[DDCI ADDRESS TO ARMY INTELLIGENCE SCHOOL]

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01731R002000090005-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 24, 2002
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: August 24, 1972
• Content Type: SPEECH

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24 AUGUST 1972
DDCI ADDRESS TO ARMY INTELLIGENCE SCHOOL
31 AUGUST 1972
THE ROLE OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY(
GENTLEMEN:
I WOULD LIKE TO DESCRIBE FOR YOU TODAY THE
COMPOSITION OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY, THE MAJOR
FUNCTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DIRECTOR OF
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AS THE HEAD OF THAT COMMUNITY,
AND THE ESSENTIAL MEANS BY WHICH THOSE FUNCTIONS
AND RESPONSIBILITIES ARE FULFILLED,
IT IS NOT STRAINING THE TRUTH TO SAY THAT THE
INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY AS WE KNOW IT TODAY RESULTED
FROM OUR EXPERIENCE AT PEARL HARBOR, THE SPECTACLE
OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENTAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES WORKING
EACH IN ITS OWN WAY, WITH NO MECHANISM TO COORDINATE
EITHER THEIR EFFORTS OR THE RESULTS, COST OUR COUNTRY
DEARLY. THIS DEBACLE CREATED THE DETERMINATION,
FOLLOWING WORLD WAR II, TO ACHIEVE A COORDINATED
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE EFFORT. THE NATIONAL SECURITY
ACT OF 1947 WAS AT LEAST PARTLY THE RESULT OF THIS
DETERMINATION.
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THIS LEGISLATION WAS DESIGNED TO ENSURE ENOUGH
COORDINATION SO THAT THERE WILL BE NO IMPORTANT GAPS
AND NO UNDESIRABLE DUPLICATION IN THE U.S. INTELLI-
GENCE EFFORT. THIS ACT WAS THE LEGAL BASIS FOR CIA
AND THE FUNCTIONS IT PERFORMS.
THIS STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION--LIKE MANY PUBLIC
LAWS--IS SET FORTH IN FAIRLY BROAD TERMS. HOWEVER,
THE CONGRESS PROVIDED FOR FURTHER DEFINITION AND
REFINEMENT OF CIA'S FUNCTIONS. IT SPECIFICALLY
DIRECTED CIA "TO MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE NA-
TIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL FOR THE COORDINATION OF SUCH
INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENTS AND
AGENCIES OF THE GOVERNMENT AS RELATE TO NATIONAL
SECURITY." UPON RECEIVING PRESIDENTIAL APPROVAL,
THESE RECOMMENDATIONS ARE ISSUED IN A SERIES OF
CLASSIFIED PAPERS CALLED NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
INTELLIGENCE DIRECTIVES. THE NSCIDs (THERE ARE 8
OF THEM) ESTABLISH THE FRAMEWORK WITHIN WHICH THE
INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY FUNCTIONS, AND THEY DIS-
TRIBUTE ASSIGNMENTS OF RESPONSIBILITY AMONG THE
DIFFERENT U.S. INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES.
NSCID #1 ALSO PROVIDES FOR STILL MORE PRECISE
ALLOCATION OF RESPONSIBILITIES THROUGH THE ISSUANCE
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OF DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE DIRECTIVES. THERE
ARE ABOUT 40 OF THESE. I COULD NOT BEGIN TO ACQUAINT
YOU WITH ALL THE DETAILS COVERED BY THE NSCIDS AND
DCIDs, BUT THE IMPORTANT POINT IS THAT THEY REPRESENT
A MEANS FOR THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY TO UPDATE AND
ADJUST TO THE CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES, NEEDS AND CHAL-
LENGES FACING U.S. INTELLIGENCE.
THE NATIONAL SECURITY ACT AND SUBSEQUENT PRESI-
DENTIAL INSTRUCTIONS GAVE THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL
INTELLIGENCE TWO PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITIES. HE IS
BY LAW THE HEAD OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
AND, BY PRESIDENTIAL ORDER, THE CHIEF INTELLIGENCE
OFFICER OF THE GOVERNMENT. IN THESE CAPACITIES, HE
ACTS AS PRINCIPAL INTELLIGENCE .ADVIS'R TO THE PRESI-
DENT AND AS COORDINATOR OF ALL FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE
ACTIVITIES RELATING TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY IN-
TERESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. THUS, THE DIRECTOR
OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE IS THE HEAD OF THE U.S. IN-
TELLIGENCE COMMUNITY.
LET'S CONSIDER THE COMPOSITION OF THE INTELLI-
GENCE COMMUNITY.
THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, ABOUT WHICH
I SHALL SAY MORE IN DUE TIME, IS1 OF COURSE, PART
OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY.
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SECOND, THERE IS THE DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY,
WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING GENERAL INTELLI-
GENCE SUPPORT TO THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DE-
FENSE AND THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF.
THE INTELLIGENCE UNITS OF THE ARMY, NAVY, AND
AIR FORCE CONTINUE TO SUPPORT THE PARTICULAR MISSIONS
OF EACH ONE OF THE SERVICES. MUCH OF THE WORK OF THE
THREE SERVICE INTELLIGENCE COMPONENTS IS COORDINATED
BY THE DIRECTOR OF DIA.
IN THE STATE DEPARTMENT, THERE IS AN INTELLIGENCE
UNIT WHICH SERVES THE SECRETARY OF STATE AND THE POLICY
PLANNERS. IN A SENSE ALL OUR DIPLOMATIC PERSONNEL ARE
INTELLIGENCE GATHERERS. BUT THERE IS ALSO A REQUIRE-
MENT FOR MEN WHO APPLY THEMSELVES PROFESSIONALLY TO
THE ANALYSIS OF THAT INFORMATION TO DETERMINE ITS
BEARING ON PRESENT AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S.
FOREIGN POLICY.
THE INTELLIGENCE COMPONENT IN THE ATOMIC ENERGY
COMMISSION HAS A SPECIALIZED CHARTER DEVOTED TO THE
VITAL FIELD OF INTELLIGENCE ON NUCLEAR ENERGY DE-
VELOPMENTS.
A PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY OF THE FEDERAL BUREAU
OF INVESTIGATION IS THE INTERNAL SECURITY OF THE
UNITED STATES, BUT YOU CAN EASILY IMAGINE THE VITAL
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CONNECTION BETWEEN FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE AND INTERNAL
SECURITY. SO THE FBI, TOO, IS A MEMBER OF THE INTEL-
LIGENCE COMMUNITY. THE FBI AND CIA WORK CLOSELY TO-
GETHER, BECAUSE THEY ARE BOTH COMBATING AN INTERNA-
TIONAL NETWORK OF COMMUNIST CLANDESTINE OPERATIONS
AGAINST THE UNITED STATES, WHOSE OPERATIONS AND
AGENTS MOVE BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN THE U.S. AND
FOREIGN COUNTRIES. (PARENTHETICALLY,'IT SHOULD BE
STRESSED HERE THAT BY LAW CIA HAS NO DOMESTIC IN-
TERNAL SECURITY RESPONSIBILITY, AND IS FORBIDDEN
BY LAW TO REPORT ON U.S. CITIZENS.)
LASTLY, THERE IS THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY,
WHICH HOLDS A SOMEWHAT UNUSUAL POSITION THAT I
SHALL MENTION IN A MOMENT.
THESE, THEN, ARE THE INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF
THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY--CIA, STATE, DIA, NSA,
AND THE SERVICE INTELLIGENCE COMPONENTS, AFC, AND
THE FBI.
IN ORDER TO ROUND OUT THE PICTURE OF THE
COMMUNITY, I MUST ADD A NUMBER OF WHAT WE CALL
"SERVICES OF COMMON CONCERN." IT MIGHT BE MORE
ENLIGHTENING TO CALL THEM NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
ASSETS. THESE ARE ACTIVITIES WHICH SERVE THE
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ENTIRE GOVERNMENT RATHER THAN ANY PARTICULAR DEPART-
MENT OR AGENCY. SUCH AN ACTIVITY MAY BE MANAGED,
STAFFED AND FUNDED BY ONE AGENCY, BUT ACTUALLY OP-
ERATE DIRECTLY FOR THE ENTIRE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY.
THE LARGEST OF THESE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
ASSETS IS THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY, WHICH IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR CRYPTOLOGIC INTELLIGENCE--INTER-
CEPTING AND DECODING ELECTRICALLY TRANSMITTED
MESSAGES. ITS PRODUCT IS DISSEMINATED-WI-TH ADMIRABLE
SPEED THROUGHOUT THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY, AND
HAS PLAYED A VITAL ROLE IN MANY OF OUR MOST CRUCIAL
INTELLIGENCE JUDGMENTS OVER THE YEARS. IN ANY"
CASE, IT IS ALWAYS FUN TO READ OTHER PEOPLE'S
MAIL.
SECOND, WE HAVE THE AIR FORCE TECHNICAL AP-
PLICATIONS CENTER--OR AFTAC--A SPECIALIZED GROUP
WITH GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY. THIS EFFICIENT AND
CAPABLE OUTFIT IS CHARGED WITH MONITORING AND
REACHING TECHNICAL CONCLUSIONS ON NUCLEAR EXPLO-
SIONS SET OFF BY ANY FOREIGN COUNTRY.
OTHER IMPORTANT NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ASSETS
ARE THE NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION CENTER,
THE BOARD OF NATIONAL ESTIMATES,
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THESE THREE ARE PART
OF CIA, AND I WILL DISCUSS THEM WHEN I GET' TO THE
INTERNAL WORKINGS OF THE AGENCY.
NOW, ALL THE AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS WHICH
MAKE UP THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY ARE TIED TOGETHER,
FOR GUIDANCE PURPOSES, BY THE UNITED STATES INTEL-
LIGENCE BOARD, WHICH WE OFTEN REFER TO AS USIB,
THIS BOARD WAS ESTABLISHED UNDER DIRECTIVES
OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL. IT ADVISES AND
ASSISTS THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE
PRODUCTION OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATES, AND
IN ESTABLISHING INTELLIGENCE POLICY, OBJECTIVES,
REQUIREMENTS AND PRIORITIES. USIB MEETS REGULARLY
ONCE A WEEK--SOMETIMES MORE OFTEN.
THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE, BY
NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL DIRECTIVE, IS THE CHAIR-
MAN OF USIB. THIS, BY THE WAY, IS ONE PLACE WHERE
THE DIRECTOR'S TWO JOBS--HIS "TWO HATS"--ARE VERY
CAREFULLY DIFFERENTIATED. WHEN HE CHAIRS THE U.S.
INTELLIGENCE BOARD, HE IS THERE AS THE PRESIDENT'S
PRINCIPAL INTELLIGENCE OFFICER, NOT AS THE HEAD OF.
CIA. USIB PASSES ON THE AGREED, COORDINATED JUDG-
MENTS OF THE ENTIRE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY--WHAT
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WE CALL "NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE"--AND IT MIGHT HAMPER
THIS FUNCTION IF THE DIRECTOR WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY
TO ACT AS CHAIRMAN AND TO ADVANCE THE VIEWS OF THE
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY. FOR THIS REASON, CIA
HAS SEPARATE REPRESENTATION ON THE BOARD IN THE
PERSON OF THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLI-
GENCE.
THE OTHER PRINCIPALS ARE:
THE STATE DEPARTMENT DIRECTOR OF INTELLIGENCE
.AND RESEARCH;
THE DIRECTOR OF THE DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY;
THE DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY;
THE ASSISTANT GENERAL MANAGER OF THE AEC;
THE ASSISTANT TO THE DIRECTOR OF THE FBI; AND
(JUST RECENTLY)
A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT,
SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIA, THE INTELLIGENCE
CHIEFS OF THE ARMY, NAVY, AND AIR FORCE HAVE CONTINUED
TO ATTEND AND PARTICIPATE IN USIB, BUT AS OBSERVERS
RATHER THAN AS OFFICIAL MEMBERS. THEY RETAIN THE
RIGHT, AND, IN FACT, THE DUTY TO EXPRESS ANY DISSENT
THEY MAY HAVE ON MATTERS UNDER DISCUSSION, AND THIS IS
A FUNCTION THEY DO NOT HESITATE TO PERFORM,
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I WOULD LIKE TO REITERATE THAT THE USIB IS
CONCERNED WITH A WIDE VARIETY OF INTELLIGENCE MAT-
TERS. THE BOARD SETS FORTH--AND PERIODICALLY RE-
VISES--THE NATIONAL PRIORITIES FOR THE GUIDANCE
OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY IN CHOOSING INTEL-
LIGENCE TARGETS AND IN ASSIGNING ASSETS TO COVER
THESE TARGETS.
THE USIB ALSO REVIEWS IN DRAFT FORM AND IN
GREAT DETAIL THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATES
AND CERTAIN OTHER REPORTS WHICH THE DIRECTOR OF
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE SUBMITS TO THE PRESIDENT AND
THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL.
USIB IS SUPPORTED BY A NUMBER OF SPECIALIZED
COMMITTEES WHICH FUNCTION IN SUBSTANTIVE FIELDS,
SUCH AS NUCLEAR ENERGY, MISSILE INTELLIGENCE, AND
ECONOMIC INTELLIGENCE. OTHER USIB COMMITTEES PRO-
VIDE A MEANS OF REGULAR CONTACT AND A CHANNEL FOR
GUIDANCE TO CERTAIN INTERAGENCY PROGRAMS, SUCH AS
SECURITY, AUDIO COUNTERMEASURES, AND THE EXPLOITA-
TION OF DEFECTORS.
THIS, THEN, IS A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE STRUC-
TURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY
AS OF NOVEMBER 5 LAST YEAR. ON THAT DATE THE
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WHITE HOUSE ANNOUNCED THAT THE PRESIDENT HAD DIRECTED
SOME MANAGEMENT STEPS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY. I WOULD LIKE TO RE-
VIEW THESE STEPS WITH YOU, AND ELABORATE ON HOW I
BELIEVE SOME OF THE NEW MACHINERY OF THE COMMUNITY
WILL OPERATE.
THE PRESIDENT'S OBJECTIVES IN DIRECTING THESE
MANAGEMENT STEPS WERE TO ENSURE:
--CONTINUING REVIEW OF THE RESPONSIVENESS OF
THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE EFFORT TO HIS NEEDS.
--STRENGTHENED LEADERSHIP FOR THE COMMUNITY
AS A WHOLE.
--MORE EFFICIENT USE OF RESOURCES IN THE COL-
LECTION OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION.
--AN EXAMINATION OF INTELLIGENCE PROGRAMS WITH
A VIEW TO ELIMINATING THE LEAST PRODUCTIVE ONES.
--IMPROVEMENT IN THE QUALITY, SCOPE, AND TIME-
LINESS OF INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION,
JUST WHAT MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENTS WERE DIRECTED
BY THE PRESIDENT? THE FOUR FOLLOWING STEPS REPRESENT
THE MAJOR CHANGES:
--AN ENHANCED LEADERSHIP AND PROGRAM ADVISORY
ROLE FOR THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE.
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--ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEE,
--ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTELLIGENCE RESOURCES
ADVISORY COMMITTEE,
--RECONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES INTEL-
LIGENCE,BOARD,
LET US DISCUSS THESE CHANGES, BRIEFLY, ONE BY
ONE.
AS WE HAVE SEEN, THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTEL-
LIGENCE HAS ALWAYS HAD A RESPONSIBILITY FOR DEVELOP-
ING REQUIREMENTS FOR NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND FOR
COORDINATING ITS PRODUCTION, UNDER THE RESTRUCTURING
DIRECTED BY THE PRESIDENT, THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL
INTELLIGENCE WAS ASKED TO FORMULATE A CONSOLIDATED
INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM BUDGET, AND TO RECONCILE IN-
TELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS AND PRIORITIES WITH BUDGET-
ARY CONSTRAINTS, WHILE THE PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTIVE
DID NOT GIVE THE DCI ANY INCREASED. COMMAND AUTHOR-
ITY OVER THE OTHER COMPONENTS OF THE INTELLIGENCE
COMMUNITY, HE WAS GIVEN THE SIGNIFICANT NEW RE-
SPONSIBILITY OF BEING INFORMED ON AND EXPRESSING
VIEWS WITH RESPECT TO THE ALLOCATION OF ALL IN-
TELLIGENCE RESOURCES IN THE COMMUNITY, PARTICULARLY
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THOSE OF A NATIONAL CHARACTER. IN THIS REGARD THE
DIRECTOR MAY BE CALLED ON BY THE PRESIDENT,-THE KEY
CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES AND BY THE DIRECTOR OF THE
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET TO COMMENT ON AND
DEFEND THE INTELLIGENCE PROGRAMS AND BUDGETS OF
THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND DEPARTMENT OF STATE,
WHILE THE AUTHORITY TO INFLUENCE BUDGETS CARRIES
CONSIDERABLE INFLUENCE, THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PRES-
IDENT'S DIRECTIVE WILL CONTINUE TO BE ACCOMPLISHED
LARGELY THROUGH FRIENDLY PERSUASION, HARD WORK,
AND (HOPEFULLY) GOOD SENSE. I THINK THEY CAN BE
ACHIEVED, AND WE HAVE MADE A PROMISING START. BUT
IT WILL BE A SLOW PROCESS.
OTHER CHANGES DIRECTED BY THE PRESIDENT CON-
SIST OF VARIOUS COORDINATING MECHANISMS THAT SHOULD
MAKE FOR MORE EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF THE INTELLIGENCE
COMMUNITY. LET US LOOK AT THESE MECHANISMS, AND
SEE WHAT THEY ARE DESIGNED TO ACCOMPLISH.
THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL INTELLIGENCE COM-
MITTEE FILLS A GAP THAT HAD BECOME QUITE WORRISOME
OVER THE YEARS. THERE WAS NO ARRANGEMENT FOR SYSTEM-
ATIC FEEDBACK OF CRITICISM AND COMMENT FROM HIGH
POLICY USERS OF FINISHED INTELLIGENCE. THE NEW
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COMMITTEE IS CHAIRED BY DR. KISSINGER, AND ITS MEM-
BERS ARE THE UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE, THE DEPUTY
SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, THE
CHAIRMAN OF THE .JCS, AND THE DCI--IN OTHER WORDS,
THE POLICY LEVEL FOR WHICH NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
IS DESIGNED$
WITH THIS COMMITTEE, THE PRESIDENT HAS CREATED
A FORMAL GROUP OF SENIOR POLICY OFFICIALS TO DEVELOP
GUIDANCE FOR THE INTELLIGENCE PRODUCT NEEDED TO SUP-
PORT THE FORMULATION OF U.S. FOREIGN AND DEFENSE
POLICY. THIS COMMITTEE WILL ALSO PROVIDE FOR A
CONTINUING EVALUATION OF THE INTELLIGENCE PRODUCT
FROM THE STANDPOINT OF PRIME INTELLIGENCE USERS.
THIS WILL ENABLE THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY TO RE-
SPOND IN A MORE ORDERLY, TIMELY, AND EFFECTIVE MAN-
NER TO THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE NEEDS.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTELLIGENCE RESOURCES
ADVISORY COMMITTEE IS ANOTHER ONE OF THE DIRECTED
IMPROVEMENTS. THIS IS CHAIRED BY THE DCI AND 'INCLUDES
REPRESENTATIVES OF STATE, DEFENSE, OFFICE OF MANAGE-
MENT AND BUDGET, AND CIA.
THIS NEW COMMITTEE WILL FORMALIZE AND UPGRADE
PREVIOUS LOOSER INTERDEPARTMENTAL ARRANGEMENTS TO
ASSIST THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE IN
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CARRYING OUT HIS BROAD RESPONSIBILITIES REGARDING
THE COORDINATED UTILIZATION OF NATIONAL INTELLI-
GENCE RESOURCES--MONEY, MANPOWER, AND EQUIPMENT.
THIS COMMITTEE WILL ALSO ASSIST IN PREPARING THE
CONSOLIDATED INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM BUDGET.
THIS BRINGS US TO THE LAST OF THE MAJOR CHANGES--
THE RECONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES INTELLIGENCE
BOARD. WHEREAS USIB PREVIOUSLY HAD SOME AUTHORITY
OF ITS OWN, IT IS NOW LIMITED TO AN ADVISORY CAPACITY.
THIS CHANGE HAS BEEN SPELLED OUT IN A NEW NSCID #1,
IN ADDITION, THE REPRESENTATIVE OF,-THE TREASURY'DE-
PARTMENT WAS ADDED, AND THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CEN-
TRAL INTELLIGENCE WAS DESIGNATED VICE CHAIRMAN OF
USIB. THE ADDITION OF THE TREASURY REPRESENTATIVE
REFLECTS THE FACT THAT FISCAL AND MONETARY INTELLI-
GENCE IS VERY MUCH FRONT AND CENTER IN THE GOVERN-
MENT TODAY. THE PRESIDENT IS INTENSELY INTERESTED
IN WORLD ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS, AND THE NEW SEC-
RETARY OF THE TREASURY IS EAGER TO PARTICIPATE IN
THE WORK OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITIES. I AM
SURE THAT THE TREASURY REPRESENTATIVE ON THE USIB
WILL MAKE A VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION.
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I WOULD LIKE NOW TO TURN FROM THE INTELLIGENCE
COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE TO THE FUNCTION OF CIA?--SINCE
THAT IS THE ORGANIZATION THAT MOST DIRECTLY SUPPORTS
THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE. ITS PRIMARY
FUNCTIONS FALL INTO THREE BROAD CATEGORIES:
COLLECTION OF INTELLIGENCE;
COVERT ACTION OPERATIONS; AND
PRODUCTION OF FINISHED INTELLIGENCE.
WE FIND IT CONVENIENT TO DIVIDE CIA's INTELLI-
GENCE COLLECTION EFFORTS--WHICH, INCIDENTALL.Y, AC-
COUNT FOR ALMOST HALF OF OUR OPERATING BUDGET--
INTO THREE GROUPINGS THAT REFLECT DIFFERENT MEANS
OF ACQUISITION. THE FIRST IS OVERT COLLECTION
WHICH, AS THE NAME SUGGESTS, COVERS INFORMATION
SECURED BY OPEN OR NONCLANDESTINE MEANS,
OVERT COLLECTION INCLUDES THE MONITORING OF
FOREIGN RADIOS, SUCH AS RADIO MOSCOW, RADIO PEKING,
AND THE VOICE OF THE ARABS IN CAIRO, AND THE SCRU-
TINY OF THE WORLD PRESS. EVERY DAY
1,100 HOURS OF FOREIGN BROADCASTS IN 68 LANGUAGES,
SELECTING THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FOR IMMEDIATE TRANS-
LATION AND DISSEMINATION. IN ADDITION 0 RADIO
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MONITORING,I ITRANSLATES MATERIAL
FROM 3,300 FOREIGN NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES. THIS
RADIO AND PRESS COLLECTION PROVIDES MUCH INFORMA-
TION NOT AVAILABLE IN OUR OWN NEWS MEDIA, SUCH AS
THE TEXTS SPEECHES BY FOREIGN LEADERS, AND EXTEN-
SIVE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC MATERIAL. IT ALSO
GIVES INSIGHTS INTO WHAT FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS ARE
TELLING THEIR OWN PEOPLE AND THE WORLD, SUCH AS
SOVIET COMMENT ON THE PRESIDENT'S VISIT TO CHINA
AND THE WAY RADIO HANOI IS HANDLING DEVELOPMENTS
IN THE INDOCHINA WAR.
IN ADDITION, OVERT COLLECTION INCLUDES INFORMA-
TION OBTAINED BY AMERICAN INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZA-
TIONS WHO HAVE SPECIAL CONTACTS ABROAD, OR ACCESS TO
INFORMATION OF INTELLIGENCE INTEREST. WE HAVE SOME
IN MAJOR U.S. CITIES, WHICH CARRY ON THIS
WORK QUITE OPENLY. I WOULD EMPHASIZE THAT THE IN-
FORMATION THESE OFFICES COLLECT PERTAINS TO FOREIGN
COUNTRIES; WE DO NOT GATHER MATERIAL CONCERNING U.S.
ACTIVITIES.
THESE OFFICES CAPITALIZE ON THE WILLINGNESS OF
AN IMPRESSIVE NUMBER OF AMERICAN PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS,
BUSINESS FIRMS AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS TO COOPERATE
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ON A VOLUNTARY BASIS. THESE CONTACTS NOT ONLY SUPPLY
VALUABLE INFORMATION ON FOREIGN ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC
AND COMMERCIAL MATTERS, BUT ALSO HELP IN PURCHASING
SPECIAL ITEMS OF EQUIPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE VALUE.
STILL ANOTHER TYPE OF OVERT COLLECTION CONSISTS
OF THE PROCUREMENT, THROUGH OPEN CHANNELS, OF FOR-
EIGN PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING NEWSPAPERS, BOOKS,
SCHOLARLY JOURNALS, MAPS, AND UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS.
As YOU ALL KNOW, CIA ALSO UNDERTAKES CLANDESTINE
INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION THROUGH OUR. OVERSEAS STATIONS.
THESE COLLECTION OPERATIONS MAY RELY ON AN AGENT PEN-
ETRATION, THE SURREPTITIOUS ACQUISITION OF DOCUMENTS,
THE USE OF AUDIO DEVICES OR "BUGS," OR OFFICIAL LIAI-
SON WITH A FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SERVICE. CLANDESTINE
COLLECTION CAN BE CATEGORIZED BY ITS PURPOSE. IN
CIA, WE USE THE TERM ESPIONAGE TO REFER TO THE COL-
LECTION OF POSITIVE INTELLIGENCE, OR SUBSTANTIVE IN-
FORMATION REGARDING, SAY, SOME FOREIGN POLICY OR IN-
TERNAL POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, THE OUTPUT OF AN IN-
DUSTRIAL PLANT, OR THE CAPABILITY OF A WEAPON SYSTEM,
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WE USE THE TERM COUNTERINTELLIGENCE WHEN WE WORK TO
FRUSTRATE HOSTILE INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION AGAINST
THE U.S. OR OUR ALLIES, OR TO PROTECT OUR PERSONNEL
AND OUR OPERATIONS FROM BEING PENETRATED OR ROLLED
UP BY OTHERS.
A THIRD TYPE OF INTELLIGENCE GATHERING IS
TECHNICAL COLLECTION, WHICH DIVIDES INTO THE INTER-
CEPTION OF ELECTRONIC MESSAGES AND OTHER SIGNALS,
AND OVERHEAD PHOTOGRAPHY.
THE INTERCEPTION OF ELECTRONIC SIGNALS (OR
SIGINT) IS HANDLED MAINLY BY THE NATIONAL SECURITY
AGENCY,
CIA PARTICIPATES ACTIVELY IN THE NATIONAL PRO-
GRAM FOR EXPLOITING PHOTOGRAPHY FOR INTELLIGENCE IN-
FORMATION THROUGH THE NATIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRE-
TATION CENTER--OR NPIC AS WE CALL IT. THIS CENTER IS
ADMINISTERED BY CIA IN CLOSE COLLABORATION WITH THE
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, AND IS JOINTLY STAFFED
BY THE TWO AGENCIES. AS THE NAME SUGGESTS, THE NPIC
EXAMINES FILMS IN DETAIL AND ANALYZES AND INTERPRETS
THE PHOTOGRAPHY AND OTHER IMAGERY. THE WORK OF THE
NPIC FEEDS INTO AND SUPPORTS INTELLIGENCE PRODUCTION
THROUGHOUT THE COMMUNITY.
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I NEED ONLY MENTION THE DETECTION OF THE SOVIET
MEDIUM RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILES IN CUBA IN OCTOBER
1962, TO PROVE HOW ESSENTIAL NPIC IS TO OUR INTELLI-
GENCE EFFORT. YOU MAY ALSO HAVE HEARD OF THE TECH-
MORE RECENTLY, NPIC HAS MADE AN INVALUABLE CON-
TRIBUTION TO THE SUCCESS OF THE STRATEGIC ARMS LIMI-
TATIONS TALKS WITH THE SOVIET UNION. BEFORE EVEN
BEGINNING TALKS, LET ALONE SIGNING THE AGREEMENTS IN
MOSCOW ON MAY 261 OUR POLICY MAKERS NEEDED RELIABLE
INTELLIGENCE CONCERNING THE NUMBERS, CAPABILITIES,
AND DEPLOYMENT OF SOVIET STRATEGIC WEAPONS. THE
LION'S SHARE--BUT BC NO MEANS ALL--OF THIS 'INTELLI-
GENCE WAS DERIVED FROM 1JPIC'S EXHAUSTIVE EXAMINATION
OF PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE SOVIET UNION. THE SOVIETS, OF
COURSE, USE SIMILAR METHODS TO CHECK ON OUR STRATE-
GIC WEAPONS. IN FACT, IT WAS ONLY AFTER EACH SIDE
HAD DEVELOPED THE CAPABILITY TO INSPECT, REGULARLY
AND WITH CONFIDENCE, THE TERRITORY OF THE OTHER
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FROM THE OUTSIDE THAT AN ARMS CONTROL AGREEMENT BE-
CAME POSSIBLE. THE AGREEMENTS SIGNED IN MOSCOW--IN
TYPICAL TREATY LANGUAGE--REFER TO THESE METHODS AS
NATIONAL TECHNICAL MEANS OF VERIFICATION.," AND BIND
BOTH PARTIES NOT TO INTERFERE WITH THEM.
AFTER THE SIGNING OF THE STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITA-
TIONS AGREEMENTS, NPIC'S ROLE ASSUMED EVEN GREATER
IMPORTANCE. THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY NOW HAS THE
TASK OF MONITORING SOVIET COMPLIANCE WITH THE AGREE-
MENTS, AND WE WILL LEAN HEAVILY ON NPIC IN CARRYING
OUT THIS VITAL TASK. OTHER TECHNICAL COLLECTION
SYSTEMS, SUCH AS THE ELECTRONIC SIGNALS (OR SIGINT)
INTERCEPTED BY NSA, AS WELL AS "OLD FASHIONED" HUMAN
SOURCES, WILL ALSO BE CALLED UPON. WE HAVE BEEN PRE-
PARING FOR THIS JOB FOR SOME TIME NOW. I AM CONFI-
DENT THAT THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY CAN ACCUMULATE
THE EVIDENCE AND ACCOMPLISH THE ANALYSIS THAT WOULD
PROVIDE TIMELY WARNING OF A SIGNIFICANT VIOLATION
OF THE AGREEMENTS SIGNED IN MOSCOW.
TO ASSIST THE DIRECTOR IN CARRYING OUT HIS HEAVY
RESPONSIBILITY FOR MONITORING SOVIET COMPLIANCE WITH
THE SALT AGREEMENTS, HE HAS SET UP A SPECIAL COMMIT-
TEE OF USIB PRINCIPALS. THIS COMMITTEE IS CALLED
THE USIB STEERING GROUP ON MONITORING STRATEGIC ARMS
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LIMITATIONS, AND IS CHAIRED BY THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR
OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE. ITS THREE MEMBERS ARE THE
DIRECTOR OF DIA, THE DIRECTOR OF INR FROM STATE, AND
CIA's DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTELLIGENCE. THIS GROUP
IS RESPONSIBLE FOR GUIDANCE TO AND SUPERVISION OF
ALL INTELLIGENCE MONITORING ACTIVITIES REQUIRED UN-
DER THE SALT AGREEMENTS.
THE NEXT PRIMARY MISSION OF CIA IS CO E
ACTION. THIS TERM EMBRACES OPERATIONS AND ACTIVITIES
UNDERTAKEN IN SUPPORT OF U.S. POLICY OBJECTIVES, BUT
IN THE PRESENT STATE OF THE WORLD, WE FACE AD-
VERSARIES WHO HAVE DEPLOYED NUMEROUS AND WORLD WIDE
CLANDESTINE RESOURCES, WHO ARE HIGHLY TRAINED IN THE
TECHNIQUES OF CONSPIRACY AND SUBVERSION, AND WHO CON-
TINUE TO USE THESE RESOURCES TO UNDERMINE UNITED
STATES' INTERESTS.
THERE ARE OCCASIONS WHEN IT IS IMPORTANT FOR
THE UNITED STATES TO COUNTER THESE EFFORTS BY COVERT
ACTION OPERATIONS. THIS IS NOT NECESSARILY BECAUSE
OUR GOVERNMENT WOULD BE ASHAMED OF EITHER ITS OBJEC-
TIVES OR ITS METHODS. IT IS PRIMARILY BECAUSE THE
JOB CAN BE DONE MORE EFFECTIVELY BY COVERT' MEANS,
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COVERT ACTION--WHETHER OF THE POLITICAL OR THE
PARAMILITARY TYPE--FALLS IN THE SHADOWY, TWILIGHT
ZONE OF GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS THAT CONGRESS HAD IN
MIND WHEN IT DIRECTED CIA TO PERFORM "SUCH OTHER
SERVICES" AS THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL MIGHT
DIRECT. OUR CRITICS WOULD HAVE YOU BELIEVE THAT
EVER SINCE CONGRESS GAVE THIS AUTHORITY IN 1947, CIA
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HAS DONE AS IT HAS PLEASED, WITHOUT REGARD TO OFFI-
CIAL POLICIES OR OBJECTIVES OF THE UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT, AND SOMETIMES IN DIAMETRIC OPPOSITION
TO THOSE POLICIES.
THIS IS NOT AT ALL THE CASE. THE FACT IS THAT
WHENEVER THE CIA CARRIES OUT A COVERT ACTION PROGRAM
OVERSEAS, IT IS WITH THE PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE HIGH-
EST LEVELS OF THE GOVERNMENT.
WHILE WE ARE ON THE SUBJECT OF SUPERVISION OF
AGENCY ACTIVITIES I WOULD LIKE TO SAY THAT, CONTRARY
TO GENERAL IMPRESSION, CIA IS SUBJECT TO RESPONSIBLE
AND AUTHORITATIVE SUPERVISION ON A CONTINUING BASIS?
BY INSTRUMENTS OF BOTH THE EXECUTIVE AND.LEGISLATIVE
BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT. IN THE SENATE AND HOUSE
THIS SUPERVISION IS EXERCISED BY SPECIAL SUBCOMMIT-
TEES OF THE APPROPRIATIONS AND ARMED SERVICES COMMIT-
TEES. IN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH, CIA IS UNDER CLOSE
SCRUTINY OF THE PRESIDENT'S FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE AD-
VISORY BOARD, THE OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET,
AND THE VARIOUS COMMITTEES OF THE NEW NATIONAL SECU-
RITY COUNCIL SYSTEM. THESE COMMITTEES PROVIDE AN
EFFECTIVE MECHANISM FOR THE INTEGRATION OF THE
AGENCY'S ACTIVITIES WITH OTHER OVERSEAS OPERATIONS
OF OUR GOVERNMENT.
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OVERSEAS, THE PRINCIPLES OF SUPERVISION AND
ACCOUNTABILITY ARE CONTINUED BY THE COUNTRY TEAMS,
WHERE ALL AGENCIES ATTACHED TO AN EMBASSY., INCLUDING
CIA, OPERATE UNDER THE GENERAL SUPERVISION OF THE
AMBASSADOR,
THE THIRD PRIMARY MISSION OF CIA IS TO PRODUCE
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, AND TO PROVIDE FOR ITS TIMELY
DISSEMINATION TO THE PRESIDENT, THE NATIONAL SECURITY
COUNCIL, AND OTHER TOP POLICY-MAKERS, THIS IS ONE
OF THE PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DIRECTOR OF
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE, AND ALTHOUGH SOME INTELLIGENCE
ANALYSES ARE PREPARED SOLELY WITHIN CIA, A GOOD MANY
OTHERS ARE PRODUCED WITH THE: ASSISTANCE OF OTHER MEM-
BERS OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY,
THE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATES ARE OF THE
LATTER TYPE, TO THOSE OF YOU WHO ARE NOT FAMILIAR
WITH THE NIEs, THEY ARE THE BLUE-COVERED PAPERS
WHERE, BY USING OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF A SITUATION
AND EXISTING DATA AS A BASE LINE, WE TRY TO LOOK
INTO THE FUTURE AND TO ESTIMATE WHAT IS GOING TO
HAPPEN IN SOME PARTICULAR COUNTRY OR ON SOME PARTICU-
LAR TOPIC,
MANY NIEs COVER FAIRLY STANDARD TOPIC'S SUCH AS,
"THE OUTLOOK IN COUNTRY A OR AREA B," HERE WE LOOK
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AHEAD TWO OR THREE YEARS AND DEAL WITH BROAD TRENDS
AND EXPECTED LINES OF POLICY IN THE COUNTRY OR AREA
IN QUESTION.
ANOTHER GROUP OF NIES ARE MORE SPECIALIZED
PAPERS ON THE SOVIET MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT. THESE
ESTIMATES ARE BUILT ON A SOLID BASE OF EVIDENCE)
THEY GO INTO GREATER DETAIL AND GENERALLY LOOK AHEAD
FOR PERIODS UP TO FIVE YEARS. THE PRINCIPAL ONES
FOCUS ON THE USSR's STRATEGIC ATTACK FORCES, AIR DE-
FENSE CAPABILITIES, AND GENERAL PURPOSE FORCES.
THE PRODUCTION OF THREE ANNUAL PAPERS ON THESE TOP-
ICS IS TIMED TO ASSIST IN THE PLANNING OF DEFENSE
FORCE LEVELS AND BUDGETS.
A THIRD TYPE IS THE SPECIAL NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
ESTIMATE, OR SNIE, WHICH IS COMPOSED OF AL HOC PAPERS
ON IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF THE MOMENT, SUCH AS THE EX-
PECTED REACTION TO SOME PROPOSED--BUT AS YET UNAP-
PROVED--COURSE OF ACTION BY THE U.S. As A PURELY
HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE, A SNIE MIGHT ASSESS THE REAC-
TION IF THE U.S. WERE TO INTERVENE IN SOME. FOREIGN
COUNTRY. THE SNIE'S ARE USUALLY REQUESTED BY SOME
POLICY-MAKER, AND,, AS YOU CAN SEE, THEY OFTEN GET
INTO SOME PRETTY SENSITIVE MATTERS.
ALL OF THE NATIONAL ESTIMATES ARE PREPARED UNDER
THE SUPERVISION OF THE BOARD OF NATIONAL ESTIMATES,
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WHICH I MENTIONED EARLIER AS ONE OF OUR NATIONAL IN-
TELLIGENCE ASSETS. THE BOARD AND OFFICE OF NATIONAL
ESTIMATES ARE IN CIA, BUT THEY ASSIST THE DIRECTOR
OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE IN HIS CAPACITY AS THE PRES-
IDENT'S PRINCIPAL INTELLIGENCE OFFICER, NOT AS HEAD
OF CIA. THE NIES ARE NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE. THEY
MUST, THEREFORE, REFLECT THE CONSIDERED JUDGMENT OF
THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY. THIS IS ENSURED THROUGH
THE PARTICIPATION OF ALL APPROPRIATE ELEMENTS OF THE
COMMUNITY, THROUGH CONTRIBUTION OF FACTS AND JUDG-
MENTS, IN THE PREPARATION OF THE ESTIMATE AND ITS
REVIEW BY THE U.S. INTELLIGENCE BOARD. THE OBJECTIVE
OF EACH ESTIMATE IS A CAREFUL AND THOUGHTFUL SET OF
JUDGMENTS WHICH WILL BE OF THE GREATEST POSSIBLE AS-
SISTANCE TO THE POLICY-MAKER AND PLANNER---AND IT IS
PRESENTED AS THE DCI'S ESTIMATE.
IN LATE 1970, WITH NIE 11-8-70 ON SOVIET STRA-
TEGIC FORCES FOR INTERCONTINENTAL ATTACK, WE MADE
WHAT WE BELIEVE TO BE A CONSIDERABLE IMPROVEMENT IN
THE METHOD OF PREPARATION. IF YOU HAVE EVER TRIED
EVEN TO LIFT THIS TOME, YOU KNOW THAT SOMETHING WAS
ADDED.
THE FORMAT, IN FACT, WAS RADICALLY CHANGED TO
MEET SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS EXPRESSED BY SECRETARIES
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ROGERS AND LAIRD, AND DR. KISSINGER. THE EVIDENCE
AND ANALYSIS ARE CONSIDERABLY MORE DETAILED THAN IN
EARLIER EDITI"ONS, AND THE EVIDENCE IS INTERPRETED
SO AS TO PRESENT A WIDER RANGE OF POSSIBILITIES.
IN PROJECTING FUTURE FORCES, IT GAVE ALTERNATIVES
DEPENDING UPON THE DIRECTIONS THAT SOVIET POLICIES
TAKE. DIFFERING VIEWS WITHIN THE INTELLIGENCE COM-
MUNITY WERE SPELLED OUT MORE FULLY.
FURTHERMORE, SOME OF THE MORE DETAILED ANALYSIS
USED IN REACHING THE CONCLUSIONS WAS MADE AVAILABLE
TO THE USER IN ANNEXES APPENDED TO THE BASIC DOCU-
MENT. IN FORMER ESTIMATES, THIS KIND OF DETAIL WAS
EITHER OMITTED ALTOGETHER OR ONLY BRIEFLY SUMMARIZED.
IN SHORT, THE NEW ESTIMATES BETTER ENABLE THE USER
TO JUDGE THE EVIDENCE FOR HIMSELF AND TO UNDERSTAND
THE UNCERTAINTIES INVOLVED.
ANOTHER TYPE OF FINISHED INTELLIGENCE IS CURRENT
INTELLIGENCE. MOST OF YOU ARE PROBABLY FAMILIAR
WITH THIS INTELLIGENCE PRODUCT. IT IS DESIGNED TO
ENSURE THAT THE DECISION MAKER IS WELL INFORMED ON
THE BASIS OF THE LATEST AVAILABLE INFORMATION FROM
ALL SOURCES, ON SIGNIFICANT WORLD DEVELOPMENTS WHICH
MAY AFFECT THE INTERESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. IT
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IS ALSO DESIGNED TO ALERT THE POLICY-MAKER TO AN
INCIPIENT CRISIS. CIA MAINTAINS AN OPERATIONS CEN-
TER WHICH, LIKE HAROLD'S CLUB IN RENO, OPENED YEARS
AGO AND HAS NEVER BEEN CLOSED. THIS MAKES IT POS-
SIBLE TO ALERT OUR PEOPLE TO PRODUCE SPOT CURRENT
INTELLIGENCE OR TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION ON A.24 HOUR
BASIS IN CRITICAL SITUATIONS. THE OPERATIONS CENTER
IS ALSO CONNECTED BY RAPID AND SECURE COMMUNICATIONS
TO THE NATIONAL MILITARY COMMAND CENTER AND THE NA-
TIONAL INDICATIONS: CENTER IN THE PENTAGON ,,.THE STATE
DEPARTMENT OPERATIONS.-CENTER, AND THE WHITE HOUSE
SITUATION ROOM. THE FUNCTION OF THE NATIONAL INDI-
CATIONS CENTER IS TO MAINTAIN AN AROUND THE CLOCK
INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY WATCH FOR INDICATIONS OF FOR-
EIGN-PREPARATIONS TO ATTACK THE U.S., ITS FORCES
OVERSEAS) OR ITS.ALLIES.
CURRENT INTELLIGENCE HAS OFTEN BEEN COMPARED
TO A NEWSPAPER. L BELIEVE THERE IS ONE SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE. CIA's. CURRENT INTELLIGENCE. IS PRODUCED
BY A GROUP OF ANALYSTS WHO ARE EXPERTS IN THEIR
FIELDS AND WHO HAVE ALL SOURCES OF INFORMATION OPEN
TO THEM. CIA's CURRENT INTELLIGENCE IS DISSEMINATED
IN DAILY AND WEEKLY PUBLICATIONS, SPECIAL MEMORANDA,
AND SITUATION REPORTS ON CRISIS TOPICS.
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I WOULD LIKE TO TELL YOU A LITTLE MORE ABOUT
TWO OF OUR REGULAR CURRENT INTELLIGENCE PUBLICA-
TIONS--THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN AND THE
PRESIDENT'S DAILY BRIEF,
THE BULLETIN IS PUBLISHED EVERY MORNING EXCEPT
SUNDAY,, AND IS ISSUED IN THREE EDITIONS, EACH DE-
SIGNED TO.-MEET THE NEEDS OF A PARTICULAR READERSHIP.
ONE OF THESE.,-THE "BLACK". EDITION, WHICH CONTAINS
MATERIAL OF VERY HIGH CLASSIFICATION, IS DESIGNED
FOR THE TOP POLICY-MAKERSI IT IS RESTRICTED TO IN-
TELLIGENCE ON THE MOST IMPORTANT ISSUES, AND GOES
TO ABOUT 35 SENIOR OFFICIALS. THE OTHER TWO EDI-
TIONS DO NOT CONTAIN SUCH SENSITIVE MATERIAL, AND
ARE FLESHED OUT WITH ITEMS OF LESS URGENCY FOR A-
MORE GENERAL AUDIENCE. THESE OTHER EDITIONS GET A
MUCH LARGER DISTRIBUTION THROUGH THE MIDDLE AND
LOWER ECHELONS OF THE GOVERNMENT I
THE UL N CONTAINS FULLY COORDINATED INTEL-
LIGENCE ALTHOUGH CIA PREPARES THE DRAFTS AND DOES
THE PRINTING AND DISSEMINATION, THE ITEMS REPRESENT
THE COORDINATED VIEWS OF CIA, DIA, AND THE STATE
.DEPARTMENT-. THE COORDINATION PROCESS WORKS SMOOTHLY,
AND WE SELDOM HAVE DISSENTING VIEWS EXPRESSED IN
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FOOTNOTES. NEVERTHELESS, THE FOOTNOTE MACHINERY IS
STILL THERE TO USE IF DIFFERENCES PROVE TO BE IN-
TRACTAB.LE.
THE PRESIDENTS DAILY BRIEF, ALSO PUBLISHED
SIX DAYS A WEEK, IS CONSTRUCTED MOSTLY FROM THE CO-
ORDINATED ITEMS PREPARED FOR THE BULLETIN,, WE HAVE
MADE EVERY EFFORT TO TAILOR DAILY BRIEF COVERAGE
AND STYLE TO THE INTERESTS OF PRESIDENT NIXON, EVEN
PRINTING IT ON THE LEGAL-SIZE PAPER SO FAMILIAR TO
A FORMER LAWYER.
MORE SERIOUSLY, WE PRINT OUR VIEWS AND ANALY-
SIS--AS DISTINCT FROM FACTUAL REPORTING--IN ITALICS,
THIS SERVES THE DOUBLE PURPOSE OF HIGHLIGHTING OUR
THINKING AND OF MAKING IT PERFECTLY CLEAR WHERE
REPORTING DATA END AND ANALYSIS BEGINS. WE HAVE
ALSO INCLUDED A CONSIDERABLE QUANTITY OF EXTREMELY
SENSITIVE MATERIAL THAT CANNOT BE USED IN ANY OF OUR
OTHER PUBLICATIONS, THIS MAKES IT A TRULY ALL-SOURCE
VEHICLE, AND UNQUESTIONABLY A MORE SIGNIFICANT INTEL-
LIGENCE DOCUMENT FOR THE HIGHEST POLICY LEVEL.
ANOTHER TYPE OF INTELLIGENCE PRODUCTION COM-
PRISES THE RESEARCH STUDY, THESE STUDIES COVER A
WIDE VARIETY OF TOPICS--FOR EXAMPLE, AN ANALYSIS OF
THE VARIOUS SECTORS OF THE SOVIET ECONOMY, THE OIL
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INDUSTRY IN IRAN, OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LASERS IN
FRANCE, THE STUDIES ARE OFTEN PRODUCED IN RESPONSE
TO SPECIFIC REQUESTS FROM THE WHITE HOUSE, THE SEC-
RETARIES OF STATE AND DEFENSE, OR THEIR SENIOR OFFI-
CERS,
FINALLY, OUR PRODUCTION INCLUDES WHAT' WE CALL
BASIC INTELLIGENCE. THIS IS A DURABLE TYPE OF BREAD-
AND-BUTTER FACT YOU FIND IN THE NATIONAL INTELLI-
GENCY SURVEY--THE RAILROAD SYSTEM, THE CAPACITY OF
THE PORTS, THE POLICE MACHINERY, THE MILITARY FORCES
OF A PARTICULAR COUNTRY. AS THE NAME IMPLIES, THE
NIS IS THE RESULT OF A WIDE COLLABORATION OF DIFFER-
ENT PARTS OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY.
THESE, THEN, ARE SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL VEHICLES
THROUGH WHICH OUR FINISHED INTELLIGENCE REACHES THE
POLICY-MAKERS WHO NEED IT.
AS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL INTELLI-
GENCE AGENCY, CIA IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR PRINCIPAL
GROUPINGS--REFERRED TO AS DIRECTORATES--AND SEVERAL
STAFF OR SPECIAL FUNCTIONS, THE HEADS OF WHICH REPORT
DIRECTLY TO THE DIRECTOR. AN EXAMPLE Or THE LATTER
IS THE OFFICE OF NATIONAL ESTIMATES WHICH I REFERRED
TO EARLIER.
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NOW FOR THE DIRECTORATES, THE DDI, OR INTELLI-
GENCE DIRECTORATE, IS THE PRINCIPAL PRODUCER OF
FINISHED SUBSTANTIVE INTELLIGENCE. THIS DIRECTORATE
INCLUDES FUNCTIONAL OFFICES RESPONSIBLE FOR CURRENT
INTELLIGENCE, ECONOMIC RESEARCH AND STRATEGIC (MILI-
TARY) RESEARCH, WHICH PROVIDE THE MUSCLE FOR THE
PRODUCTION PROCESS. THE DDI IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE
FOR OVERT COLLECTION AND FOR ADMINISTERING THE NA-
TIONAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION CENTER.
THE NEXT DIRECTORATE IS THE DDP OR PLANS Dj-
................
RECTORATE WHICH IS ANOTHER WAY OF REFERRING TO THE
CIA's CLANDESTINE SERVICES. THEY CONDUCT ESPIONAGE,
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE AND COVERT ACTION OPERATIONS.
THE DDP IS ORGANIZED IN A SERIES OF AREA DIVISIONS,
SIMILAR TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT'S REGIONAL BUREAUS,
IT HAS STAFFS FOR SPECIALIZED MATTERS SUCH AS PARA-
MILITARY OPERATIONS, COVERT ACTION AND COIJNTERINTEL-
LIGENCE. THE DIRECTORATE ALSO OPERATES OUR CLANDES-
TINE UNITS ABROAD, WHICH WE CALL "STATIONS," THE
PLANS DIRECTORATE AND THE CHIEFS OF OUR OVERSEAS STA-
TIONS SUPPORT THE DIRECTOR IN HIS RESPONSIBILITY FOR
CO-ORDINATING THE COVERT COLLECTION OPERATIONS WHICH
ARE CONDUCTED BY OTHER U.S. INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS,
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........................... .
THE DIRECTORATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, AS
THE NAME SUGGESTS, CONCENTRATES ON THE SCIENTIFIC
AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF OUR INTELLIGENCE ACTIVI-
TIES, INCLUDING HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED TECHNICAL
COLLECTION OPERATIONS, TOGETHER WITH THE RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT SUPPORTING SUCH ACTIVITIES, AS WELL
AS THE PRODUCTION OF SUBSTANTIVE INTELLIGENCE ON
THE S&T CAPABILITIES OF FOREIGN NATIONS, THIS DI-
RECTORATE ALSO HOUSES OUR CENTRAL ELECTRONIC COM-
PUTER CENTER.
THE FOURTH DIRECTORATE IS THE SUPPORT DIRECTORATE,.
WHICH EMBRACES THE VERY IMPORTANT AND HIGHLY SPECIALIZED
SUPPORT SERVICES, SUCH AS SECURITY, COMMUNICATIONS,
TRAINING, PERSONNEL, FINANCE, LOGISTICS, PRINTING
AND THE HOUSEKEEPING FUNCTIONS.
BEFORE CLOSING, I WOULD LIKE TO MENTION TWO OTHER
WAYS IN WHICH CIA AND THE REST OF THE INTELLIGENCE
COMMUNITY PROVIDE THE INTELLIGENCE INPUT FOR THE
POLICY-MAKING PROCESS. WE DO THIS, I WOULD STRESS,
WITHOUT PARTICIPATING IN SUBSTANTIVE DEBATES CON-
CERNING POLICY POSITIONS.
ONE WAY WE PARTICIPATE IS THROUGH THE NATIONAL
SECURITY COUNCIL APPARATUS, AND THE PRODUCTION OF
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NATIONAL SECURITY STUDY MEMORANDA--WHAT WE HAVE COME
TO CALL NSSMS. THIS PROCESS ENABLES US TO CARRY OUT
OUR ADVISORY AND POLICY SUPPORT ROLE IN A DIRECT
FASHION AND AT A LEVEL PREVIOUSLY RATHER UNUSUAL
FOR THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY.
WELL OVER A HUNDRED OF THESE NSSMS HAVE BEEN
COMMISSIONED, AND CIA PARTICIPATED IN THE GREAT MA-
JORITY OF THEM. THESE STUDIES RANGE FROM HIGHLY
SPECIFIC PROJECTS, SUCH AS U.S. POLICY TOWARD SPAIN,
TO LENGTHY AND WIDE-RANGING STUDIES OF CHOICES FOR
THE U.S. STRATEGIC POSTURE. SOME, LIKE THE WORLD
OIL PROBLEM, HAVE SHORT, CRISIS-LIKE DEADLINES,
WHILE OTHERS GO ON FOR THE BEST PART OF A YEAR.
OUR FUNCTION IN THIS PROCESS IS TO SUPPLY THE
INTELLIGENCE FACTS AND MAKE THE INTELLIGENCE JUDG-
MENTS WHICH GO INTO THE ARRAY OF POLICY OPTIONS WHICH
A NSSM IS DESIGNED TO PRESENT TO THE PRESIDENT. THESE
EFFORTS HAVE COME TO TAKE A CONSIDERABLE SLICE OF OUR
TIME, ESPECIALLY THAT OF OUR SENIOR OFFICERS. IN MY
VIEW, HOWEVER, THIS NEW PROCEDURE OF INVOLVING INTEL-
LIGENCE IN THE POLICY-MAKING MACHINERY MAKES FOR A
MUCH FULLER USE OF THE COMMUNITY'S CAPABILITIES. WE
ARE, TO USE TODAY'S JARGON, MORE RELEVANT.
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LASTLY, THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
IS CALLED UPON TO BRIEF THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUN-
CIL ITSELF ON THE INTELLIGENCE ASPECTS OF ISSUES TO
BE DISCUSSED. SHORTLY AFTER THE NIXON ADMINISTRA-
TION TOOK OFFICE, THERE WERE THREE SUCH BRIEFINGS
ON THREE SUCCESSIVE DAYS. I MIGHT ADD THAT SCHED-
ULES OF NSC MEETINGS ARE HIGHLY TENTATIVE, AND
WHILE WE CAN GUESS AS MUCH AS 10 DAYS AHEAD OF
TIME THAT A BRIEFING WILL BE REQUIRED ON A GIVEN
SUBJECT, THE PRECISE GROUND THE BRIEFING IS TO
COVER HAS OFTEN EMERGED FROM A SERIES OF TELEPHONE
CALLS GIVING AS LITTLE AS 12 TO 24 HOURS OF LEAD.
TIME. FURTHERMORE, THE COUNCIL--AND DR. KISSINGER
IN PARTICULAR--.IS EXTREMELY FOND OF VISUAL AIDS.
OUR GRAPHICS SHOP HAS BURNED A LOT OF MIDNIGHT OIL.
I HOPE THAT YOU HAVE GATHERED FROM MY REMARKS
THAT THE ROLE OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY IN RELA-
TIONS TO NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY IS BOTH EXTENSIVE
AND IMPORTANT. IT CALLS FOR A LOT OF HARD WORK FROM
THE DEDICATED MEN AND WOMEN WHO STAFF THE VARIOUS COM-
PONENTS OF THE COMMUNITY. AS HAS OFTEN BEEN POINTED
OUT, OUR FAILURES GET WIDE PUBLICITY AND OUR SUCCESSES
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TOP SECRET
GENERALLY GO UNHERALDED. EVERY NOW AND THEN, HOW-
EVER, WE GET A "WELL-DONE" FROM THOSE WHO REALLY
COUNT, WE INTEND TO CONTINUE TO MERIT THEIR TRUST
AND CONFIDENCE.
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