timing of the gtrategic service measures initiated
States by the GOO.
ember 1440. n Jo 117011, Joint Seourity Control was directed
attention ef the Joint Chiefs of Staff liaison officers with
paper. 440 were likely to be of tutors** to OWI.
So The foregoing directives,. in their suceessive steps, formulated the
government's polioy with respect to information and foreign propaganda, and estab-
lished organisations designed to provide for 000rdinated planning and implementation
of foreign propaganda and foreign secret (subversive) operations. With respect to
Information, various governmental agencies operated to inform the United States
publie *f our progress in the war. These &genets. were subject to voluntary censor-
ship and to cable and postal oensorship. With regard to foreign propaganda and
foreign seoret (subversive) operations, governmental organisations operated to over
efte the anmqts will to fight and to sustain the morale of friendly groups in
countries e0OUpied by the enemy. In addition, there was an attempt, divided
*tem information and propaganda agencies to improve the morale of friendly
countries and the attitudes or neutral countries *award the United States.
Owl luc
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Foreign propaganda and foreign secret (subversive) operations were
d so 41 tO discredit the enemy's government and leaders, to stimulate hatred
dissident enemy.persons and groups, to ;Argued* the enemy military and enemy
population Of the hopelessness of their situation,- and to meet the enemy
nds with ?Gunter...propaganda. Those tasks were accomplished by "White" props-
d "bleak" measures. In general. *white* propaganda was overt---imsued from
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?tticsiil or other Emma, or from Gauntries kuown to be
, and implemented by radio, leaflets, pamphlets. and
were oovert---apparently oonduoted by foroes, friendly
suberoLv. forams within eneny territory, and implemented by
tales rumors, false leaflets or &awaits, fifth column
e. gu.rflls warfare, and support of underground resistance greups.
4. Directivei out1ised in paragraph 1 above eventually resulted in the
follemiag prosedure (also shoen on ohart, UM/eV) within the organ/sat/one dealing
with phases of psycho ogioal warfare,
The Director of the Offias of War Information (001), in
ex, ting the federal program on oversees propaganda, had an
Overtone Pt. anLn Board, an whioh were represented OWI, the Baste Department,
sad liaison s of the Joint Chiefs of WOW. 014 and the British
Coiniesion were represented by observers, eor parpeses of
intornetion d 000rdinatioa. This beard, following the general sty:mature of
plan approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, prepared a weekly
for overseas propagonda which was *geared through agene s
?t the State pertment and the Joint WOW* of Staff. These direotivem
(end other rting ones) ware transmitted to OBI off toss and to major
fare agencies in military semen& abroad as the established
propaganda policy. In London, a oombiaed dirsotive was
B. and British foreign propaganda agonoies to govern all
worked out by
oot*s4 turopean theater propaganda operations.
11. the Dtreater at the ?Moo of Strategics Barvioes (M) had
a Pluming Group, on mbloh were represented OBS, the State Department, end the
War sad Wavy aliments. An Advisory Oommittee served with the OSS Planning
droop
to eons ider matters attesting the respective agenoies represented on the
eemmittee. Repreeentativee on the Advisory Committee were from the Offiee of
Seonomie Warfare Coordinator of Inter-Amerloan Affairs, Treaaury Department
or ether appropriate agencies. Tao Planning Group, following the general
dilutive* flowing froman overall plan approved by the Joint t;hiefe of
Staff, prepared frequent dirsotives for overseas operations, the timimg at
which was under the direetioa Of a Joint Chiefs of Staff row, Joint Seourity
Control. These direotives were communicated to OBS agpeoLos oversees as the
established 1V. U. policy for seoret operation*.
Coordination biteson OBS and OW1 was an a basis of informal oeoperati
Approval Of OBC and OBI plans for military theaters of operation or projested
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flerstion* vim vestod iu the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In military theaterS1
eciordination was Oonduoted through the normal military command channels.
4. The: Army and Nev. conduoted psychologioal warfare operations,
through WS end GNI ageneies, and partially through their own
*aniatioi. Considerable cooperation was extended by the armed services
to Q53 and in the transfer overseas of equipment and personnel and in
the go of other administrative tasks.
OLAA operated semi-independently, with "information." measures
duinsd to rove eeonomio and commeroial interest between the United States
sad the oawttrias of Oentral end South Ihmerioa.
5, The snowing problems with respeot to psychological warfare existed
? d of World War Us
rdinationor OBS *blaerend MI "white" plans And operations at
level remained on a basis of Informal eooperntion. rhioh did
the
Mt always result in eoordinationa
b The national psyohologioal organisation was such that there was .
dupltoation of effort, oompetition for available supplies of personnel, slow
gad limited 000rdination and integration into the major military, politioal
am* eeenomie programs of the government.
Dirpotivos overseas were subject to delays in transmission whioh
ciftst negated their use.
4.
MIlitary theater **matadors reoeived psychclogiohl warfare dirootiweit
trot's OSS or on
a.
O.
I.
On
4.
=WU;
been oonducted by the ad hoc Committee at World War II
per.; exeoutive and other orders of tias President; reports
commanders and their staffs; and personnel with experience in, World War
It al warfare activities. It was noted durinii the examination that all
major stations participating in World War /I made use of payohological warfare at
various stages and in varied techniques. and in numerous instances psychological
warfare oontributed toward strategie and tactical victcries. Detailed appraisal
of psyshological warfare results and future applioatioa at techniques will require
further and 'continuous study, including as source material the comprehensive World
'Ur II history on the subject 'which is now under preparation by the Joint Chiefs of
start.
T.
lays in the orgsuimation for and in the application of psychologi al
durinjrorld War 11 resulted in large part from different interpretations
min??pNe*5aS
? 0. ? Appendix "IC A grit
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*white, and *bleak" neasuros Apparently wore not suffioiontly detlnitivo to pornit
(Omar pro *illation or prompt opproval of plans and implementing manures. the
t.Uowin definitions aro thereon presanted as a basis for primes% dieoussion.
oenolusions, and recommendations;
Pgyohologioal warfare. Tho pissned use ,during time of war. or
threat of
war, of all measures exolusive of owned oonflioi, designed to
tatiu.na* the thought, moral*, or behavior of a givon foreign group in lush
as to support the aocoaplishmont of our military or national aims, with
the following objootivos; to assist in ?vex-gamin an onmayla will to fight;
to sustain the morale of friendly group* in oountrios occupied by the eneoli
and to inprovo the moral* of friendly countrioa and the attitudes of neutral
oountrios toward the Unitod Stains.
b Information. Dismeeination of oomplote faotual tntorwatton on
inter's, in order to promote the fuaotioning of ma's roam**.
Propagnada. Dissemination of information on *Abject. of interest,
4 with tho Lutist of persuading0and or dominating non's reason. The
pre
intonation is normally factual, but not neowessrily ocepleto.
4. *White" propaganda. overt propaganda, iisouod from reputable, known
U. S. fttoteI or other sources. or from countries known to be eiendly to the
U. S. propaganda may bop implemented by prose, radio leaflets, pamphl
and vo oe.
to the
sur?s. Covert measure , apir.utly conduot.d by fersas
or by subversivo forces within enemy territory. These
? \
radio 'triodes." stations, fall. morei false loatlete
ooluan artivities, aabotagO, guerilla %carton*, and
4 resistance group*.
? States pAyo4logical mortars has a history or improvisation,
ihip, oontrol or integration with other nothdds of attaining
? Initial U. 8, payehologioal warfare effort. in World war II
are was no orgaMisation priorAlo the onset of ahoeting mar for
ag# taixizi of Plersahhol. or perfootion of toehniqueo.
onolysing factors boozing on the formation of audh an ,organisation,
0
been taken into aocountg
rout instrumento for making national policy effective in the
field oonsixt oi(141plenatinegotiation and bar mg Among
representative.). oaosi, barsJi aaur theatmt.
t of arm.foro.ntojtion and propagonda.: For norinun effect.
I
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8ZOT
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tioa and propaganda must be oppliod with action tho other three fields.
oftootiveneso in the management of foreign relations oan oaly be achieved
our foregoiag inetrweents aro used in a plannod and 000rdinated fashion,
oessory for those La charge of planning, 000rdiaation and exoeution to
of tha oapabilities and Unit:dims of the various toohniouss offered
our olemonts. In tine of war, the woe of the.. olomonts is dotermined
situation and they boom: instrunonts of yartaro.
b. Three phases in international relations apply with respeot to United
'1 fureipi policy:
(1) Tine of pesos with varying dogrel's of international tension.
Daring this phase the major U. S. maphasia is on the basis of
intoraattonj I.o., the explanation and justifieation of Unitod ttatu
Sa'ein pally, a deaoription of America's peaoeful pursuits, her
resources, her industrial and agrioultural organisation and
ten alities. and her scientifio and oultural activities and
C.
ntornationsl crisis but Jur/410*1 peaae.
This phase appears if and *hen international relations betimes
the United States and other powers davolop to the paintehore stroag
politicolieoonomic and military pressure may b. required to offeobosto
American foroign policy.. It is paerally signaled by an sot of the
President, 9r of the Coagress, or both1 or the announcement of a pollOy
to take immediato military aotion in defense of U. 3. :nationals against
possible foreign aggression. The Major emphasis shifts from a purely
informational end ouliural program to gro0Aer relinn00 upon taotios and
propaganda nom appropriate to the measures deign:id to influenoe a
foroiga state to sot in conformity with the requiremento of our
foreign policy (whieh measures usually are dosigoated as politioal
varfare.")
(3) Time of War.
This phase is oharaoterised kf employment of all psychological
Tartar* activities (iaoluding politisal aadeoonomic). involving
ohasmols and media for dissomiaation of psychological warfare as
adjunots to military operations or projooted operations.
The existing posootime organisations within the governmental strua
harged with information responsibilities and which night be
part. into a wartime organisation for psyohologioal warfaro.
St ks ast
I
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APPEND EI: i
IMRE?
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IL ? Personnel in the foregoing orgaaiutiona who have expertisea in
psychological warfare and who might be assigned to positions within the mar-
tin* organisation.
10. In the development of an organisation for wartime preparedness in
psychological warfare, the following factors are considered fundamentals
Altvi'
so Vice State Department has primary interest in thep*Titioal (and
eeonnmio) *spigots.
b. The armed servioes have a vital interest in those aspects affecting
itoAX.414
mationalAsec i and military operations.
appropriate agenoies of the government should be required to
assist in planning and implementation of psychological warfare.
d. Coordination of "white" end "black* psydhological warfare is a
asoessity in any national effort.
Procedure finally developed during World War I/ in the planning sad
mplementing of psychological warfare should be used initially as a basis for
future wartime organisation and procedure. with suoheinor adainistrative
modifioations as appeared desirable at the close of the war.
U. Reoonnendatioa is made that * sub-oommittee of MCC be created as:,
A peacetimeopisimmMis agency charged with the responsibility foritt4"41
secs err measures. including fin n plans for wartime organisation. that will.
place psychological warfare in readiness for wartime implementation.
b. An agency which. in the absemoe of amy other agency, sea be utilised
for coordinating inplementation of approved psychological warfare plans in any
war emergsncy -which might suddenly arise.
0. An agency. 'shit* may either continue as the plans and policy nuoleus
of a wartime organisation or nay serve to lend continuous, planned effort to
payohologioal warfare during the transition to a wartime organiaation of
different structure.
12. Membership of the peacetime sUb-oommittee for psysheiogioal warfare is
emaended on a basis of those governmental agencies having primary or vital interest
in the subject, namely. representation from the State. War? and Navy Department*.
sad the Central Intelligence croup. 2he latter agency is included in order that
the committee can be supplied with evaluated intelIigenoe concerning target nations
and nationals, and in addition, because the Central Intelligence Croup:appears to
4c1.41
be the one enieting agency of the goveramink2Melliblirted to iIOT *blank" psycho-
logies1 warfare measures.
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The fallowing tasks or. visualised for a peacetime .yoho1otes1
times
8stsbliiM.ant of definitions, responsibilities and funotions for
and "black" poyahologioal warfare.
b. Plane to be prepared for use In time of war.
(1) ?Stretegio" psyshologioal warfare plans, to be directed at
potential enemy, enemy-ocoupled, *sutra and friendly nations.
(0) alimitieal, or oenbat, psy.bo3ooal warfare plans, to be 43 d
against armed foram of potential enemies.
(0) 0ountor-gropaganda plans, determined fron an s of peacetime
and warthse propagenda of potential enemies.
plans
(4) Consolidation" for areas ampied by U. 5. lord's.
) oriir
194tred tion Gantry.' activities for ocoupie4. hostile areas.
/1
Pima meted in subveragraphs (1), (X), and (3), preeediag4
sMoiXd be formulated for periods ehen the United "hates is on the defensive,
'tams% mitts. and when the U. 5. is an the offensives and else.
asasuros whieh nay be asibined with possible Allies. It is oomildered that
pleat should be amoentrated against the major vulnerable target of a
petaitial tummy and that plans for subsidiary vulnerable targets should
be integrated with plans against the key target.
0. Personnel.
(1) Selection on au inter-departmental besis of personnel for vartime
as gement.
(2) IF
otion of trataiag and familiarisation courses.
Selestioa and enrollment of personnel, provisions should be
physical or age restrictions is the eases at those skilled
yeholegloal warfare. In addition., it is considered necessary
tien into the military orgenisatioa of much personnel
laisf be assigned to military theaters of operation. In this latter
probina. oognisanee should be taken of World War II experienoe, in which
this proved to be a eaatimaleg source of diffloulty. Between military
and eivillen personnel serving in the field, problems of pey differ**.
idols, standards of respoasibility, discipline and privileges were
oath as to lead those military eminands who experienced these difficulties
to rammed iategration of civilian personnel into the military chat*
st oommaad. This pr000dure, it was pointed out, was anioessful in several
branches of the services 'hi& required speedy mobilisation of *Wale/au
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a large nudbers, some of Idmma wows draft...exempt for physical or other
lowasenms In planning for reoruitment of poryohologioal warfare personnels
it has been suggested that qualified volunteers and draft.exempt indiv-
Is be persittid to enlist specifically for psychological warfare,
d rating as noa-commissioned officers, or in the case of
d personnel, as officers.
Techniques.
) Study of World War II tochniques, including distribution of
s by airoraft; distributioa of eaflets by guns; operation of
radio stations, fixed and mobiloA use of loud speakers in tactical
stqle.....tionso.andrendwritzeriTs-Anuivozorral proposemdm.
4
DM. opment of new techniques applicable to possible new types
of warfare.
Organization and operations of psychological warfare combat
teems, and other psychological warfare operating agenoies, including
r000mmeadations for changes in organization and materiel.
S.
UMW
ommunioationm. Provision for rapid and scoure communications
en Washington and oversees operating centers.
Usk of rapid transmission during World War II often resulted in
pt of psychological warfare directives aftor events had overtaken their
14 Provision of rapid and *Imre oommunioations to remedy this situation
A 4AtiAttrj
ormyohologi al
is red of suoh importance that a coparate radio
warfare oommunioations in indicated.
f. Intilligoaoo.
Development of an intellUzmuse procedure to insure that iatolligenoe
research at home and crimsons is made available in time and zuffioieney so that
fund psychological warfare plans and operational decisions can be made.
Wartime Organisation. The ad hoo Committoe is of the opinion that it
?two to attempt a complete blue-print of a wartime psychological warfare
organisation.
f its recommendations for the peacetime organisation are adopted,
it would be a function of the peacetime sub-committee to work on the problem of
a wartime organisation at length and in detail. Tho ad hoc Committee has iadi-
oste4 the framework and basis for a wartime organization in its rsoommeadations
for the peacetime organisation (Appendix "A"). Any change in the composition or
- 14 -
Appendix "B"
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1
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tu.*otions of this organisation to conform to possible future &angels in the
struoture of governmental departments or agendas should be based on the prinaiples
efs integration with political policy and action, and with military plans said
perations, both on the policy and operating levels; and coordination of 'Nikita"
sad *black" payohologioal warfare measures. Dieouesions by the ad hoe Cemnittee
deieZep.d the following fasters for oonsideration .by the peaoetime sub-committee
resoMmended in Appendix "A".
(1) Washington Organisation and Procedure. Chart of proposed wartime
erganisation end procedure for Washingtoa, Headquarters is attached. (Annex
ere)
This visualises:
At Director of Psychological warfare and polieye4t4444(C1
Psyohological Warfare Committee) with either the Director or poli
rkAtet, 41,456e,Akeeifi.--ace-oce:4?4 -itt4esir
'responsible to the Presidentvphe ad hocCommittetfavors
agency directly responeible to the PresidentAwt th
cfwc.
the Director toting as executive of the ?lismaml, similar to the organi-
sation for the National Intelligence Authority.)
Membership in the C.P.w.C. from the State, War and Wavy Deportment*
and the Central Intelligenoe Group.
AnOvisory d from other governmental agencies concerned
(for example, Treasury and other economic agencies).
The Central Psychological warfare Committee to formulate long-
tens "white" end "block" payohological warfare plans and polioies,
Laurin necessary integration with long-term political and military
plane.
Final approval of the foregoing plans and policies to be the
prerogative of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.,)
Thereafter, a "white" sub-committee and *black" sub.00mmittee to
draft regular directives based within the framework of the long-tern
plans sad taking account of the developments of military oampaigns,
or political policies, and of foreseeable events requiring speoial
handling.
The directives to be approved by a Joint Chiefs of Stiff agency
La order to insure that they assist in and not interfere with current
military operations.
Directives to be transmitted-lirimiodneemosisitootimwme by the Joint
Chiefs of Staff to military theater oomlanders; by the State Department
to its missions and to the Federal &genets' conoerned.
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APPIIIIDIX
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PINVIAO*6 to be made to eapitalise in a controllad, diroated,
and rapid mameer on sudden military or Rattiest developments mhich
::--had net baeniforasem either as to mope, effect, or tieing.
(8) ItUay /water Orgaaisation. Chart of a propos.d *.r-
ors,4ss,ion for military theaters is attached CLUNK "V"),
d on divelopmsats in the wajor U. B. Military theaters of
)
W /Lt. Experienca in the.. theaters demonstrated that
logical warfare originally had been assigned to various
staff 041410e4 for development and implementation, the diversity
/
of the (*orations were such that effsative use of psychological
,
*max an auxiliary operational weapon required that respoasibil-
Mee ter psychologioal warfare be established in a separate staff
,
/Via 'problems is connection with a peacetime and maims psychological
'Organisation
A. Coordifeation between psydhological warfare sad ether ageneies. One
Ofho major prblams in wartime psychological warfare in the necessity of
loping Sissy that will provide, so far as praoticablo, ?autism"
tie* in the story of the war told to enemy, noutral, and hams
populations Si.nolo worms operation' are a par" of the major national sad
7 military aad pit/Meal operation, relaase of information ooncerning overseas
, 'mations requires facilitias for a constant balance with psychological warfare
,
A policy to establish such a balsam involves close coordination betemaltyahc-
i
logical warfare, security sad censorship agemias, together with facilities for
brief* OTerfeel prom and radio representatives and control of their current
sommemioatiama outsida the theaters.
14. Imommendatica is mode that ia vim of the scope of exploratory and
dofinitiv* work Confronting a peamtime psychological warfare committee, membors on
this/ ommittaa should be assigned no other duties and should be providad with a
at secretariat.
$,
0141114.
i
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APIIINDIX we
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PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE ACTIVITIES
WORLD WAR II
President
State
Dept.
Domestic erseas
Brandh Branch
N.Y. Office
(ETO)
Po
WAR
SF. Office
(Pacific)
Certain Supply
Joint Chiefs
Joint
Security
Control
NAVY
Theater
Fate
Clearance
Policy Guidance
Field
Organizations
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SEOR
ANNEX "A" to
APPENDIX "B"
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PROPOSED PIM Memos
Advisory
CAL WARFARE POLICIES. PUNS & DIRSCTITES
President
Centra3.
Powell?logical Warfare Omni
Cabinet
hOto*
AP
Plans
**presentative"' ofotLr gavsrnta1
agencies having Psychological Warfare
interests. ,LA
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5_1E Er ArNE7 "B" to
APPENDIX "B"
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Plana and
Direotivell
MAUR PSYQICLOGICAL WARFARE ORGANIZATION
Theater Commander
Chief of Staff
Stl
Dsputy/ies
State Dept
Adviser
for PI
Liaison
jolidation
IntelliOnce
Inearch & An41ysis
Collation
Dissemination
ifonitoring
ides liaison with other Divisions,
es and Civilian Administrations.
*2 Provides direction and management of.
*5 Provides and Manages labor necessary for
physical preparation of materials, loading
Shells, bombs, etc*
Administration
Personnel
Supply
--..21.TranatteiVAE
Communications
ing
*5
ation
Op*rations
(Black)
Radio
Publications
ge ii1V ad*
44 la .4 ANNEX 110" to
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410,
I
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1189.21.4414*
aerP14
a,
INIP PAIN*
To review World War II efforts in Psyohcloeval Warfare. to
rt on the future status of psyehologioal warfare, and r000mmends
ik peacetime organisation for keepping payeholoc,ical warfare in
rea440r4Whilisatioo status;
b. L wmrtimep chologieal warfare organisation;
both tions to be assigned suoh directives as will
planninga coordinataon and implementation. partiou-
tt1 respect the ntsgration of national payabological warfare
with silitary lam.
now cF1
43111t:mie6
2. P Is...93.22aAtallazufmt is &Maw* as flamed use4 all 104,4.1-
4.reA4--
measure,. enOluoiv* of armed conflict, designed to inrlueroe the thought,
morale. or behavior of a given foreign group in such a way as to support the
secomplishment of our military or national aims. with the following abnimmobs
ohjoativoe:
TO assist iTs overeoming an onnars will to fight;
To sustain the morale of friendly groups in countries oeoupiod
niuqn
To
5.
*oral, of fri oowntrioa and the attitudes
rd the United States.
rts nearing On The Problem and 35.souss ian, sae
SONFAMIT
4. It is oo*oludpd thats
5. ?sheloi?al arfiro is an essential factor in the ashiovement
if national sb and military objectives in tine of viera or tihreat Of Mr
d.tsrniu.d by the President.
b.lb* tato Department ba prt.ry internet n and rponsibility
for national policy determination in mohologioal warfare activities.
? 114 Lnitr and the Navy have a direct interest in payohologioal
warfare pally detormanation which effiata the military seourity of the
tad States military operations against an enemy.
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023-0&9c) ? (3 E t12
WET
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The Motional intellispeseAbilherity has an interest in the
amid other aspects of Psychological warfare.
for the ismediate establishment or a committee
time fret aproriateRvernmentai asineies to
'Serve as ita wow *horsed vith preparation of peyeholosioal warren,
pelinies. pleas. and stedies for employment in tins of var. or threat
at waras deternised by the ?resident.
I. Appropriate agemeies of the savor-Anent shonId be required to
assist 1*wartime implementation of approved Peyoholosioal Karfare plans.
L. The inplemetatien of psyshologioal warfare plans anddireetives
*rtavartine in aneetual or prejeeted mtary theater of operations
be an active responsibility of ths Theater Commander eemeerned.
I. ingataM.
It le reeenmended that the MCC'
Approve Appendix "A' (a ?barter fer the as proposed in
pzsp'sb41) Wabjeot to the eoneurrenee of Us, Motional Intelliseeme
and the Joint duets of Staff.
Worn the President by personal representation or the oentests
t this report and request his approval at Appeadis
Thereefter tranemit this report, iamb/dins the &wow' *barter.
be the *rotaries of State, nor and Ma the Joint Chies of Staff, sad
of Central Intelligens*, ter oldness mad appropriate neesure
tion.
2
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AMU= "A*
estidtlished se the s
iftersed with prepare
? SemlinitOns Oepleyeent
VIPALA
(Ca OWISCO)
Payoholegieal Werra:* Committee (C.P.a.C.) is hereby
of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (MCC).
r polioiee, plans, and studiee for immediate and
natlonal psychological warfare
of mer (or
threat at war es astensimed tw the President). aad with the 000rdt&atiun
at tmplamentation at apprevcile wartime
tionel s7gho1oi0s1 prfarc lens.
0-1.0
is dotinsdO. the p1snnd u5e.5 of all mmesuress
4 to influense the thought. morale, or behavior
such a way aa to support the eacoAplishment of our
a.
Porkeivi
armed oonfli
zeiin group
emal aimswith the followin?midsbemte objuctives:
O sestet la overawing an Eames will to fight;
o sustain the morale of friendly groups in countries cocupied
* morale of friendly countries and the attitudes of
memirel oougtriie toward the United States.
a.
etairesa.
I.
Tb. Central reychologioal Warfare Committee wiU consist of,
TOe offleials of the State Department, on. of whom mill serve as
The
?
the Central Intel u .
he War Department.
as Nev. Department.
he c.r.w.c. will be assignsi no o
ll be deeipmated to ant for each neeiber in absentia.
mill be provided by BTC with a permanent Secretariat.
Central ?sychcloios.X
amaittee shall be rem tor
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ProOrstion of national lona and implementing direct . relating
Mho employment of psychelogioal warfare in tins of war (or threat of
as determined by the President), and for transmission of sebjeet plans
SOWN for approval by MCC, the National Intelligens. Authority (110.
Joint Chiefs of Staff. (aCS).
Preparation of plans for orderly sad effective r sational
f tho C.P.S.C. ;Crag peaeetime to wartime status, and for
so plan* to SW= for ?0Trovia by MCC. CA, and
oval by the Presidont.
Coordination of implemontation cf approved plans directives
in a. preoeding.
and s4pply of neoessary information, including imple-
ts therefor, oonoerning national perahologioal varfire
&pproprist. policy office", of the State, 7ier and Navy bepartments
Director of .Central Intelligens.. and to authorised 000rdinating
other Departments of the c,viermment of the United States.
*0
rill Psychological warfare Comwittee shall:
its own method of proeedure.
lose liaison with the appropriate olioy offices of the
Departments, and with authorised 000rdinating &pansies
or partmente of the Govorament of tho United :notes.
%is* tbri sorvioos of the Central Lotelligonoo Group for
soy lionise in the preparation or lona, studies, and report*.
Plana sad directives epeoifiod in parograph 7 a., Abel*, which are
asatod in fetal or projected military &rens. theaters or oommendi
*i their approval, be tranamittod by rapid oommunloatien to the
oemeernod, sole
oemnittse meet
timid Off Loss
s conoornod by the Joint Chiefs of Staff
*impossibility
f susit plans and 4iroot4ves will he that of the commanders
of e C.P.W.C. is ewanorised t request the presume
o tacit', of reprosentatives troa the policy sad
portmat or wow.
11. If unable to reaoh aoroomeat on policies
the 'PAZ. shall report pre:aptly to SWIM.
or direotive,.
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lot