LETTER TO MR. ALLEN W. DULLES FROM GRAYSON KIRK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01731R003100190074-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 56
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 11, 2003
• Sequence Number: 74
• Publication Date: January 2, 1952
• Content Type: LETTER

, . - 'Apffove4 For lease 2003/06/17 : It, A-RDP80R01'
Yaf~l
CQ.nJutn1rttt tut. mntp
NEW YORK 27, N.Y_
PROVOST OF THE UNIVERSITY
January 2, 1952
Mr. Allen W. Dulles
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington,, D. C.
For over thirty years Professor James T. Shotwell of this university and of
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace has provided imaginative and rea-
listic leadership in behalf of peace. He richly deserves the Nobel Peace
Award. I am therefore organizing a group of distinguished persons to nom-
inate him. A formal nomination, addressed to the Nobel Committee of the
Norwegian Parliament is required. Our communication must be in Oslo before
the end of January.
I enclose for your confidential information, a draft of the letter and ac-
companying Aide Memo ire reviewing Dr. Shotwell's varied and important serv-
ices to peace. If you are willing for your name to be listed alphabetically
under the chairman's signature at the end of the letter as a member of the
sponsoring committee, please send your authorization to me by wire or air
mail at 202 Low Library, Columbia University, New York 27, New York.
Members of the committee to date include: The Honorable Arthur A. Ballantine,
President Everett Case of Colgate, Mr. Norman Cousins, the editor of THE
SATURDAY REVIEW OF LITERATURE, The Honorable John W. Davis, President John S.
Dickey of Dartmouth, General William J. Donovan, Senator J. William Fulbright,
Mr. William Green, President of the American Federation of Labor, Dr. Bryn J.
Hovde of the University of Wisconsin, Senator Herbert H. Lehman, Mrs. Frank-
lin D. Roosevelt, General David Sarnoff, Mrs. Harper Sibley, Mrs. William
Dick Sporburg, President Robert Sproul of the University of California, Gov-
ernor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois, The Honorable Charles P. Taft, Dr. Walter
Van Kirk of the National Council of Churches, Mr. Thomas J. Watson, and The
Honorable Sumner Welles.
Many months must necessarily elapse before the next list of Nobel Awards is
announced; therefore you will wish to retain these enclosures in your confi-
dential files.
ayson'Kirk
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
-oc?,_. L 7_-
 Approved F*elease 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80RO170003100190074-1
C Iumbia c1Ktb oitp
inth.e0tp.aMIvP.ork
January 2, 1952
The Nobel Committee
of the-Norwegian Parliament
Oslo, Norway
We deem it a privilege and honor to support the nomination
of James Thomson-_Shotwell, an American. citizen of Canadian birth, for
the Nobel Peace Prize, - We present Dr. Shotwell's name for your con-
sideration.out of our deep conviction that he is one of those benefactors of
mankind who, in the words of Alfred Nobel's will,. "has done the most and
best work for fraternity among nations."
No living person has worked longer or more consistently in be-
half of the human community and a world at peace. Few have had greater
impact on American thought as it concerns the problems of a workable
peace. No private American citizen has been more effective in preparing
his countrymen and his government for recognizing their responsibilities
towards world organization and for full participation inside the United
Nations.
. We recognize in him a magnificent and inspiring consistency be-
tween his personal life and his teachings; between his concern for the indiv-
iduality of man apart from national or racial identification, and his dedi-
cated service to human welfare; between his .specialized knowledge as poli-
tical scientist-historian and his active efforts in behalf of clearly defind
principles. Iii short, we see .in him an impressive demonstration of the
Whole Man, whose integration is built upon a ,solid foundation of moral
values. He is a scholar who has broken down the walls of compartmentali-
zation that bedevil modern man, and, in so doing, has made a virtual
science out of the interrelationships of his interests, his philosophy,. his
thought, his action.
. Some of the undersigned have studied under Professor Shotwell
and have chosen our careers largely because of the power of his teaching
.and the inspiration of his example. Others of us have been associated'with
him-in national or international committees or organizations concerned with
the problems of human welfare and world peace. All of us have been deeply
influenced by his -wide-ranging but carefully integrated activities as a public
servant of the world.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved Fkelease 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l-OR003100190074-1
Dr, - Shotwell's activities span more than half a century of
effective action, They include the fields of government, education,
publishing, civic welfare, labor, trade and the use of mass media in
influencing public opinion. In almost any single one of these fields,
his achievements would entitle him to the recognition and esteem of
his fellow human beings everywhere. . The sum total of these achieve-
ments, we believe, clearly qualifies him for the world's highest desig-
nated recognition -- the Nobel Peace Prize.
Because of the length and diversity of the working record of
Dr.. Shotwell's career, an "Aide Memoire" is attached covering eight
important categories of his service in the cause of workable peace.
,This service began at the Paris Peace Conference at the close
of World War I. The most important and significant of his numerous
activities there was the successful negotiation of the insertion in.the
Treaty of Versailles of the sections providing for the International Labor
Organization today the most important surviving element of that Treaty.
In subsequent years he worked effectively on both the Protocol of Geneva --
the highwater mark in the history of the League of Nations -- and on the
basic preparation for the Treaties of Locarno.
.In the United -States. during the two decades between world
wars, Dr. Shotwell worked with unremitting energy to correct what he
considered to be one of the greatest tragedies in contemporary history,
.namely, the failure of his country to join the League of Nations. No man
was closer to the Wilsonian ideals than he; no man fought harder to obtain
American adherence to the League Covenant. He sensed the basic trouble --
a lack of public understanding and sanction among the rank and file of the
American people.
In the years following America's failure to join the League, Dr.
Shotwell devoted major time and attention to the development of citizen
understanding of American responsibility as a member of the family of
nations. Little by little, a new conditioning in American public opinion be-
gan to manifest itself. His advocacy of cooperation by the United States
with the League of Nations, even while remaining outside it, won support
in Congress, and he had the satisfaction of seeing it join the International
Labor Organization. When -the challenge to the American people came in
1945 to join the United Nations, the long years of Dr. Shotwell's teaching
and lecturing and writing and leadership turned out to have been both dedi-
cated and fruitful.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved Aelease 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0110R003100190074-1
For years a member of the Executive Committee of the American
League of Nations Association, he was President of it from 1935 to 1939.
He organized as its research affiliate the Commission to Study the Organi-
zation of Peace. He headed this committee of one hundred experts. When
in February, 1945, the League of Nations Association developed into the
American Association for the United Nations, it was logical that Dr. Shot-
well should be Honorary President, for the transition represented the ful-
fillment of twenty-five years of unremitting effort.
In the period between the two world wars, Dr. Shotwell also
played an important part in.the effort to check the nationalist reaction toward
autarchy which was blocking international trade. He was instrumental in
laying the.basis for international economic action in Austria, by the League
of Nations which had already established the financial controls. Working
closely with the International Chamber of Commerce, at Paris and Berlin,
he organized and led The Committee on International Economic Policy which
prepared far-reaching studies on trade and commerce, as a fundamental
basis for world peace.
The wide scope of Dr. Shotwell's activities in international eco-
nomics is reflected in his association and consultation with such widely di-
verse.organizations in the U.S.A. as the National Association of Manufact-
urers, the American Federation of Labor, the Congress of Industrial Organi-
zations, the American.Farm Bureau Federation and the United States Chamber
of Commerce.
Leaders in business, labor, education, women's organizations and
other civic groups came to regard Dr. Shotwell as the intellectual and moral
leader of the peace forces in the United States. The American Secretary of
State drafted him for service on five committees during World War II which
were working on various aspects of the projected post-war organization for
peace.
It was both logical and appropriate therefore that at the United
Nations Charter Conference in San Francisco Dr. Shotwell should head The
Consultants -- representatives of 42 national groups who had come together in
what was virtually a mobilization of citizen interest in the cause of world peace
through world organization. . The citizen delegation under Dr., Shotwell figured
prominently in the emphasis on human welfare reflected by. the United Nations
Charter. In particular, the Declaration of Human Rights was largely an out-
growth of Dr., Shotwell's leadership.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved Aelease 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01iOR003100190074-1
-For twenty-four years (1924-1948),. Dr. Shotwell's chief
official relationship was that of Director of the Division of Economics
and History of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. For
two years he was its President (1948-1950) and is now President Emeritus.
It was under the auspices of the Endowment that Professor
Shotwell undertook perhaps.the most monumental study of its kind in
..English literature -- the 150-volume ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY
OF THE (FIRST) WORLD WAR, of which he was editor, presiding over
an organization which enlisted 200 collaborators. The .central point
emerging from the study was that modern man could no.longer afford
war, since war itself could no longer be regarded as a controllable agency
of national policy. On the completion of this work, Dr. Shotwell planned
and edited for the -Carnegie Endowmen4 the multi-volume series.. "The
Paris Peace Conference History and Documents. "
In his study of peaceful relations between nations, Dr. Shotwell
planned and edited the 25-volume survey of Canadian-American Relations.
Himself a product of both countries, Dr. Shotwell felt that the friendly
relations of the United States and Canada held lessons of deep import for
all nations, inside and outside the Americas.
Dr. Shotwell's influence throughout more than thirty years of
public life is largely due to the fact that he has approached his problems
with the objectivity of a scholar and dealt with them with the realism of a
man of affairs. His students are numbered in the thousands. . The fields
of his interest have reached out to Asia through the Institute of Pacific Re-
lations and to other areas of the world through the Social Science. Research
.Council. . For both of these institutions he was Director of their Divisions
of International Relations. InAmerica his influence has.been chiefly due
to the fact that he believed in a working partnership between democratic
government and its people in the creation and operation of any basic policy --
domestic or -foreign.
Dr. Shotwell's ability to use the facilities.of mass communica-
tions in behalf of world peace was dramatized in successive series .of radio
programs over coast to coast networks in the United States. Many of these
programs served to educate the participants as well as the public.
Dra Shotwell was one of the first scholars and is today one of a
very few who have been able to adapt their thought processes and techniques
to the quick tempo of the motion picture which combines the multiple sen-
sory appeals of motion, color, words and music in the recreating of life
situations on film. One of the most effective informational efforts designed
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved Aelease 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01 R003100190074-1
to prepare American public opinion.for support of the United Nations
was- WATCHTOWER OVER TOMORROW, a documentary produced in
Hollywood at the suggestion of the U. S. Department of State with Dr.
Shotwell as -working consultant.
A quick glance at the .list of Dr.,Shotwell's addresses and
lectures (Chapter "G" of the Aide Memoire) reveals the breadth.of his
influence, the quality of the audiences he addressed, and his constant
emphasis upon peace founded on social and economic justice. Probably
his most important single public utterance was his opening lecture as
visiting professor at the Hochschule fur Politik in Berlin in 1947. On
this occasion, in the presence of members of the German Cabinet and
General Staff he used the findings of the 150 volume economic and social
history of the first world war to refute the previously accepted thesis of
C:laus.ewitz and Bismarck-by pointing out that war between great nations
in this age :of mass production and of mass communications is uncontroll-
able, hence no longer a practical instrument of national policy. The ruins
of Berlin and of the Ruhr furnish .eloquent testimony of the accuracy of
Dr. -Shotwell's analysis of the nature of modern war.
.Finally, as to Professor Shotwell's writings, there is appended
a bibliography (Chapter "H" of the Aide Memoire), listing 17 volumes
written by him, 230 volumes edited by him, with another 200 miscellaneous
pamphlets, lectures and documents bearing his name. The bibliography
lists over 400 titles from the prolific pen of this scholarly professor and
down-to-earth realist who, through all his work with the great figures of
the past half century on the supreme problem of our life and time, has
never forgotten the townsfolk .of the Canadian town where he was bornand
reared.
Painstaking research and precision of statement symbolize
Shotwell the scholar. Boldness and an-imaginative approach typify Shotwell
the historian. - Simplicity and deep humility mark Shotwell the man.
. In the final analysis we.believe the true greatness.of James T.
Shotwell resides in his human qualities, in his respect for life, in his en-
nobled compassion, in his capacity to be inspired by the human procession,
in his confidence in mankind's ultimate achievement of human dignity, in
his acts of faith.
Dr. Shotwell's most recent public statement is an article entitled
THE FAITH OF AN HISTORIAN which appeared in the Christmas 1951 issue
of the Saturday Review of Literature (Vol. XXXIV, No. 52, Dec. 29, 1951,
New.York). In it he writes:
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved F elease 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80RO11OR003100190074-1
"In these last few years we have left Newton's solid
universe almost as far behind as that of Ptolemy, and
the tracers that have.replaced the microscope have only
just begun the exploration of the solar system.of the
atom. Knowledge has become a temporary, lodging place
in a mysterious .universe, which we shall never wholly
understand. But the mystery is.now a challenge to ad-
vance, not an impedimenta The obstacles are only
stepping, stones along the way.
.11... Never has war and the threat of it more dominated
human affairs the world over than in these last years.
But in the perspective of history this tragic era pre-
sents another aspect than that of helpless involvement
in an ever mounting danger. . For that very danger has
for the first time made the problem of peace the supreme
issue of politics. The.fact that the solution has not yet
been found, or at least not accepted, should not blind
one to the epochal fact that never before our time was
peace as such, as against war as such, considered by
practical statesmen or by realistic nations as a political
possibility.
... The instrument to hold the divided world to this
dual ideal of peace and justice is at hand in the United
Nations. Its inadequacies are apparent, but still more.
apparent is the need for it. Even its failure-s clarify its
problems. They should be a challenge to courage, not
a source of disillusionment."
This sense of affirmation based on knowledge,,on man's cap-
acity to move forward and on faith in a God-centered universe .is also
,reflected in a poem entitled THE MAY, written by.Dr.-Shotwell for
the Saturday Review.of Literature in March, 1950. This poem.. copy.
of which ,is attached to the Aide Memoire as an exhibit, reveals the
spirit and soul of the man. With the following. quotation from it we
close:
"The past is more than prologue to the drama of human fate,
The ice -age minds are with us still, with their iron claws of hate,
But the sword of the Lord and Gideon their forces can withstand
Until we build Jerusalem in every pleasant land.
For,,. rising through sorrow and suffering, the central theme grows, clear,
Welding peace and justice, freedom from want and fear.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved elease 2003/06/17: CIA-RDP80R014OR003100190074-1
The Key to the plot was given on a sunlit mount by a sea
The only guidance the world has yet to make men safe and free.
Not to Caesar alone we turn to meet the threat of war,
His militant sceptre cannot reach where the springs of action are;
But the mind that has ranged the universe must now itself control,
For the force in the mighty atom is less than the human soul;
And simpler than any equation are the words forever true:
Do ye unto others as ye would they do by you."
Respectfully submitted,
and the following committee of Sponsors, each of whom is serving in an
individual capacity, (Official, professional, and other present or former
titles where listed, are for the information of the Nobel Committee.)
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
Curriculum Vitae
A. SERVICES TO PEACE THROUGH OFFICIAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH GOVERNMENTS
I,. Dr, Shotwell?s Participation at the Paris Peace Conference, 1918-1919.
(1) In the organization of the Inquiry.
(2) As Head of the Division .of History in the American Delegation to
Negotiate Peace.
(3) As Member of International Labor Commission,
(4) As Member of Organizing Committee for Washington International
Labor Conference,
(5) As Author and negotiator of Article 312 of the Treaty of Versailles,
which protected the social security of the inhabitants of the German-
ceded areas,
II. Work on European Peace Plans
(1) His relationship to the Cuno Peace Offer, 1922,
(2) His contribution to the Protocol of Geneva, (1923-1924)
(3) His contribution to the Treaties of Locarno (1923),
(4) His.Draft Memorandum for the Disarmament Conference,
(5) Briand-Kellogg Pact (1928) originally based on Dr. Shotwell?s con-
clusions as General Editor of the ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY
OF THE (first) WORLD WAR.
(6) Harmonization of the Pact of Paris and the Covenant of the League of
Nations,
III. Dr, Shotwell?s Services During World War II for the U- S.. S,. Department of
Sta e
As Member of the Committee on International Organization,
As Member of the Judicial Committee on the World Court.
As Member of the Committee on Security.
As Member of Liaison Committee with Congress,
As Member of Committee on Cultural Relations,
IV. His Contribution to the Success of the United Nations Charter Conference in
San Francisco
(1) As Chairman of the Consultants.
(2) As Chairman of a sub-committee of the Consultants on Economic and
Social Questions,
(3) As Member of a Committee on Education,
(4) As Consultant on Trusteeship.
(5) As Member of a Committee on Human. Rights,
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
B. SERVICES TO PEACE THROUGH ATTEMPTS TO REMOVE BARRIERS TO TRADE
I. Dr.. Shotwell?s initiative on the Rist Report, a basis for the League of Nations
Economic ecove ry rogram for Austria.
II. Dr. Shotwell? s Efforts on behalf of the Conference of Porto Rose (1921).
III. As member of Columbia University Interallied War Debt Committee.
IV.. Services at Paris Conference of 1936 sponsored by the International Chamber
of Commerce and Me Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
V. Services in Connection with the Committee on International Economic Policy.
VI. As Consultant to National Organizations in Commerce, Industry, Labor and
Agriculture.
C. SERVICES TO PEACE THROUGH THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT
1. General Editor, 150 Volume "ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE
(first)
II. Editor of the series entitled "THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE HISTORY
III. Director and Editor of the 25 Volume Survey of Canadian-American Relations.
V. Carnegie Endowment Committee on Atomic Energy.
VI. Director of the Division of Economics and History of the Carnegie Endowment
for Infernaflonal Pe-ace.
D. SERVICES TO PEACE THROUGH OTHER INSTITUTIONAL CHANNELS
I. Through his teaching at Columbia University.
II. Through the Organization on International Intellectual Cooperation.
III. Through the Institute of Pacific Relations and the Social Science Research
Council.
IV. Through Organizations of Historians.
V. Through the Union of Learned Academies,
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-.RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80RO1731 R003100190074-1
E. HIS WORK WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS FOR MOBILIZING PUBLIC OPINION
1. As a Trustee and President of the League of Nations Association U. S. A.
an ono President of the American Association of- the United Nations.
II. As Chairman of the Commission to Study the Organization of Peace (1939-1950)
III. As member of the American Union for Concerted Peace Efforts.
F. HIS SERVICES THROUGH MOTION PICTURES AND RADIO
1. Through Motion Pictures
Exhibit of United States Documentaries at Paris World's Fair, 1937.
As Historical Consultant for LAND OF LIBERTY.
As Author of Commentary for MADE IN THE U. S. A.
As Consultant in Production of the WATCH OVER TOMORROW.
II. Through Radio Broadcasting.
G. HIS SERVICES THROUGH ADDRESSES AND LECTURES ON WAR AND PEACE
I. Addresses and Lectures before Academies and Learned Societies.
II. Addresses and Lectures at Colleges and Universities.
III. Addresses and Lectures before Institutes and Organizations Concerned with
International airs.
1. Books Written.
II. Books Edited.
III. Miscellaneous Writings.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 - Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
A I D E M E M O I R E
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
Born Strathroy, Ontario. Canada, August 6, 1874; educated
public grammar and high schools, Strathroy; Toronto Univ-
ersity, B. A.. 1898; Ph. D. Columbia University, 1903;
married Margaret Harvey, 1901; children, Margaret Grace
Summers and Helen Harvey Shotwell.
Columbia University, Lecturer in History, 1900-1905; ad-
junct Professor, 1905-1908; Professor of History, 1908-
1937; Bryce Professor of the History of International Re-
lations, 1937-1942; Bryce Professor Emeritus, 1942-
Honorary degrees: LL. D., Columbia University, 1929.
and from the following: University of Western Ontario, .
1922; Dartmouth College, 1926; Toronto University, 1926;
McGill University, 1927; University of Budapest.. Hungary,
1935; Queen's University (Toronto), 1937; Johns Hopkins
University, 1939; degree of L.H.D., St. Lawrence Univer-
sity, 1940; Sc.S et P., Universite de Montreal, 1941; and
L. H. D., University of Maine, 1945.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
General Editor, Economic and Social History of the (First)
World War, 1919-1927; Carnegue Endowment Professor of
International Relations, Hochschule Fur Politik, Berlin,
1927; Director of the Division of Economics and History,
and Trustee, 1924-1948; President, 1948-1950; President
Emeritus, 1950 -
Other Institutions, National and International
National Board for Historical Service, (Washington) Chair-
man, 1917.
American Delegation to Negotiate Peace at the Paris Peace
Conference; Chief of the Division of History, 1918-1919.
Organization for International Intellectual Cooperation of
the League of Nations; Member and Chairman of the Ameri-
can National Committee, 19321943.
Social Science Research Council; Director of the Division of
International Relations, 1931-1933.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
Institute of Pacific Relations, Director of Research in International
Relations, 1927-1930.
Union Academique. Internationale, American representative, 1919-
1923.
Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres, at des Beaux-Arts de
Belgique, 1929.
Polish Academy of Arts and Letters, 1934
American Philosophical Society, 1936
Fifth International Congress of Historical Sciences, American
President, 1923
National Institute of the Social Sciences, Gold Medal, 1927.
(For other institutions, see below)
Decorations:
Commander, Order of the Crown, Belgium, 1919
Commander, Order of the Saviour, Greece, 1925
Commander, Order of St. Sava, Yugoslavia, 1925
Officier, Legion d'Honneur, France, 1927
Commander, Order of the White Lion, Czechoslovakia, 1927
Commander, Legion d'Honneur, France, 1946
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
PROFESSOR JAMES T. SHOTWELL'S SERVICES TO PEACE
SERVICES TO PEACE THROUGH OFFICIAL
R:ELATION"SHIPS WITH GOVEP~NMENTS'
Dr. Shotwell's services to peace have included both work with the
Government of the United States and also with the leading statesmen of
Europe. This work began. with his appointment by President Wilson to
the American Delegation to negotiate peace at Paris, 1918-1919. After
the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles by the American Senate
Dr. Shotwell's efforts had the two-fold aim of strengthening policies
of pacification in Europe and of reversing American isolationist policies
through formulation of a program of cooperation with Geneva, especially
on such matters as disarmament.
With the outbreak of World War II Dr. Shotwell was again called
to serve by United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull and worked on
the commission which drafted the blueprints for the United Nations and
for the World Court. At the United Nations Charter Conference in
San Francisco he was chairman of The Consultants, a body which suc-
ceeded in having non-governmental organizations recognized by the
United Nations under the Economic and Social Council.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
2.
I. DR. SHOTWELL'S PARTICIPATION AT THE PARIS PEACE
CONFERENCE 1918-1919?
(1) He and Two Associates Organized The Inquiry.
Preparatory work on the-peace settlement began a year before the
Armistice of 1918, when Dr. Shotwell with two associates (David Hunter
Miller and Walter Lippmann) organized "The Inquiry", a body composed
of specialists in each of the main subjects to be covered by the Treaty.
In this organization Dr. Shotwell was the editor of the texts and head of
the Division of History. The studies covered not only diplomatic his-
tory but the background of the political, economic and social problems
of the victors and vanquished which would be treated at the Peace Con-
ference. For example, the first thirteen chapters of Dr. Shotwell's
volume TURKEY AT THE STRAITS (1940) was the actual text of his
memorandum to President Woodrow Wilson on the problem of the straits
separating Europe from Asia, which is and will remain "an eternal chal-
lenge to statesmanship as long as international relations are built upon
the politics of power.
(2.) As..Head_of the Division of History of the American
Delegation to Negotiate Peace, He was in Charge of
Its Documentation.
At the Conference itself Dr. Shotwell was in charge of all of the
documentary reference material for the American Delegation and
secured the cooperation of the French and British Governments in pro-
viding background information on the political, economic and social
problems under negotiation.
(3) As Member of International Labor Commission He. Solved the
Problem of the Participation of the United States in the I. L. O.
When at the first plenary session it was announced that the Peace
Treaty would deal with international labor legislation, Colonel Edward
M. House, as Wilson's chief adviser, turned to Dr. Shotwell to clarify
this issue both for the American delegation and for American public
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
3':
opinion in view of the fact that there had been no previous American ex-
perience in this field and because inclusion of labor legislation in such a
treaty constituted an innovation in making treaties to close a war comparable
to the inclusion of the prohibition of the slave trade at the Congress of Vienna
a century earlier.
As labor legislation had never been a federal matter in the United
States the Constitution of the International Labor Organization had to in-
clude provisions which would enable American participation without weaken:
ing the structure of the ILO. This was negotiated by Dr. Shotwell whose
European colleagues recognized that without his service the ILO could not
have been founded, since otherwise the United States would have refused
to join. The fact that the ILO has lived through another world war and con-
tinues to perform outstanding service to the cause of social justice indicates
the really outstanding nature of Professor Shotwell's original contribution
in this field.
(4) _As .Member Organizing Committee for Washington Inter-
national Labor Conference which Drafted Key Rules of
Procedure.
By the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the first meeting of the
International Labor Conference was held in Washington December 1919-
January 1920. Dr. Shotwell was chairman of the committee which drafted
the rules of procedure for this conference, basing them upon British and
French parliamentary procedure and the proceedings of International
Trade Union conferences. The importance of this draft was that it pre-
vented the ILO from splitting up into separate unionist conferences and
held it to lines which emphasized the common interest of all the varied
elements, labor, capital and governments in the ILO.
These rules became the basis of the rules of procedure of the
Leagu@p9PcNtti6arsRelease 2003/06/17: CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
(5) As Author and Negotiator of Article .312 of the Treaty of
Versailles, He Protected the Social Security of the
In the first draft of the Treaty of Versailles, as presented to the
Germans there was no provision to safeguard the social security of the
inhabitants of Alsace Lorraine, Silesia, and other territories taken from
Germany. Germany, including these territories, had had a highly developed
system of state insurance and Dr. Shotwell, discovering this lack in the
Treaty, convened a meeting of the Commission on Labor Legislation which
accepted his text for Article 312 of the Treaty of Versailles providing
international guarantees for the people of the territories which had pre-
viously had German social insurance. This draft was incorporated
unchanged in the final draft of the Treaty, and its ratification by the states
to which these territories were ceded, provided the desired legal protec-
tion to the people so vitally concerned.
II. WORK ON EUROPEAN PEACE PLANS (1920..1939)
Dr. Shotwell's work during the Paris Peace Conference and his
residence in Europe for six years thereafter while General Editor of the
Carnegie Endowment's history of the war, brought him into close contact
with statesmen, economists and men of affairs. As this was the period
during which the United States was withdrawing to policies of isolation and
especially from all official relations with the League of Nations. Dr. Shot-
well, already recognized in Europe as a leader of the peace movement,
was called in counsel by those who sought ways to strengthen the ties of
peace by agreements which would heal the wounds left by war and prevent
its recurrence. The first positive move came from Berlin in the offer
of Chancellor Cuno - a proposal which later culminated in the Treaties of
Locarno-
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
(1) His Relationship to the Cuno Peace Offer, 1922.
In Berlin, United States Ambassador Alanson Houghton, Trustee of
the Carnegie Endowment, called in Dr. Shotwell to help him further his
program for a thirty years' truce between Germany and France, with a
further guarantee that war should never be entered into except by plebiscite.
The new German Chancellor, Wilhelm Cuno, made the offer formally to
the British and French Governments, whose representatives were in Paris.
To further this plan, Dr. Shotwell, at Houghton's request, returned
to the United States and consulted with Elihu Root and Secretary of State
Charles Evans Hughes, but both of them distrusted Germany's motives and
refused to support Houghton.
Returning to Paris for the British-French conference, Dr. Shotwell
explained the situation confidentially to Tom Jones, Secretary to Premier
Bonar Law, who placed the proposal in the proper light for the conference
between Bonar Law and Poincare. But Hughes refusal to endorse Houghton
led Bonar Law to back away from the German offer. Instead he endorsed
Poincare's March into the Ruhr.
Three years later, the substance of the Cuno offer was incorporated
into the Treaty of. Locarno, minus Houghton's idea of a plebiscite.
(2) His Contribution to the Protocol of Geneva, (1923-1924)
In May, 1923, Dr. Shotwell learned from Col. Requin, representative
of the French General Staff on the Military Committee of the League of Nations,
of his opposition and that of the representative of the British Admiralty to the
efforts then being made to secure a basis for disarmament. This was the out-
standing problem of the League of Nations in its early days, and was regarded
as the test of its validity. The situation was serious. If the League were to
fail in the field in which U. S. Secretary Hughes had apparently succeeded in
the Washington. Naval Disarmament Conference, it would be a major blow to
its prestige.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
Returning to the United States, Dr. Shotwell organized and became
chairman of a committee on Security and Disarmament, composed of
Generals Bliss and Harbord, Mr. David Hunter Miller, legal adviser to
President Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference, and Dr. F. E. Keppel,
President of the Carnegie Corporation, Dr. Isaiah Bowman, Technical
Head of the American Delegation at the Conference, Professor Joseph
Chamberlain of Columbia University, a distinguished international jurist,
Dr. Henry Pritchett, President of the Carnegie Foundation, and Dr.
Stephen Duggan, Director of the Institute for International Education.
After six months' work this committee drafted what was called the
"American Plan for Security and Disarmament, " which proposed a
protocol to be added to the Covenant of the League of Nations making it
an iron-clad committment against aggressive war and defining aggression
as a resort to war in violation of the given pledge to use pacific means in
the settlement of disputes.
This document was made an official text of the League of Nations
Assembly of 1924, paralleling the report of its own committee under Lord
Cecil. Before the Assembly met, Dr. Shotwell, accompanied by General
Bliss and Mr. Hunter Miller, secured the support of the Prime Minister
of Great Britain, Mr. Ramsay MacDonald, and of the French Premier,
M. Herriot, and worked with Paul Boncour, Eduard Benes and Nikolaos
Politis, the real architects of the Protocol. In the opinion of Continental
Europe, the passage of the Protocol was the high-water in the history
of the League of Nations-
A new Conservative Government in Great Britain rejected the
Protocol in December, 1924, however, on the ground that it limited
Great Britain's freedom to act independently in time of crisis. The
Continental reaction to this was that the British Conservatives were really
turning away from the League of Nations itself. To meet this criticism,
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 7.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
Sir Austen Chamberlain turned to negotiations which led to the Treaties
(3) The Treaties of Locarno (1925) Embody in Article 5 Shotwell
Committee's Test of Aggression.
Upon-the rejection of the Geneva Protocol by the British Government,
Dr. Shotwell, at that time working on the Carnegie Endowment's Economic
and Social History of the (First) World War, reconvened the American
Committee in New York and kept its members in touch with committees
he was then creating in the Netherlands, Germany and France. There
was no formal British committee, but a series of consultations was held
in London with Lord Cecil and other members of the League of Nations
Union and Dr. Shotwell's colleagues on the History of the War.
The French Committee of eleven members was headed by Arthur
Fontaine and Albert Thomas, both of the International Labor Organization.
The German Committee was the most important. Its head was Dr. Walter
Simons, President of the Reich, and it included among its members ex-
Chancellor Cuno, the Oberburgermeister of Cologne, Conrad Adenauer,
his colleague General von Winterfeldt, of the Centrist Party, the jurist
Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Dr. von Schubert, Permanent Head of the Foreign
Office, and Dr. Gauss, the Foreign Office expert who went to London to
negotiate the preliminaries for Locarno, taking recommendations of the
Committee along. All of this was arranged by Dr. Shotwell during his
stay in Germany and France. The result was registered in the text of
the Treaties of Locarno, which were based partly upon the Cuno offer
and partly upon the Geneva Protocol, drawing from it the definition of
aggression of the American Committee (See Article 5 of Locarno.)
Thus the test of aggression as set forth by Dr. 1Shotwell's Committee
became the international law of Europe.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
(4) is Draft Memorandum Became a Basic Document in Plans for
Disarmament Con erence.
In September, 1925, after Locarno, and prior to the League Assembly
meeting, Dr. Shotwell drafted memorandum at request of three members of
the Third Committee, Mr. Loudon (Holland), Mr. Lange (Norway) and
Mr. Munck (Denmark), outlining scope and content of the Disarmament
Conference. This memorandum was used as a basic document.
Returning to the United States, Dr. Shotwell continued to work on dis-
armament with General Bliss and Mr. David Hunter Miller for the Carnegie
Endowment studies.
(5)
Briand-Kellogg Pact (1928) Originally Based on Dr. Shotwell's
Conclusions as General Editor of the Economic and Social His-
tor of the First World War.
The origins of the Pact lay in the findings of this History. The con-
clusions reached by Dr. Shotwell as General Editor of that vast collection
of studies on the nature of war were set forth in his inaugural lecture as
Professor of International Relations in the Hochschule Fur Politik (Berlin)
in March, 1927. This lecture was delivered in the presence of the Chancellor
of the Reich and his Cabinet members, the heads of the Reichswehr, and of
the Government of Prussia. The lecture was a frank-denial of the theory
of Clausewitz and Bismarck that war was the legitimate instrument of national
policy because it was no longer possible to hold it to a given purpose owing
to the changed nature of war itself under the conditions prescribed by modern
science and industry. Although the successors of Bismarck expressed agree-
ment with this theory, Dr. Shotwell decided that they were not in a position
to secure the adherence to it by other Governments because of the lack of
confidence that still continued from the war.
Dr. Shotwell therefore went to Geneva and to Paris to secure the
backing of Albert Thomas and Arthur Fontaine to lay this proposition before
M. Briand. The conference with M. Briand resulted in his letter to the
American people proposing the renunciation of war as an instrument of
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 ,9.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
national policy along the lines previously explored in the Covenant of the
League of Nations and the Treaties of Locarno.
In the United States Dr.- Shotwell led a nation-wide campaign to
force the reluctant State Department to negotiate with M. Briand.
U. S. Secretary of State Kellogg, under the influence of Senator William
E. Borah, changed the nature of the offer to a renunciation of all war,
although he continued to insist upon the validity of fighting a war of defence.
Dr. Shotwell attacked this confusiop in a series of editorial articles in
the New York Herald Tribune, but upon the signature of the Pact of Paris
supported it while continuing to work for clarification along the lines of
the original Briand offer of the renunciation of "war as an instrument
of national policy. "
(6) Harmonization of the Pact of Paris and the Covenant of
the League of Nations Dealt With in Shotwell Book.
The adoption of the Pact would have called for a revision of Articles
10 and 16 of the Covenant of the League of Nations if the United States and
the U. S. S. R. as members were to be associated with whatever measures
would have to be taken in case of violation of the Pact. This problem was
dealt with in Dr. Shotwell's book ON THE RIM OF THE .ABYSS.
III. DR. SHOTWELL'S SERVICES DURING WORLD WAR II
Quite logically, the U. S. Secretary of State, Cordell Hull, and his
colleagues, drew upon Dr. Shotwell's scholarship and experience when the
tide of battle began to turn in favor of the Allies, and a program needed to
be developed for the structure of the international organization envisaged in
the Roosevelt-Churchill Declaration for a United. Nations organization. Dr.
Shotwell became a member of five advisory committees set up by the State
Department. His work on each of these deserves brief comment.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
(1) As Member of the Committee on International Organization, under
the chairmanship of Under Secretary of State, Sumner Welles. This con-
sisted of Dr. Shotwell, Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Dr. Isaiah Bowman,
Benhamin V. Cohen and Clark Eichelberger, and prepared the first draft
of the United Nations Charter, subsequently presented for elaboration and
negotiation at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference.
(2) As Member of Judicial Committee on the World Court - a committee
of four, under the chairmanship of Mr. Greene Hackworth, legal advisor to
the Secretary of State, and now a judge of the International Court. The
committee made the first draft of the Statute of the International Court,
finally negotiated at San Francisco.
(3) As Member of the Committee on Security, composed of representatives
of the U. S. Army and Navy under the chairmanship of Mr. Norman Davis,
which was formed to consider proposals for post war security. These
recommendations were designed to serve a dual purpose: (a) for incor-
poration in the projected international organizations and (b) to become a
part of post war U. S. foreign policy.
(4) As Member of Liaison Committee with Congress - Under the
chairmanship of Secretary of State Cordell Hull. This committee met
weekly for almost a year with members of the U. S. Senate Foreign Relations
Committee and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, to lay before them
the problems involved in the post war settlement and the treaties of peace.
(5) As Member of Committee on Cultural Relations, under the chair-
manship of Vice-President, Henry A. Wallace. This was a war time
creation, drawn primarily from academic circles along the lines of the
League of Nations Committee on International Intellectual Cooperation.
Its Plans were subsequently incorporated into the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO.)
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
11'
IV. HIS CONTRIBUTION TO THE SUCCESS OF THE UNITED NATIONS
CHARTER CONFERENCE IN SAN FRANCISCO (1945)
Each of the five committees on which Dr. Shotwell served under ap-
pointment from U. S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull during World War II
related importantly to some aspect of the projected world organizations
which were to be set up as a part of the peace- settlement-with the--Axis powers.
It was logical, therefore, that the preliminary draft of the Charter of the
United Nations prepared in the State Department should, after critical review
at the ]Dumbarton Oaks Conference, became the basis for that finally adopted
at the San Francisco Conference.
At the Conference itself Dr. Shotwell played a very significant role.
(1) As Chairman of The Consultants, Dr. Shotwell headed representatives
of 42 national organizations of the United States in the fields of industry,
labor, agriculture, education, religion, and women's organizations.
Never before in history have the representatives of non-governmental bodies
performed a service as important or useful as that rendered by The Con-
sultants at San Francisco. Experts in virtually every field were included
in the group of which Dr. Shotwell was the Chairman. Throughout the
Conference this body exercised a real influence upon the negotiations,
especially in all those matters within the scope of the Economic and Social
Council.
(2) As Chairman of a sub-committee of The Consultants, Dr. Shotwell,
together with representatives of Commerce, Industry, Labor, Agriculture,
and Education, succeeded in having Non-Governmental Organizations
recognized in the Charter of the United Nations (See Article 71.) The con-
tribution already made by these bodies to the work of the Economic and
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
12:
Social Council in matters of human welfare and international understanding
forms a not unimportant chapter in the brief history of the United Nations.
(3) The Consultants, under Dr. Shotwell's chairmanship, also helped
to determine the nature of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It was especially-due to their efforts that
Education was recognized as one of the areas to be covered-by it.
(4) In securing the adoption of the articles establishing the Trusteeship
Council, Dr. Shotwell drafted a proposal drawing the distinction between
the techniques for dealing with the problems of security and those of welfare
in the affected territories, thus clarifying a situation in which serious ob-
stacles to the trusteeship provisions had arisen.
(5) The insertion of the human welfare provision in the Charter
(Article 55 - C) was largely due to its sponsorship by the Consultants
who insisted upon a specific provision in the Charter rather than merely
including human welfare in the generalized statement of the "Purposes and
Principles" of the United Nations. In this work, Dr. Shotwell took a leading
part. The result was the epochal action of the United Nations in the adoption
by the Assembly of the Declaration of Human Rights.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
B.
The aftermath of the first World War, in breaking down the age-old
fabric of the European State System, resulted in an exaggerated nationalism
which tended to build Chinese walls around every frontier and prevent even
the normal recovery of economic life. This situation was especially serious
in the territories that formerly composed the Hapsburg Monarchy. It was
most dramatically evident in the fate of Austria. Professor Shotwell
therefore began his work in this field by an Austrian economic study.
I. THE RIST REPORT WHICH DR. SHOTWELL INITIATED BECAME
When Mr. Herbert Hoover sought a grant of $200, 000 from the Carnegie
Endowment to be used for Austrian relief, Professor Shotwell reached the
conclusion that the money could be used for more permanent benefit of
Austria if it were devoted to investigating the hidden resources of the
Austrian economy. The Trustees of the Carnegie Endowment accepted
Dr. Shotwell's recommendation that Professor Rist, later Vice-President
of the Bank of France, be sent to Vienna to investigate these resources.
Professor Rist's report was the initial study which led to the League of
Nations Recovery program for Austria. (It should be noted that the pro-
gram for Austria's financial recovery had been dealt-with separately.
II. DR. SHOTWELL'S RELATION TO THE CONFERENCE OF
PORTO ROSE 1921).
This conference was convened in November, 1921, by the nations
profiting from the dismemberment of the Hapsburg Monarchy. At the
meeting agreements were worked out for lessening obstacles to trade and
for erecting guarantees against economic nationalism in the Danubian area.
Subsequent failure to ratify this Convention led to a joint effort of the
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 14.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the International Chamber
of Commerce along lines developed by Dr. Shotwell and generously seconded
by President Massaryk and Foreign Minister Eduard Benes of Czechoslovakia,
as well as by the Government of Austria. Once more, however, wartime
antagonisms proved too strong for a general settlement, and a series of
partial treaties resulted between the Succession States.
III. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY INTERALLIED WAR DEBT COMMITTEE.
The question of German reparations after World War I brought to
the fore unsolved problems in interallied war debts, and especially of the
position of the United States as a creditor nation. In December, 1926,
after all efforts to solve this problem had failed, a proposal for a sub-
stantial reduction, amounting to cancellation, of the interallied debts to
the United States was put forth by a small committee of economists and
experts in international relations, of which Dr. Shotwell was a member.
The Report of this committee had a definite effect upon American public
opinion and upon action by the United States Government.
IV. PARIS CONFERENCE OF 1936, UNDER THE xJOINT SPONSORSHIP
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND THE
CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERtNATIONAL PEACE.
Through the initiative and leadership of President Nicholas Murray
Butler of the Carnegie Endowment and Mr. Thomas J. Watson of the
International Chamber of Commerce, an international Conference was held
at Paris in June, 1936. to stabilize currencies and improve the conditions
of international trade. A committee of seventeen experts from various
countries which prepared the materials for this conference under the
chairmanship of Dr. Shotwell included such outstanding economists as
Professors Ohlin, Sweden; Pasvalsky, United States; Rist, France; Predohl,
GermaApproudd(Rnr$k1 s 0E/11ttai1A- 0RU*PTIRt 3' QBt904a1two volume
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
15.
report on THE IMPROVEMENT OF-COMMERCIAL RELATIONS-BETWEEN
NATIONS and after the Conference, Dr. Sh'otwell, encouraged by German
industrialists and bankers, went to Germany to consult with the Foreign
Office on the possibilities of practical action. By this time, however,
Hitler dominated German policy, and he vetoed the whole project, although
proposals for lessening the barriers to international trade had the backing
of Dr. Hjalmar Schacht.
V. THE COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY.
Under the same joint auspices Dr. Shotwell, working closely with
Mr. Thomas J. Watson, as President of the International Chamber of
Commerce, organized a committee of American economists, including
Dr. Basch of the International Fund, Dr. Bidwell of the Council on
Foreign Relations, Dr. Taylor of the Stanford Food Institute, and Professor
Condliffe of the University-of California, formerly of the League of Nations.
The monographs prepared by this committee were published in a volume
entitled STUDIES IN WORLD TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT, copies of which
were distributed to all members of the United States Congress.
VI. CONSULTANT TO NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN COMMERCE,
INDUSTRY, LABOR AND AGRICULTURE.
Professor Shotwell has had the unique opportunity of serving in an
advisory capacity to the research and policymaking committees of national
organizations as diverse as the following: The United States Chamber of
Commerce; the National- Association of Manufacturers; the American
Federation of Labor, the Congress of Industrial Organizations and the
American Farm Bureau Federation. The influence of these bodies is far-
reaching, in their various fields, as will be evident from the following
examples :
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
The United States Chamber of Commerce carried out a national poll
in 1945 in support of the full participation of the United States in-plans for
enforcing peace by the United Nations. The result of this poll, showing
the extent of public support for the enforcement of peace, had a definite
effect upon the United States Congress, at a time when it was hesitating
to accept such an international obligation.
In the field of labor, Dr. Shotwell's previous contribution to the
formation of the ILO gave weight at this time to his advocacy of the United
Nations .
O
In agriculture, the Western Policy Committee and similar organizations
which Professor Shotwell supported were largely responsible for the
maintenance of Secretary of State Cordell Hull's Reciprocal Trade Treaties.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 17.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
C.
PEACE
The death of Woodrow Wilson deprived the forces working for a new
world order, based on peace and justice, of their recognized leader. Even
in the Democratic Party in the United States, the courageous pronouncements
of Newton D. Baker and John W. Davis on international issues were soon
eclipsed by violent debates over domestic questions involving Governor
Alfred E. Smith and his associates.
It was at this time that Professor Shotwell, as a result of his work during
the Paris Peace Conference and thereafter, became in a very real sense the
intellectual leader of the peace movement in the United States. As General
Editor, he was just publishing the monumental 150 volume study of THE
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE (FIRST) WORLD WAR. The
Conclusion reached by Professor Shotwell in this study, that modern war,
utilizing the tools of mass production and of mass communications has un-
controllable consequences and can lead only to national suicide and world
chaos, provided thoughtful men with a new approach to an age-old problem.
As pointed out below, this vast cooperative enterprise, conducted by
Professor Shotwell with scientific caution and precision, with the aid of
statesmen, historians, economists and political scientists of fifteen countries,
constituted his first important project under the auspices of the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace. For twenty-four years (1924-1948)
Dr. Shotwell as Director of the Division of Economics and History of the
Carnegie Endowment, had at hand a unique vehicle for his scholarship. The
studies to which specific attention is now directed in this section, illustrate
how superbly he utilized this opportunity. It is not surprising then when a
vacancy occurred in the presidency of the Endowment in 1948, the trustees
unanimously elected him to head the organization. He is now President Emeritus.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 l8.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
I. GENERAL EDITORS' 150 VOLUME "ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY
OF THE FIRS WORLD WAR".
The appalling extent of the destruction of life and property in the open-
ing months of World War I strengthened the moral conviction and purpose
of the peace movement to find a way for ending the war and preventing a
recurrence. This conviction led Elihu Root, President of the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace, and the trustees, to devote the re-
sources of the Endowment to a scientific study of the cost and the nature of
war under the conditions of modern industry. At Mr. Root's request, in
December, 1914, Professor Shotwell prepared a highly original outline
for such a study. There were no models to follow, as there never had
been a scientific study of war as such. Actual work upon this study by the
Endowment was delayed until after the conclusion of the Treaty of Peace,
when Dr. Shotwell, who was appointed General Editor, undertook to or-
ganize it along the lines he had previously planned. For the next six years
he spent most of his time in Europe working with collaborators in fifteen
countries.
In each country editorial boards were established composed of experts,
most of whom had either held wartime government positions or were closely
associated with wartime activities. The Chairmen of these national boards
were:
Great Britain, Sir William Beveridge
France, Professor Charles Gide
Italy, Professor Luigi Einaudi
Russia, Sir Paul Vinagradoff
Germany, Dr. Carl Melchior
Austria, Professor Friederick Weiser
Hungary, Dr. Gustav Gratz
Belgium, Professor H. Pirenne
Norway and Denmark, Professor H. Westergaard
Sweden, Professor Eli Heckscher
The Netherlands, Professor H. B. Greven
Poland, Professor M. Handelsmann
Rumania, Dr. David Mitrany
Greece, Professor A. Andreades
Japan, Baron Y. Sakatani.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 19. Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
The text of the ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE (FIRST)
WORLD WAR consists of 150 volumes in nine languages. In all, over 200
experts were engaged upon it, including 35 wartime cabinet ministers. It
dealt with every phase of the impact of the war upon the peace time life of
the nations involved, but omitted the purely military events, which were
recorded in the official military histories of the different belligerents.
Each national series of volumes concluded with a summary of-the effects
of the war on the country in question. For example, Professor Mendelssohn
Bartholdy, a distinguished jurist, who was the efficient Executive Secretary
of the German Editorial Board, wrote THE WAR IN GERMAN SOCIETY
which, before the rise of Hitler to power, prophetically pointed to the moral
as well as to the material effects of war upon German mentality. Professor
Gide estimated that the cost of'the war to France amounted to about one-half
of all of the private fortunes of Frenchmen. The cost of the war to Austria-
Hungary was established at about five times the national income. The cost
to Great Britain was especially heavy because of the financial burden it had
to bear. But, as the History pointed out, the total impact of the war could
not be reckoned in any statistical categories.
The one final lesson which the History taught was that in the complexity
of modern industrial life, war had undergone a revolution which made it no
longer a controllable agency of national policy. Unjustified on the ground of
necessity, resort to it henceforth would be an international crime. This
conclusion, drawn from the war History, has been regarded by Professor
Shotwell as his chief contribution to the cause of peace. He has stated
his basic thesis on many occasions, among others in the lectures delivered
before the Nobel Institute, in 1925. Especially important, however, was its
development in his inaugural address as Carnegie Professor of International
Relations at the Hochschule Fur Politik in Berlin, in March, 1927. This
Berlin address, as is noted elsewhere, had a direct bearing upon the
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
Briand-Kellogg Pact.
The distribution by the Carnegie Endowment of the volumes of the
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE (FIRST) WORLD WAR was
in proportion to its magnitude. Almost 90, 000 volumes were sent out
for free distribution, most of them to libraries in all parts of the world.
In addition to the free copies, other volumes were purchased at a total
cost of approximately $100, 000. 00.
II. DR, SHOTWELL PLANNED AND EDITED THE SERIES ENTITLED
"THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE HISTORY AND DOCUMENTS.
Equally authoritative was the collection of volumes of THE PARIS
PEACE CONFERENCE HISTORY AND DOCUMENTS, which Professor
Shotwell planned and edited for the Carnegie Endowment. The bitter
controversy which arose concerning the Treaty of Versailles and the
other peace treaties made it necessary to have the records of the nego-
tiations analyzed by unofficial but competent researchers. The result
was embodied in this series of volumes, which covered exhaustively
the following subjects: THE ORIGINS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LABOR
ORGANIZATION, two volumes, by members of the Commission which
founded the ILO; REPARATION AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE,
two volumes, by Philip Burnett, based largely on the materials of the
American negotiator, John Foster Dulles; GERMANY AT THE PEACE
CONFERENCE by Dr. Almo Luchow, based on personal documentation
of Chief Justice Simons and others at the Conference; HUNGARY AT
THE PEACE CONFERENCE, by Professor Francis Deak, based largely
on Hungarian materials; and ITALY AT THE PEACE CONFERENCE by
Professor Albrecht-Carrie based in part on original material.
III. 25 VOLUME SURVEY OF CANADIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS.
Dr. Shotwell's next important task for the Carnegie Endowment was
in absolute contrast with his study of the history of war. It was a survey
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
of Canadian-American relations. No other two neighborly nations anywhere
in the world have developed the techniques of peaceful living together on
such a scale as Canada and the United States. The symbol of these century-
long peaceful relations is the unarmed frontier of three thousand-miles; but
more important has been the technique of agreement between the two countries.
And yet although the largest foreign trade of the United States is with Canada
and one out of every seven Canadians had, at the opening of the twentieth
century, become American citizens, there had never been any systematic
survey of these important international relationships.
Dr. Shotwell, due to his Canadian birth, was in a privileged position to
undertake the direction of this study, which was financed by both the Carnegie
Endowment and the Carnegie Corporation. Under his direction four inter-
national conferences were held alternately in the United States and Canada
attended by university professors and leading citizens. The last one was
just on-the outbreak of World War II. In addition to the published proceedings
of these conferences, Dr. Shotwell directed the publication of twenty-five
volumes covering the history of Canadian-American relationships from
colonial times to the end of the nineteenth century and economic studies of
the interplay of migration, industry, finance and trade. These volumes
have made possible for the first time the study of Canadian-American
relations in colleges and there are now courses on this subject in over a
dozen universities.
IV. WORK WITH LATIN-AMERICAN COUNTRIES.
As the result of a visit to Mexico in 1940, Professor Shotwell, in col-
laboration with the philosopher Alfonso Reyes, established relations with
the Collegio de Mexico and the Fondo de Cultura Economica. These contacts
have ripened with the years and resulted in the creation of a joint committee,
under the leadership of the Mexican historian, Silvio V. Zavala, of United
States and Latin-American historians.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
Of special interest and importance was the study of the problems of
the Rio Grande River Basin by Professor C. A. Timm, under Professor
Shotwell's direction. This resulted in Professor Timm's call to the U. S.
State Department to aid in drafting a treaty with Mexico, which ended a
bitter, century-old dispute.
V. CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY
This committee was created by Professor Shotwell in December, 1945,
and-was composed of fifty of the leading scientists in nuclear physics, along
with specialists in international law, politics and economics. The committee
held four conferences and published two reports. The first dealt with the
central problem of inspection in the preliminary phases of mining and
processing radio-active materials. The conclusions of this report, entitled
THE INTERNATIONAL INSPECTION OF RADIO-ACTIVE MINERAL PRODUC -
TION; were accepted by the United Nations Technical Committee.
The second report was A DRAFT CONVENTION ON ATOMIC WEAPONS
AND THE CONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY, which, while insisting on
international inspection, did not accept the necessity of international owner-
ship of radio-active materials and processes. The further exploration of
this- method of control has been halted by the impasse in the United Nations.
VI. RECORD OF.DR. _SHOTWE.LL'S WORK.. AS DIRECTOR OF THE
OF THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE.
In this short survey it is impossible to cover all the work of Dr. Shotwell
as Director of the Division of Economics and History and as President of the
Endowment. The record is embodied in his Annual Reports to the Trustees
of the Endowment, copies of which are submitted herewith. These supply
a fuller description of the activities noted above, and many other projects
carried on under Dr. Shotwell's direction.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
Each year's Report was prefaced by a statement of the outstanding
problems confronting an endowment for international peace. These in-
troductions furnish a guide to Dr. Shotwell's conception of the forces
making for peace and of the steps necessary for strengthening them and
embodying them in such an organization as the United Nations.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
SERVICES TO PEACE THROUGH
UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER EDUCATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
Throughout this short outline of Professor Shotwell's life and work, em-
phasis is necessarily laid upon his contributions to the structure of international
relations. But more important than the listing of the institutions with which he
was associated is the fact that the policies he advocated have been justified by
history. This is surely largely due to his training as a scholar. The caution
of the historian was combined with the open mind of a philosopher. The extent
of this combination of scholarship and constructive planning is indicated in this
and the following sections.
I. THROUGH HIS TEACHING AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSIT-Y.
Professor Shotwell's association with the faculty of Columbia University
has covered thirty-three years. Appointed Lecturer on History in 1900, he
became adjunct professor in 1905 and professor in 1908. In 1937, he was
nominated to the chair of the Lord Bryce professorship on the History of
International Relations, Professor Emeritus since 1942.
During these three decades he influenced the lives of thousands of students
through classroom lectures, graduate seminars, research projects and private
counselling on doctorate dissertations. He nourished the minds, fired the
imaginations and galvanized the wills of hundreds of exceptional students who
are today teachers of History, Political Science and International Affairs in
universities and colleges throughout the United States and Canada. From his
contagious enthusiasm and rich experience they, too, caught a vision of a world
in which war would be outlawed for a regime of understanding based on
economic and social justice.
II. THROUGH THE ORGANIZATION ON INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL
COOPERATION.
This was the one organization of the League of Nations which was designed
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
to have no connection with the policies of government. Originally, its
program was limited to the arts and sciences, the purely academic in-
ternational relations. When, however, Dr. Shotwell became the American
member of this body as Chairman of its National Committee in the United
States, he succeeded in having its field of operation enlarged through a
resolution of the assembly of the League of Nations, requesting the
Organization On International Intellectual Cooperation to include the
political and social sciences.
The result of this action was the creation of a semi-autonomous body,
the International Studies Conference, which, with assistance from the
Institute of Intellectual Cooperation in Paris, under the enlightened leader-
ship of M. Bonne, held meetings bi-annually, the last of which was in the
summer of 1939 in Bergen, Norway,
The American National Committee On International Intellectual Cooperation
was organized by Dr. Shotwell, who remained its Chairman throughout its
existence until the end of the League of Nations. The most important activities
of this American Committee were in the field of education. It worked in
close cooperation with the American Council on Education and with the National
Education Association, and produced the first survey of international relations
in the school curriculum together with a study of the organizations engaged
in the furtherance of international understanding.
As Chairman of the American Committee Dr. Shotwell headed a delegation
to the Inter-American Conference of Committees on Intellectual Cooperation
held at Havana in 1941 attended by representatives of most South American
states.
In 1937, Professor Shotwell, with the support of The Rockefeller
Foundation, organized a conference on International Copyright which con-
tinued its work for two years, drafting a new copyright treaty in cooperation
with the representatives of publishers, authors, musicians, motion picture
and radiR_p roodu" rr F e~ rise 3~}~ ~ a~1_ ~8s ~U17T ji ffi ulsed as a
 26.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
basis for negotiations in Inter-American conferences and its central features
are now in force.
III. THROUGH THE INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS AND THE
SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL.
As one of the group of American scholars who assisted in the formation
of the Institute of Pacific Relations in 1925, Professor Shotwell turned to
the study of the two outstanding problems in East-West relationships at
that time: the problems of Manchuria, and of the International Settlement
at Shanghai. On the latter problem he secured the services of Dr. Edith
Ware, who prepared the manual on the Shanghai International Settlement
which became the handbook for American institutions abroad. In 1927 the
increasing importance of Asiatic problems in American foreign policy led
him to accept the position of Director of Research for the American Council
of the Institute of Pacific Relations. In this capacity he directed the program
for the Conference of Hawaii in 1927 and that of Kyoto in 1929. The Kyoto
Conference was the last effort to apply the technique of peaceful settlement
to the Manchurian problem.
Throughout the next seven years, Dr. Shotwell continued to work on this
problem in collaboration with Mr. Grover Clark, whose confidential Report
to the Carnegie Endowment, on MANCHURIAN ECONOMIC RESOURCES,
under the supervision of Baron Sakatani, and whose two volume A PLACE
IN THE SUN and THE BALANCE SHEETS OF IMPERIALISM dealt with
the problems of population movements, raw materials and colonization,
with special reference to the relations between China and Japan.
From 1931 to 1935 Professor Shotwell was Director of the Division of
International Relations of the Social Science Research Council, The or-
ganization of study in international relations was still in a primitive and
unsettled condition. There had been few, if any, courses in this field in
any American University prior to World War I. Initially linked with
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
international lawn the study of international relations had had no proper
orientation in economics or history. There were no studies on the nature
of war or on the history of international organizations. Under Professor
Shotwell's direction the field was surveyed and extensive plans were made
for submission to the American academic world.
In this connection Professor Shotwell, in 1931, led a research expedition
to Central and Eastern Europe, having as his chief collaborator Professor
Lindsay Rogers of Columbia University. As a prelude to this survey,
Professor Shotwell prepared an outline for an Institute of European Studies,
similar to the Institute of Pacific Relations, but the Social Science Research
Council itself was taken over by a new management which had no belief in
the academic legitimacy of international relations, so the program of the
proposed Institute of Europe was taken over by the International Studies
Conference.
IV. THROUGH ORGANIZATIONS OF HISTORIANS.
As an historian, Professor Shotwell had always emphasized in his
lectures and writings the importance of the discipline of criticism in the
understanding of history, not as an antiquarian interest, but as a clarification
of human motives and activities. Therefore, it was natural that immediately
upon the entry of the United States into the first World War he became Chairman
of the National Board for Historical Service, which was formed in Washington
in May 1917 to study the historical background of the war and of the issues
raised by it. In its directions to American historians, it insisted upon the
maintenance of objectives, scientific standards, and the lessening of war
hysteria- "Do not write anything which you would not want to read ten years
from now. "
In 1923, Dr. Shotwell was the American president of the World Conference
of Historians which was held in Brussels. This was an effort to restore the
connections in scholarship and research between the historians of the belligerent
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
nations which had been in evidence at prewar meetings of the Conference.
But the wartime passions had not yet sufficiently subsided and there was
a hot division of opinion on the question of readmitting the historians from
the ex-enemy countries into the membership. To have continued excluding
them would have resulted in increased emphasis upon nationalist antagonisms
and would have caused the erection of two hostile organizations in Europe.
As presiding officer, Professor Shotwell succeeded in overcoming this ob-
stacle and secured a unanimous vote in favor of keeping the universal structure
of the Conference. One of the most important results of this Conference was
the creation of the Comite des Sciences Historiques of which Professor Shotwell
was one of the founders. In subsequent years, this Committee has performed
important services in strengthening the international outlook of European
historians.
V. THROUGH THE UNION OF LEARNED ACADEMIES.
During the Paris Peace Conference, Professor Shotwell joined with
Professor Haskins, Dean of the graduate faculties of Harvard University,
to assist in the foundation of the International Union of Academies to restore
and strengthen the international activities of the learned academies. In the
United States, this resulted in the creation of the Council of Learned
Societies, as the American counterpart of the National Academies of Europe.
Professor Shotwell attended several meetings of the Union of Academies as
American representative.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 29
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
E.
HIS WORK WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
FOR MOBILIZING PUBLIC OPINION
From his training as a historian and political scientist, Dr. Shotwell
realized the inherent obstacles to international understanding which lay in
the weight of past history and the strength of the economic self-sufficiency
of the United States. The supreme task of the American people had been
the conquest of a continent, an achievement so vast as to make all other
aims seem secondary, especially as the surrounding oceans then supplied
protecting distance from the rest of the world.
These facts dominating American policy until the first World War were
too stubborn to yield to the Wilsonian ideals, especially as the wartime
slogan "a war to end war" left only disillusionment. The peace forces in
the United States, defeated by the refusal to join the League of Nations,
became disunited and ineffective. It was this situation which brought out
Dr. Shotwell's leadership in the peace movement. His unshaken courage
and soundness of judgment - later justified by history - won increasing
respect even from his opponents. A changed attitude toward the League
of Nations and acceptance of membership in the International Labor
Organization were due in large measure to his tireless energy and con-
vincing eloquence in a nation-wide crusade.
Then, when mounting threats of a second world war led to the Neutrality
Acts, designed to keep the United States out of "foreign wars, " Dr. Shotwell
joined with those who organized public opinion for their repeal, not only on
the ground that the Allies were fighting the battle of freedom for the United
States as well as for themselves, but also on the ground that the war pre-
sented a moral issue which no great nation could escape.
The education and mobilization of public opinion, which these activities
supported, were carried out through all the varied. channels of a democracy;
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
In the activities of organizations; in public meetings; in the use of radio
and motion pictures and in writings.
The following partial list of organizations in which Dr. Shotwell worked
for the furtherance of international understanding is limited to those which
deal only with foreign affairs. In the inter-war years (1919 -.1941), how-
ever, the interest in these problems- steadily mounted in most national
organizations in adult education, business, labor, and community service.
Reference to this wider scope in the changed outlook of the American people
is made below. Here are listed only those bodies wholly devoted to inter-
national problems.
I. AS A TRUSTEE AND PRESIDENT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
ASSOCIATION U. S. A,
For eleven years, from 1924 to 1935, Dr. Shotwell served as a member
of the Executive Committee of the League of Nations Association. In 1935
he became President and held that office until 1939. In this connection he
worked on projects designed to secure the adherence of the United States
to the World Court, to the League of Nations, either in full membership
or as associate member, and also membership in the International Labor
Organization.
Political opposition to membership in the League of Nations had become
so deeply rooted a popular prejudice that the two Senate resolutions upon
which Professor Shotwell collaborated, by Senators Capper of Kansas and
Pope of Idaho which attempted to build upon the Briand-Kellogg Pact, were
never acted upon. Nevertheless, the nation-wide activities of the League
of Nations Association prepared public opinion for the acceptance of the
plans for the United Nations as they matured during World War II. In pub-
lic meetings throughout the country and in its publications, it carried on
effective education on international problems.
In February, 1945, the League of Nations Association reached the fulfill-
ment of its purpose and became the American Association for the United Nations,
with Dr. Shotws l a y d Mr. ,ibx $ . g f 7W ]Ae ~ $b e~t~3jITT 1 e1~~~t r1y of State,
Approve or elease
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
31.
as the two Honorary Presidents.
1939-1950)
The years of work of the League of Nations Association-made increasingly
clear the need for an authoritative restatement of the aims of the American
peace movement so that its strategy could be directed effectively upon the
direction of American foreign policy. Dr. Shotwell, therefore, organized
and was elected Chairman of a committee of 100 experts in international
law,- politics and the conduct of public affairs who met for monthly discussions
of the outstanding issues of the day and for the preparation of publications
which, by reason of their cautious yet courageous outlook, played an im-
portant part in the formation of American policy and public opinion during
the critical years following the outbreak of World War II. The contribution
of this body to the solution of the problems created by the war was recognized
by the U. S. State Department and subsequently by the pertinent sections of
the United Nations .
III. THROUGH THE AMERICAN UNION FOR CONCERTED
PEACE EFFORTS
Throughout the years immediately preceding the outbreak of World War II
as the ominous shadow of Japanese and Nazi aggression began to threaten
international peace, there was a strong movement towards neutrality,
especially in the Middle West. This resulted in a strengthening of the neu-
trality laws to prevent the involvement of the United States in foreign wars.
Convinced that for the United States to remain neutral in the case of a
criminal resort to war by an aggressor would make it particeps criminis
in the crime of war, Professor Shotwell accepted the Honorary Presidency
of a nation-wide organization for the revision of the neutrality laws to
enable the United States to discriminate between aggressor and victim.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
The work of this organization was then taken over by the Committee to
Defend America by Aiding the Allies under the leadership of the Kansas
publicist, William Allen White. Professor Shotwell was a member of
the Policy Committee of this body which, according to U. S. Secretary
of State- Edward R. Stettinius, was largely influential in securing the
passage of the Lend-Lease Act by the Congress of the United States.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
F.
DR. SHOTWELL'S UNIQUE SERVICES THROUGH
MOTION PICTURES AND RADIO
I. THROUGH MOTION PICTURES.
Professor Shotwell was the first, and is still one of the very few scholars,
to recognize the power of the -motion picture in molding public opinion, and
to adapt his thought patterns and his "timing" to meet film production techniques
and limitations. While others hesitated to accept this newest of the art forms -
a mass medium which combines appeals to both eye and ear, he resolved to
capitalize every opportunity to work with the organized industry as its
responsible leaders sought to guide it into more constructive channels.
The following illustrations are pertinent:
(1) Exhibit of United States Documentaries at Paris World's Fair (1936).
Dr. Shotwell, as Chairman of the American Committee on Intellectual
Cooperation, organized an exhibit of documentary films dealing with. various
aspects of life in the United States. Motion pictures were secured from the
U. S. Government, leading industries, State Departments of Education, and
from Hollywood. The exhibitions in Paris were largely attended. The results
were impressive.
(2) As Historical Consultant for LAND OF LIBERTY.
This two hour cavalcade of the history of the United States was pro-
duced for the U. S. film industry by Cecil B. deMille for exhibition at the
New York and San Francisco World's Fairs in 1939. Dr. Shotwell as historical
consultant bridged gaps in existing historical footage with accurate and stimu-
lating commentary and placed the nation's relatively brief history in historical
perspective with an imaginative foreword and a tremendously inspiring epilogue.
This full length motion picture, made exclusively from excerpts taken
from more than 100 previously produced Hollywood films, attracted so much
attention as a result of its exhibition at the fairs in New York and San Francisco
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 34.
that it-was released theatrically in the United States and was -shown in
more than 10, 000 commercial theatres. The profit of over a quarter
of a million dollars accruing from its commercial release was donated
by the U. S. Film industry to the Red Cross and other war service agencies.
Today LAND OF LIBERTY (on 16 mm film) is a most important audio-
visual aid in the teaching of U. S. history in schools throughout the
United States.
(3) As Author of Commentary for _MADE IN THE U. S. A.
This documentary, designed to promote world peace through world
trade, was distributed through chambers of commerce, International
Business Machines Corporation, schools and service organizations as
part of a program to stimulate interest in and support of the Reciprocal
Trade Treaties to which the United States of America has been a signatory
in recent years.
(4) Consultant in Production of THE WATCH TOWER OVER TOMORROW.
When the time and place for the United Nations Charter Conference was
fixed for 1945 at San Francisco, U. S. Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius
called upon the U. S. film industry to produce and distribute throughout the
United States a motion picture designed to explain the policies and mechanisms
of the United Nations to the public. Dr. Shotwell spent several weeks in
Hollywood at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio working with the Hollywood
director John Cromwell on THE WATCH TOWER OVER TOMORROW.
Following approval of the finished film by the U. S. Department of State,
it was released to 15, 000 U. S. motion picture theatres during the weeks
prior to the opening of the United Nations Conference in San Francisco.
Through this motion picture Dr. Shotwell capitalized an extraordinary
opportunity to prepare the minds of millions of Americans for acceptance
and support of the United Nations Charter and its prompt and overwhelming
ratification by the U. S.. Senate.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
II. DR. SHOTWELL'S SERVICES THROUGH RADIO -BROADCASTING
The vast size of the United States and the diverse interests of such
large areas as New England, the Southern States, the Middle West and the
Pacific Coast constitute unique difficulties in securing a consistently forward-
looking foreign policy. It is therefore a fact of vital importance that the
radio developed as an instrument for widening the outlook and interests of
the American people at the very time when the United States was obliged
to assume the responsibilities of a world power:
Nation-wide networks of the great broadcasting systems serve hundreds
of stations scattered over different parts of the country, bringing not only
the news, but critical discussions of it, to the isolated farms and ranches
of the West as well ah to the populous cities of the East. The broadcasting
networks, conscious of a growing demand, especially by those without
access to the great metropolitan daily newspapers, for authoritative inter-
pretation of the unparalleled events then happening at home and abroad,
turned many times to Dr. Shotwell to present the problems of- war and peace
in ways that everyone could understand. His success in this- work of mass
education strengthened his position as a leader of the peace movement.
Some of the broadcasts which he planned were shared with members of the
United States Congress, labor leaders, and spokesmen for industrial,
educational, or women's national organizations. For example, as chairman
of the Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, he conducted, from
January to May, 1940, a series of weekly broadcasts for the Columbia Broad-
casting System over about 150 stations throughout the country. , A similar series
for fifteen weeks was carried coast to coast through the facilities of the National
Broadcasting Company. These programs were planned so that student bodies
in colleges throughout the United States debated the same subjects over the
radio at the end of each week. He also joined in a series of foreign broadcasts
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Hppruvea rur meiease cuuatuow i t : %.iM-rCurourw i i a i rwua i uu i auu i'+- i
over-the World Wide stations.
It is obviously impossible to describe these programs in detail. From
the nature of radio broadcasting they were necessarily directed toward the
solution of those problems which were most pressing at the time in the
crises of war and peace.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
SHOTWELL'S SERVICE THROUGH ADDRESSES
LECTURES
PEACE.
For more than thirty years Dr. Shotwell as an effective public speaker
has been influencing leaders of opinion at home and abroad through his ad -
dresses and lectures on the problems of war and peace. Before the radio
microphone and the motion picture projector- gave him a vast mass audience,
he was using the platform and the lectern to reach select audiences within
the sound- of his voice.
His innate modesty, gracious informality and realistic approach
quickly won any audience. His resonant voice, rich store of learning and
obvious belief in the ultimate triumph of human dignity over brute force in
the long struggle for social justice and.peace, carried conviction and
prompted wholehearted enlistment in this great cause.
In hundreds of addresses throughout Canada, the United States and
other lands, he has spoken to scholars, public officials, civic leaders and
other molders- ofopinion on a variety of subjects.
In the following list of addresses and lectures, only those are included
which have to do with international relations and the problems-of peace.
Institut de France, Academie des Sciences Morale et Politiques
(formal session attended by the President of France)
Academie Royale des Science, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts
de Belgique
British Academy
Royal Historical Society
American Historical Association, Washington
Academy of Political Science, New York
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
Academy of Social and Political Science, Philadelphia
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia
American Physical Society, New York
Institutul Social Roman, Bucharest
II. ADDRESSES AND LECTURES AT COLLEGES- AND UNIVERSITIES.
(1) 1919-1929.
University of Paris "The Social History of the World War"
Columbia University, New York, Phi Beta Kappa address, "The
Student and the Citizen. "
University of Oslo, Studentersamfundet, "The Economic and
Social Effects of the World War. "
University of Copenhagen, "Post-War Plans for Peace."
High School of Commerce, Stockholm, two lectures on "Economic
Consequences of the War, "
Williams College, Massachusetts, Institute of Politics, "The
Plans for Disarmament Before the League of Nations. "
Connecticut State College, New London, "The Geneva Protocol. "
Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., "The Geneva Protocol."
Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, A series of six lectures on
"The Historical Bases of Peace. "
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, three lectures on
"Peace and Security. it
Columbia University, General Assembly, "The Strategy of Peace."
Stanford University, California, Commencement address,
"History and the Problems of Peace."
The University of Belgrade "The Geneva Protocol and the Treaties
of Locarno, "
The University of Cluj, Rumania, "The Pacific Settlement of
Disputes. "
Rutgers University, New Jersey State Conference of Teachers,
"The League of Nations and the College Curriculum."
The University of Toronto, Commencement address, "Problems in
Foreign Relations. "
Hochschule fur Politik, Berlin, "Are We at a Turning Point
in History?"
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 39. Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
Hamburg-Institut fur Auswartige Politik, "A Turning point in
History?-
University of Bonn, "Are We at a Turning Point in History?"
Columbia University, Commemoration 'Service,
Barnard College, New York, Assembly, "Problems of Peace. TO
McGill University, Montreal, Canada, Convocation address,
"The British Empire and International Organization. "
University of Denver, Colorado, "The Nature of International
Relations. "
University of Kentucky, Frankfort, Ky. , "The Teaching of
International Relations. "
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, a series of three
lectures on international relations.
Yale University, New Haven, Conn. , "Neutrality as a Moral
Problem. "
Brown University, Providence, R. I., "The League of Nations.,,
Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., "American Foreign Policy. "
Smith College, Northampton, Mass., "Peace and Freedom."
Hunter College, New York, Assembly, "American Foreign Relations."
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, "Mistaken Ideas on Neutrality.
University of Georgia, Athens, Institute of Public Affairs,
four- lectures on American Foreign Policy.
Peking National University, China, "The Problems of the
Pacific. "
Nankai University, Tientsin, China, "The Nature of Modern
Civilization. "
Yenching University, Peiping, China
Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. , "The Kyoto Conference
of the Institute of Pacific Relations".
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 '0 .
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
(2) 1930 - 1950.
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, three
lectures on the history of American Foreign Policy.
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. , Institute
on International Relations, "The Nature of War. "
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., "History as a
Guide. "
University of Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana, "International
Law to
De Pauw University, Greencastle, Indiana, "The Politics of
Peace. "
Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, "The History
of the World War. "
The University of Iowa, Ames, Iowa, "The Interest of the
Mid-West in Foreign Policy:
University of Denver, "The Problems of War and Peace. "
University of Texas, Austin, Texas, "American Foreign
Policy. "
Wayne University, Detroit, Michigan, "The Fallacies of
Neutrality. "
University of Manitoba, Canada, "North American Neighbors. "
Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y. , "History and Inter-
national Relations. "
Hunter College, New York, "Human Rights. It
University of Maine, Orono, Maine, "The Organization of
Peace. "
University of Western Ontario, "Canadian-American Relations. "
Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, "Canadian..American
Relations. "
St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y. "The Outlook of a
Historian."
University of Minnesota, General Convocation,
Minneapolis, Minn. , "The Organization of Peace. "
Carleton College, Iowa, The Frank B. Kellogg Foundation,
"The Outlawry of War Defined. "
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
Reed College, Portland, Oregon, "Disarmament and
Security.
Pomona College, Pomona, California, "The American Peace
Movement. IT
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., "The
Constitution and the Guarantee of Freedom. "'`
New School for Social Research, New York, "A Critical
View of Foreign Policy. "
Dalhousie College, Nova Scotia, New York Alumni,
Canadian-American Relations. "
University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, Conference on inter-
national relations, "The Diplomacy of Peace. " .
College of the City of New York, Centennial address.
"History and International Relations. "
III.. ADDRESSES AND LECTURES BEFORE INSTITUTES AND
ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED WITH INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS.
Norske Nobelinstitut, Oslo (1923)
Swedish American Foundation, Stockholm
Executive Committee of the Labour Party, London, England
Workers Education Bureau, Philadelphia
Council on Foreign Relations, Chicago
World Alliance for Peace and Friendship Through the
Churches, five addresses at Annual Conferences.
Foreign"Policy Association, New York
Foreign Policy Association, Boston, Mass.
Conference on the Cause and Cure of War, Washington,
four Annual Conferences.
National Republican Club, New York
National Convention of the League of Women Voters, three
addresses
National Convention of the Association of University
Women
Conference of the Congregational Churches of Massachusetts,
Springfield, Mass.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
 Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1
League- of Nations Association, eight Annual Conferences
Annapolis Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, General
Assembly
Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island
Honolulu Institute of Pacific Relations, Honolulu, T. H.
U. S. Chamber of Commerce, Washington
Cincinnati Peace League, Cincinnati, Ohio
Rochester City Club, Rochester, New York
National Civic Federation, New York City
Unitarian Convention, Boston, Mass.
Chautauqua Institute, Chautauqua, New York, a course of
ten lectures on international affairs.
Approved For Release 2003/06/17 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R003100190074-1