REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION BY BRIGADIER GENERAL JULIUS KLEIN SPECIAL CONSULTANT TO SUBCOMMITTEE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 102
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 12, 2002
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: October 1, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

83D CONGRESSI
2d Session f
REPORT
ON
EUROPEAN MISSION
BY
BRIGADIER GENERAL JULIUS . KLEI.N
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
UNITED STATES SENATE
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1955
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
STYLES BRIDGES, New Hampshire, Chairman
HOMER FERGUSON, Michigan CARL HAYDEN, Arizona
GUY GORDON, Oregon RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia
LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, Massachusetts DENNIS CHAVEZ, New Mexico
MILTON R. YOUNG, North Dakota ALLEN J. ELLENDER, SR., Louisiana
WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND, California LISTER HILL, Alabama
EDWARD J. THYE, Minnesota HARLEY M. KILGORE, West Virginia
JOSEPH R. McCARTHY, Wisconsin JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas
KARL E. MUNDT, South Dakota A. WILLIS ROBERTSON, Virginia
MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Washington
HENRY C. DWORSHAK, Idaho
EVERETT McKINLEY DIRKSEN, Illinois
EVERARD H. SMITH, Chief Clerk
SUBCOMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES
HOMER FERGUSON, Michigan, Chairman
STYLES BRIDGES, New Hampshire CARL HAYDEN, Arizona
LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, Massachusetts RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia
WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND, California DENNIS CHAVEZ, New Mexico
MILTON R. YOUNG, North Dakota LISTER HILL, Alabama
EDWARD J. THYE, Minnesota JOHN L. McCLELLAN, Arkansas
GUY CORDON, Oregon
MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine
Ex OFFICIO MEMBERS FROM ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE
RALPH E. FLANDERS. Vermont HARRY F. BYRD, Virginia
ROBERT C. HENDRICKSON, New Jersey
GORDON A. NEASE, Clerk to Subcommittee
JOHN J. GAINES, Assistant
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
HOn. STYLES BRIDGES,
Chairman, Committee on Appropriations,
United States Senate, Washington, D. C.
Hon. HOMER FERGUSON,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Armed Services,
Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate,
Washington, D. 0.
DEAR MR. CHAIRMEN AND MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE : Transmit-
ted herewith is my report on a study mission to Europe, during Sep-
tember and October of this year. In conducting this mission, I visited
Great Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German
Democratic Republic, the Saar, Austria, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland,
Holland, Spain, Luxembourg, Scandinavia, and the Vatican. Seek-
ing to obtain a balanced picture of the European scene, I talked in-
formally with political leaders, both government and opposition,
military authorities, leading figures in European industry and busi-
ness, religious leaders, journalists, and other authorities, American
civil and military officials, American businessmen, and newspapermen
working abroad. I also made it a.point to talk to the average citizen,
the "man in the street." My primary purpose was to procure infor-
mation to aid in the formulation and execution of a policy in Europe
which would operate in the best interests of the United States, while
furthering the welfare of individual European nations. The vital
importance of the topic of study makes necessary the unusual length
of this report.
I submit herewith a summary of the information I gathered and
accompanying personal comments and suggestions. Inasmuch as this
is a factual and interpretive report, no attempt has been made to
anticipate developments in the rapidly moving European situation,
although it is my hope that the findings herein will be valuable in
appraising events subsequent to the date of their preparation.
I wish to acknowledge with appreciation the assistance given me
overseas by American civil and military officials.
I also wish to commend associates and members of my staff in the
United States who aided me in analyzing the material which I pro-
,cured and in the final preparation of my report.
Sincerely yours,
Consultant, Committee on A JHLIUS KLEIN,
tee on Armed Services, Cmmittee2Oon and
pp op roprimatinvit-
United States Senate. ons,
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 rr' ~
Approved For Release 200.2/11/15,1- CrA-FZDP80R01731R000500520015-8
Y ?
CONTENTS
See. Page
I. Authority---------------------------------------------------- 1
II. Introduction - - -- - - ----- - - -------- 2
III. Survey findings----------------------------------------------- 3
IV. Conclusions and recommendations_______________________________ 45
APPENDIX
I. Announcement of General Klein's appointment -----------------
II. Communication to Senators Bridges and Ferguson______________
III. The European scene_________________________________________
IV. The French scene___________________________________________
V. The German scene__________________________________________
VI. The political parties of Germany____________________________
VII. Analysis of the stresses and strains on the Bonn coalition________
VIII. Excerpts from testimony of General Klein before Senate Judiciary
Subcommittee on Return of Confiscated Property-------------
IX. The Italian scene___________________________________________
X. Austria ------------------------------- 7--------------------
XI. The Benelux countries_______________________________________
XII. Scandinavia------------------------------------------------
XIII. American press reaction to EDC collapse_______________________
XIV. Foreign comment on EDC collapse____________________________
X V. Press reaction before the nine-power conference_________________
XV I. Press reaction following the nine-power conference---------------
56
56
59'
62:
64.
68.
72-
75
78
80
81
83
85
89
91
96
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release /11/1'5: CIA-RDP80R01731R0005000015-8
On August 30, a few days before my scheduled departure for Eu-
rope, American hopes for the establishment of a united Western de-
fense structure were dealt a stunning blow when the French National
Assembly rejected the European Defense Community (EDC) Treaty.
The next day, September 1, brought a telegram from Senators Bridges
and Ferguson redefining my assignment. It read in part :
In view of changed conditions as a result of the defeat by France of the EDC
plan on August 30, which is a serious blow to the nations of the West and for
the present means the collapse of current hopes for EDC ratification we have
changed our plans relative to making the proposed European survey with relation
to our armed services. Therefore, on your trip to Europe we would be interested
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
SECTION I. AUTHORITY
Solidification of Europe into a common defense entity has been a
cardinal goal of United States military and political policy since the
first postwar manifestations of Russian imperialist expansion.
In June 1948, by an overwhelming vote of 64 to 4 in the 80th Con-
gress, the Senate adopted the Vandenberg resolution which called for
"the association of the United States, by constitutional process, with
such regional and other collective agreements as are based on continu-
ance and effective self-help and mutual aid, and as affects its basis for
national security." The Congress reaffirmed this policy when it in-
cluded in the Mutual Security Act of 1952 the following declaration :
"The Congress believes it essential that this act should be so admin-
istered as to support concrete measures for political federation, mili-
tary integration, and economic unification in Europe." In the Mutual
Security Act of 1953, approximately half the authorized military aid
to Europe was reserved for the proposed European Defense Com-
munity.
On August 11, 1954, in a period when efforts to achieve America's
major objective in Western Europe appeared to have reached a criti-
cal stage, I received a communication from-Senators Styles Bridges
(chairman, Committee on Appropriations) and Homer Ferguson
(chairman, Subcommittee on Armed Services, Committee on Appro-
priations), asking me to proceed to Europe as a nonpaid consultant to
the Armed Services Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Com-
mittee. The letter said in part :
This letter will confirm your appointment as special consultant to the Armed
Services Subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee of the United States
Senate. As consultant for the committee, you will plan to be in Europe to survey
personally conditions with relation to our armed services. You are to report only
to the Armed Services Subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee upon your
return and on the completion of your report. Your final report and conclusions
will be submitted in time for the committee to study your findings before the be-
We are notifying the Department of Defense, Department of State, and Depart-
ment of the Army of your mission. We are gratified that you are willing to
assume this service and appreciate your public spirit which prompts you to
volunteer your services for this assignment.
 App ed For Release 2002/11/15: CIA,-,RD R01731R000500520015-8
2 REPORT ON EUROPEAN M ,ION
in having you individually survey the resulting effect of the action of France in
the defeat of the EDC plan and confer with us on your return. Best wishes on
your trip.
Senator Bridges supplemented this communication orally soon after
its dispatch. Deeply concerned by the turn of events in Europe, the
Senator expressed the hope that in my visit to Europe I try to ascer-
tain, insofar as possible, the after effects of the French action, with
special reference to their meaning for the United States. He stressed
particularly the importance of sampling the widest possible range of
public opinion abroad to determine not only the viewpoints of Euro-
pean government leaders but the sentiments of as much of the average
citizenry as might prove accessible.
With this injunction in mind, I proceeded to Europe on September
3, 1954.
SECTION II. INTRODUCTION
The two World Wars of our century have had their origin in Euro-
pean frictions and rivalries. Whatever the alternatives for the United
States, we ultimately became involved, at immense costs in blood and
treasure. Now, even more appalling to contemplate is the hard fact
that these vast struggles have brought us to the threshhold of events
on whose turning may depend the very survival of civilization.
Since the breathing spell that followed World War II, Western
Europe has been the fulcrum of a delicate power balance between East
and West. Locked in alternately hot and cold war with Communist
imperialism, the United States has wanted this area free, secure, and
self-reliant. The Soviet Union has sought to lure it into Communist
enslavement or, at the very least, to keep it divided and impotent.
I therefore set upon my mission for the committee to study the post-
EDC European scene with a view toward determining such facts as
would have relevance for American policy and American interests ;
i. e., what the United States could expect from Western Europe in
terms of united defense, not only against military aggression but
against Communist political and economic penetration.
Though on an authorized mission, I traveled as "a roving reporter"
to interview and not to be interviewed ; to talk to people on an informal
basis so that I, in turn, could report back to the Senate Appropriations
Committee on as frank and complete a basis as possible. I seldom
made use of the authority given me by the committee, feeling that as
an ordinary citizen who has spent many years as a foreign correspond-
ent in Europe, I was in an advantageous position to place those to
whom I talked at ease and so enable me to obtain detailed facts.
As former President Herbert Hoover eloquently pointed out in his
address of December 20, 1950:
"* * * the prime obligation of defense of western Continental Europe rests
upon the nations of Europe. * * * They have more manpower and more pro-
ductive capacity today than in either one of those wars. To warrant our further
aid they should show they have the spiritual strength and unity to avail them,
selves of their own resources. But it must be far more than pacts, conferences,
paper promises, and declarations.
What of the important unity to which President Hoover referred?
It was the hope of United States policy through the European Defense
Community (EDC) to erect an effective, cohesive force to oppose
Soviet advancement in Western Europe. The collapse of the EDC,
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2 11(,15: CIA-RDP80RO1731R000500515-8
RET ON EUROPEAN MISSION 3
signaled by the French Parliament's rejection made necessary a re-
assessment of American European policy.
The principal questions involved were the raising, training, arming,
and maintaining of a European force sufficient to deter Soviet aggres-
sion and bring about the development of amicable inter-Allied rela-
tionships, particularly between France and Germany. It was needful
to insure the effective unity of such a force, at the same time eliminat-
ing any future danger of a German militaristic threat. In early
September of this year with the signing of the Manila Pact setting
up the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), a defense
structure was agreed upon for the Far East. This pact implements
a recognition that our defense strategy must be global, a fact long
emphasized even by those whose primary attention has been directed
toward Asia.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur, whose years of experience have covered
all phases of our defense problems, has stressed repeatedly the im-
portance of our European flank. Out of his recognition of the global
nature of Communist aggression, he wrote to Speaker Martin on
March 20, 1951, sounding this warning :
It seems strangely difficult for some to realize that here in Asia is where the
Communist conspirators have elected to make their play for global conquest,
and that we have joined the issue thus raised on the battlefield ; that here we
fight Europe's war with arms while the diplomats there still fight it with words;
that if we lose the war to communism in Asia, the fall of Europe is inevitable.
Win it and Europe most probably would avoid war and yet preserve freedom.
We must win. There is no substitute for victory.
One month later, in his historic address to the United States Con-
gress on April 19,1951, General MacArthur again reminded the Amer-
ican people that-
These issues are global, and so interlocked that to consider the problem of
one sector oblivious to those of another is to court disaster for the whole. While
Asia is commonly referred to as the gateway to Europe, it is no less true that
Europe is the gateway to Asia, and the broad influence of the one cannot fail to
have its impact upon the other. There are those who claim that our strength
is inadequate to protect ourselves on both fronts, that we cannot divide our effort.
I can think of no greater expression of defeatism.
I undertook my study of our vital European flank, highly conscious
of these admonitions by my old Pacific commander.
SECTION III. SURVEY FINDINGS
The defense of the free world requires not only the creation of
requisite armed strength but understanding by the free peoples of
the threat that confronts them and a willingness to fight if aggression
is forced upon them.
Europe, in the period of the French defeat of EDC, was a ship
without a helmsman. The magnitude of the Communist peril was
remote from the consciousness of the people. Europe's political
leadership was in default of its most basic obligations : it had failed
to identify Soviet Russia-with international communism as one of
its most effective weapons-as the sole threat to peace and the survival
of freedom and it had failed to develop an informed, alert public
opinion, ready and willing to cope with this menace through common
action. In the absence of resolute leadership, there was growing pub-
lic susceptibility to Communist peace appeals and coexistence blandish-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Appimved For Release -2002/11/15: CiA;RQR01731 R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN M ON
ments. As public opinion tended more and more to accept these
Communist lures, Europe's leaders shied away even more pronounc-
edly from their duty to expose these deceptions to the people. These
leaders had come to fear that they would be exposed to charges of
warmongering if they made any attempt to give their people the true
meaning of the blandishments by which communism sought to lull us
into a false sense of security by propaganda stressing peace and co-
existence.
The dilemma to which European leadership had come was imme-
diately apparent at the point where my survey began.
EDC
On October 12, 1954, the French National Assembly by a vote of
350 to 113 (152 abstaining) sustained France's participation in the
London Agreement of October 3. French acceptance of this 11th-
hour substitute for the defeated EDC plan gave rise to new hopes
for the establishment of a unified defense structure for Western Eu-
rope. Yet the circumstances attending the death of EDC and the
birth of Western European Union were such as to give pause to the
United States. In our quest for peace, freedom and security, we
must necessarily assess our future European policies in the light of
European thought patterns observable in the past. It was neces-
sary, therefore, to examine the underlying factors of French ]policy
and public opinion which led to the rejection of EDC while gaining at
least tentative acceptance of the decisions reached later in London.
One of the first questions to come to an American mind was whether
the overriding needs of Western security might induce France to sub-
ordinate her historic fear and distrust of Germany to an accord by
which both nations might achieve greater safety against Soviet Rus-
sian encroachment. In seeking answers to this and many other ques-
tions, I spoke with the Mendes-France group, held extended discus-
sions with some of the Premier's closest advisers, with opposition
parliamentarians, with French and American journalists and with
American diplomatic and military officials. In France, as elsewhere
in Europe, I availed myself of every opportunity to speak with aver-
age French citizens in an effort to assess public opinion.
The EDC plan rejected by the French National Assembly on August
30,1954, was first advanced by French statesmen in May of 1952. This
concept had its origin in 1951, when conversations between the United
States and France developed the thesis that, under mounting pres-
sures from world communism, the defense of Western Europe must
ultimately be imperiled if Western Germany were permitted to re-
main a military vacuum. The likelihood that this view would gain
increasing acceptance in the West impelled the French to advance a
plan devised by Rene Pleven and Jean Monnet which accepted the re-
armament of Germany, provided this could be accomplished within
the framework of a united Western European community. As formu-
lated by Pleven and Monnet, the EDC plan at its inception was not
solely a military program but was understood by the French as a step
toward the unification of Western Europe. Thus a document which
created an impression in the United States that Europe stood on the
threshold of military unity was, in actuality, a plan for the political
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/1.1/15 : CIA RDP80ROl731R000500520015-8
R #T. ONv EUROPEAN MISSION 05,
integration of Western Europe. Conceived on the political.plane, it
met with instant resistance among French military circles and political
opposition parties including the Communists, who seized on the plan
as an issue to be used in exploiting Soviet objectives in France. On
the other end of the political pole, nationalist elements in France
joined widespread clamor against the proposal as well. It was de-
nounced as a surrender of French sovereignty, the charge was made
that French troops would ultimately come under German command.
Anxiety mounted in France when rumors were circulated that under
the Pleven plan, the proposed European Army would include 12
active and 12 reserve German divisions while the French contribution
would be limited to 5 active divisions with another 7 in reserve.
Against the cry that Germany would control the proposed European
Army, the authors of the EDC plan did not defend their text before
the French Assembly nor did they undertake to explain it to the
French public.
In fact, during the debate on EDC, ex-Premier Paul Reynaud
pointed out that it was the first time in French parliamentary history
that a treaty had been rejected without the author (ex-Premier Rene
for it. The a-u-~
Pleven) or
thorn o the signer did, ' give assurances to their American
thorn of the plan dihowever' b
friends that the plan would be accepted. Seasoned American diplo-~
matic personnel to whom I talked remain convinced that a parlia-
mentary majority could have been mustered for the EDC plan in the
French National Assembly. On the other hand, French Government
leaders insisted that French public opinion was completely opposed
to it. In any event, the United States Government, which had come
to repose its hopes on acceptance of the EDC by Western Europe,
was unaware of the existing obstacles in France because French lead-
ership at that time sought to foster the impression of forthcomin,
approval rather than risk the displeasure of the 'United States and
interruption of the substantial aid they were receiving.
A cardinal factor in French reluctance to accept EDC was the re-
fusal of Great Britain to participate in this defense arrangement to
the extent of making actual troop commitments. The views of British'
Socialists had a decided impact on the Socialists of France, half of
whose 100 deputies in the National Assembly refused to campaign for
EDC. The French in general found it impossible to understand why
the British Government felt free to advise France to affiliate with
EDC when Britain found such a step unsuitable for herself. For
their part, the French insisted that full British participation in EDC
was essential, there being a conviction in France that not only would
Britain's affiliation bolster French defense policy and strengthen the
defense community itself but also-and most important-Britain's
presence in EDC councils would constitute an effective checkrein on
German militarism. Since the time of Clemenceau, French political
leadership has been convinced that France cannot deal effectively
with Germany without the participation of Great Britain and the
United States. In the case of Britain in particular, the French see
their cross-channel neighbors as indispensable partners in any asso-
ciation where a revivified Germany exists as a threat.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01734R000500520015-8
60 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MI ON
French views on security
While French political leaders today draw a distinction between
German soldiers and the German people as such, two world wars, in
addition to French history books, have left the contemporary French
generation with an indelible distrust of armed Germans. Frenchmen
in all walks of life to whom I talked saw in the supranational features
of EDC a danger that France would become an auxiliary of Germany
in a system dominated by Germany and used for German objectives.
Particularly, they feared that West Germany might one day press
for unification on a scale that would bring it into armed conflict
with the Soviets, thus placing France in the position of taking up
arms in support of a purely German objective. As against their per;
spective on Germany, based on memories of 3 disastrous invasions
of French soil within 85 years, France has had no comparable experi-
ence at the hands of Soviet militarism. Consequently, fear of Ger-
many is much more real and personal to the French than any "abstract"
Soviet threat. One opposition French senator, a member of the MRP
Party (consisting mostly of Catholics and Conservatives) went so far
as to voice the prediction that in the event of a German military
threat, the French would probably rally behind a Communist govern-
ment in defense against the historical German danger, thus illustrat-
ing graphically the greater fear of German militarism than of Commu-
nist imperialism.
The French were inclined to dismiss the value of 12 German divi-
sions in a European defense force as a significant deterrent to Com-
munist aggression. Even if German contingents were added to the
existing forces at the disposal of Western Europe, they held, the
Russians and their satellites would still command a vast preponder-
ance of military manpower in Europe. Frenchmen told me that
their country has no desire to participate in any military effort to
liberate Soviet captive nations in Eastern and Central Europe. As
the French saw it, the real deterrent to a Russian military adventure
is America's arsenal of nuclear weapons and her capability for swift
and deadly retaliation upon Soviet soil.
The irony inherent in French fear of German rearmament is that
the EDC, as originally proposed and accepted by Chancellor Ade-
nauer, would have prevented the formation of an independent German
army, while the Brussels Pact, which through the London Agreement
is extended to include the Federal Republic of Germany, empowers
Germany to build a national military force.
Economic fears
French qualms over Germany's reemergence as a significant factor
in Europe is by no means limited to military considerations. As is
the case with other European countries, France finds cause for con-
cern in the rapid economic progress which Germany, a completely
vanquished nation in 1945, has been able to achieve. This recovery
has now reached a point where the Germans are competing success-
fully with their former enemies for colonial and other world markets
and are gaining these markets because of their superior industrial
organization and productive capacity. It is generally recognized that
one reason. for Germany's rapid economic climb has been that the
victors of World War II are still expending time, effort and treasure
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 c
Approved For Release 2 /11/15: CIA-RD~>3OR01731R00050051015-8
RE ORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 7,
for the production of arms while the Germans have been in the
position of maintaining a nonmilitary economy.
I found from reliable sources that jealousy of German economic
recovery has resulted in flirtations between French businessmen and
the Soviets on trade with the Communist bloc. Also contributing
to this is the observation in French commercial circles that the British
are gainfully trading with the Communists, especially in the Far East.
Neutralism in France
With an economy bled by the Indochina fighting, and facing con-
tinuing eruptions in its colonial areas, the French ]lave become in-
creasingly receptive to suggestions from both domestic and foreign
sources for a modus vivendi with the East.
French soil is dotted with NATO air bases and a variety of supply
-: and ammunition depots. The strategic significance of these installa-
tions is not lost on the French. The omnipresent fear that in the
event of a third world war Europe will be a major battlefield, and
France a priority target, has heightened French sentiment for con-
tinuing efforts to explore the possibility of a peaceful settlement with
Russia. This is by no means a view peculiar to the French Commu-
nists but is held even by anti-Communist elements in France. Com-
munist propaganda, however, has been quick to exploit this general
fear. American aims have been widely distorted as "warlike," Amer-
ican diplomacy has been accused of "meddling" and unguarded state-
ments of American politicians have been enlarged far beyond their,
actual significance to depict the United States as "aggressive" in
intent. While the international proportions of Soviet imperialism
have come to be somewhat more clearly realized as a result of the
Indochinese war, notably as a result of the tragic Dienbienphu defeat,
there still remains a substantial body of thought which is convinced
that the Soviet drive for world conquest is for the most part an
American propaganda myth.
The Mendes-France Approach
The French contend that a heavy military budget is a detriment
to their recovery and economic viability. They have come to believe
that their country cannot safely enter into a close relationship with
Germany until their economic house has been set in order and until the
French economy is operating at full effectiveness. This principle has
been most eloquently articulated by Premier Mendes-France, who has
set about to institute a series of economic reforms which would remove
the shackles of "protectionism" that have been imposed on the French
domestic economy over a long period of time. While meeting with
some opposition, Mendes-France, at the time of my visit, enjoyed im-
mense popularity and appeared to be the first national leader to have
captured the imagination of the French people in many years. He is
admired above all as a realist. Charged by some with having many
left-wingers among his closest advisers, he has publicly rejected Com-
munist support and has argued that his program to revive France's
economic virility is the most practical means of checking Communist
influence in his country.
While Mendes-France has stated that he realizes that external aid
for France cannot be considered as permanent, he nevertheless has
iterated that France, in order to participate fully as America's ally,
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Ap ved For Release 26&6-16/185 :CIA-RD
OR01731R000500520015-8
needs United States military aid. Mendes-France also is cognizant
of his country's value to us outside of Europe; i. e., the strategic
location of military bases in French overseas possessions.
Communist In fluence in France
Meanwhile, it cannot be overlooked that France has the second
largest Communist party on this side of the Iron Curtain. The party
polled more than 5 million votes (1 out of every 4) in the 1950 election
and seated 103 deputies in the Parliament. It has consistently and
obediently pursued Soviet objectives. It has played indefatigably on
innate French fear and distrust of Germany, seeking by every means
to block any effort at Franco-German reconciliation and the cementing
of ties with the United States and the Free West. It has depicted
proposals for German inclusion in a Western European defense ar-
rangement-whether through EDC, an expanded Brussels Pact, or
NATO-as aggressive moves directed against the Soviets and it has
diligently promoted the thesis that German rearmament in any form
will speed the evolution of a third world war. It has stumped for a
neutralized Germany to be achieved through a French agreement
with Russia. Its biggest successes have been scored in the defeat of
EDC (in conjunction with the DeGaullists), the stimulation of neu-
tralist sentiment, and the successful exploitation of existing French
desires for another round of East-West talks.
. . . The Dienbienphu tragedy served briefly to expose to many French-
men the duplicity of Communist aims; this was dramatically brought
home when Communist members of the National Assembly refused to
rise during memorial observances for the_ dead heroes of that Indo-
chinese battle. The recent arrest of top French police officials for
transmitting national secrets to the Soviets has also served to awaken
many Frenchmen to the real menace of domestic communism. How-
ever, the French Communists still maintain stoutly that they are
nationalists seeking only domestic. reforms and are not the willing
servants of a foreign power.
This Communist pretension, of course, follows the pattern estab-
lished by the Chinese Communists who donned the false face of
"agrarian reformers." In France, unfortunately, the French Com-
munist impersonation has deluded many into espousing and follow-
ing, wittingly and unwittingly, the Red leadership.
The question that remains to be answered is whether enough French-
men will realize in time the actual nature of their domestic communist
Party before severe damage can be done to the free world's defense
against Soviet imperialism.
French-American relations
One of the disturbing facts of postwar history is that the intensi-
fication of the Communist threat has induced stresses and strains on
a historic international friendship-the relationship between the
United States and France. It strikes a visiting American as ironic
that the French people, who live in far closer proximity to the muzzles
of Soviet cannon than we, do not share our conception of communism
as a mortal danger to every principle our two countries have repre-
sented throughout their separate histories.
The explanation for these divergent outlooks is immediately ap-
parent in the French political structure and in the absence of a sense
of accountability to the people by much of France's political, leader-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R000500520015-8
 ti
Approved For Releas 002/11/15: CIA-RDP80RO1731R0005 P 20015-8
RErORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 9
ship. National policy in France is dominated by politicians to an
extent that would never be tolerated in our own country. The French
people make no effort comparable to that of our own people in articu-
lating trn, their views on French national their h
In far
officeholders ave been
In turn, successive French governmental
more concerned with future national elections than with the immediate
needs of French national security.
Given firm, enlightened leadership, there, r every reason to believe
e
that the French people can achieve eter political a
greater measure of economic and military self-reliance.
American support for resolute, progressive French leadership can
be a factor of the first importance in maintaining the long tradition
of French-American amity and cooperation. We do not have the
right to intervene in French political affairs, but we do have the
obligation of giving practical assistance to any country whose elected
leaders demonstrate in a concrete way that they mean to rally their
people to a greater sense of responsibility in. meeting the common
needs of the free world.
United States policy toward Germany
Since the end of World War II, the United States has poured into
Germany some $4 billion, seeking its economic recovery and political
recreation along democratic lines. In the postwar years a divided
Germany has come to symbolize the fundamental conflict between
freedom and totalitarianism. The Russian zone of occupation has
been absorbed by the Soviets and a new satellite state has been created
by the Soviets fronting on the free world. On the other side of the
occupation line the American, British, and French zones have become
the German Federal Republic with its capital at Bonn, the traditional
German capital of Berlin remaining as a partially free island in the
midst of the Communist zone. In this period, American military
power, once a conqueror of Germany, has been committed to the succor
of Germans during the Berlin airlift operations. Germany, our
enemy in two world wars, now stands at a decisive point vis-a-vis its
former conquerors. In accordance with the London agreement, she is
about to be accepted into the family of free nations as an equal partner
with full national sovereignty. She is about to be rearmed. She is
about to be tested on how well she has learned the lessons of constitu-
tional democratic government which her conquerors have endeavored
to teach her in an effort to make Germany a peaceful, law-abiding
component of the free world.
Secretary Dulles, in his statement of August 31, 1954, enunciated
several important points of American policy on Germany :
The effective defense of continental Europe calls for a substantial military
contribution from the Germans * * * Germany cannot be subjected indefinitely
to neutrality or otherwise be discriminated against in terms of her sovereignty
including the inherent right of individual and collective self-defense. Limita-
tions on German sovereignty to be permanently acceptable must be shared by
others as part of a collective international order. The prevention of war between
neighboring nations which have a long record of fighting cannot be dependably
achieved merely by national promises or threats, but only by merging certain
functions of their governments into supranational institutions.
The United States, too, stands on the threshold of a new policy
vis-a-vis Germany. We have expended much blood and treasure there ;
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Appro For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
10
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIS~,ON
we are now seeking as an ally a former enemy. We are asking 50
million Germans living directly under the muzzles of Soviet guns
on their eastern border to join with us in the defense of freedom. We
naturally must be certain that we are proceeding wisely and pru-
dently lest still a third generation of American young men fight an
authoritarian enemy on German soil. In studying the ramifications
of these questions in Germany, I had the opportunity of holding dis-
cussions with United States High Commissioner James B. Conant
Chancellor Adenauer's group, Germany's Secretary of State for For-
eign Affairs Walter Von Hallstein Erich Ollenhauer (head of the
German Social Democratic Party), Dr. Thomas Dehler (head of the
German Free Democratic Party), General Hans Speidel, General
Alfred Heussinger and other leaders, both government and opposition,
high German military officers, German and American journalists and'
American diplomatic and military officials.
With the assurance of German sovereignty by the London Agree-
ment, the principal objective of German policy now is the unification
of Germany by the reuniting of the Communist eastern zone with the
western Federal Republic.
Chancellor Adenauer's role
The pillar on which achievement of this and other German goals
seems to rest is a unique figure in the free world. Alone among
Western statesmen, Chancellor Konrad Adenauer has completely dom-
inated the political scene, in which he moves. This is at once an asset
and a liability to the West. Its virtue resides in Dr. Adenauer's
utter dedication to the principal of western unity and solidarity
against Communist aggrandizement. He is authority for the thesis
that "understanding between France and Germany is the foundation,
the necessary prerequisite of European integration." The measure'
of his leadership is that, despite his own and his country's severe dis-
appointment over the French defeat of EDC, German reaction to
the French decision was generally temperate. Equally high purpose
is reflected in Dr. Adenauer's determination to build a free society
at home.
The defect in the exercise of so dominant a role by an individual
is that, in this case, power is being wielded by a man of 79. While
the Chancellor is held in great respect by all, I found both among
his supporters and his political opposition' deep concern as to where
firm leadership would pass should time take its inevitable toll of
the aging Adenauer. Unlike Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Dr.
Adenauer has no Anthony Eden, and the world knows it.
Political undercurrents
The political forces at play in Germany are of such importance
to the development of American policy that the appendix to this
report includes a detailed analysis of German political parties, their
composition, their strength, and their general objectives.
Sharp divisions have emerged on the issue of objectives. reunification.
There has been a long-standing difference on this problem between
Dr. Adenauer's Christian Democratic Party and the opposition Social
Democrats. Recently, Social Democrat views have won acceptance
from the Free Democratic Party, which is part of the Adenauer gov-
ernment coalition. For its part, Dr. Adenauer's Christian Demo-
cratic Party maintains that German reunification can only be attained
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 by dealing from strength and that this strength can best be achieved
by affiliation of the German Federal Republic with the free West.
The Social Democrats and the Free Democrats argue for conferences
with Soviet Russia and seem to believe that reunification can be
achieved through negotiation and compromise if such efforts are un-
dertaken prior to any final West German commitment to Western
European Union. The Social Democrats concede that past Russian
offers to discuss reunification have been loaded with booby traps.
Nevertheless, they insist that Russian intentions should be tested anew
and they cling to the hope that something may yet be achieved by
dealing with the Soviets. It must be noted that there is a minority
in Dr. Adenauer's own party which also inclines toward this view.
A further difference between Adenauer's Christian Democrats and
the Social Democrats and Free Democrats is the problem of how to
resolve the Saar question, an issue which has emerged into open con-
flict following. Chancellor Adenauer's acceptance of the French
proposals.
The opposition view
The opposition Social Democrats have several reservations about
the rearming of their country. They point out that they were the
first victims of the Nazi terror and they argue that a new German
Army must necessarily draw on the former Nazi officer corps for the
development of a new cadre and hence, they contend, the reliability of
such an army is in serious question. Their second argument is that a
force of 12 divisions would be of negligible military significance in the
West's defense against the massive ground forces at the disposal of
the Soviets on Germany's borders. A third fear is that the recrea-
tion of a German Army will be a deterrent to German economic well-
being. Underlying all this is the fact that the strength of the Social
Democratic Party lies among the working people who have historically
formed the ranks and lower echelons of German armies and who have
traditionally been the cannon fodder of German militarism. Another
significant factor is that German personal experience has bred a fear
of the Russians whose armies sit on Germany's back doorstep; in the
event of an East-West conflict, German soil might well sustain the
first and most damaging shock of a Communist onslaught with her
carefully rebuilt industrial facilities as an initial target. This fear
of the Russians should not be underestimated.
While pointing to his group's strong opposition to communism,
Herr Erich Ollenhauer, head of the Social Democratic Party, chief
opposition to Dr. Adenauer's coalition, told me that he does not believe
Russia wants war. He seemed to feel that since the Soviets had won
more territory than any other country in, and since, World War
II, they might be content to retain what they have and he thought
that if they were brought to a conference table they might accept
an agreement from the United States to keep what they have gained
without losing face. He thought that the Russians are aware that an
attack on Germany would unleash world war III, which they would
not want to risk in the face of America's atomic capabilities. As for
the orientation of a united Germany, Herr Ollenhauer felt that his-
torically and culturally his country must look to the West rather than
to the East.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R000500520015-8
 I
12
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
German rearmament
The rearming of Germany poses difficult problems. Unlike the
East Germans, Dr. Adenauer's government cannot dip freely into the
ranks of former Nazis to officer the new cadres without arousing the
most serious apprehensions among Germany's western neighbors.
The German military leaders to whom I spoke want an army based on
the American model. On this basis, they would adopt the American
system of training and the American relationship between enlisted
men and noncommissioned and commissioned officers. Even new uni-
forms would be adopted to complete the break between the new and
old German Army traditions. One of the organization plans under
consideration is for the establishment of a board of older retired offi-
cers, Government officials, and scientists who would pass on all officers
accepted for service in the new army. Thus, anyone tainted with
Nazism would be unacceptable.
Prussian militarism must never return. The United States shares
in the responsibility with the other nations in watching the future
rearmament of Germany.
History must not repeat itself. In 1919, at the Versailles Confer-
ence, Germany was permitted to build the Reichswehr to fight Bol-
shevism. This Reichswehr later was the cadre of Hitler's army.
The new German Army must never become a political factor and
must only serve the state. The United States and the treaty powers
must use all safeguards that never again will German military might
become a threat to peace or be used as an instrument of aggression.
The German Army must become a part of the Western World for
the defense of the democracies and must remain a part of the NATO
system of mutual security against Communist and possible Fascist
aggression in the future.
I continue to hold grave reservations about German rearmament in
view of ultranationalist sentiment that still exists in Germany, particu-
larly since those who hold these views are now to be found arguing for
a German accommodation with Soviet Russia. The one mitigating
factor I can see is that the terms under which German rearmament is
to be accomplished provide for quantitative limitations on German
forces and controls on the type of armaments Germany is to produce.
If we are to achieve a needed German military contribution to the
western community without undermining and ultimately destroying
the painstaking efforts western statesmen, including Chancellor Ade-
riauer, have made to develop a free, democratic climate in Germany, it
is essential that the agreed-upon factors governing German rearma-
ment be adhered to faithfully.
In discussing Germany's participation in the new European De-
fense Community with former German Regular Army Generals
Speidel and Heussinger, I was impressed with their view that the old-
style German Army must never come back. Speidel and Heussinger
participated in the famous putsch of July 20, 1944, against Hitler,
when most of their coconspirators were executed by Hitler's hangman.
The end of the war and liberation by the Allies saved Speidel and
Heussinger from the same fate. If there is to be a German Army
controlled by a civilian head and responsible to the Parliament,
then no better men could have been chosen for this task than
these two anti-Hitler rebels who openly expressed their shame over
Hitler's terrible crimes against humanity-a stain that will remain
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500 15-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 13
forever on the German Army, which became a willing tool of Hitler
with the noble exception of such leaders as Witzleben, Stauffenberg,
Goerderler, Schlabrendorff, and hundreds of others who fought Hitler
until the bitter end. To this group the present leaders of the new
German Army belong.
A dilemma confronting the Adenauer government is that it took
office amid Allied insistence that Germany must write finis to its mili-
taristic past. Now, after having been chided for its military tradition,
Germany is told that it is moral and necessary to take up arms once
more. This has proved specially confusing to the younger people who
came to maturity through World War II defeat and in the period of
Allied strictures-and intense propaganda-against militarism.
man nationalism
G
er
Underscoring the problem of West German military security, as
ct of German
h
e prospe
well as the dilemma confronting the West by t
rearmament, is the fact that the Communist Zone in East Germany is
well along in the process of remilitarization. In many cases, Commu-
nist German forces are officered by men who shared training and
World War II service with former colleagues who remained in West
Germany and who presumably would be among the officer cadre of the
new West German Army. It is significant that while there have
been a number of political defectors who have found their way west
from the Communist East Zone of Germany, not a single case of
parallel desertion by any pre-1945 high-ranking German officer from
the Communist Volkspolizei is known. My own observations con-
vinced me-after a visit to the eastern sector of Berlin-that if a clash
came between the free world and the Communists, the Germans, both
in the East and the West, will not fight against each other in battle.
They will make common cause for their fatherland, Germany, and
their choice between the cause of the free world and that of the Com-
munists will be determined by the choice of Germany itself.
The resurgence of ultranationalism in Germany, though not a prime
danger at present, nevertheless exists as a threat. There is wide-
spread insistence on the release of imprisoned war criminals and their
complete exoneration as honorable public servants who merely carried
out the instructions of their superiors. Veterans' organizations, once
banned by the victorious powers, have sprung back into existence and
in such cases as the Schutzbund Deutscher Soldaten (BDS), special
efforts have been made to attract Nazi military elements and to pro-
vide a public voice for the former SS ex-Nazi and neo-Nazi elements
which are highly aware of the bargaining position of the German mil-
itary. Realizing the West's need of German military contributions,
they have begun to make themselves heard on the political scene and
have not hesitated to advance the thesis that in seeking concessions
for the national interest of Germany no less attention should be given
to the East than to the West. A concomitant to this resurgence of
extreme nationalism has been a renewal of anti-Semitic sentiment,
despite the most earnest efforts of responsible Government leaders and
the development by men of good will of German equivalents of our
own National Conference of Christians and Jews.
A potential deterrent to neo-Nazi ambitions for gaining control of
the new German Army may reside in the officer exchange program
which 'the United States has carried on with other countries. Much
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Aped For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
14 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIS ION
may be gained by exposing reliable German officer cadres to Ameri-
can military training facilities and by providing these officers with
an opportunity to view at firsthand the relationships that obtain in-
our Army between officers, noncommissioned officers, and enlisted men.
Most important of all, there is an important object lesson to be gained
by the Germans in the relationship between our military services and
our Government.
Economic recovery
German economic recovery is a phenomenon in postwar Europe.
While German economic experts agree that rearmament would not,
necessarily lower the country's living. standards, it is recognized that
an important impact may be exercised on the labor force. In some
industries, notably coal, iron, and steel, 'there, is already, a shortage
of skilled labor. This has turned up some evidence of impending
economic difficulties and some reports of dissatisfaction in labor ranks.
The organization of the German Army would intensify this shortage
and, in addition, would divert production from the overburdened con-
struction industry to the building of military facilities.
German grievances
The wartime confiscation by the United States Government of the
property of private individuals of German nationality is the principal
grievance which Germans, alike of high and low estate, voice against
America. This state of mind is unchanged since my testimony before
the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee to amend the Trading With the
Enemy Act, which is included in the appendix to this report, to serve
as a more extended discussion of the subject. An equitable resolution
of this issue (with proper safeguards for our national security) is
urgently desirable in the interest of good will.
Twenty years ago I wrote an article, published'in the Sunday Los
Angeles Times of October 21, 1934, captioned "Will Death Destroy
Their Empires?" The article correctly predicted developments within
the next few years in the empires ruled by Hitler, Mussolini, and
Stalin. In it I made reference to the fact that President Herbert
Hoover correctly understood the economic and political situation of
Germany and tried to stem the Nazi Party's rise to power by granting
Germany a moratorium of her war debts.
As a result of this brief reference to the moratorium I was requested
to prepare a followup article, which I did. Its caption was "Presi-
dent Hoover and Hindenburg Tried To Stop Hitler." I did consid-
erable research for the article and hqd>available to me important
information not hitherto published. The material thus assembled
demonstrated not only Herbert Hoover's farsighted statesmanship,
but served to demonstrate clearly that political developments within
any given country are influenced immeasurably by economic factors.
This . is a principle that must be kept in mind in dealing with the
problem of confiscated German assets and other economic factors.
Communism in Germany
Organized Communists in Germany appear to be only a negligible
factor. Citizens of the Federal Republic have before them the exam-
ple of what Soviet domination has meant to their countrymen in the
East Zone. Domestic Communists, in consequence, polled only about
2 percent of the votes in the last national elections. However, external
communism is a factor which cannot be dismissed. The Soviets have
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
RE ORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 1 Jr
played diligently and skillfully on German sentiment for peace and
unification. Germany is a focal point in Russia's continuing diplo-
matic offensive against the West. Basic Russian strategy in Ger-
many will remain constant, but a series of rapid and deceptive tactical
shifts are likely to ensue as Dr. Adenauer seeks to move the Federal
Republic into closer ties with the West. The Russians are all too
aware that Germany cannot be unified without their consent. Un-
doubtedly they have weighed the question of whether to give up East
Germany on the chance of capturing all Germany in the end. Factors
entering into such a consideration are these :
1. Soviet interests could still be safeguarded by the ring of satellite
Communist armies on Germany's eastern rim.
2. The Soviets could play on German fears and German neutralist
sentiment to bring about closer German ties with Russia.
'3. The Soviets may feel that they can subvert or entice the sizable
.Social Democratic movement in Germany to increase public pressure
for closer German ties with Russia, even though the Social Democrats
are mortal enemies of communism.
Thus, the possibility must be taken into account that a unified Ger-
many can launch a new and more intensified era of conflict between
East and West.
In the East-West ,struggle for Germany, we must not forget that
the German prize offers much more profit for Russia than it does for
the United States. Germany's technology and industry would add
comparatively little to what the United States already possesses. Its
principal value to us resides in the fact that as long as Germany is in
the Western camp, her industrial and technological resources are
denied to the Russians and represent an immense addition of strength
to Europe's capacity for self-defense and economic self-sustenance.
For the Russians, on the other hand, the acquisition of German re-
,sources-by whatever means-would represent an accretion of produc-
tive strength that could match-if not surpass entirely-the industrial
strength of the Western World. The Russian stake in Germany,
therefore, is immense and we must be prepared for a Russian gamble
on a no-limit basis.
Meanwhile, Chancellor Adenauer has shown himself to be a solid
and loyal partner of the United States and her friends in the effort
to achieve a unified structure of Western security. To bolster rela-
tions between the United States and Germany still further, I found
great merit in High Commissioner Conant's suggestion for an ex-
panded interchange of travel between Americans and Germans on all
levels of industry, science, education, and professional life.
A Personal Note
I would be less than frank if I did not note here that much of what
appears in this report with relation to countries such as Germany and
Spain represents a revision of views I had previously held. I would
never have dreamed a few years ago that I would ever support the
rebuilding of a German Army until Germany, through responsible,
democratic leadership, had demonstrated that she was ready to give
final repudiation to the militaristic ambitions and Nazi philosophy
that marred her national conduct in two World Wars. Hardly less
could I have imagined that I would see merit in cooperative arrange-
ments between the United States, Communist Yugoslavia and Fascist
Spain. The somber fact that came home to me in my tour of Europe
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
6 - REPORT ON EUROPEAN ON
16
was that judgments I had formed as a result of years .of observation of
the European scene and military experience in two World Wars were
no longer valid in the face of the threat confronting our country.
Just as the exigencies of the war against Nazism and Fascism forced
us into alliance with the Soviets, so the Communist peril today. makes the
it impossible for us to be as selective we And above like in a de aend e who
world's remaining bastions of freedom.
has commanded American youth in combat, I could not escape the
conviction that if war is forced upon us, we have the duty of taking
every possible step to see to it that Europe's soldiers, rather than ours,,
bear the primary responsibility for defending European soil against
aggression.
GREAT BRITAIN
Responsible British leaders, and the British public generally, have
been forced to a recognition that Great Britain's frontier today is on
the Elbe. I found general recognition, too, "that the security of this
frontier, from the British point of view, requires a resolution of
French-German differences and a continuation of United States par-
ticipation in the defense of Europe.
My observations convinced me that EDC would be an accomplished
fact today had Great Britain made the same commitment to her
European partners as she later did in the London Agreement estab-
lishing the Western European Union. . The explanation given me
for British refusal to affiliate with a supranational European de-
fense establishment was that such an agreement was prevented by
Britain's colonial requirements. Whatever the merits of this argu-
ment,,I found that British political life reflected many of the same
differences and apprehensions observable elsewhere in Europe. Brit-
ain's vulnerability to attack is less than that of Germany and France
by only a matter of minutes as modern aircraft fly. Having ex-
perienced the full shock of war upon her soil, Great Britain dis-
played no more appetite than France for any course appearing to
the British to hold out the possibility of a final diplomatic rupture
with the East. In the last analysis, the term "isolationist" can be
applied to Britain's role in the EDC discussions. Certainly, this is
the term that would have been used to characterize the United States
if it had behaved in comparable fashion under the same circum-
stances. Britain, however, preferred to believe that her patriotic
interests were served by remaining aloof from an EDC commitment.
While the British public can by no means be charged with anti-
American sentiment, there is some antipathy toward the United
States, based largely on nervous apprehension of America's refusal
to deal with continuing Communist provocations in conciliatory
'fashion. British Labor Party views on the possibility' of weaning
Communist China away from an ironclad relationship with Russia,
and Labor Party feeling that the Russians. ought to be talked with in
East-West parleys, have gained wide acceptance in Great Britain.
American skepticism, bred by bitter experience with the nature of
Chinese communism, and reinforced by scarcely more satisfying ex-
perience in postwar relations with the Russians, has proved unsettling
to the British.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 20 1/15: CIA-RDP80RO1731R0005005 5-8
RV,, RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 1~J
A disturbing corollary to this lack of understanding is that Eng-
lish newspapers give comparatively little space to interpretations of
American policies.
Through the years, Great Britain has adhered steadfastly to her
self-interest. With the survival and security of the Empire upper-
most in mind, Britain has not lost sight of her need for Western
solidarity on the European Continent, including the necessity of a
comforting complement of United States military forces. Beset by
a considerably body of neutralist and even isolationist sentiment,
pressured on all sides for the initiation of another round of talks
with the Russians, the nightmare of the present British Government
has been the possibility of an ultimate United States withdrawal from
the Continent to peripheral bases. It was Britain's recognition of
the hard fact that she cannot shoulder the main burden of European
defense, either militarily or financially, which led her in the end to
make the commitment that brought the Western European Union into
being. This conclusion 'was forced upon her by the realization that
a departure from her existing policy was imperative if her self-.
interest was to be served.
The Saar is a historic area of conflict in Europe. After World
War I, the Pittsburgh of Europe was detached from Germany and
administered by the League of Nations through a commission. In
compensation for northern French mines damaged during World War
I, France was given the right to work the Saar's coal deposits for 15
years.
On January 13, 1935, by an overwhelming vote of 477,119 to 48,637,
the Saar declared its desire to return to Germany and this was accom-
plished on March 1 of that year. In contrast, in the first election after
World War II, on October 5, 1947, the Saarlanders voted overwhelm-
ingly for economic union with France.
An automonous Saarland Government was established in January
1948, subject, however, to French economic and financial supervision.
By a 1950 agreement between the French and the Saarlanders, France
was granted a 50-year lease on coal mining and the Saar was given a
larger measure of autonomy. This lease was protested by the
Germans.
On July 197 1950, the Saar became an associate member of the Coun-
cil of Europe. In elections 2 years later, on November 30, 1952, 87.3
percent of the Saar electorate voted for Europeanization of the area
and continued economic union with France.
The 976,000 people of the Saar, living in a highly concentrated in-
dustrial area of 900 square miles, have strong ethnic and linguistic ties
to the Germans. Despite this cultural affinity, however, I found very
little desire for territorial or political annexation of the Saar to Ger-
many. Were an election to be held today, it is doubtful whether more
than 15 or 20 percent of the people would vote for political union with
Germany. Economically, the Saar is better off than Germany. Its
people have a higher standard of living and a better social security
system; hence, union with Germany would mean losses for the Saar,
where employment is at its peak today.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Arqved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-R 80R01731R000500520015-8
18 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
Anticommunism is strong in the Saar, the Communist Party having
received only about 2 percent of the votes in the 1952 elections. Not
the smallest factor in the Saarlanders' antipathy toward communism is
that 80 percent of them own their own homes.
For the French meanwhile, the Saar represents an economic value
that no French Government would dare surrender. The French Treas-
ury, for example, receives proceeds from a production tax of 18 percent
imposed on the Saar.
A particular source of continuing tension resides in the prohibition
on pro-German parties against pressing for the Saar's affiliation with
Germany. In effect, this is a democratic nonsequitur. One may not
admire the aim of the German parties, but it is the shabbiest kind of
pretense to contend that while they are legally constituted parties,
they are in violation of the law if they give voice to unpopular points
of view. Extreme Nationalists, Communists, and even more moderate
opposition elements, including the Social Democrats, in the Federal
Republic of Germany have been quick to seize on this aspect of the
Saar agreement to launch a wholesale attack on West German ratifica-
tion of the agreements on Western European Union. Even more
menacing is the prospect that this issue may be used in the future to
destroy some of the gains that have been made in bringing France and
Germany closer toward reconciliation.
Despite acceptance by Chancellor Adenauer of the French proposals
on the Saar, a peaceful and equitable solution of this long-standing
problem poses immense problems. The fundamental desire comma-
mcated to me in my discussions with leading Saarlanders was for a
settlement that would permit maintenance of both German cultural
traditions and economic ties to France, thus establishing the Saar as a
semiautonomous area. I found extensive sentiment for participation
by the Saarlanders in any international conferences dealing with the
political disposition of the valley. As an American, I was reminded by
many Saarlanders of the immense value my own country has always
placed on the right of people to determine their own political destiny.
ITALY
EDC
While the breakdown of EDC is generally laid on the doorstep of
France, it must not be overlooked that much of the responsibility for
this failure rests with Italy as well. From high Italian officials with
:strong pro-American orientation, as well as from one of the most
respected veterans of American diplomacy who is intimately ac-
quainted with the Italian scene, I learned that when EDC discussions
were first begun Italy was quick to adjourn her parliament to avoid
the necessity of voicing a decision on the problem of European inte-
gration. The significance of this move was not lost on France which
drew encouragement from it for her own position.
In part, my Italian informant told me, the Italian action stemmed
from resentment at what is considered by many Italians to be excessive
meddling by the United States in Italian affairs. He cited a number
of instances in which United States pressure had been brought to bear
on Italian leaders to move them toward adoption of policies palatable
to the United States. He decried what he characterized as a constant
display in Italy of United States administrative and military strength
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2 2/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500f015-8
REP , RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 9
and he felt strongly that there was a need for much more discretion
on the part of America. He pointed out, for example, that Italian
Communists have been able to make considerable capital out of the
presence in Italian harbors of United States naval vessels. The Com-
munists, he told me, never lose an opportunity to emphasize in their
domestic propaganda that the presence of American naval strength
in the Mediterranean, and the absence of any comparable display by
Soviet Russia, demonstrates that only the United States is pursuing an
aggressive policy in that part of the world.
These judgments were balanced, however, when I talked with
Ambassador Clair Boothe Luce, whom I found to be one of the most
effective and constructive of our diplomatic emissaries in Western
Europe. Revered and respected by Americans and Italians alike, she
oordination of the multifarious American
bl
k
e c
a
has achieved remar
agencies and welded them together in a highly effective team working
l
s.
in concert toward common goa
In view of the judgments I have cited from Italian sources, I con-
sider it important to emphasize that Ambassador's Luce's challenging
task in Italy has not always enjoyed maximum assistance on this side
of the ocean. One incident related to me by a high Italian source, is of
such significance that it merits mention in this report. This occurred
during the period when Ambassador Luce was striving patiently, and
with apparent success within her reach, to bring Italy into the Euro-
pean Defense Community. It was during this period that Congress
adopted the Richards Amendment to the Mutual Security Act. High
Italian officials were given private assurances by American authorities
that Italy would be exempted from Richards amendment restrictions
on aid to countries not participating in the common defense of the
West. As a result, months of painstaking effort went for naught and
the EDC plan was dealt a serious blow.
Communism in Italy
Happily, the settlement of the Trieste question has removed a major
point of friction in the Mediterranean area. Italian communism, how-
ever, continues to be an ominous factor. Italy harbors the largest
Communist Party this side of the Iron Curtain. Together with their
allies, the leftwing Socialists, the Communists hold 218 of the 586
seats in the Italian Parliament and in many areas of the country they
exercise a solid control on local governments.
ed much of the strength that Italy's Gov-
e sa
h
i
t
pp
av
s
s
The Commun
ernment enjoyed under Premier Alcide de Gasperi from 1948 to 1953.
on a coali-
t
t
res
s
Under Premier Mario Scelba, the present Governmen
tion that has commanded only a thin majority in the Chamber of
Deputies. In combination with extreme nationalist elements, the Com-
munists pose a real threat to Italy's effective participation in Western
European Union.
Much has been spoken and written in our own country of commu-
nism's exploitation of Italy's economic difficulties. That serious prob-
lems confront Italy's economy cannot be denied. However, the argu-
ment that large-scale American economic aid can loosen communism's
grip on Italy appreciably does not stand up under close scrutiny. It
was interesting to find, for example, that communism's most solid
foundations in Italy are in the northern provinces, which are pre-
dominantly industrial and where the general economic level is the
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 App d For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP OR01 731 R000500520015-8
27 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MI SION
highest in that country. By contrast, resistance to Communist en-
croachment has been strongest in the southern areas, which are princi-
pally agricultural in character and whose people have undergone the
most serious economic privation. Land reforms instituted by the
Government have provided some alleviation, but the argument that
the Communist hold on Italy can be broken by a heavy increase in
American economic aid alone does not stand up.
Unquestionably, the Catholic Church is playing a valiant role in
bolstering resistance against communism. The measure of the church's
effectiveness is that the Communists, who have been able to muster 35
percent of all the registered voters, have been alternating wildly be-
tween anticlericalism and tactics of conciliation with the church.
Economic difficulties
Nevertheless, Italy's 3 million unemployed provide the Communists
with telling propaganda arguments. Italy has a total population of
about 40 million. If Italian unemployment ratios were applied to
the United States with its population of 160 million, America would
be in a full-scale depression with 12 million persons idle.
One hope for the alleviation of this pressing and danger-laden prob-
lem may reside in an emigration program through a body such as the
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM).
The Committee derives 35 percent of its budget from the, United
States. An American diplomat closely acquainted with the operations
of this Committee felt that it might be a most useful implement for the
relief of Italy's unemployment problem if screening procedures, which
be now felt to be inadequate, could be tightened to insure against an
incursion of Communists into Latin America. With careful selection
of staff people and study of both Italian and Latin American needs,
he was convinced that the ICEM could afford an effective solution to
a major western problem.
SPAIN
In Spain the emphasis of United States aid has been on military
rather than economic assistance, although the country possesses one
of the lowest standards of living in Europe. Coupled with their
firm hostility toward communism, I found the Spanish people uni-
versally friendly toward the United States, even though Spain has
been a far smaller beneficiary of American aid than many other coun-
tries in Europe, where feelings about the Unit
d St
t
e
a
es are mixed.
Recognition of the strategic importance of Spain in the joint mili-
tary security program of the West was demonstrated by the signing
of bilateral agreements between the Governments of Spain and the
United States on September 26, 1953. Under these agreements, the
United States was authorized to develop and build air and naval bases
in Spain for joint use by American and Spanish forces. The United
States also agreed to provide military end-item assistance to the
Spanish armed forces and to advance technical and economic aid to
Spain.
Rehabilitation of the Spanish economy is important if Spain is to
make an effective contribution to the western defense structure. An
immediate and mutually useful course of help to Spain can be under-
taken through increasing offshore procurement of military items in
Spain. That country now has munitions plants and tungsten supplies
which enable her to produce shells, rockets, antiaircraft guns, and
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 20 1/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R00050052 5-8
REP.RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION ' 1
numerous other items required by the. NATO countries. Utilization
of Spain's productive facilities can help rebuild the Spanish economy,
enable the Spanish munitions industry to achieve self-sufficiency, and
provide NATO countries with a valuable new source of military
equipment.
Spanish industry. is more nearly free of any Communist taint than
that of any other country on the continent of Europe. This is in
marked contrast to the industrial situations in certain other countries
which have been given contracts for war supplies for the anti-Com-
munist world and whose plants are seriously infested with Com-
munists.
It is a travesty to expect Communists to cooperate loyally in making
.munitions to fight communism.
Spain is one country that can be relied on to be with us in any Com-
munist showdown in the interest of its own preservation.
Austria, occupied as it is in much of its area by Soviet troops,
obviously can be of no military significance to the American defense
structure in Europe, until its complete independence is obtained.
However, here is the one, area of the world whose people have an
opportunity to see and compare both Americans and Soviets. Thus
Austria represents a theater where the United States has a unique
opportunity to demonstrate the essential difference between the Amer-
ican and Communist philosophy and principles and to expose the true
nature of Communist imperialism, especially in the Russian refusal
to negotiate an Austrian peace treaty and permit complete Austrian
independence.
The Austrians, who are strongly anticommunist, yearn for their
national independence and look anxiously for the conclusion of a
peace treaty and the end of foreign occupation. While pro-western,
the Austrians have no especial desire to be included in the formal
Western European defense structure.
I found the Austrians appreciative of America's concern for their
country's independence of Communist occupation and to a large de-
gree sympathetic to American objectives. However, there does exist
in Austria a strong neo-Nazi sentiment, a vestige of the Hitler period,
which remains as a source of exploitation by the Communists who,
comprehending its, potentialities, have nurtured it and kept it viable.
I had an extended personal audience in the Vatican and talked with
high church officials.
The world's major religious faiths recognized long ago that com-
munism was their deadly foe. All have rallied their followers in
resistance. In this war for men's souls, the Catholic Church has
occupied a unique position. Millions of its communicants have been
trapped in countries engulfed by the Communist terror. Its clergy
on every level has suffered martyrdom on a vast and terrible scale and
has provided epic examples of courage. Communist brutality, aimed
at spiritual leaders such as Cardinal Mindszenty, has shocked the
conscience of the world and, far from weakening religious opposition
to communism, has spurred. fresh awareness of Soviet determination
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 A oved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA- 80R01 731 R000500520015-8
9222 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MI SION
to supplant the ancient faiths of mankind with the atheistic material-
ism of the Communist system.
The adversities visited by Communist terror on countries behind the
Iron Curtain has not had the effect hoped for by the Soviet dictator-
ship. The valiant example set by the Vatican has exercised a unifying
effect in nations whose peoples have worshipped in the Roman Catholic
faith for centuries. The day-to-day efforts of the church to give
succor to the oppressed and courage to those in whom the spirit of
resistance still flourishes is one of the most inspiring stories -of our
time. Its details cannot be committed to print without endangering
the lives of heroic religious leaders who carry out their duties in the
most perilous circumstances.
The church's vast experience in resisting communism and its im-
mense knowledge of the countries and peoples under Soviet thralldom
can add much to the free world's understanding of how the Com-
munists operate and how best to meet the challenges they pose.
I found mixed views about the United Nations in many quarters in.
Europe. Some Europeans felt that the presence of the United Nations
organization in the United States was a source of friction rather
than an aid to the easing of international tensions. A frequently
expressed view was that, as a result of its presence on United States
soil, the U. N. was being depicted by Communist propaganda as an
instrument of United States foreign policy, a characterization which
has apparently proved persuasive to many Europeans. It was felt
by many to whom I spoke that it would have been a much wiser course
to center the U. N. organization in one of the neutral areas of Europe.
Thoughtful persons agreed, however, that the United States has not
taken adequate advantage of its own hospitality to the U. N. They
pointed out that if the U. N. had established itself in Soviet Russia,
Communist propaganda would have proclaimed such a circumstance
as evidence of Russia's dedication to peace. Hence, it was argued,
the United States has overlooked a major opportunity by failing to
take advantage of the U. N.'s presence on American soil to depict to
the world America's readiness to seek solutions to world problems by
peaceful means-the very thing Soviet Russia would have done if she
were in our place.
President Eisenhower's proposal for pooling atomic resources for
peaceful use affords a splendid opportunity to demonstrate our con-
tinuing adherence to the principles on which the United Nations organ-
ization was founded. The President's action did much to bolster the
spirits of our European friends. His extensive experience in Europe
and the confidence he enjoys among the ordinary people of Europe
were utilized to excellent advantage in the "atoms for peace" plan.
Western Europe, which has been haunted by the, fear of an atomic
conflict whose first shock might be visited upon their soil, was greatly
reassured by the President's move. The United Nations offers a
vehicle through which a major American peace move can be exploited
with still further effect.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 20 1/15: CIA-RDP80R01731 R00050051 5-8
RI ON EUROPEAN MISSION 7.17
UNITED STATES OPERATIONS IN EUROPE
The basic purpose of my mission was to obtain information tb\aid
in the execution of a policy in Europe that would stress what is best
for America rather than what is needed by individual nations of
Europe. Essential to the accomplishment of this objective was a
study of existing American operations in Europe, the manner in which
they are being carried out, and the returns to the United States in
terms of efficiency, economy, and effectiveness. Hence, the survey
sections which follow.
Military
Communist power stands as a deadly threat to the safety and peace
of the free world. As long as this threat exists in its present scope
and with its present potentialities, the United States and the other
nations of the free world must arm, stay armed, and continually offer
a deterrent to communistic aims for world conquest. The danger is
not likely to lessen in the immediate future, but probably will con-
tinue in increasing intensity for many years.
The Communists are not particular how they achieve world con-
quest, whether politically, economically, or militarily, nor are they in
a great hurry to attain their goal. Economic collapse of the free
world would be a major victory on the path to their ultimate goal and
would lead to political conquest without the major use of military
forces. They would achieve major victory if through military threat
they could impel us into a military program beyond our economic
ability to support over the long pull.
As nearly as can be estimated, we are now spending some. $5 billion
a year on our ground and air force contributions to the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization. These costs, which do not include expenditures
for maintenance of naval forces in NATO, are likely to remain at their
present level for a few years and may well increase under demands
which cannot be foreseen at the moment. In addition to these costs,
we are contributing some $2.5 billion in military aid to other NATO
members. This same amount is scheduled to be spent in 1955 and it
does not include expenditures that might be necessary to bring West
German forces into NATO. United States ground forces in Germany,
together with air forces in Germany, France, and Great Britain, are
maintained by funds allocated by our Department of Defense. The
breakdown of costs involved is difficult to determine and the question
that arises is whether these expenses should be regarded as charges
for the defense of the United States or considered as costs for the
defense of Europe and the North Atlantic area. While congressional
committees have found it difficult to determine what portion of our
military expenses are for the support of United States commitments
to NATO, the fact remains that our $5 billion yearly contribution ex-
ceeds the entire French military budget and approaches the total of
British military expenditures. In planning our military body, it is
imperative, therefore, that we keep ever in mind our economic capacity
to counter the Communist threat to the free world.
We do not want war. But our best chances for avoiding war lies in
the unity of the free world. Therefore, we must base the free world's
security on a collective system of defense in which each nation con-
tributes that most suited to its native capabilities. The United States
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 A ved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA- ORO1731 R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN M ION
24
with limited manpower, but with vast industrial capacity and tech-
nological skill, can best contribute highly mobile offensive combat
forces, global air and naval power, and advanced type weapons and
equipment for our own needs and those of our free world allies. Our
allies can most effectively provide the bulk of the defensive ground
forces, the air and naval power for local operations and minor items
of equipment. The membership of America in NATO is a magnificent
undertaking that has gone far to build up the ability of the free world
to fight communism.
My study of the military program in Europe has been based upon
this framework : that the United States is building forces to deter ag-
gression through ability to launch devastating counterblows, but that.
if war is thrust. upon us, we shall have forces which can vain a war,,
all out or limited, long or short; that we are aiding and supporting the
other nations of the free world defense community to reach their
own goals of preparedness and assume their proper places as deter-
rents against communistic threats ; and that supporting all, will be the
industrial capacity of our country to provide what is needed to carry
out necessary military missions.
Europe appears today to stand on the threshold of an enlarged and
more virile structure of defense for itself and the free world and with
full recognition of its part in the overall framework of defense. En-
couraging as this may be to the United States, the most basic considera-
tions of American self-interest demand, c9usta Vt, alertness and concen-
tration on the defense of our own country. We must be realists and
not be carried away by overenthusiasm. Common candor impels the-
statement that if Europe is not to be America's Dunkirk, we ourselves
must reach a new level of capability and be ever alert to the true condi-
tions of our allies. While General Gruenther has acquitted himself'
magnificently in rallying European defense- around the banner first:
raised by President Eisenhower over NATO military forces, the goal
of security has not been reached. Were 'the 'Communists to decide-
on a military adventure aimed at the West, it can be taken for granted
that the present masters of the Kremlin and their generals will not
make the same mistakes that cost Hitler all of Europe. No casualties-
would be too great to deter them from sweeping over the mainland.
and across the English Channel in an effort to vanquish all of Western.
Europe.
Realistic veterans of our own high military, command, who have-
carefully scrutinized Russian military development since World War-
II, are convinced that while Russia and her satellites have the military
manpower capable of such action, they have not undertaken it because-
they have not developed the capacity to meet the logistic requirements.
of so massive an undertaking. These same observers warn most
strongly, however, that no one is more aware of A hose shortcomings,
than the Soviets themselves. It would be deadly folly for the United
States or our allies to suppose, therefore, that the, Russians lack the
strategic and tactical understanding of the problem or that. they lack:
the productive vigor to overcome their deficiencies within time. The-
implications for the United States and our allies are obvious. We are
in a race against time, with manpower, economics, the development of
weapons, and unity of purpose the factors that will spell success or -
failure.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 REPOT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
Both for their own security and for ours, our European friends have
provided us with bases vital to the immediate defense needs of the
West. For the United States, these are, in effect, military outposts,',
and by tradition the main purpose served by such- forward positions
is that they provide latitude in terms of time and space for the protec-
tion of a main line of resistance. While the real main line of resist-
ance against Communist aggression in the world of today is the United
States, to the Europeans, the main line of resistance is Europe. With
modern airpower, composed of the long-range air force and the atom
bomb, we can no longer say that the sea alone gives us the protection
of old. If we were to permit the mainland of Europe to be overrun, it
would literally isolate the United States from the principal free na-
tions of the world. It is important, therefore, that we lend every as-
sistance to build the economic and military structures of these na-
tions. The frontlines of the free world are in Europe. We are
committed to do our part for maintaining these frontlines.
In surveying American military needs in Europe, I visited General
Gruenther and American military commanders elsewhere in Europe.
I talked with American military attaches, ranking officers of European
armies, and with General Wladislaw Anders, around whom have
rallied thousands of anti-Communist exiles and refugees from Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and other eastern and central European
countries.
American military commanders to whom I spoke stressed that
Western Europe is a major American bastion and if it were to fall,
our homeland security would be in mortal peril. I found differences
of opinion on the degree to which the United States should maintain
armed forces in Europe, notably in terms of military categories.
There was universal agreement, however, that the United States
should adopt a military policy and stick to it, that wild fluctuations,
activations, and deactivations-perhaps one of the greatest sources
of waste-must be avoided. There was common agreement, also, that
the United States should maintain a domestic military strength which
is capable of dual missions; one, a highly skilled training cadre
capable of facilitating, under emergency conditions, immediate ex-
pansion of our Armed Forces at a pace many times faster than that
which marked our mobilization and expansion in World War II-
since time will be our most precious commodity in any future war,
it is the one thing that cannot be bought after we sustain attack;
second, a retaliatory force which can come to the aid of our European
outpost-the counterattack is the soul of defense, an old military
axiom-and the presence of which will discourage any attacks against
our outpost.
There is a tendency on the part of observers who go to Europe
on quick short-term surveys to feel that our Military Establishment
maintains too many headquarters. American military experts with
whom I talked are satisfied that the apparent size and multiplicity
of the headquarters now maintained in Europe could be a strength
rather than a weakness in the event of unforeseen trouble. For all
these establishments, in the event of war, would have to handle a
rapidly expanding Army with little or no time to put a wartime mil-
itary house in order and with no hope of bolstering staff strengths
from the homeland.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIS ION
I
America's potential in the production and use of nuclear weapons
is a deterrent to any other nation that might have war ambitions
against our country or against our allies in the free world. It is
the one deterrent recognized and respected by the communistic leaders,
both political and military. The United States has been given the
role of carrying out strategic atomic warfare. The Strategic Air
Command of our country is the keystone upon which the defense of
the free world is building. ? Constant exercises of this command into
their rotation bases are reminders to the Communists that a force-in-
being is ready to deal devastating blows should they attempt to tres-
pass on free Europe. The morale value in maintaining nuclear domi-
nance is immeasurable, but definitely measurable is the military and
political value against communistic ambitions. It is incumbent upon
the United States, therefore, to maintain its lead in nuclear potentials,
a lead that should never be equaled or successfully challenged by any
other country in the world. Our national policy to maintain this
dominance is sound, must never be relaxed, and the lead should be
ever increased.
There was a common agreement that the United States and her
friends cannot hope to match the massive manpower resources avail-
able to the Soviets and their allies, both Asiatic and European. The
means of overcoming this Communist advantage, therefore, must be
found in greater weapon advances for use by American ground forces,
in the quick expansion of our air arm on the very clear precept that
this is the one military area in which the United States cannot afford
to be second best, and in the maintenance and steady improvement
of our commanding naval strength. As the late Senator Taft once
said : "Not only is an all-powerful air force the best possible defense
for the United States, but it is also the best deterrent to war."
As I saw it, our military structure in Europe is on the whole
functioning efficiently and prudently. Nevertheless, considerable sav-
ings can still be made. As one commanding officer pointed out, sub-
stantial economies can be effected by employing local labor, adequately
screened for security purposes, instead of soldier labor wherever
feasible. Policy to this effect is in existence but needs to be carried
out diligently by local commanders. As matters now stand, when
we draft a soldier, ship him to Europe, and then employ him on full
or part time in the most ordinary of housekeeping duties, we are
wasting some $5,000 annually in each such case and we are not ad-
vancing the military competence of our armed services. Other than
the conservation of manpower by using trained soldiers for strictly
soldierly duties, there is no apparent waste of manpower in table of
organization units. Division strengths could be cut only by eliminat-
ing functions and the latter have already been cut too' far. Manpower
savings are feasible only by eliminating nonmilitary functions and
thus by giving more time to essentials. This must be a Washington
decision and study of the matter is urged. One of the most serious
deterrents to effective and economical functioning of the armed serv-
ices, many commanders told me, was the absence of a clearly defined
military policy at home.
One of the most significant factors I found in Europe was that the
very high cost of modern weapons has priced out of the military
market every country in the world except the United States, Russia,
and Great Britain. Jet planes, for example. are prohibitive items
for most Western European countries. France today, for example,
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 20/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500525-8
REP N EUROPEAN MISSION
doesn't even think in terms of building battleships, carriers, heavy
bombers, or heavy tanks. She has all she can do to build a fighter
plane, and that with American aid. As for the supersonic aircraft
whose prototypes cost a million dollars each in the United States,
such an undertaking is completely out of France's reach. As one of
our keenest young officers in Europe stated to me : "Today you can't
build an air force if you have no fighters. If you don't have an air
force, you don't have a military establishment. And if you lack
that, you have no instrument of foreign policy." This same officer
gave me a graphic picture of the lacks that make it impossible for
individual European nations to build significant military structures,
as we understand that term. In southern France, the French have
installed an aluminum rolling mill brought intact from the United
States. The plant, however, is largely inoperative; for the time being
it is being operated at 5 percent of capacity-not for the production
of aluminum but to turn out cigarette paper. The plant is waiting
for the construction of aluminum smelters in the Rhone Valley, which
in turn are waiting for the completion of a powerplant in the same
area.
To the best of my knowledge from observations and discussions with
high military persons, the equipment being sent to our allies is being
put to excellent use; none of it is being wasted and they can use all
they can get. Our allies should, of course, be tooling up to supply
their own ammunition and spare-parts requirements for the arms and
equipment we send them and should expand production on some of
the excellent items of equipment of their own. No one is strong
enough, including the United States, and defensive strength must be
attained no matter what the cost. We must not be faced with an
epitaph which will read, "We could not afford to survive."
If means for saving money on equipment is sought, it was the com-
mon opinion that concentration on the simplest equipment to do a job
would result in economy without impairment of efficiency. For ex-
ample, it was pointed out that no military requirement exists for auto-
matic transmissions on 21/2-ton trucks and that all of our vehicles are
getting too complicated. With each complication, the original cost
increases, maintenance becomes more difficult and costly and the per-
sonnel who can be trained to repair complicated items becomes scarcer.
It was also pointed out that there is no requirement for all tactical
vehicles to be waterproofed, that the need for waterproofing is con-
fined principally to landing operations and that in the event of such
operations vehicles for the purpose could be drawn from special pools.
Many instances could be found where simplification of equipment
would reduce costs without reducing efficiency and hence production
would be simpler, less costly, and speedier.
The ultimate solution, our military people in Europe are convinced,
will have to be found in the development of common production'facili-
ties and a pooling of research and development among nations in the
Western European Union, with consequent standardization of equip-
ment among all the Allies and elimination of duplication' and com-
petition in equipment development and production. With this, there
was a conviction that United States aid will be required to shore up
the present European defense structure. Meanwhile, it was felt, the
presence of American troops on the continent can serve at once as a
deterrent symbol for the Communists and as an earnest indication of
55772-55-3
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 A oved For Release 2002/11/15: CI0R01731R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPE ION
United States support embodying the most important psychological
connotations for V Testern Europe.
I was particularly impressed with the appearance, conduct, and
morale of American troops. I am convinced they are well trained,
well led, and properly imbued with the importance of their mission.
It is my opinion they are creating good will and understanding of
American ways with the peoples of the several countries where they
are located. It was particularly gratifying to see the manner in which
the United States Defense Department representatives in the various
countries were carrying out their duties. The United States is pro-
viding these countries with the sinews of war as well as the men and
know-how to train the Europeans in the operation of the equipment.
The performance of these countries in creating their own forces, well-
trained and ably supplied, has been of particular importance in raising
the morale and capability of the Europeans to continue their fight
against communism.
It was most gratifying to see the confidence which has been built up
among our European allies for the United States Air Force. Its
smooth operation and the splendid expressions of faith which it has
inspired must be attributed both to the guidance of the Secretary of
Air, Harold E. Talbott, to General Twining, his Chief of Staff,
and to the European field commanders : General Tunner, the Air
Force commander in Europe; General Kissner, the commander in
Spain; and others like General Norstad. I found high praise for the
ability of the United States Air Force at every turn in Europe.
Statesmen and military leaders were all aware of the fact that the
existence of the force-in-being represented by the Strategic Air Com-
mand of the United States Air Force really gave them a shield be-
hind which they would be able to build their own military structures.
We must give the United States Air Force great credit for furthering
the peace.
It was equally gratifying to see the same measure of confidence
built up in our Army units. Under such brilliant Army leaders as
General Hoge, Commander in Chief, United States Army, Europe;
General McAuliffe, commanding the Seventh Army, and his two corps
commanders, Generals Hodes and Hart; the commanders in Berlin
(Brigadier General Packler), Vienna (Brigadier General Nutter), and
other points; and many other outstanding officers that space pre-
vents mentioning, the Army is sparing no efforts to make itself
efficient and an example for our allies to follow. I regret I was
unable to see the Navy as I did the Air Force and the Army, but
I am confident the Navy is pursuing equally high standards. Amer-
ican forces in Europe are magnificently trained and ready to fight
at a moment's notice if fight they have to. I am convinced that
never in our peacetime history have we had a military force as ca-
pable as is the one in Europe, and I believe it would compare favor-
ably with any of our wartime forces. It is an establishment in which
Americans can take full pride. We can rest assured that our military
affairs in Europe are in competent hands and that our trust will be
maintained.
I found that in many of our embassies insufficient use is made of
the military attaches assigned there. These trained military advisers
have been bypassed by special missions assigned from time to time
to the country in which they are serving and their duties have de-
teriorated in many instances to purely functionary ones.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 RE# ON EUROPEAN MISSION
Meanwhile, conversations with military experts and educational
authorities abroad and at home convinced me that, in planning for
our future defense, a major task confronts us in our own country.
We have known for some time that Soviet Russia is giving great
emphasis to the scientific and technological training of her youth.
The best estimates available indicate that this year, Russian schools
will graduate some 54,000 engineers, while only 19,000 graduate en-
gineering students will emerge from American educational institu-
tions. At the same time, Russian facilities will turn out approxi-
mately 250,000 technicians in nonengineering categories, while Amer-
icans with comparable training will come to only 10,000. Similar
ratios apply in scientific fields generally so that in one of the most
vital areas of our preparedness, we presently find ourselves being out-
stripped by the Soviets on an alarming scale. Experience of the last
war, when educational institutions provided invaluable training fa-
cilities for the development of various types of military specialists,
should be brought into play at the earliest moment to overhaul a grow-
ing Soviet lead in an area of the utmost importance to both our mili-
tary security and our national well-being. The nature of our society
is such that we can well afford to correlate potential military needs
with requirements of our national economy through a program that
will equip our youth to serve the Nation in time of emergency and to
contribute to our industrial strength in time of peace.
I would be most remiss in this report if I did not say a personal
word about General Gruenther, the NATO supreme commander and
the commander of American Forces in Europe. That this great states-
man, diplomat, and soldier, who reminds me so much of MacArthur,
is doing an outstanding job of great credit to our country, has been
attested to by the numerous commendations others have given him,
but is best proved by the high esteem and complete confidence reposed
in him by the nations with which he has official relations. His complete
understanding of European problems as they affect American security
and his sincere, thorough, and efficient manner in seeking solutions
of these problems have established him as one of the great military
and diplomatic leaders of all time. He is the right man in the right
place at the right time.
Western European manpower available for defense against Commu-
nist incursion is by no means limited to the national forces of the
individual countries in the area. One of the most resolute and dedi-
cated enemies of communism that I met in Europe was Gen. Wladis-
law Anders, who led Polish forces against the Nazis in World War II
and whose betrayal by the Soviets is a matter of history. General
Anders gave me an estimate of the free Polish contingents that would
be available to the West in the event of a Soviet attack. Moreover,
I learned from other sources that in addition to anti-Communist
Polish refugees and escapees who have rallied around General Anders,
his cause has attracted anti-Communists of other central and eastern
European countries who have been able to escape to the West from
Communist thralldom. General Anders, in discussing the avail-
ability of this manpower for service against any Soviet attack, pointed
to three denominators common to all of them. To begin with, he
contended, they share a common refusal to compromise with com-
munism. A second factor is that they repose full confidence in mili-
tary leaders and former commanders well known to them. Finally he
held they remain loyal to those whom they regard as the true civil
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 REPORT ON EUROPEAN *ON
authorities of their countries, the political leaders who managed to
survive or escape Communist extermination.
General Anders told me that he has been devoting himself to two
main objectives. He has sought to maintain morale by strengthening
hope and preserving faith in the future. He has endeavored to main-
tain a certain level of professional and organization readiness among
the existing free military cadres.
A number of important and significant results have flowed from
General Anders' activities, some of which I consider to be of such a
nature that their commission to print in this report would be to impair
seriously a very valuable contribution being made to the general se-
curity of the free world. For the safety of gallant men, as well as
for the continued usefulness of their efforts, I deem it best that the
data given me be conveyed to appropriate American authorities in
executive session.
The circumstances under which General Anders and his associates
are carrying on their program, however, are such as to merit much
greater support and attention from the United States than they have
in the past. Tentative steps looking in this direction have already been
taken in legislation sponsored by former Senators Henry Cabot Lodge
and Owen Brewster. Further implementation of the principles im-
plicit in these measures is earnestly urged. Here is a tremendous asset
for the free world, which should be carefully surveyed to determine if
a method can be found to utilize available manpower to good
advantage.
In general summation of the military situation in Europe, it can
be said that we know the mission and are proceeding in a business-
like way to carry it out. We are strengthening our allies and we
are maintaining our own position. As our allies increase in strength,
it is possible that our own efforts in Europe can be diminished. In
fact, with the granting of German sovereignty and the rearming of
that country, with the settlement of the Trieste question, and with the
signing of the London Treaty, with its apparent strengthening of the
armed forces of the signatory nations, there is already a growing de-
mand in this country that American forces in Europe be drastically
reduced or that they be withdrawn entirely. While the major mission
of our troops in Europe is to bolster our allies as well as to provide our
own outposts, the secondary, mission of furnishing occupational troops
in former enemy countries becomes the major mission in the minds of
many Americans. Hence, sight of the real major mission is lost in
the sense of well-being which follows partial completion of the purely
secondary mission. Thus many Americans see incorrectly the mission
of our troops as occupation forces rather than as defense forces. The
clamor for bringing our men home is the natural result.
It is the duty of our allies to bring their own military forces to a
strength adequate to protect their homelands, fully man their own
main line of resistance, and provide the outposts for America. When
they accomplish these objectives, we can then seriously consider the
matter of withdrawing our troops from European bases. However,
the security of America continues to depend in great measure upon
the security of Europe. But we do want to maintain this security in
as efficient and. economical a manner as possible.
I think that most Americans have a fairly good basic understanding
of the tenets of communism. They know that the Communists have
established as their goal the elimination of the United States, the
keystone upon which the economic and military strength of the free
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
?
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 31
world is based. Our people have accepted the fact that we must con-
tinue to provide our share in this great struggle against communism.
The struggle will go on and we must continue to be determined to resist
until the very basic nature of communism has changed and their
leaders are willing to live and let live.
The subject of threats to peace must be one of constant and unceasing
study. The Congress can be materially aided in its study by having
its own professional staff in Europe as I am recommending in this
report.
Diplomatic and administrative
The eyes and ears of American foreign policy are our diplomatic
outposts throughout the world. Under the insistent pressures exerted
by the Communist world in the crucial struggle between freedom and
totalitarianism, the diplomacy of yesteryear has been reinforced by a
vast and complex structure of auxiliary implements designed to shore
up the will to freedom, where a foundation exists, or to encourage its
development where the soil has not yet been rendered sterile by
Communist expropriation.
Of necessity, this has been a field of activity to which a certain degree
of viability and latitude for experimentation in dealing with com-
munism's tactical shifts has been necessary. All the more reason,
therefore, why this field merits the closest scrutiny to insure against
descent into the all-too-plentiful pitfalls of waste and ineffectiveness
that are constant hazards in American operations overseas.
Duplication of effort
In talking with American officials on every level in various Euro-
pean countries, I heard many complaints about duplication of effort
among American agencies presumably set up to carry out distinct and
separate functions. A common complaint was lack of coordination
of existing agencies. One of the most frequent criticisms was aimed
at the "empire builders," administrators whose agencies were set up
for specific tasks, which for self-aggrandizement, assumed functions
overlapping existing operations.
Bypassing of embassies
One of the discomforting facts I found about American diplomacy
in Europe was that we ourselves persist in undercutting the very emis-
saries we have assigned to represent us abroad. We have cut the
ground out from under our ambassadors by the alacrity and frequency
with which our Secretaries of State have visited Europe to personally
conduct our foreign relations.
I was fortunate enough to be in Europe when Secretary Dulles made
his contributions to the discussions that led to formulation of the plan
for Western European Union. I therefore had an opportunity to see
the Secretary under the most creditable circumstances. As admirable
as was the part he played, I feel impelled to offer the judgment that it is
it mistake to send our Secretary of State to Europe as often as we have;
rather, our status in world affairs would suggest that European states-
men find their way to our shores in periods when they feel a need for
consultation with the head of our diplomacy to be pressing. The cus-
tom of dealing with the United States, either through American
ambassadors abroad, or through Europe's plenipotentiaries in Wash-
ington, appears to have vanished. Instead, they have come to seek
solutions for their problems either by direct approaches to Washing-
App 36d
LIB r1 # 1~ bah d ? 0 (~11~3 RFI0(} 21015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
find their way from the United States to Europe. Compounding the
confusion has been our extraordinary lavishness in the conferring of
titles on our emissaries abroad. Not long ago, for example, we had on
assignment in Paris no less than four representatives, all holding the
rank of Ambassador.
Need for coordination
One of the most formidable problems confronting the effective func-
tioning of our diplomats, notably our ambassadors, is the lack of ade-
quate supervision and coordination between their operations and those
of agencies, which, to put it plainly, are charged with administering
the expenditure of American funds abroad.
Illuminating the point that prudent administration can save large
sums in American operations in Europe is the success achieved by Hon.
John C. Hughes, Chief of the United States Mission to NATO and
European Regional Organizations (USRO), in effecting savings of
about $1 million in a 2-year period through judicious personnel and
administrative revisions. Underscoring the opportunities that exist
for effecting substantial savings in our overseas operations is the fact
that these economies were achieved in a period when European tensions
required steadily increasing attention by American administrative
operations abroad. And not the least noteworthy aspect of this
achievement was that, in addition to the economies brought about,
greater coordination was accomplished between diplomatic, military,
and economic aid operations within the NATO framework.
The facts of life in Europe today are that in countries where eco-
nomic needs are a factor, American money talks louder than American
diplomacy. And unless there is a well-planned, carefully supervised
correlation of the two, both American statesmanship and American
dollars will go for naught.
FOA-Embassy relations
This was brought home to me sharply in an examination of the
relationships obtaining between our Ambassadors and such agencies
as the Foreign Operations Administration. I found that by and
large, FOA missions are operating independently and not in support
of American political objectives. FOA ministers or chiefs of mis-
sions are primarily responsible to their parent agency in Washington.
In many instances they meet regularly with our Ambassadors, but
the fact is that no matter how competent an Ambassador might be,
no matter how extensive his grasp of the political and economic reali-
ties of the area in which he serves, he does not exercise control over
the FOA official in his territory and his advice can be ignored. The
result is that in many cases we are not achieving the objectives for
which we are spending foreign-aid funds and frequently these expendi-
tures are hurtful rather than helpful. In 1952, for example, it was
recommended that our FOA Mission in Belgium be discontinued
because no aid program of any consequence was being carried out in
that country. Soon after the present national administration took
office the FOA sent a group of highly perceptive and experienced
American businessmen abroad to survey FOA programs throughout
the world. In many cases the recommendations of these experts were
ignored and only recently our FOA Mission to Belgium was reestab-
lished despite the fact that Belgium has made considerable economic
advances in the last 2 years, thus obviating the need for continuing
Ap pe I ~2/>I'~101~-`' ~~>'19~ ~~$0015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
. A
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
European attitude
The assessment of how much American aid ought to go to Europe
is one of the most challenging and difficult problems confronting those
charged with the formulation of American policy in this field. It is
made no easier by the attitude many American diplomats have assumed
in relation to the countries in which they are stationed. I found
among many of our representatives a good deal more concern for the
needs of the countries in which they are stationed than with the returns
accruing to the United States in terms of increased efforts at self-
reliance by the recipients of our aid. There seemed to me to be a
tendency among some of our diplomats to plead Europe's cause in
Washington rather than to further understanding of America's poli-
cies in Europe. One of the ablest young American diplomatic officers
I encountered overseas summed up the results this way :
In many quarters in Europe there is an explainable, if not justifiable, attitude
of superiority toward the Americans. There is an impression that America is a
land barren of culture, where money rules, and where the entertainment of the
masses of the people is confined to chewing gum and viewing wild-western movies.
On the other hand, we are being regarded as always ready for a soft touch, and
while we do have many admirers of our individual qualities, we do not have
many friends who are convinced of the rightness of our attitudes and the policies
on which they are based.
Foreign Service needs
In part, we must recognize that Europe's ambivalent outlook on the
United States has been brought about because we have allowed our
Foreign Service to fall into serious disrepair. The fact is that some
70 percent of our Foreign Service officers have served for less than
10 years. The Service has been plagued by poor administration, poor
personnel policies, and poor pay. Effective foreign policy cannot be
evolved in the confines of the State Department's offices in Washing-
ton. It can only come about when our Secretary of State is backed
up by a chain of alert and competent Foreign Service officers in the
field, capable of maintaining effective coordination between policies
developed in the National 'apital and performance in the areas of
American interest overseas. Weakness or incompetence at any one
point in the chain of command can undermine the entire structure.
This has been graphically illustrated time and again by the "sur-
prises" visited on our foreign policy planners because they were not
given adequate current information on foreign policy trends in Euro-
pean capitals. Lacks such as this were most evident in the events
leading up to the French defeat of EDC and the startling effect of
this defeat on the United States.
Among those most handicapped by the weaknesses in our career
Foreign Service are our Ambassadors. Like general officers in the
Army, our Ambassadors can only be as effective as the troops at their
disposal. Our apparent failure to provide our State Department and
our Foreign Service with personnel capable of meeting the exacting
demands of American diplomacy in an age of crisis stems from three
factors. We have not maintained training facilities adequate to pro-
vide us with personnel in either numbers or quality necessary for our
Foreign Service needs.
We have given all too little stress to the Foreign Service as an hon-
orable career offering young people an opportunity to make a vital
contribution to the national security and welfare. We have main-
tained salary levels that discourage able young people from consider-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
34 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
ing the Foreign Service as a career to be pursued on a long-range basis.
. Lacking a reservoir of trained personnel susceptible of successful
integration into any of the various phases of America's foreign opera-
tions, we have met the total diplomacy of the Communist world with
a patchwork of improvisations and bureaucratic gadgets. We have
held our regular Foreign Service Corps to a minimum, but we have
superimposed on the Foreign Service itself a variety of specialists.
To fill the crevices between our diplomatic and military operations
abroad, we have created additional agencies. The result has been a
sharp increase in our production of foreign policy "experts," many
of. whom have become unofficial and unpaid lobbyists for specific
areas of the world to which, for one reason or another, they formed
individual attachments.
We must recognize that, as in every other area of our relations with
the Communist world, emergency is the norm in our diplomatic con-
duct vis-a-vis the Soviets and their allies. The total diplomacy being
waged by the Soviets demands that we man this front of the cold war
with a new type of Foreign Service officer, one who commands a syn-
thesis of diplomatic, military, and economic knowledge. We recog-
nized long ago the need to augment the training of our military leader-
ship with courses in geopolitics, economics, and government. The
benefits that have accrued to the Nation from our experience with the
Army, Navy, and National War Colleges suggest that a similar effort
would prove equally fruitful in the development of a career diplomatic
corps.
A comparable training institution, as the Wriston Report points
out, was established at least nominally by Congressional action in 1946.
Designated the Foreign Service Institute, it has unfortunately been
left to wither on the vine. As the report noted, the directors of our
military colleges hold the rank of lieutenant general or vice admiral.
By comparison, the Foreign Service Institute has languished with
a totally inadequate staff and under an Acting Director whose rank
is, on any comparable basis, far below that of a three-star officer in
the Armed Forces, and who himself does not pretend to have the ac-
cepted characteristics of an educational leader of distinction as orig-
inally envisaged by the Congress.
Unless the Foreign Service Institute is revitalized and given a
status equal to that of the War Colleges-or unless an alternative is
adopted that will provide us with a first-rate training ground for For-
eign
Service officers-we shall remain seriously crippled in one of the
major areas of our national security structure.
There are a number of other recommendations in the Wriston Re-
port, which, if carried out when they were first advanced, would have
obviated many of the criticisms that can justly be made today. In-
deed, failure to heed sound recommendations by committees set up by
Congress and the Executive to study operations in a variety of areas
has left the way open for waste and inefficiency that could have been
avoided in innumerable instances.
Delineation of United States foreign policy
Our weaknesses on the secondary levels of American foreign policy
are paralleled to some extent by divergences at the very summit where
this policy is articulated. We live in an age when nations look across
each other's shoulders to scrutinize closely developments in each
other's parliaments and political parties. Nations keep sharp ears
A&F84d I ~iF~vell gv&I0 1PR,015xP 8'ORolili 4RO?O500Q0015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R00050 015-8
RET ON EUROPEAN MISSION
neighboring countries. Political figures who, from time to time, issue
statements of view for home consumption must recognize that modern
communications and international curiosity have extended the limits
of such expressions to the very edges of the globe.
Public expressions on matters of foreign policy by members of the
United States Congress exercise a profound impact on Europe. Rec-
ognizing that ours is an elected leadership, Europe has come on more
than one occasion to attach greater significance to statements by United
States Senators than to expressions of our ambassadors or even our
Secretary of State. In their time the voices of Senators Vandenberg
and Taft carried more authority in Europe than any others in the
United States with the exception of the President. Today, great
weight continues to be attached to the publicly stated views of Con-
gressional leaders. And when such views reflect sharp policy differ-
ences in the highest councils of our Government, Europe grows
troubled and confused. The need for a clear delineation of American
foreign policy that can be recognized by Europe as a reflection of
united American will is of crucial importance if Europe is to con-
tinue to look to us for leadership in the world of today. Hard talk
and soft action have cost us immense losses in Asia; we dare not risk
equal disasters in Europe.
Need for operational supervision
Our operational effectiveness, too, has suffered from a failure to
establish and maintain a clear-cut delineation of the tasks to which we
are addressing ourselves. In the main, our present operations fall
into four general categories: diplomatic, military, informational,
economic. On this base has been erected a complex of agencies whose
activities-with the exception of the military services-have impinged
on'each other's operations from time to time with consequent impair-
ment of efficiency and economy. Corrective measures have been under-
taken, but lacking sharply defined supervisory responsibility, prog-
ress has been slow, cumbersome, and in some cases, the rate of obso-
lescence has exceeded the pace of administrative adjustment. Thus,
for example, we were maintaining in Germany at the time of my visit
there offices and services whose need expired long ago because of a
revision in United States relations with that country.
At the heart of our difficulty in achieving effective and economical
administration of our European interests, I became convinced, was
the absence of a clearly defined supervisory authority on an executive
level, that could allocate the responsibilities to be assumed by admin-
istrators abroad and to insure that our resources in personnel and
funds are used prudently and to maximum advantage.
In this connection, while enroute back to the United States, I noted
in a letter on October 25, 1954, to the chairman of the Senate Com-
mittee on Appropriations and the chairman of the Subcommittee on
Armed Services (see appendix) that there was a need for "supervis-
ing and studying the manner in which American money has been, and
is being, spent in Europe." The letter pointed out that-
The main emphasis of American activity in countries that may still be salvaged
from political extremism of the left or the right should be placed on economic
factors, both in Europe and the United States.
The letter warned, however, thaw
American aid should be advanced with the utmost prudence-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Appr d For Release 2002/11/15 :CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN NOON
and should employ business methods-
that will take into account the interests of American business no less than the
interests of those we wish to help in Europe.
This point of view was amplified on December 6 in my address be-
fore the City Club of Chicago, in which the following language was
used to suggest how these aims could best be achieved :
I am led, therefore, to recommend to the Senate that in the individual foreign
nations, our Ambassador be the actual-and I must emphasize the word
"actual"-chief of all American operations in that country. I also feel that
there is a necessity in Washington for a high official on the executive level-not a
new agency by any means-to enforce the coordination and unity of effort in our
vast foreign operations which no longer, as in years past, are confined solely to
the diplomatic field.
This was one of my observations which I released to the public
after my first interim report to the Senators last October.
It is therefore a matter of deep gratification to note that President
Eisenhower has now designated one of our foremost economic think-
ers, Joseph M. Dodge, to work on the Cabinet level "to bring about
improvements in the organization of the executive branch for the
development and coordination of foreign economic policy, including
its relation to domestic economic policy where it is involved."
From personal observation, I can testify that President Eisenhower
has taken one of the most significant steps yet adopted in' gearing our
economic resources to the demands of meeting the aggressive threat
.of communism.
Accountability to Congress
In the final analysis, I found a need for more sharply defined
accountability by the agencies to whom we have entrusted the conduct
of our policies and our programs overseas. America's strength has
always been in its people. Executive agencies exist to carry out the
people's will. And the Congress, the chosen instrument of the elec-
torate, exists to express the people's will and to make certain that this
will is properly discharged. This is the essence of our system of
checks and balances which has proved so successful in sustaining the
American body politic. While the Congress, which states the policy
and controls the purse strings under which the policy is carried out,
maintains constant and close contact with our domestic Federal oper-
ations, it cannot by virtue of distance maintain the same touch with
our multibillion-dollar operations abroad. While it is true that Sen-
ators and Representatives visit foreign lands, they usually do so only
when the Congress is not in session; that is, either during a recess or-
as is usually the case-after adjournment.
It is therefore apparent that an instrument will have to be found
to enable the Congress to maintain continual scrutiny of the adminis-
tration of American affairs in Europe.
Informational
We have maintained an overseas information program on the
theory that the battle for men's minds is a fundamental part of our
effort to strengthen resistance to Communist encroachment. The
stated mission of the United States Information Agency is-
to submit evidence to people of other nations by means of communication tech-
niques that the objectives and policies of the United States are in harmony with
and will advance their legitimate aspirations for freedom, progress, and peace.
Confronting us in this struggle for men's minds is a.massive, world-
wide Communist propaganda machine animated by the Marxian the-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R0005005 015-8
REI ON EUROPEAN MISSION 7
6
ory that history will decree its ultimate victory. In addition, we have
labored under the distinct handicap of vying against indigenous Com=
munist parties pursuing Soviet objectives, both covertly and openly,
by insistent exploitation of local issues. By our very theory of free
government, of and by the governed, we lack comparable political ad-
juncts and have necessarily had to place our reliance on informational
devices to interpret and gain understanding of American objectives,
to, bring recognition of the insidious and destructive nature of com-
munism, and to foster native democratic forms.
In discussing this program with American officials charged with
its administration, I found agreement among them on the necessity of
maintaining informational activities in Europe to combat insistent
falsifications and distortions of American aims and policies by Com-
munist propaganda. However, I also found mixed views as to the
effectiveness of the information activities being carried on by the vari-
ous American agencies on the European scene. Here, as in other
fields of American activities in Europe, I heard complaints of
duplication and overlapping and emphasis on the need for a clearer
demarcation of responsibility for this most important program.
In this connection, an excellent guide to the development of a sound,
effective information program was contained in the recommendations
of the Hickenlooper-Fulbright Committee, which made an extensive
study of this field of activity. Unfortunately, as in many other areas,
congressional committees' recommendations have never been fully
carried out.
The most serious defect I found, however, was in the orientation of
our information activities. We still tend to place far more emphasis
on American policies than on the interpretation of those policies in
terms of the welfare and security of our European friends. It is not
only important to tell the ordinary people of Western Europe what
is bad about communism, it is also vital to bring home to them what
good can accrue to them from democracy. And the terms in which we
speak to Western Europe's millions must have reference to European
cultural and political standards rather than to American definitions
of democracy.
In combating Communist influence, we must keep in mind that one
of the major aims of our appeal to the captive peoples behind the Iron
Curtain must be to strengthen opposition to existing Communist re-
gimes. In my judgment, it is a mistake to couch our programs in terms
that induce an increase in the flow of political escapees from the cap-
tive countries. Rather, we should seek to encourage defections by sci-
entists, engineers, industrial managers, and others whose escape from
Communist bondage could serve to weaken the industrial, technologi
cal, and economic capacities of the Communist countries.
The West cannot, of course, turn its back on political defectors. In=
sofar as possible, however, it should seek to strengthen their determi-
nation to stay and fight the Communist tyranny on their native soil.
In the end, Communist regimes can only benefit from a diminution of
political opposition within their own borders. Technological and in-
dustrial defections, on the other hand, can work a genuine hardship.
on these regimes. American information programs, therefore, can
bring more effective results if stress is given to the superior economic,
accommodations available in the West for scientists, technicians, and
trained industrial personnel. A special appeal of this kind can have
important corollary effects. It can sow dissatisfaction among those re-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN 1 ON
maining behind in the Iron Curtain countries, and it can exert increas-
ing pressure on Communist regimes by forcing them to divert greater
portions of their production to the manufacture of consumers' goods,
thus impairing arms production and creating additional labor
problems.
Another important consideration to keep in mind is that the Com-
munists use native propagandists, not Russians, to spread Communist
doctrines. These trained indigenous agents are familiar with local
foibles down to the village level and work hard everywhere to exploit
their compatriots for the Communist cause. To overcome this we
must intensify our efforts to shift to native media the main burden of
Europe's defense against the ideological onslaughts of communism
and to strengthen our allies' capacity for informational self-defense.
As the free world, in its relations with the Soviets, has moved from
crisis to crisis, the United States and her friends in Europe have
counseled together on major problems of military, political, and eco-
nomic self-defense. Similar action in the field of informational activ-
ities is warranted in the face of the massive effort being carried on by
the Communists on the propaganda front, the advance outpost of a
vast and relentless war by the Soviets to condition men's minds for
capitulation to totalitarianism. I left Europe convinced that a pool-
ing of the free world's resources against Communist ideological en-
croachment is as important as common action to resist armed attack.
As the author of the original Army combat public relations plan, I
realize the great importance of a coordinated and well-executed pro-
gram to rally effectively support against a common enemy.
The United States Information Agency is making commendable
efforts to curtail superfluous activities in many areas of Europe. In
such countries as Austria, Germany, and Great Britain, USIA offi-
cials note, the ideological battle with communism, and the strength
of indigenous democratic forces, is permitting a lessening in our
efforts. On the other hand, in a country such as Italy, where Com-
munist strength has not ebbed materially, the vigor of Communist
propaganda does not enable any. slackening of the American effort.
In Spain, where American activities are on the increase, our informa-
tion program is being expanded accordingly.
Efforts should continue to staff the American information program
in Europe with skilled and experienced publicists competent to carry
out American information objectives in terms that can stimulate the
interest and understanding of European populations. An important
requirement is for the periodic rotation by the USIA of overseas
personnel to the United States to permit information officers to keep
pace with developments in the United States and thus helping them
to maintain a proper perspective. This personnel practice has long
been followed by the State Department and I am told that similar
steps are being contemplated by the USIA.
American press corps in Europe
American newspaper and radio correspondents in Europe were
among the most informed and helpful persons to whom I talked in
the course of my survey of the European scene. Unfettered by some
of the limitations imposed on official representatives of our Govern-
ment, the American press and radio corps in Europe has a compre-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R0l731R000500520015-8
hensive grasp of the political personalities, as well as the shifting
political tides, that affect European attitudes and policies. I found
that in many cases our newspapermen overseas were better informed
than our diplomats on European policy trends. The French defeat
of EDC, which came as such a shock to our diplomatic corps, was not
nearly as startling to our newspapermen, many of whom had en-
visaged the possibility of France's ultimate decision and had said as
much in dispatches to their newspapers back home. In years of ex-
perience abroad, many of these men have acquired a fund of infor-
mation which can be of immense value to Congressional committees
charged with shaping United States policy on American operations
in Europe. In addition, our foreign correspondents enjoy a vantage
point which permits a more objective evaluation of the quality of
American overseas operations, and the reactions these operations evoke
from foreign governments and peoples, than can be expected from the
subjective judgments of American officials charged with carrying out
American programs abroad.
I wish to note here that the suggestion for making available to Con-
gress the information at the command of our newsmen overseas
originated with them. They told me they would be happy to con-
tribute to our Government's store of knowledge of the European scene,
subject to the assent of their editors and publishers.
Travel and Exchange of Persons
Despite the expenditure of billions of dollars in United States
economic aid and a formidable investment in informational programs
designed to promote European understanding of the United States,
I found that the average European citizen knows little about his
American counterpart, and the little that he knows is based on mis-
conceptions that are energetically exploited by European Communist
Parties. Because communism has striven vigorously to subvert our
language, as well as our political institutions, American concepts of
peace and democracy are difficult to communicate to average Euro-
peans who have been given a thorough pounding with propaganda
depicting the United States as materialistic, aggressive, and immature
in matters of international relations. Unfortunately, adverse im-
pressions of the United States have not been softened by contacts
between average Europeans and the more affluent American tourists
who can afford free-spending vacations.
The solid and enduring values of American civilization and the
climate of freedom and equal opportunity in which our people live
and work are difficult, if not impossible, to communicate to Europeans
through ordinary information media in terms that can build a stronger
community of interest between the European and American peoples.
A greater sense of national responsibility by American travelers
abroad could help to meet part of this need. Too few Americans
understand that diplomatic conduct is as important in relations be-
tween ordinary citizens of America and Europe as it is in relations,
between governments.
One of the best ways of strengthening the community of interest
between the peoples of the free world, I am convinced, is by enlarging
the opportunities for Europeans to visit the United States and savor
for themselves the free atmosphere in which our society functions.
Visitors should be given firsthand views of our educational and
social institutions, our courts and legislatures, our farms and factories.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
Above all, they should be given an opportunity to meet and talk with
the American people themselves. This is one way in which we can
begin to help Europeans to distinguish between the spurious bill of
goods being sold by the Communists under the labels of "peace" and
democracy" and the genuine article to which the United States
and the American people are dedicated. It can provide us with
European advocates and interpreters of American values and stand-
ards who can be of immense help in bettering relations between the
free peoples by supplanting Europe's doubts and prejudices with
understanding and good will.
Europeans and Americans to whom I spoke were unanimous in
endorsing an increase in visitor exchange to encourage not only stu-
dents but professional people, parliamentarians, scientists, business-
men, agriculturists, and others in expanding two-way travel to meet
their counterparts in allied lands, thus building greater mutual un-
derstanding and stronger ties among the peoples of the free world.
From the vantage point of American self-interest, I am convinced
that increased European travel to the United States, easier and more
attractive access to our country, our free institutions, and our free
people can help greatly to gain European understanding of American
policies and cement the comradeship of the peoples of the free world.
Economic
One of the few real advantages we retain over the Communists in
the worldwide struggle between freedom and dictatorship is our
superior economic capacity. As with every other phase of our activity
in Europe, it is essential that our economic strength be utilized in the
furtherance of our total objectives in fortifying the free world against
aggression.
European economic progress, if maintained by expanded interna-
tional trade, remains one of the West's most effective weapons in
the fight against communism. The Soviets, too, recognize the im-
portance of trade in their efforts to achieve world domination. Trade,
much more for the Communists than for us, is employed aggressively
as a political weapon. The Nazis, it will be recalled, used "dumping"
methods to conquer the Balkans. Authoritarian states, maintaining
as they do rigid controls over every aspect of national life, possess a
tremendous advantage over the free nations in international com-
mercial competition and economic warfare. Western Europe must
be encouraged to avoid the deceptive temptations offered by the East
and it must be given an opportunity to supplant its formerly profitable
prewar Eastern trade with Western markets. In talks with friendly
European and American economists abroad I heard warnings that
the United States cannot afford to ignore the aggressive economic
campaign being waged by the Soviets.
Confidence was expressed that American productive capacity and
enterprising American selling methods could maintain a very' large
export market for our country. In talking with European business-
men and commercial leaders I found a genuine desire to do business
with American firms, especially in the sale of their goods in the United
States in order to obtain dollars for the purchasing of American prod-
ucts and the strengthening of the European economy. There was,
however, some apprehension over our intentions regarding freer two-
way trade, due in large part to a lack of understanding ooffo American
Approy ai l6k6el e sa20e02/111/~bnc~IA RDP80RO1731R000500520015-8
w a easee
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
watch parts, which was viewed in some quarters as a reversion to a high-
tariff policy. It is interesting to note a principal cause of this mis-
apprehension-the United States Embassy in Switzerland at the time
the tariff decision was made had no press officer and was not fully able
to explain at that time to the internationally read Swiss press the
American attitude and real basis for the actions which were taken.
Hence, American economic policy throughout Europe became a subject
for misinterpretation. Together with a properly timed and coordi-
nated information program, much of the damage to European under-
standing of the United States might have been obviated. I have since
been informed by Hon. Theodore Streibert, Director of the United
States Information Agency, that press coverage is being provided for
our Embassy in Switzerland.
While it is important to maintain a viable European economy and
to substitute trade for aid and loans and private investment instead
of free grants, it is equally important to guard against ruinous in-
trusion of American markets by foreign producers. Postwar business
and industrial recovery in Europe has reached a point where the
United States must reassess in realistic fashion the volume and type
of economic aid that ought to go to Europe from this point on. My
observations convinced me that we have reached a stage where we
must weigh the relationship between foreign-aid spending and the
interests of American business, industry, and labor. In Hardin
County, in my own State of Illinois, for example, a principal industry
is the mining of fluorspar for steelmaking. At present 1,200 Hardin
County miners are out of work. Yet our foreign-aid program is ad-
vancing money to develop fluurspar production in a number of foreign
countries.
Common prudence demands that American industry be protected
in cases where it is engaged in production for the national defense
or where it may be suffering from temporary economic contractions.
Our policy, therefore, should be flexible enough to provide safeguards
for American industry where needed and to permit the lifting of
temporary trade restrictions once depressed segments of our industry
have recovered sufficiently to hold their own in competitive markets.
It strikes me as singularly appropriate here to recall an observation
made by the late Senator Robert A. Taft in his book, A Foreign Policy
for Americans-
Fundamentally, I doubt if the standard of living of any people can be successfully
raised to any appreciable degree except by their own efforts. We can advice, we
can assist, if the initiative and the energy to improve themselves is present. But
our assistance cannot be a principal motive for foreign policy.
I found in many quarters a necessity for the modernization of Euro-
pean business methods, especially in the distributive process. While
some American technical aid has been extended on retailing, distribu-
tive, and merchandising methods, this should be intensified for there
are vast untapped consumer markets within the European nations
themselves sufficient to absorb expanding European industry. This is
quite apparent when one views in such a nation as Italy the marked
differences between the wealthy and the poor on one hand and on the
other the weak middle class who should, as in the United States, form
the backbone of a high consumption of both soft and hard goods and a
consequent improvement in the standard of living. Briefly stated, the
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
42 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
European economy, whose productive recovery has been rapid, due in
large measure to American aid, must now concentrate on increasing
domestic consumption to absorb production and foster necessary
expansion.
I heard complaints that there is a serious dearth of top_ grade exper-
;enced economic advisers in our embassies and foreign missions, which
handicaps seriously effective formulation and execution of American
policy. American industry offers an immediate source of supply for
such personnel. It was suggested that training programs by the Gov-
ernment be maintained to insure that this need is filled. The splendid
personnel developed by the Treasury Department for attache duty
with American embassies abroad illustrate what can be accomplished
by sound training programs.
Yet another step that suggests itself is the borrowing of skilled
personnel. from commercial and industrial organizations with experi-
ence in foreign economic relations. In the past "dollar-a-year men"
have made vital contributions to the success of American war efforts.
In the world crisis that confronts us, it is far more vital that we
utilize "dollar-a-year men" to prevent war than to delay calling on
their services only after an emergency overtakes us.
One American expert summed up for me very well the necessity for
our maintaining a vigorous economic offensive in Europe. He said :
We must give Europe the opportunity of earning sufficient American dollars
to withstand Soviet economic pressure. Europe does not have sufficient money
to invest substantially in America. Therefore, we must establish more viable
trade between Europe and the United States, remembering that we have the for-
midable political problem of keeping Europe oriented to the West. We serve
this objective if we maintain close trade contact with Europe; we impair it if
we make it impossible for Europe to trade with us and so force them to buy
from the East commodities our American producers ought to be selling them.
To compel Europe to turn to the East for economic sustenance is to strengthen
Communist economies, which are among the principal implements in commu-
nisni's arsenal of weapons against the United States.
The fact that European nations have largely recovered to such an
extent that direct American monetary contributions are no longer
a prime necessity does not signify that full economic viability has' been
achieved. American private investment is still needed. As to what
may be done domestically to encourage this, the committee is referred
to the United States Department of Commerce survey published
August 26, 1954. American investment is highly desired in Europe.
For eximple, in late September, British Chancellor of the Exchequer,
R. A. Butler, suggested that the United States accelerate its foreign
investments by an added $3.5 billion annually. This is a two-way
street, however, and European nations on their part must present a
favorable climate for American private investment.
Purchasing and procurement
In surveying this area of American operations in Europe, I spoke
to officials and employees on various levels of both military and civilian
agencies concerned with our foreign purchasing and procurement
policies.
I heard complaints that no appreciable progress has been made in
the standardization of weapons and equipment, a policy recommended
by several survey groups in the past. For example, adoption of a
standard rifle has not yet progressed beyond the discussion stage.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2 /11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731 R0005005?0015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 43
Agreement has not been reached on a standard vehicle of the jeep
type. Failure to achieve standardization does not lie exclusively at
the door of American officials. In point of fact, it was recognized long
ago that such standardization is vitally necessary for our national
security and that we have been far too slow in achieving this needed
objective. Recommendations contained in the report issued by Sen-
ators Bridges and Symington following their visit to Europe early
this year have not been fully followed to their conclusion.
I found two conflicting philosophies in our purchasing program in
Europe. One, fostered in agencies (State Department and FOA)
concerned with our foreign policy, views as paramount the effect
worked on foreign economies by our purchasing of, and expenditures
for, goods abroad. The other view, observable in consuming agencies
such as the military services, is concerned primarily with obtaining
the best goods at the cheapest price. The factor of American foreign
economic policy, on which billions of dollars have been expended, does
not enter into the considerations of such consuming agencies. Com-
mon to both types of agencies is the philosophy that gives inadequate
consideration to economic needs and availabilities in the United.
States, where some areas are suffering contractions due to lessened
production.
Prior to my departure for Europe, I reviewed the extensive hearings
and report of the Federal Supply Management Subcommittee of the
House Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments,
popularly known as the Bonner subcommittee. In speaking to mili-
tary and civilian officials at various levels concerned with different
phases of procurement, I inquired as to what progress had been made
in carrying out the recommendations of the Bonner subcommittee
and whether shortcomings uncovered during the committee study
had been corrected. The concensus was that while remedies had been
found here and there, a great deal remained to be done, notably in the
elimination of individual "empires" which have stemmed from the
noncentralized procurement system now in effect. There is a definite
need, I was told, for coordination between available sources and avail-
able inventories in the United States. In addition, there is a need for
greater care to insure that purchases made in foreign markets do not
prove injurious to American sources of production, especially in
instances where individual American industries are hard pressed.
One of the cardinal defects of the present system, it was pointed out,
resides in the practice of permitting principal consuming agencies
to purchase for themselves and for others. In periods of shortage or
threatened shortage, experience has shown that a consuming agency
buying goods for others of its type retains for itself a dispropor-
tionate share of the goods available. In anticipation of such situa-
tions, nonbuying agencies overorder. It was felt that this defect
could be overcome to a large extent by centering procurement func-
tions in a nonconsuming agency. The General Services Administra-
tion by its function, structure, and experience, is an agency-which
would appear to meet this requirement.
Air and maritime transportation
I found among the European nations a very clear appreciation of
the strategic importance of air and sea transportation. Many have
embarked upon an ambitious shipbuilding program.
55772-55-4
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP8 R01731R000500520015-8
44 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
J In the case of air carriers, Europe's concern is manifested in the
many so-called national carriers, either wholly or partially subsidized
by their individual governments and all recipients of preferential
treatment in any matter involving air carriage. Indications of this
are the figures showing that in addition to the 2 United States-flag
carriers, there are 11 foreign-flag lines now crossing the North At-
lantic on regular schedules. In 1953, 461,000 passengers were carried
across this route, with only 235,000 being carried on the American-flag
lines.
These advances pose a definite threat to privately owned marine and
air carriers in the United States. More than that, they pose a serious
danger to the very security of the United States, since any economic
weakening of American marine and aviation facilities must inevitably
undermine their strength as vitally needed auxiliaries to our defense
establishment.
We have failed also to grasp the tremendous significance of the role
that air transportation can play in providing American aid for under-
developed countries. Some of the most critical points at which we
clash with the Soviets in ideological and economic warfare are coun-
tries thousands of miles from the American continent. These are
areas where the urge to throw off colonial bonds have created intense
pressures for political and economic independence. If these aspira-
tions are to be channeled into healthy, democratic courses of action,
it is.essential that the native peoples of these areas realize as quickly
as possible + that the United States is ready to help them solve their
own problems and that they can rely on us to help them in achieving
self-reliance. Air transportation offers the quickest' access to these
areas. It is vital to the effective functioning of American tech-
nical assistance programs and it is indispensable in beating Com-
munist economic and political warfare to the punch. Above all, it
offers the best means of aiding these remote countries to develop
internal transportation systems for their self-help.
It is inconceivable that this country should provide the funds for
other nations to build a bulwark against communism and at the same
time constrict the development of our own air transport system.
Historically America yielded its early supremacy in sea transporta-
tion in the days of the clipper ships as the vast expansion and develop-
ment of our West absorbed all the energies and interest of Americans
following the Civil War.
With world problems growling on our doorsteps in the early years
of this century, Theodore Roosevelt sent our fleet around the world
to demonstrate our complete dependence on foreign shipping to fuel
our ships of war.
The struggle to develop our American merchant marine has con-
tinued ever since.
In' both world wars we were obliged to spend billions with all the
waste incident to haste in order to create the merchant shipping to
transport and supply our men overseas.
The struggle still proceeds. At the end of World War II the United
States had 20 million tons of merchant shipping that was an indis-
pensable auxiliary to our winning of the war.
We then gave billions to Europe and permitted, if not encouraged,
their use of these funds, among other things, to build millions of tons
of better and faster ships than ours so that our shipping is now.out-
moded and rusting in bays all around our country.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 200 /11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731 R0005005 015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 45
That is what we have done with our merchant marine-an indis-
pensable naval auxiliary in time of war.
Now our shipping men must ask Congress to help them build a new
merchant marine better and faster than those which we helped our
competitors to build following the war.
Exactly the same policy with modifications is being followed in air
transportation-the key to the future.
Our chief competitors in air transport operate Government-owned
monopolies in international air transport with vast Government aid
both in construction and operation.
Our chief competitors, while receiving billions 'in economic aid from
us, have diverted more than a half billion dollars to develop and
operate air transport designed to drive us from the skies.
That the American flag still flies and sails around the world in
international air and sea transport is a tribute to the genius and enter-
prise of our American airlines and merchant marine with the Govern-
ment assistance that is indispensable if they are to survive.
How long America will continue to aid our competitors is a ques-
tion for the Congress to determine.
The newly formulated policy on international air transport under ~/
this administration is calculated to remedy in some measure the defects
of a program that has been very costly to the American taxpayer and
a very serious handicap to our defense. Careful study by Congress
should also be given to the need of an expanded. United States Mer-
chant fleet.
SECTION IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. CONGRESSIONAL STUDY STAFF ON OVERSEAS ADMINISTRATION
As the Congress maintains close contact with Federal agencies on
the domestic scene; the multiplicity of United States activities over-
seas, the billions of dollars still being spent abroad and their deep sig-
nificance to the security and well-being of the people of the United
States, suggests that a similar mechanism of accountability should be
available abroad.
I recommend therefore that the Congress maintain in Europe a pro-
fessional staff of modest size, appointed by and responsible to con-
gressional committees concerned with operations there. The task of
such a staff should be to study and observe the administrative aspects
of American programs in Europe and report to appropriate congres-
sional committees at times when pertinent legislation-for example,
appropriations measures-is being considered. Thus, the proposed
congressional study staff would facilitate a continuous flow of informa-
tion to the Congress.
The staff would aid Members of Congress visiting Europe on official
inissions and would be available to them for advice and consultation
on all phases of such inissions. The terms used to establish the pro-
posed study staff should include the most careful definitions setting
forth the limits of its responsibility, which should devolve solely on the
degree to which maximum economy and efficiency are being applied
on American programs in Europe. Due care must be taken in these
definitions to make it plain that the study staff's responsibility does
not include ongoing operations in the diplomatic or military fields,
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
.10
nor is it to impinge on policy matters vested in the executive branch
of Government or exercise any operational authority or function. In
addition, it should be made plain that the proposed study staff does
not involve creation of a new agency. Rather, this staff should be'
made up of existing members of the professional staffs serving inter-
ested committees of the Congress. Professionals selected for duty
on overseas study staffs should be rotated periodically on a basis that
will insure both continuity and efficiency of operation.
2. COORDINATION OF UNITED STATES OVERSEAS OPERATIONS
The achievement of a more effective and economical alignment of
our diplomatic and administrative agencies overseas is a monumental
task. Our establishment in Europe is a vast complex of agencies;
diplomatic and consular; military, economic, and commercial; infor-
mational and cultural. To weld these many agencies into a cohesive
structure that can concentrate on the maximum achievement of Amer-
ican objectives overseas requires a guiding force that can minimize
duplication and contradiction.
I therefore recommend that an official on the cabinet level be desig-
nated for this purpose.
3. CONDUCT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
,"' : J - Tie findings in this report point to serious impairment of the
res-
p
ti e i d effectiveness of our diplomatic service. Among the factors
uti
t
thi
Th
ng
o
s are :
e ease with which foreign countries are by-
passing our ambassadors to deal directly with Washington; the mul-
tiplicity of special missions dispatched by Washington to deal with
individual European problems as they arise; excessive bestowals of
ambassadorial and ministerial rank on emissaries assigned to special
tasks in Europe; and finally, the frequency with which heads of Amer-
ican diplomacy have traveled to Europe from Washington.
I therefore recommend :
(a) That we redefine, especially for the governments of foreign
countries, the functions and responsibilities of our ambassadors, re-
investing these officials with the primary authority they should prop-
erly exercise in countries where they are stationed.
(b) That we broaden the jurisdiction of our ambassadors and pro-
vide them with the necessary staffs to permit them to assume actual
and final authority for cultural, economic, informational, and other
activities now being carried on in countries where they are stationed
by other agencies, thus permitting substantial savings in our total
overseas program by reduction or elimination of agencies whose
functions would be absorbed by the embassies.
(c) That assignment of United States missions to deal with specific
European problems be held to the minimum required by clearly dis-
cernible emergency situations.
4. IMPROVEMENT OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN SERVICE
To increase our diplomatic effectiveness generally and to develop
an adequate reservoir of skilled personnel for our foreign service re-
quirements, I recommend :
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R00050052Q015-8
.ORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
(a) That consideration be given to a re-evaluation of existing salary
levels.
(b) That, in such fields as economic and cultural relations, efforts be
made to "borrow" skilled specialists from private American business
and cultural and educational institutions for short-term periods of
service on embassy staffs.
(c) That conflict of interest provisions in existing Federal laws be
reexamined with a view toward amendment that will permit the
Nation to avail itself of skilled specialists on short-term tours of duty
until training programs can develop personnel to meet long-range
needs.
(d) That consideration be given to providing compensation ade-
quate to attract specialists who leave private employment for volun-
tary duty to help in meeting American Foreign Service needs.
(e) That a training program, including either a revitalized Foreign
Service Institute or the establishment of an alternative institution on
the college level, be instituted by the Government, utilizing the skills
and experience of existing Federal agencies and private organizations
and institutions to develop a reservoir of Foreign Service personnel
capable of meeting the diverse and exacting demands of current Amer-
ican diplomacy.
American expenditures in connection with our ?overseas operations,
including special activities such as the offshore procurement program,
run into hundreds of millions of dollars. The application of sound and
seasoned purchasing and procurement skills is essential if the objec
tives of such operations are to be met with a minimum of waste,
inefficiency, and duplication.
I therefore recommend :
(a) That offshore purchasing be centered in a single operating
agency, the General Services Administration, to eliminate interagency
competition and to correlate Government purchasing needs more ef-
fectively with available resources, both foreign and domestic, and to
insure the protection of our American economy.
(b) That the experienced judgment and skills of the General Serv-
ices Administration be brought into play to assume many of the
purchasing and procurement responsibilities now being borne by
individual agencies.
(c) That consideration be given to insure that the joint committee
made up of GSA, military, and economic agency representatives meets
agency needs efficiently and economically, and that the views and rec-
ommendations of the joint committee be communicated to the directors
of the agencies involved.
(d) That, while GSA participation in the case of military pur-
chasing can relieve the armed services of heavy burdens of paperwork
incidental to the negotiation of contracts and other purchasing pro-
cedures, control of the development of specifications and inspection of
finished products to insure that needed standards are met, must neces-
sarily remain with military services.
(e) That recommendations contained in Congressional reports, such
as the Bridges-Symington Report, be followed to their conclusion.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
48 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISS
6. OVERSEAS INFORMATION PROGRAM
The conditioning of world opinion for the acceptance of freedom
or capitulation to communism is a central factor in the conflict between
the free world and its totalitarian adversaries. Opinions vary as to
whether the United States is spending too much or too little on its
information activities abroad. No judgment is advanced in this re-
port as to the budgetary aspects of the existing American program.
However, I recommend :
(a) That we intensify our efforts to shift to native media the main
burden of Europe's defense against the ideological onslaughts of com-
munism and strengthen our allies' capacity for informational self-
defense.
(b) That those of our information activities aimed at countries,
behind the Iron Curtain concentrate on special appeals to induce;!
defections from Communist regimes by scientists, technicians, en-
gineers, and skilled industrial personnel generally.
(c) That exploratory talks be held with our friends in the free
world to develop an allied information program, using qualified
Europeans with American backing and American guidance to the
extent required for the conduct of an effective free world information
service.
(d) That, in line with newly adopted policy, efforts be made to
staff all overseas information posts with persons who have practical,
rather than academic, experience in news media fields; and that, as a
matter of policy, overseas information personnel be rotated to the
United States periodically to maintain necessary contact with trends
and developments at home.
(e) That our existing program be carefully appraised to determine
whether it is adequately serving the political objectives on which it
is based.
A needed reappraisal
The student of the European defense problem is confronted with'
a gigantic paradox. It arises from the fact that, although collectively
superior to the U. S. S. R. in available manpower, technical profi-
ciency, industrial capacity, and financial resources, Western Europe
is authoritatively judged to be vulnerable to Russian attack.
This situation presents American diplomacy with al
hreefold task.
We must implant first an acute awareness of this very real threat.
We must instill the will to fight if attacked and, finally, we must
promote the state of preparedness to make that defense successful.
For reasons detailed heretofore, the first two of those endeavors are
the more difficult. Apologists for the slow pace of European rearma-
ment often cite as an excuse the fact that economic productivity suf-
fered severely during World War II. The Soviets were even more
grievously wounded by Nazi destructiveness, yet they are arming with
vigor and are creating a supporting industrial machine with equal
energy.
Others assert, by way of explanation, that the Soviets have never
relaxed a war economy, while Europe has. That is merely to restate
the conclusion that the Soviets' will to conquest is more determined
than Europe's will toward defense.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R00050052001.5-8
 Approved For Release 211/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R00050015-8
RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 49
Clearly, we are confronted with problems in national psychology,
as well as in diplomacy and military planning. There is a substantial
body of opinion that the repeatedly expressed determination of the
United States to defend Europe is a large factor in the disinclination
of European states to exert themselves to the utmost for their own
protection. It becomes, therefore, an urgent matter of executive and
congressional policy whether a sharp reduction in American aid might
not stimulate these states into greater effort on their own behalf.
If Congress and the executive branch should be persuaded by de-
tailed economic studies that the costs would seriously strain the budgets
of the NATO countries, consideration might be given to loans-prefer-
ably not for armament, but to alleviate budgetary difficulties in those
areas pinched by increased military outlays.
While the suggestion may be outside the proper scope of this report,
it could be added that this question of reducing aid-6r perhaps re-
placing it with loans-should be approached in Washington with a
high degree of bipartisan understanding. The manner in which it is
done will be as important as the doing. We must not leave the im-
pression that we are withdrawing either in anger or hopelessness, or
because the danger is past. Our attitude should convey, rather, that,
with our help, which we gave gladly-and less in our interest than in
theirs-they are well started, and now able to finish the job.
By avoiding any suggestion that we are lessening our interest in
European defense, and expressing confidence in the ability of our
allies, we might pose a challenge that would strengthen at once the
morale and the determination of those partners to carry a more
equitable share of the load.
I recommend, therefore:
(a) That American economic policy be more clearly defined and
explained to avoid misinterpretations which are exploited by the
Communists, especially in their efforts to lure trade to the East.
(b) That American technical aid in retailing and distributive
methods be intensified with the objective of increasing the vast un-
tapped consumer markets within the European nations themselves.
European sympathy with American aims and policies can best be
served by fostering understanding between the nations of the free
world and strengthening the personal bonds of their peoples.
I, therefore, recommend :
(a) Intensification of the interchange of persons program at all
levels. 1
(b) Encouragement of European tourist and business travel to the
United States through cooperation with the established American
travel industry. .
(c) Reexamination of existing law with a view toward facilitating
and, with all safeguards of our interests, expanding the opportunities
for foreign travel to the United States, and the assignment of adequate
staffs to our consular services abroad to speed screening and other
processing procedures required for the admittance of foreign visitors.
(d) An evaluation of our present exchange student and foreign
visitors program to ascertain whether we are receiving the fullest
possible benefits from it.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 App oved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
50 16 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISS
In speaking with foreign parliamentarians they frequently made
the point that while American diplomatic as well as American legis-
lative and executive officials traveling abroad hold discussions with
incumbent government leaders, opposition political leadership is gen-
erally overlooked until electoral reversals, when opposition parties
achieve government control. This failure to maintain a balanced
perspective on the complex political scene in Europe works a two-way
hardship : not only do American officials have an incomplete picture
of the sum total of European opinion but minority European states-
men find themselves ignorant of United States viewpoints.
I therefore recommend that increased attention be paid to political
opposition parties in Europe while adequate relations are maintained
with government party leadership. Due care must, of course, be taken
to insure that in consulting with political opposition leaders we do not
place ourselves in the position of appearing to be giving them official
recognition or interfering in their domestic politics.
10. CONGRESSIONAL CONSULTATION WITH AMERICAN FOREIGN
CORRESPONDENTS
Experienced American press and radio correspondents have ac-
quired a fund of knowledge about the personalities and political un-
dercurrents affecting European attitudes and policies that can be of
immense value if properly utilized.
I therefore recommend that appropriate congressional committees
consult with a selected number of experienced American press and
radio correspondents covering European capitals. Subject to the
consent of their editors, these correspondents should be consulted
in executive session so that responsible legislative committees may be
in a position to augment normal sources of information about Europe
and so obtain a complete and balanced picture of American problems
in Europe and the manner in which these problems are being met.
The qualification relating to the consent of editors in the procedure
suggested above is included because it is essential to our free press
tradition that the status of American newspapermen be kept unofficial
and completely independent of any branch of our Government.
Our alliances in Europe provide us with indispensable outposts for
America's defense structure. A United States withdrawal from
Europe at present, as advocated by some, therefore seems to me to hold
out serious dangers, not only to Europe but to our own country. Such
a withdrawal would gravely undermine Europe's ability to defend
against aggression. Lacking so significant an outer rampart, the
ultimate cost to the United States, in the event of aggression from the
East, is beyond calculation. Convinced that a proper balance can
be found between the necessity of maintaining our forward positions
in Europe and bolstering our inner security, I recommend :
(a) That in view of the preponderance of manpower available to
potential Communist enemies, we muster the maximum technological
and productive capacities at our disposal to establish and maintain
unchallengeable supremacy in air power, and that our appropriations
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80RO1731R000500520015-8
for the military services be so apportioned as to insure achievement
of this objective.
(b) That in common consideration of self-interest, which dictates
the necessity of looking first to our own defenses, our Regular Army,
National Guard, and Army Reserve establishments be expanded on a
basis that will provide us with the standing capability of mustering
ground forces with the utmost speed and in adequate numbers to cope
with any conceivable emergency.
(c) That we maintain both qualitative and quantitative superiority
for our Naval Establishment.
(d) That present commitments of United States ground forces to
Europe be reevaluated, as European military manpower contributions
grow with the accretion of German and other components, to deter-
mine the feasibility, of reducing the present United States ground
force establishment on the Continent, leaving major emphasis of the
United States contribution to air and naval forces. aforces
(e) That we continue to maintain a portion of our ground
in Europe-even if on a reduced scale-for the value of such a force
as a deterrent symbol to Communist aggression and visible evidence
to our friends of America's readiness to resist attack.
I further recommend that full and proper use be made of military
attaches assigned to American embassies. These trained men have
been too often bypassed by special missions.
12. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL TRAINING OF AMERICAN YOUTH
Military experts and educational authorities are concerned over the
Soviets' known emphasis on the training of Russian youth in science
and technology. The gravity with which they regard this situation
leads me to recommend :
(a) That steps be taken at the earliest moment to maintain our
country's lead in the development of trained scientific and technologi-
cal personnel.
(b) That a high-level conference of military authorities and edu-
cators be called for the purpose of devising a program, similar to
the World War II plan that utilized educational facilities for meeting
military specialist needs, to initiate the training of scientific and tech-
nological manpower required for future security needs.
(c) That such a program be sufficiently flexible to allow for the
productive integration of those selected for training in the Nation's
peacetime industrial facilities, as well as for the specialized military
service that would be expected of them.
13. ANTI-COMMUNIST EXILES AND REFUGEES
Manpower, physically and ideologically fit to resist Communist
aggression, is an enduring need in the free world. A potential force
of some significance now exists in Western Europe, composed of free
Poles, Czechs, and other central and eastern European peoples who
have fled or escaped from Communist tyranny. Thousands upon thou-
sands of them have rallied around Gen. Wladyslaw Anders, who led
Polish forces against Nazi Germany, and who suffered betrayal and
imprisonment at the hands of the Russians.
I therefore recommend :
(a) That a careful survey be made to determine how best to assist
these heroic enemies of communism in maintaining a cohesive, effi-i
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
? ?
52 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
cient adjunct of the free world's total defense effort against Commu-
nist aggression.
(b) That they be encouraged to retain their national identification.
(c) That such facilities and assistance as are warranted by their
capabilities for aiding the defense of the free world be extended to aid
them in maintaining a state of readiness for participation in any de-
fense effort the western nations may be called upon to make.
Establishment of the Air Coordinating Committee has represented
an important forward step in aiding the formulation of laws and
regulations to safeguard both the national interest and the interests
of our air-transport industry.
I recommend therefore :
(a) That a similar advisory group be created in the field of mari-
time transportation.
(b) That a study be made with a view toward determining the
feasibility of coordinating the activities of the proposed Maritime
. Coordinating Committee with those of the Air Coordinating Com-
mittee, the objective in view to be the prevention of overlapping,
duplication, and wasteful competition in the two transportation fields.
In view of schisms which have emerged on the highest levels of
our Government with respect to American defense needs in both the
Far East and Europe, I deem it essential that counsel be taken with
one who has consistently demonstrated a comprehensive grasp of the
total problem that confronts us.
I therefore recommend that Gen. Douglas MacArthur's views be
invited by both our highest policymaking authorities and appropriate
congressional committees to aid in the shaping of a consistent, clearly
formulated global defense policy for the United States.
Although the Middle East did not come within my area of study,
geographic realities impel the conclusion that security of this front is
essential to the stability of the elaborate defense structure under
development in Western Europe. French difficulties in North Africa,
Britain's withdrawal from the Suez Canal and continuing divisions
and tensions among the states of the Middle East have drawn the
covetous attention of the Soviets, who cannot be expected to overlook
the strategic significance of this area. Primary American emphasis
until now has been on pacification of this area rather than on its organ-
ization for participation in the common defense of the free world. On
the basis of talks in Europe with highly competent and well-informed
persons whose judgments on the Middle East I found trustworthy, I
recommend :
(a) That United States policy in the Middle East be directed toward
integrating this area in the total structure of Western European
defense.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 53
(b) That United States aid to states in the Middle East be predi-
cated on the readiness of recipient countries to join in the free world's
defense system.
(c) That, in rendering aid to the Middle East, every effort should
be exerted to discourage the revival of armed hostilities between the
State of Israel and the Arab Nations.
(d) That in no case should we extend aid to any country in the area
unless a recipient state effectively guarantees that United States aid
will not be used for aggressive purposes.
The Latin American states, while not within the purview of my
study, nevertheless have relevance in light of general findings with
regard to aggressive Communist pressures against the free world.
Of the total sums expended by the United States in foreign aid of
every kind approximately 1 percent of all funds has been allocated
to our neighboring American countries. At the same time, these na-
tions have come under increasing Communist pressure, both internally
(e.,g., Guatemala.) and externally, with portents that leave no room
for viewing the future with complacency.
I therefore recommend that increased attention be given to further-
ing hemispheric solidarity between the United States and her Latin
American neighbors, in terms of economic, cultural, and military
unity with a view toward welding the two continents into a secure and
prosperous rampart against Communist aggression and penetration.
18. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR EUROPEAN MIGRATION
Severe economic and population pressures in strategic countries such
as Italy require alleviation if the already heavy Communist inroads are
to be prevented from deepening to the point where constitutional gov-
ernment can be supplanted by Soviet rule. A valuable source of relief
exists in the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration.
With adequate screening procedures and personnel qualified to corre-
late European emigration needs with Latin American immigration
opportunities, the ICEM can make an important contribution to the
common well-being of European and Latin American countries.
I recommend, therefore, that a careful study be made to determine
how best to utilize the facilities of the ICEM, and I further recom-
mend that careful consideration be given to strengthening the ICEM
personnel structure and screening procedures.
For all its defects and shortcomings in the face of Communist ob-
structions and intransigence, the United Nations continues to offer a
forum of world opinion before which the free world and the dictator-
ships can be judged by the ordinary peoples of the earth. For many
millions of people, the United Nations still represents an instrumental-
ity for striving to avert the threat of a world war. In Europe, it
is regarded hopefully if not optimistically.
I therefore recommend that United States policy continue to aim at,
strengthening the United Nations. The alternative would be to con-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
S 0
54 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
cede in effect that international disputes cannot be settled by peaceful
means.
Let us remember, however, that the League of Nations lost the confi-
dence of world opinion because of its failure to deal firmly with the
aggression in Ethiopia.. The United Nations cannot safely ignore
repeated violations of international law and its own obligations with-
out forfeiting the confidence of free peoples.
The principal problems in our relations with France lie in two
areas. On the one hand, French soil is dotted with United States
bases, supply depots, and other military installations vital to the
defense of the United States and the protection of the free world as
a whole. On the other hand, the instability of the French political
establishment is such as to make extremely difficult the planning of
long-range United States policy toward France and the maintenance
of any continuity in that policy. I therefore recommend :
(a) That United States aid to France, exclusive of appropriations
required for the common military necessities of both countries, be
geared to the current needs of United States policy objectives. Thus,
stable French governments which demonstrate their readiness to resist
totalitarian aggression should be encouraged and supported. After
periods of electoral change, United States aid should be contingent
on a continuity of French readiness to adhere to France's treaty obli-
gations for the defense of the free world. The same formula to be
applied to any other nation that receives American aid.
(b) That we continue to maintain our military installations in
France and advance such aid as may be required by the military
necessity.
Peaceful resolution of the Saar issue is vital to the peace of Europe,
particularly with regard to the maintenance of pacific relations be-
tween France and Germany. Most important, in terms of American
principles as enunciated in the so-called Atlantic Charter, the people
of the Saar should be allowed to determine their own political, cul-
tural, and economic destiny as agreed upon in discussions between
the French and German Governments in the Paris Conference on
October 23, 1954.
The final settlement of the Saar issue must therefore insure :
(a) That the people of the Saar be given an opportunity, through
a plebiscite, to determine the future political status of their territory,
as an independent area under self-rule or as a protectorate of a
consortium of free nations, with guarantees for the political and
individual rights of the Saar citizens.
(b) That the people of the Saar also be given the opportunity to
express themselves politically through parties of their choice.
(c) That a representative of the people of the Saar participate fully
in any and all international discussions affecting the status of this area.
Germany's economic recovery and growing economic progress is
obviating the need for large-scale economic aid from the United
00 OVOU Fao f e~ 211) "Idmr 08 MTt51'V520015-8
 Approved For Release 20 2/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R00050052 015-8
RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 55
must be expected to explore all international trade opportunities, V'
including those being offered to her by the East. Because of the
exceptionally strategic position of Germany, and because she is one
of the newest partners in the western alliance, I recommend :
(a) That trade, rather than aid, form the cornerstone of our policy
toward Germany and that intensive efforts be undertaken to open
sufficient trade opportunities between the United States and Germany
to minimize insofar as possible the danger of German trade with the
East.
(b) That, in the tradition of respect for the sanctity of private
property, Congress expedite the legislation for the return of prop-
erty to German citizens and now held by the Alien Property Custo-
dian, with appropriate safeguards for our national security.
(c) That we continue to manifest our support for German unifica-
tion through free all-German elections.
(d) That, in consonance with our policy of supporting the integra-
tion of the Federal Republic of Germany in the community of free
nations, we take the lead in proposing the Federal Republic for
membership in the United Nations.
(e) That adequate safeguards be maintained to assure that Ger-
man militarism will never again become a threat to peace or an
instrument of aggression.
The Federal Republic of Germany has announced that the national
army permitted it under the terms of the amended Brussels Pact will
be molded along democratic lines and patterned after the Army of
the United States. It being of vital importance to achieve this worthy
objective and to cement the bonds between Germany and the free
world, I recommend :
That military authorities of the Federal Republic of Germany be
invited to send selected officers and officer candidates of the Federal
Germany Army for training and observation in American military
training facilities.
To make more effective the agreement between the United States
and Spain for common defense against Communist aggression, I
recommend that consideration be given to including that country in
our offshore procurement program, particularly with a view toward
increasing the western community's capacities for arms production.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80ROl731 R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
0
APPENDIX
I. OFFICIAL ANNOUNCEMENT OF APPOINTMENT OF BRIG. GEN. JULIUS KLEIN AS
SPECIAL CONSULTANT TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES OF THE SENATE
APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE
WASHINGTON, D. C., August 25, 1954.
Senator Styles Bridges (Republican, New Hampshire), chairman of the Senate
Appropriations Committee, and Senator Homer Ferguson (Republican, Mich-
igan), chairman of the Armed Services Subcommittee of the Senate Appropria-
tions Committee, announced today the appointment of Brig. Gen. Julius Klein,
of Chicago, as a special consultant to Senator Ferguson's subcommittee. General
Klein will conduct a study in Europe during the early fall months on matters
pertaining to our military establishments there.
Upon completion of his official survey and before the convening of the 84th
Congress, General Klein will submit his report directly to the Armed Forces
Subcommittee. Charles E. Wilson, Secretary of Defense ; Foreign Operations
Administrator Harold Stassen; and other Government agency heads, both here
and in Europe, have been requested to cooperate with General Klein in carrying
out his mission.
On recommendation of the late Senator Robert A. Taft, Klein was appointed
national defense consultant to the Republican National Committee in 1948 and
also has served members of the Senate Armed Services Committee as a special
adviser. After having served with distinction in the Pacific and Philippines
under General MacArthur and Admiral Halsey, he was appointed special assistant
to Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson, participating in the unification pro-
gram which resulted in the establishment of the Department of Defense.
In accepting the appointment, General Klein stated, "The problems of national
defense have always been of prime interest to me and as an active National
Guard officer, I feel that a citizen-soldier should do his duty when called upon
by such distinguished persons as Senators Bridges and Ferguson. Having assur-
ances of support of Senators of both parties, I shall give them my honest opinion
based on my experience and the conclusions of my survey."
UNITED STATES LINES,
On Board Steamship United States, October 25, 1954.
Hon. STYLES BRIDGES,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Armed Services,
Senate Office Building, Washington 25, D. C.
Hon. HOMER FERGUSON,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Armed Services,
Senate Committee on Appropriations,
Senate Office Building, Washington 25, D. C.
DEAR SENATORS : As my mission comes to a close upon my return to the States
tomorrow, I should like, first, to express my deep gratitude to you for the oppor-
tunity given me to serve my country again-this time as a private citizen.
I have interviewed a great many people and have accumulated hundreds of
pages of notes. I have talked with Europe's political leaders and their parlia-
mentary opposition. Finally, I have spoken with those whose destiny was most
vitally affected by the momentous decisions of recent Western diplomacy-
the ordinary men and women of Europe. The impressions I brought back with
me give no reason for unrestrained optimism ; yet neither do they warrant despair
and discouragement. Everywhere I?went I found reinforcement for my conviction
that America must guard herself, not only internally, but externally, against the
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
?RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 0 57
communist threat. We are the envy of the world. We are the most powerful
nation on earth, but our political and diplomatic arms suffer from weaknesses that
can 'and must be remedied.
The completion of my report will require a few weeks. I want to be sure that
the balance sheet I present to you is as factual and unbiased as I can make it.
Whatever the nature of my final conclusions, I will set them forth in terms interests of our country.
dictated by my concern for what ropri to toe subest for mmarize some of the impr ssions
At this moment, I deem it app p
and conclusions that are fresh in my mind on returning home. I will elaborate,
of course, in my report and, after checking my notes and weighing most care-
fully the facts at my disposal, it is conceivable that I may find reason to revise
some of the judgments I have formed up to this point.
One of the first recommendations I will make to you is that a staff of the
Senate Appropriations Committee, comprised of properly qualified professionals,
be selected by your committee for assignment This staff ld( o ntl
selected by the Armed Forces and Appropriations
trusted with the dual task of supervising ain studying the It way in whi t
American money has been, and is being, spent
to the Senate in advance of the regular annual hearings, which are usually
too brief to provide Senators with all the data necessary for the shaping of para effective policy. You might care to include staff representatives making this el
a
committees in the House on this watchdog staff in Europe, thus
joint project of the Senate and House.
Such recommendations, and many others, will be contained in the report that I
will' develop on the basis of 21/2 months of study in Europe. In that period I
visited many countries ; I talked at length, not only with highly informed Euro-
peans, but with our own people as well. I declined all interviews because I
felt that I should report first to you. Of course, some of my views may have
suggested themselves to American diplomats and military leaders since the
questions I put to them, in many cases, were leading in nature. However, I
made it plain throughout that I considered myself a reporter without portfolio,
and I stated repeatedly that I had come to Europe to interview, not to be inter-
viewed.
In addition to suggesting the establishment of a congressional staff in Europe,
I will stress the following points in my report :
First : I was fortunate enough to be in Europe when Secretary Dulles made
his contribution to the development of the Western European Union. I there-
fore had an opportunity to see our first diplomat in action under most creditable
circumstances. As admirable as was the role played by Mr. Dulles, however, I
feel constrained to offer the judgment that it is a mistake to dispatch our
Secretary of State to Europe as often as we have in the past. It struck me
that the time is nigh when European leaders should find their way to Wash-
ington on those occasions when they come to feel a pressing need for guidance
and counsel from the United States. I recognize that the pursuit of a just and
honorable peace is worth every exploration we might make, but I do feel that
our European friends ought to recognize that the first responsibility for solving
problems of their own making rests upon them rather than on the head of
American diplomacy. By responding too frequently to these appeals from
Europe, I fear Mr. Dulles may fall into the same error that marked the practices
of Wilson, Roosevelt, Truman, and Acheson, whose recurrent voyages abroad
encouraged too great a sense of European dependence on the United States
for the solution of problems that were of concern chiefly to Europe. Generally
speaking, American foreign policy does not enjoy the prestige among foreign
governments it should in Europe. There has been too much meddling in foreign
ha e
clement lines by responsibility. Now that the United tSthas been made to ates has done its draw
in Europe, our friends across the Atlantic should demonstrate a greater measure
of self-reliance, even though they may realize that unfortunately final decisions
today are made in Washington and Moscow, not in Paris, London, Bonn, and
Rome.
Second : The multiplicity of American officials engaged in carrying on purely
political propaganda in Europe should be curtailed at the earliest possible
moment. Our policy should be revised in accordance with the change in European
attitudes since the days immediately following World War H. Today it is a
mistake to expend money and manpower in efforts to sell the special American
brand.of democracy to countries that have their own cultures, their own political
definitions, and who resent attempts at imposition of the political standards _ of
others expressed in foreign terms. As a substitute there should be an effort to
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
58 ? REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIS T
train Europeans to propagandize their own people and instill in them the demo,
cratic spirit ; it must be remembered that the Communists use native propa-
gandists, not Russians, to spread communism. The main emphasis of American
activity in countries that may still be salvaged from political extremism of the
left or the right should be placed on economic factors, both in Europe and the
United States. I am convinced that only a prosperous economy, with the hope of
of achieving better standards of living, can save such countries as France and
Italy from capitulation to communism. However, I must stress that American
aid should be advanced with the utmost prudence. If limited only to expanding
plant facilities, there would be a risk that American dollars might in the end
come back to haunt America's own economy.
Third : I found that many Europeans view the United States with neither
gratitude nor admiration. Neither the help we have given Europe since the end of
the war nor the democratic principles we have sought to advance have earned us
the friendship we might have expected. At the same time, some American diplo-
mats have allowed their absorption with the problems of the countries in which
they are stationed to obscure their first responsibility-the furthering of Eu-
rope's understanding of American policies and principles. America today enjoys
100 percent popularity in only 1 European country : Spain ; and Spain is under
a Fascist government. There is substantial pro-American sentiment in other
countries of Europe, but it is ironic that Spain is unique for the degree of
friendship it is manifesting for the United States by comparison with countries
that have been much greater beneficiaries of American aid.
France is fast undergoing a thorough and necessary change. Premier Mendes-
France has achieved great public favor in his divided country, and his program
of economic and social reforms may well save France from communism.
Germany under Dr. Adenauer is a solid and loyal partner in the world fight
against communism, but Franco-German unity is vital if Europe is to withstand
the march of communism.
It is too late to shed tears over the collapse of the original EDC Treaty, but
in retrospect, it must be said that Britain shares equal blame with France for
this failure. Britain could have brought about adoption of the EDC plan if
she had given it half the support she subsequently gave to the Brusslels Pact
Agreement at the London Conference. I am convinced that our country, too,
could have played a far more vital role in this problem than it did. We should
have insisted that England and France ratify the original EDC Treaty, and I
feel that success would have been ours if we had maintained the same firmness
in our foreign policy that marked our contribution to the Brussels Pact dis-
cussions.
Fourth : American military leadership in Europe is acquitting itself magnifi-
cently. On the other hand, vast improvements can be made in the operations
of our other representatives abroad. There is still too much duplication, waste
of both money and manpower, inadequacy of program and information activities,
and far too great a lack of coordination of the total American effort overseas.
Fifth : United States diplomacy should increase its efforts to strengthen the
United Nations, which should assume its rightful place as an arbitrating force
between the nations of the world. The only alternative would be to admit that
the United Nations, like the old League of Nations, is impotent to settle inter-
national disputes by peaceful means.
In this connection, I will urge that our country begin to press for the ad-
mission of the Federal Republic of Germany into the United Nations. I
recognize that the Russians will promptly counter with a renewed demand for
the admission of Red China, but the answer to this, of course, is that Communist
China, through her Soviet Russian mentors, is already achieving every objective
she might pursue if she were herself a member of the United Nations.
Sixth: The political question of the Saar should be settled through a plebiscite
in line with the promises held out by the now forgotten Atlantic Charter.
Seventh: The people of the Saar should be offered an opportunity to decide
whether their problems can best be solved by making the territory a protectorate
of the United Nations.
Eighth : The heroic Poles, Czechs, and others who have shown a will to fight
Communist aggression should be given an opportunity to form their own force
under their own colors. I would recommend that efforts be made to accommo-
date such forces in Spain, or in any other country in Europe dedicated to the
fight against Communist aggression. There, under. their own leaders, they can
prepare for the day when they can contribute to the liberation of their native
countries.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731.R000500520015-8
?RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 4059
Ninth : While I recognize the significance and the importance of such concepts
as the offshore procurement program, I suggest that no matter what phase of
foreign economic policy we address ourselves to, our first consideration must be
to see to it that our domestic economy is afforded maximum protection. In my
judgment, all general United States procurement and purchasing should be
handled by the General Services Administration. The sum total of our over-
seas operations seems to me now to be marked by waste and duplication that
can be eliminated by judicious use of business methods that will take into account
the interests of American business no less than the interests of those we wish
to help in Europe.
Of course, this outline represents preliminary thinking on my part. Some
of the views expressed here are known to our officials in Europe and, believe me,
a great many right-thinking and unbiased people in responsible positions agreed
with me that drastic changes are required. I will formulate my findings, in-
cluding the background data that entered into my survey, at the earliest possible
date so that I can submit a proposed draft for your approval.
My staff has been working for weeks, going through the mass of comments,
reports, clippings, and notes which I forwarded to the United States from abroad.
I hope now that I will be able to contribute in some small way to the fund
of information you and your colleagues will require for the important delibera-
tions that will engage the next Congress as it strives to formulate legislation
vital to the interests of our beloved country.
Hoping to see you soon and with kindest personal regards, I am
Sincerely,
JULIUS KLEIN.
III. ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN SCENE BY GENERAL KLEIN
Western Europe's contribution to the common defense of the free world is not
exclusively a military problem. Actually, its effectiveness is determined by
political, economic, and social considerations.
We may persuade European nations to create divisions, military bases, and
defense organizations. However, they offer no guaranty that the people would
be ready to fight in case the need arises and that, in the event they do fight, they
tight effectively.
Europe's basic disinclination to strain its resources for the common defense
has its roots in various mental crevices. Wishful thinking by policymakers and
self-serving evidence produced by partisans of the issue have hidden for several
years this basic unwillingness. Thus, during the communal cry over the failure
of EDC, many overheard the sighs of relief which came from various parts of
Europe. It must not be forgotten that France's action saved Italy the trouble of
committing a similar faux pas.
Western Europe's comparative apathy toward rearmament-no matter under
what aegis-is the result of-
(a) The political
The fact that and ao comparatively short time- has passed since the
end of World War II.
(c) Unfortunate United States propaganda in Europe, coupled with a basic
lack of understanding by Europeans of the American system of government..
(d) Fear.
POLITICAL VACUUM
The end of World War II left a political vacuum in Europe. Old forms and
old parties have been historically rejected : the pre-1933 democratic parties,
because of their alleged inability to meet the totalitarian onslaught ; the Nazi and
Fascist parties, because of their failure.
There was relief that the holocaust had ended. The general desire was for a
return to normalcy. Normalcy, however, remained undefined. The political
movements and concepts which sought to fill the vacuum were at first primarily
make-believe. On the political front, the drive toward normalcy assumed the
form of reviving political institutions and parties which in reality had been
hollowed from within by historical events. In the governmental field the
changes wrought were more the result of resentment against occurrences during
World War II than of positive consideration for reorganization of public life.
The political alignments which came into being after World War II were
based on reminiscences of prewar ideologies and on opportunistic speculations
55772-54--5
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP86R01731R000500520015-8 .
606 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MI
for the future. All these new formations have been lacking in active citizen
support. The Christian Social parties (their name varies slightly from coun-
try to country) had hoped to unite all non-Socialist elements with the exclusion
of the extreme right into one well-functioning party which would be able to
restore normalcy.
THE CHRISTIAN SOCIAL PARTIES
In the predominant part of continental Europe the Christian Social parties
have played the leading role during the past 10 years. The Social Democrats
and their allied parties have been by and large (with the exception of the smaller
countries, the Benelux and the Scandinavian countries) pushed into the back-
ground. The postwar Social Democratic parties of Europe have tried to rebuild
their prewar parties on a program chastized by historical developments. They
have discovered that their field of activity has been restricted by the emergence
of the Christian Social parties and by the Communist parties. Caught between
the two, European social democracy and its allied trade-union movement has
had little room for effective activity. Prewar social conflicts have lost their
meaning. European socialism is no longer Marxist and it has long lost its class
character. The Socialist parties are by and large no longer primarily interested
in socialization. They remain, however, the strongest supporters of existing
democratic institutions.
Western European communism has outwardly manifested an alleged change
of character. This change, however, has been more ideological than tactical.
European postwar communism has given up its idealistic pretension and has
become a complete tool of Soviet diplomacy.
To date, the extreme right has found it difficult to formulate a coherent pro-
gram. Since nationalism plays an important role among rightist parties, the
variations from country to country are considerable. Yet, regardless of coun-
try, the radical right gnaws at the democratic institutions of the given countries
and constitutes one of the strongest organized opponents of European unification
on the basis of equality among nations.
There were few tangible issues (in terms of worldly goods) to quarrel about
during the first postwar years. Therefore, the Christian Social parties were suc-
cessful. With Christian concepts and social considerations, they were able to
attract the passive support of all middle-class groups. The subsequent recovery
of Europe has also improved the economic conditions of the groups which com-
posed the Christian Social Party. Now these parties have begun to reveal the
seams at which the various groups have been welded together. The groups are
now straining the unity of the parties themselves. Furthermore, in the course of
recent years appreciable numbers of voters have changed their allegiance to other
parties. In most cases economic considerations have played the dominant role.
The warring wings of the Christian Social parties have discovered other divisive
issues. Thus, for instance, educational, cultural, and even national questions are
beginning to play an increasing role in inner party discussions, and the confes-
sional issue has again been revived. The antagonism between Catholics and
Protestants is increasing, and both sides are jealously defending their respective
rights within the Christian parties.
EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
By and large the Christian Social parties have been the main carriers of the
idea of European integration. This has meant that they have also fallen heir
to the task of defending Western European rearmament.
The average European, however, has remained comparatively aloof from poli-
tics. Post-World War II Europe can be characterized as individualistic and as
"not joining." The average European does not get as excited about political issues
as he did before 1939. Under such circumstances the supporters of European
unity and Western European rearmament have not been able to work up the
necessary popular enthusiasm which could be turned into political energy en-
abling the respective governments to take the necessary political hurdles. The
campaigning for European integration has been carried on primarily by party
functionaries. It has remained primarily a party rather than a people's matter.
After 1945 Europe may have been ready for unification. This readiness, how-
ever, was more the result of political exhaustion. Unfortunately there was
neither the leadership nor the political movement nor the program which could
utilize the then-existing situation.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R00050052Q 015-8
AT ON EUROPEAN MISSION ?61
Europe has not as yet adjusted itself in spite of the fact that it has recovered
economically. The actual political changes in Western Europe have been com-
paratively insignificant. Important political factors, however, have been in-
jected in public life. Europe could not easily change over from an all-out war
against nazism and fascism to an all-out defense against communism. Western
Europe, especially the intellectual Western Europe, still tends to differentiate
between communism and fascism. It still believes that the former could be
"civilized" in the course of time.
Exhaustion from the war, inability to evaluate the situation quickly, softness
toward communism (not necessarily support of communism), and above all the
all-pervading desire for a political siesta between wars weaken Europe's will to
rearm. Since the issue of rearmament has been closely allied with the problem
of unification, the will to unify has been equally weakened.
The political apathy which characterized Europe after 1945 has not been
conducive to the European unity drive. The methods with which this drive was
promoted tended to strengthen the opposition to unification.
Midway in the campaign for European unification the course was changed.
Instead of aiming for political integration, impatient diplomats began to press
for military integration. The whole problem was presented in negative terms.
The need for unification, it has been said, was to guard against communism.
The need for rearmament was to defend the free world against Russia. The
positive elements of European integration receded in the course of the debate into
the background. Only the threats of Russian and American insistence could be
heard.
The presentation of the military argument for European integration did not
employ the most fortunate theme. It stressed the danger of war and its inevi-
tability. In the course of the years various military experts have been giving
various opinions : "Europe cannot be defended" ; "Europe can be defended only
west of the Rhine" ; "Only a delaying battle could be fought in continental
Europe," etc. Psychologically, such statements have tended to discourage the
will to rearm. Few Europeans look forward to the day when their region will
be turned into a no-man's land. Even their unshaken belief in ultimate libera-
tion does not offer the guaranty that the believers would be alive to welcome the
day of liberation.
The argument about the German threat did not help to strengthen the Euro-
pean will to rearm. During the all-out effort to push through EDC the advo-
cates of this treaty maintained that the European Defense Community presented
the only means to control an eventual revival of German militarism. This argu-
ment in effect admitted (right or wrong) the existence of a German danger.
It therefore laid the groundwork for the arguments by the opponents of EDO that
Germany endangers, as does Russia, the security of Europe. From this point on,
the debate revolved around the question of which is the greater danger, Russia
or Germany, and what are the best ways to control them. Thus the argument,
originally presented in defense of a European Defense Community, has indirectly
underscored the danger of Germany.
American policy has played an important part in the debates about EDO.
American aid is mandatory if Europe in to rearm effectively. But Europe at
large still remains confused about the nature of American politics. The Euro-
pean, even one who is quite interested in politics, finds it hard to distinguish
between the many statements issued by American Congressmen, officials, and
other public figures. He does not know what constitutes official policy and can-
not tell what weight each opinion carries. The conflicting statements by Ameri-
can public leaders have not only blurred the objectives of American policy but
have also created the impression that the United States cannot be trusted.
In analyzing European unwillingness to rearm the element of fear must be
given its dqe consideration. To be afraid may be "unpardonable"; it remains
an inescapable fact nonetheless. Western Europe is afraid of a third world war.
It fears that such a war would mean the end of civilized life on the Continent.
The European sees almost no chance of survival in the event of conflict between
East and West, a conflict which would inevitably be carried out over European
territory. Death may be preferable to slavery to a living poet, but to a dying
man living slavery presents some attractions.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
620 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIS*
France is the one country in Europe which has received more advice than any
other European country, evoked the most sighs, aroused the most resentment, and
probably received most of the foreign-aid money. France apparently is thick-
skinned. She withstood all the broad hints, and remained what she always was :
French.
The tendency to regard France as the sick man of Europe is as misleading
as the inclination to underestimate French influence in Europe. In France the
conflicting trends of European politics are most visible, because France is
simply the most European country.
In evaluating France's role in the defense of the Western World, it must be
considered that :
(a) France is strategically important.
(b) France has a tradition of? democracy.
(c) France has a political tradition.
(d) France is in reality the most influential European country.
The first three points do not require much elucidation. The fourth point,
however, is frequently questioned. But those who question this fail to note the
wide influence of French civilization in Europe itself, as well as in overseas areas.
Francophilism has been strong for years in the Slavic countries, and, even today,
pro-French sentiment is still noted in the satellite world. In spite of the tradi-
tional antagonism between Germany and France cultural supremacy of France
assures this country of the sympathies of the European elite and the admiration
of other groups in the population.
The origins of the problem of France are to be sought, not in the country
alone, but also in the historical developments following 1944. If France did not
fully accommodate herself to the western strategy, it was due largely to the fact
that she was not assigned a leadership role in the formation of the Western
World. In spite of the glorious make-believe of French liberation, France
had not lost her sense of reality : France was aware of the role she played in the
war with Hitler, her humiliating defeat, and her liberation by the grace of the
Anglo-Saxons. In the postwar years, the French engaged in a search for self-
respect. This search led them frequently to stubbornness in certain international
questions, and to demonstrative independence against stronger countries.
Postwar France has attempted to make "a new beginning" in internal politics.
The general trend was toward a rejection of Third Republic methods and ideolo-
gies. Only parties not connected, or at least not too closely connected, with the
Vichy regime dared to face the post-1945 electorate. For those sections of the
population, left orphaned by the disappearance of their traditional political rep-
resentatives, new movements were created. The two most important ones are :
Movement Republican Populaire (MRP), and Rassemblement du Peuple Francais
(RPF).
THE MEP
With slight interruptions the MRP dominated French political life until the
government of Pierre Mendes-France came into being. A successor organization
to a small and insignificant group in the Third Republic, the party had its origins
during the Vichy days. French middle-class opposition to nazism and to "the
shame of Vichy" searched for an outlet. It found it in a combination between
clericalism and left-of-centerism. From its very beginning, churchmen, not nec-
essarily the church itself, were influential in the MRP. In many cases they were
to be found in the left-most wing of this movement. After the liberation, the
MRP emerged covered with glory. No group in France, outside of the extreme
left, had been so vocal in its opposition to the occupation and so active in the
resistance.
The party wanted to create a synthesis between French tradition, progress, and
church interests. Unlike other French clerical parties of the past, it recognized
and accepted the result of the Revolution of 1789, and it insisted that its goal was
to renovate and further develop the objectives of the revolution.
In economic and social affairs, the MRP tended to be at least'as left as the
Socialists. Social responsibility and awareness of social problems have been
cardinal points in the MRP program. Some of its ideologists openly advocated
collaboration with the Communists. They insisted, however, that the new
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80RO1731R0005005 015-8
RAT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 3
movement must be strong to collaborate with the Communists and to resist
domination by the Communists.
The leftwing Catholicism represented by the MRP was indirectly charged
with the affairs of France. In the course of discharging these duties the MRP
lost some of its "social consciousness" ardor and assumed other passions. The
idea of a United Europe was inherent but not fully expressed in the early pro-
gram of the MRP. The party warmed up to this plan at the same rate as it
lost its sympathies for cooperation with the radical left.
In the French political pattern the MRP has remained to this day a maverick.
Its insistence upon a between-the-chairs position on many questions aroused the
suspicions of its neighboring parties, especially the Radical Socialists and the
Socialists.
The Radical Socialists who are neither radical nor socialist, were overshad-
owed by the MRP after World War II. Anticlerical and rationalists, they were
in no position to bring the Messianic program to the French middle classes.
Moreover, the party had delivered more than its proportionate share of col-
laborators with nazism. The Radical Socialists were, therefore, at first modest
in their demands. Later, when it suited their purposes, they let the interest
groups do the anti-MRP work for them.
But the Radical Socialists remain more truly representative of the French
middle class than the sobered star gazers of the MRP.
The RPF, the de Gaullist movement, during its brief period of adolescence
managed to sire a number of right-of-center groups, each with varying degrees
of effectiveness, seeking to influence present-day French politics. Loyal de
Gaullists, as well as apostate de Gaullists, continue to dream about the restora-
tion of French national glory-if necessary through agreement with Russia.
All three groups, MRP, Radical Socialists, and the de Gaullists, represent
basically the French middle class. But if the term "middle class" is to be ex-
panded to include a state of mind rather than an economic position, a great
part of the Socialist vote must be added to this category. For the Social-
ists, SFIO, have in the course of time lost their radical appeal, and have become
more and more "respectable." Their "respectability," it is true, has removed
them from their traditional source of support, the workers.
Theoretically the Radical Socialists, the MRP, the Socialists, plus some por-
tion of reformed de Gaullists, constitute a sufficiently comfortable majority to
insure stable governments in France. These groups taken together, represent
also the largest sector of the French Nation.
Thus it is readily seen that the French middle classes are not only well rep-
resented, but also that they have a numerical majority in the National Assembly.
(The above parties control about 400 out of 627 seats.) The lack of understand-
ing between these four parties rests primarily on the friction between the Radi-
cal Socialists and the MRP, and on subordinate differences with the other two.
Historically it cannot be denied that the Radical Socialists have first claim on
governmental leadership. They represent France, more than their numerical
strength indicates.
To some extent the de Gaullists-to be more exact the ex-de Gaullists-in-
sulate the French middle class parties from the extreme right. To the other
side of them are several rightist groups, the most important of which are the
Conservatives.
The Social Democrats of France have become too respectable to remain at-
tractive to strongly class-conscious French workers. The strength of the French
Communist Party is primarily due to the fact that the French Socialists have
failed to retain the sympathies of the industrial populations and that in many
areas of France the Socialist Party has gone almost completely middle class.
Though numerically the largest group in the National Assembly the SFIO
has played only secondary roles. At times the party is scared by its own
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDAP_80R01731R000500520015-8
n#
courage. At other times it is saddened by "responsibility." The result is al-
most an even break inside the party between left and right with almost no
center.
France is the country of the middle class. This does not mean either that
the French economy is sound, or that the middle class is secure.
France has no less than 414,882 medium and small industrial enterprises. Only
289 of these employ more than 1,000 workers. The bulk of these industries
have less than 6 employees.
Furthermore there has been a noted increase in "independent businesses."
France has the largest number of firms per capita in Europe-for every 32 per-
sons, 1 firm. Most of these firms are leading a miserable existence, their annual
turnover being below 3,000. Each of them, however, squanders part of the po-
tential labor force of France.
French individualism is not only exhibited in politics, but also in the economy
and production. Production methods and techniques still lack standardiza-
tion and are responsible for waste of labor and unproductivity. Thus, for exam-
ple, about 9,000 building firms exist in France. In the course of the past
year they constructed less than 100,000 apartments. In Western Germany
only 3,674 building firms constructed about 400,000 apartments.
The effects of the economic anarchy in the industrial and commercial sectors
are worsened by the comparatively sound position of the French agricultural
population. In spite of antiquated methods, French agriculture is economically
stable. Of course France could produce more. However, for the time being
this is not noted by the French farmers. Their strong economic position makes
them a formidable adversary in political debates.
Thus to achieve greater stability in France such slogans as "Free enterprise"
and "Opposition to Planning" cannot be used. For it is exactly such practices,
carried to their logical extreme, which produced the present conditions in
France. Equally unusable are anti-Communist battle cries, unsupported by
positive action, on the political field. The efforts of the present government
to achieve political stability through economic reorganization may fail. If
it fails it will not be because few people in France fail to realize the need for
such reorganization and for economic planning. It will fail because no one of
the interest groups is willing to make the first sacrifice.
At present French stock is high. The Mencles-France Government seems to
have succeeded in restoring the confidence and self-respect of the French people.
This, however, does not by any means imply that the battle is won. The economic
program of the Government, and with it the foreign policy, is endangered by
opposition from the disgruntled wing in the MRP, under the leadership of
Georges Bidault. While some members of the MRP, especially Robert.Schuman,
are inclined to favor cooperation with the present Government, the Bidault group
is searching for points of conflict. Under such circumstances, it is even uncertain
whether the West European plans could be executed. The failure to execute
them ironically enough, may be due primarily to the lack of support from the
ranks of those, who up to recently, claimed for themselves the monopoly. on the
plans for European integration.
For France to be able to make its full contribution to the free world, and to
play the leadership role assigned to her by tradition in history, she must stabilize
her internal political relationships. This she can do during the more than a
year left before the elections to the new National Assembly. France can achieve
it if the major responsible parties of France, the Radical Socialists, MRP, and
the Socialists find the formula of government upon which all three agree to
cooperate. The combination of these three groups insures not only stability in
France, but also the strengthening of the western economic, political, and military
front against communism.
The German question plays the most important role in current discussions of
the defense of Europe. The free world feels that it cannot forgo a German
defense contribution in terms of manpower and economic resources. At the same
time, there is uncertainty about the best method to effectuate this contribution.
In Europe, the points of difference about the form and size of Germany's con-
tribution begin with the evaluation of Germany's own political situation, the
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2/11/15: CIA-RDP80RO1731R0005005 15-8
RE T ON EUROPEAN MISSION 55
sincerity of its democratic institutions, the reliability of the armed forces which
it is to organize, and above all its allegiance to the West.
Since 1945, Germany has marched a long way. The administrative changes
in Germany's political organization have outdistanced political necessities. Wil-
lingly or unwillingly, the occupation powers competed with each other for popu-
larity in Germany. Each, of course, sought at the same time to advance its
own foreign policy. The restrictive and punitive measures of the occupation
were never, therefore, really put into effect. They serve today merely as a
subject matter for romanticized versions of Germany's history since 1945.
The occupation has brought Germany many benefits, including an inexpensive
form of military defense, as well as a domestic "export" market for some of her
products. It also put the German administration in an ideal position : its sup-
porters could claim that everything it has achieved was the result of its abilities;
everything that went wrong, the fault of the occupying powers.
In evaluating the potential of a German contribution to western military
defense, the following must be taken into consideration :
(a) The degree of German loyalty to western policy or even to American
foreign policy.
(b) To what extent can one rely on the German armed forces.
(c) The stability of German democratic institutions.
German cooperation with American foreign policy has not been a matter of
choice. It was inevitable. As an unequal, Germany could not measure her
diplomatic muscles against those of other European countries. In search of a "big
brother" to protect her, Germany naturally found the United States of America
to be most suitable for the role. A German foreign policy closely coordinated
with, and dominated by, a European nation would in effect mean subordination
to that nation. A German policy in compliance with American policy did not
imply the same, for America is generous and far away.
In essence, this has been the basic thesis of the Bonn policy. In reality, few
have thus far questioned the soundness of this principle. Hardly anyone (with
the possible exception of the Communists and the extremists of the right) ad-
vocates today an anti-American policy, or, for that matter, a policy which would
disregard American wishes. The opposition, that is the Social Democrats and
elements in the Government parties who have recently called for some changes
in policy, do not ask for a weakening of the ties with Washington. What they
say they want is more diplomatic elbow room in the east.
Some segments of the German population are questioning, however, the wisdom
of America's policy. Outwardly this questioning bears the appearance of a
search for information. It may lead eventually to some forms of criticism of
American policies, but so far it has not assumed such forms. There are several
reasons for this behavior :
(a) Instinctively Germany feels that before she can start deviating from a
dominant diplomatic course, she must achieve equality. It is no secret that
German political leaders believe that only the United States could raise them
to par. Aside, therefore, from economic considerations, German allegiance to
Washington is conditioned by her position in the so-called family of nations.
With her increasing independence and sovereignty, she is becoming more and
more aware of her own interests. The stronger she grows, the less she needs
United States support, and the more she is conscious of her interests whieb-
conflict with those of the United States.
(b) Germany never really has felt secure in Europe. After :1945, in
Germany sincerely desired a united Europe. But it is easier for Germans to
become good Europeans in a political melting pot than to become good neighbors
with a given European country. The United States gave Germany a, feeling of
security against what she considered the anti-German feeling in EuL'ope.
(c) Germany, that is the Federal Republic, needed some protection against
the Communist world. It is not to be forgotten that the Germany of 1949 was
a frail being. She needed not only political introductions to foreign nations,
she also needed economic aid. Above all, she required political security to make
her impervious to eastern ideologies and to enable the regime to complete the
restorationist policies it had begun to put into effect during the bizoial days.
Only the United States could give this necessary protection.
In short, German allegiance to United States foreign policy did not stem from
the conviction that such policy is right or correct but from a belief that Germany
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 ApDved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RD ORO1731R000500520015-8
6 REPORT ON EUROPEAN ON
must find a strong enough protector among its occupiers to defend her against
the demands of the other occupiers. It stems also from the belief that for a
weak nation it is better to ally itself with a strong one, preferably the strongest.
While the Germans might have become America's favorite Europeans, they did
not cease to be Europeans, although there is some doubt whether they have become
Western Europeans in the real sense of the word. Though many (including the
Chancellor) are devoted to the idea of European integration, it would be unwise
to argue that Germany as a whole, or even that the majority of the Germans,
actively desire a united Europe. It is no secret that to many, consciously or
unconsciously, a united Europe concept has represented merely a shortcut to
equality. After all Germany's deposit in an integrated Europe would have
amounted to no more than a deficit sovereignty. To many, therefore, both the
allegiance to United States policy and the devotion to European integration, have
been no more than tactical moves to improve Germany's, rather than Europe's,
position.
The current tendencies, therefore, for ties with Russia are the results of the
following :
(1) Germany has grown sufficiently to take a bolder look at the world around
her. After all, the Western European countries (with the exception of Spain
and the Vatican) maintain diplomatic relations with Russia.
(2) There is a feeling that American interests in Europe, and therefore
American strength in Europe, is decreasing. Germany feels that she is not
strong enough, at least now, to deal with Russia. Those who favor relations
with Russia now believe that such relations may ward off Russian "dissatis-
faction" with Germany, which might express itself, unless it is heeded in time,
either in a Franco-Russian anti-German pact or even by war.
(3) West German proponents of relations with Russia now feel that the sooner
such relations are established the later "the inevitable third world war will
break out." Such relations, some feel, would ease the tension in Europe and
especially in central Europe.
There is a growing dissatisfaction with past methods aimed at bringing about
the unification of Germany (and possibly the restoration of lost territories).
It is felt that the period of "making faces at each other," better known as the
cold-war period, has produced almost no tangible results. It is argued that two
alternatives are now available, either military action to convince Russia (and
the Communists) about the moral justification of Germany's claims, or diplo-
matic means. The latter must offer advantages to Russia. It is said that
after all Russia is the boss in the Communist world, and if Germany wants
unification and territorial changes it had better deal directly with the top.
The. expanding German economy is looking feverishly for markets. "The
miracle babes" are not too optimistic about their chances in the Western World..
German industrialists believe that Russia and the Russian orbit represents,
from the export point of view, a spongy area which will soak up all the German
production, especially consumers goods and machinery.
O course, not every proponent of relations with Russia now uses all the
arguments listed above. They advance only those which are suitable to their
own economic or political interest. The following are the groups which are
most accessible to ideas of relations with Russia :
(a) Gerrnan Protestantism as well as the German Protestant Church organi-
zations : Apparently the efforts of Heinemann and Pastor Niemoller have borne
fruit. C1a,s-conscious Protestantism in Germany has never felt comfortable
in its postwar position in the Federal Republic. Many of them feel that German
Catholicism ;is assuming a political role far beyond its numerical justification.
To overcomi their own weaknesses they feel that they must have the support of
the Germans in Eastern Germany and above all they must ease the pressure
from the ,east which forces Germany into the Catholic sphere of influence of
southwestern Europe (Eastern Germany is predominantly Protestant).
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
?RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
067
(b) Refugee organizations, advocates of unity at all price and political groups :
Most refugee groups have ceased to brandish the sword against the East and
would like to see some arrangements which would enable them to return to their
homeland, or at least to certain parts thereof. In the Bonn government itself
there is a strong wing which favors "more activity" in diplomatic circles con-
nected with Russia. Federal Minister Jacob Kaiser, the self-styled defender of
Eastern Germany, and leader of the nonexistent leftwing of the CDU, represents
a group inside the CDU which advocates talks with Russia. Ernest Lemmer,
also a CDU leader (from Berlin), echoes Kaiser's sentiments. He is joined by
such rightwing members of the CDU as Von Bismarck.
Outside the CDU the FDP constitutes the most solid political bloc favoring
talks with Russia. However, as in the case of the CDU, the FDP is motivated
by regional and economic interests. And in both cases, in the FDP and the
CDU, the advocates of talks come from the areas which believe they may benefit
from such talks and they represent the interests which favor such talks.
The Social Democrats, generally speaking, favor conversations with Russia.
Since the Pfleiderer Plan was launched the SPD has become somewhat less
enthusiastic about the idea. They want international talks with Russia rather
than a German-Russian tete-a-tete.
Regional and economic interests : Lower Saxony and Wurttemberg-Baden
represent the areas in which talks with Russia are most popular. They represent
also the area which looks askance at Bonn and at the alleged Rhine-Ruhr influ-
ences on Bonn's policy. These are the areas in which small industries and
consumers goods industries are located. These industries promise themselves a
great future in trade with the East and expect diplomatic policies to pave the way
for their goods.
NO FEAR OF COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY
Behind the will to talk with Russia there is also the self-induced conviction
that "ideologically we are safe." The proponents of relations with Russia belong
to the strongest opponents of communism. They differentiate between German
Communists and Russian Communists and between Russian communism and the
Russian state. They hate the German Communists in Western Germany most.
Slightly less hated are the Communists in the Eastern Zone. They are, however,
feared. Those who want the talks for purely political reasons refuse to have
any dealing with the Eastern Zone representatives. Those who want talks for
economic reasons feel that they cannot disregard their brethren in the Com-
munist camp. They, both, fear them and feel that they need them. They fear
that the Eastern Zone may develop competitive industries. They hope that both
as Communists and Germans some of the Eastern Zone economic agencies may
facilitate economic contact between Western Germany and the Russian Empire.
In any event, the proponents of dealings with Russia feel that Western Germany
does not have to fear Communist ideological infiltration. Contact with Russia
will not, according to them, contaminate their pure neodemocratic ways of life.
There are even some who feel that (like some Americans in 1941) such contacts
with the Russians may affect, positively, the Russians.
This is more or less the background of the "movement" for conversations with
Russia. Its criticism of American policy is only indirect. It is considered that
the United States is "smothering" German diplomatic relations with too much
passion for its democratic purity. The United States, it is considered, tends
to behave toward Germany as a jealous parent toward an offspring who is about
to get married. The United States is unwilling to realize that Germany
has. come of age and that it is entitled to make its own diplomatic mistakes, a
field in which it is an expert.
The American policy in the Far East "annoys" Germany only insofar as it
interferes with, its economic penetration of those areas. There is still no noted
criticism of American political objectives in the Far East. On the contrary, it
can be said that the dominant majority of Germany's editorial writers favor the
United States course, though some find it hard to hide their dissatisfaction at
the difficulties encountered. Generally speaking, they favor slightly the admission
of Red China to the United. Nations. They believe that such an admission would
ease German economic relations with the United States.
Germany is still uncertain about American objectives in Europe. She hoped
to gain some benefits from the United States-Spanish agreement, but was disap-
pointed. She now feels that the United States is building its defense line west
of the Rhine; this means that Germany is destined to become the no-man's land
in case of a successful defense of Western Europe. Needless to say this solution
meets with little enthusiasm.
55772-55-6
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP8Q,R01731R000500520015-8
60 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIN
However, Germany's slight criticism of American foreign policy is not so much
based on its disagreement with these policies as with the facts that (1) it hinders
her own development, and (2) it does not trust American judgment.
The first has already been discussed here. With regard to the second, Ger-
many is merely borrowing opinions from the other European countries. These
opinions state that the United States is diplomatically immature and that in
our hastiness and impatience we may talk ourselves into a war. It is these
rather than any other reasons which have infused a slightly non-American,
rather than an anti-American sentiment in German political thinking.
Above all, it must be borne in mind that the advocates of relations with
Russia are at the same time fascinated by the vision of Germany "as a bridge
between East and West." The concept that this is Germany's "historical mis-
sion" implies of course on one hand that she would like to be liked by all and
on the other hand that she does not intend to turn against anyone. It also
implies a weakening of the efforts toward integrating Germany in Western
Europe.
(a) The Christian Democratic Union
The Christian Democratic Union (CDU) -known as the Christian Social Union
(CSU) in Bavaria-is the Federal Government's major party. In the last Fed-
eral elections, September 6, 1953, it obtained about half of the votes cast, and
.it has an absolute majority (246 seats) in the present 484-member Bundestag.
Historically, the CDU is a post-World War II creation. The dynamic ele-
ments inside the CDU/CSU, however, are directly descended from the Zentrum
Party, a Catholic party of the Weimar and Hohenzollern days.
The CDU was among the last to complete its national organization. It was
not until 1950 that a centralized national administration for the party was
established. Before that the CDU parties in the various Lander enjoyed com-
parative autonomy.
The major organizational objective of the CDU/CSU is to provide a common
base for Catholics and Protestants to engage in political activities. With "Chris-
tian politics" as a common denominator, the CDU/CSU hopes to be able to
establish a durable alliance between the two religious confessions in Germany,
which at present are almost equal in number.
Catholics still constitute the dominant element in the CDU/CSU. More than
two-thirds of the CDU/CSU vote comes from Catholic circles. During the last
Federal elections, however, the party achieved a sudden increase of strength
in Protestant areas of Germany. The gains of the CDU/CSU in those areas were
reflected in greater Protestant representation in the CDU ranks in the Bundestag.
The CDU faction is almost equally divided in number between the two confes-
sions. Chancellor Dr. Adenauer heads the party. Dr. Heinrich von Brentano
is chairman of the CDU/CSU faction in the Bundestag. Ideologically the CDU/
CSU continues to reiterate its objectives to establish a way of life in which
Christian principles dominate and in which the value of man is fully recognized.
Though originally the party had several "wings," it has since achieved greater
uniformity. Chancellor Dr. Adenauer succeeded in "drying up" any and all
deviating opinions inside the party. The leaders of these "deviations" still
hold positions in the party or in the Government; they still represent the so-
called wings. The most important among these are:
Karl Arnold, Minister President of North Rhine Westphalia. Arnold was
regarded for several years as the leader of the leftwing of the CDU and as the
opponent of Adenauer inside the CDU. Arnold presumably represents the Chris,
tian Trade Union element. Actually, however, he as well as the other leaders
of the CDU soon discovered that they could continue to claim to represent the
leftwing of the CDU only as long as they remained inside the CDU. And that
so long as they remained inside the CDU, they would have to do the bidding
of the rightwing of the CDU, namely of Dr. Adenauer. For in a confessional
party like the Christian Democratic Union, the leftwing leaders upon leaving
the party would not be able to take the voters with them, in spite of the fact
that a sizable portion of CDU voters support the leftwing program.
Jacob Kaiser, Federal Minister for All-German Affairs, is an anachronism
from the days when contact between Eastern Zone and Western Zone still
existed. He, too, regards himself as a spokesman of the leftwing and also of
the Eastern Zone.
The Bavarian CSU presents a separate element inside the CDU/CSU faction.
Because of its autonomous aims and for local political reasons it continues to
retain its separate name and identity. Generally speaking, the CDU/CSII sup-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
T ON EUROPEAN MISSIONS
ports Chancellor Adenauer's foreign policy (European integration), and Minis-
ter of Economics Professor Dr. Erhard's economic politics (free enterprise,
liberalized trade, social responsibilities). This uniform outward support hides
deep-seated internal regional and interest group divisions. Outwardly the
CDU/CSU supports free enterprise and extensive social services, a limited
amount of workers' codetermination in industry, a policy of forgive and forget
toward the Nazi period, and closer alliance with the United? States and close
integration of Western Germany in Western Europe.
Since the last election the CDU, as well as Dr. Adenauer himself, has lost in
popularity. The party seems to burst primarily at its confessional seams. The
Protestants claim that Catholics not only dominate Bonn, but that they are try-
ing to fill every position. The Catholics deny it.
Aside from its dominant position in Bonn, the CDU/CSU dominates the Gov-
ernments in Rhineland Palatinate, North Rhine Westphalia, Bavaria (all Catholic
states) ; Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg (Protestant). It participates in the
governments of Wiiertemberg-Baden (Protestant and Catholic). The party is in.
opposition in Hesse and Lower Saxony, and on the sidelines in Bremen.
(b) The Social Democratic Party
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) is the only opposition party
(not participating in the Government) in the present Bundestag. The 151 seats
which it controls represent about 30 percent of the electorate. The Social
Democratic Party was revived in 1945. During the last postwar years it bore
the major share of responsibility for the organization of administrations and
governments. The party, and specifically the late Dr. Kurt Schumacher, are
responsible for the fact that Communist influence in Western Germany has been
curtailed. It was the SPD which at the end of 1945 began to resist Communist
efforts to unify the working class. At that time the non-Socialist parties, the
Christian Democratic Union and the Liberal Democratic Party (later the Free
Democratic Party) still flirted with the Russians, and hoped that through a
merger between the SPD and Communists, they would gain.
Ideologically, the SPD is still in search of a program. Admittedly it lacks
theoreticians who would give the present course of the party the necessary
programmatic lining. In practical politics, it strives for greater social benefits,
more effective workers' codetermination in industry and, allegedly, for the cen-
tralization of basic industry. The party has, in practice, renounced Marxism,
though officially it still claims that the good points of Marxism must be saved.
The SPD is Germany's most thoroughly organized political movement. It has
about 600,000 dues-paying members. It is essentially a working-class party,
although an increasing number of middle-class supporters have enrolled in its
ranks. The trade-union movement constitutes its major reservoir of voters.
In the postwar years, especially since 1949, the Social Democratic Party has
also become the spokesman of a part of the non-Catholic elements of the popu-
lation. It opposes the "overconfessionalized" public life and insists on strict sep-
aration of church and state. As a result of this, and as a result of the failure
of other non-Socialist parties, the SPD has in recent months acquired the sym-
pathies of middle-class groups who normally, for economic reasons, would have
turned to other parties.
The mayor of Bremen and the former mayor of Hamburg (Wilhelm Kayson
and Max Brauer) are regarded as the spokesmen of the rightwing Socialists.
Without formulating it clearly, they tend to support a pro-American policy
and greater German orientation toward the West. Some Berlin Social Demo-
crats, the so-called Reuter group, side with the rightwing Socialists on some
points. They differ from them, however, with respect to the question of uni-
fication of Germany and relationships with Bonn. The Berlin rightwingers
(Willy Brandt, Paul Herz, Otto Bach, etc.) insist that the unification question
receive priority over all other questions, and that the present Government in
Bonn be forced to show greater interest in East Germany and Berlin.
The bulk of the party remains in the center. It is represented by the party
apparatus. Erich Ollenhauer's chief leadership quality is expressed in the fact
that he can "keep peace in the family." Actually Ollenhauer is more the
"uncle" than the "leader" of the party.
The rank and file of the party supports the present course of the party,
though it is dissatisfied with the manner in which it is presented. It demands
greater German sovereignty and the opportunity to determine its own fate.
It wants to negotiate with the Russians, and, if possible, over the head of the
satellites, to achieve unification of Germany. It insists that in points where it
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
70 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MOON
is neutral it is "neutral for the West," rather than "neutral between East and
West."
The leftwing of the party is at the moment represented by a trade-union
element, coming primarily from the ranks of the metalworkers. It demands
a more intransigent domestic policy and a clear foreign policy. It wants the
SPD to insist upon greater socialization and urges it not to shy away from nego-
tiations with Russia even at the risk of arousing displeasure in the West.
The SPD has the most constant following of all political parties in Germany.
Herein lies also the tragedy of the party. It has no room for expansion, and
it has no possible allies. The party is doomed to retain its one-third of the
people. Its only possible coalition partners on the national level, in the leftwing
of the CDU, are, for the time being, at least, prisoners of the Adenauer policy.
The SPD therefore remains a party without hope.
In spite of its lack of leadership and outward programmatic weaknesses, the
SPD remains today the stanchest supporter of the democratic institutions, and
the strongest ally of the West. It is the only party in Western Germany which
neither directly nor indirectly maintains any contact with Communist organiza-
tions of Eastern Zone agencies. The SPD controls the governments of Land
Hesse and Land Bremen, Land Lower Saxony. It participates in the Govern-
ments of Wurttemberg-Baden and Bavaria. It is in opposition in the remaining
four Lander. In Berlin, where the SPD controls slightly less than half of the
votes, the CDU-FDP alliance pushed the SPD after the death of Reuter into
opposition.
(c) The Free Democratic Party
The Free Democratic Party (in Wurttemberg-Baden, known as the Demo-
cratic Peoples Party, DVP), is the third largest party in Western Germany.
Its 50 representatives in the Bundestag represent about 12 percent of the
electorate.
Generally speaking, the party is a successor organization of the pre-1953
Deutsche Volkspartei and the Staatspartei. On the whole it is opposed to the
welfare state and advocates free enterprise. It is satisfied with the economic
policies of the Erhard Ministry. It is, however, increasing its opposition to the
foreign policy of the Bonn Government. It is regarded as the "opposition within
the coalition." In the present 18-man Cabinet, the FDP is represented by 4
Ministers, none of them influential or important.
Three distinct wings are noticeable in the FDP. A liberal democratic wing,
headed by Dr. Reinhold Maier, former Minister President of Wuertemberg-Baden.
This wing tends to side with the SPD on almost all issues of foreign policy and
most domestic issues. It is even more critical of Chancellor Adenauer than
the SPD, and is more militant in its fight for the elimination of confessional
influences from public life. The main strength of this group comes from southern
Germany, Wiiertemberg-Baden and Bavaria. Federal President Prof. Dr. Theodor
Heuss is regarded as an ideological adherent of this group.
The second group is the conservative democratic wing. It is strongest in the
Hanseatic Lander, Bremen, and Hamburg. It shares with the previous group
strong sympathies for democratic forms and opposes church influence in State
matters. But it is less progressive in social problems, though at the same time
international-minded.
The third group is the neo-Nazi element. It is strongest in Lower Saxony,
Schleswig-Holstein, North Rhine Westphalia, and in certain parts of Hesse. It
is willing to ride on Chancellor Adenauer's bandwagon until ready to jump off
politically. In domestic issues it favors a more centralized and more national-
minded government. It is basically anti-West and has strong Rapallo tendencies.
Former Nazi functionaries control this wing of the party. (Out of 16 members
of the FDP faction in the North Rhine Westphalia Landtag, 9 are former high
functionaries of the Hitler Jugend, SA, and other Nazi organizations.) August
Martin Euler, Federal Minister Preusker, and Dr. Friedrich Middlehauve are
spokesmen for this group.
In spite of many promising situations the FDP remained stagnant since 1949.
At present it is still seeking to sound nationalist tunes as an attraction to the
voters. The party is also trying to dissociate itself sufficiently from the basic
policies of the present Government. so as to offer a political haven to those of
the voters who voted for the CDU in September 1953 and have since changed
their minds.
The FDP participates in the governments of Bremen, Hamburg, North-Rhine
Westphalia, Rhine land Palatinate, and Wuertemberg-Baden. It is in opposi-
tion in the remaining Lander of Western Germany.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
RIOT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 01
(d) The Refugee Party
Block der Heimatvertriebenen and Entreshteten-Gesamtdeutscher Block is a
relatively late (1950) political creation. In spite of a promising beginning the
party has been losing strength. The economic assimilation of the refugees
diminish its electoral chances.
Ths BHE remains an opportunistic movement intended to serve the interests
of a group of professional refugees. Its only programmatic claim is to get bene-
fits for its clients-that is, to rob the treasury. It tends unconvincingly and in-
effectively to support the FDP in foreign policy matters-that is, it, too, favors
a national Germany and better relations with Russia.
To increase its mass base, the BHE in certain areas, especially in northern
Germany and in Bavaria, has been trying to form alliances with neo-Nazi and
old Nazi groups. The party leadership itself is strongly influenced by former
Nazi functionaries. (It is noteworthy that few of the top leaders of the BHE
are bona fide refugees.) Prof. Dr. Theodor Oberlander, Federal Minister for
Refugee Affairs, heads the party. A former "racist" theoretician, he has a record
of political opportunism which includes years of cooperation with the Nazis.
A somewhat less striking record is held by the other BHE Federal Minister
Waldemar Kraft.
The BHE participates in the governments of Schleswig Holstein, Lower
Saxony, and Wuertemberg-Baden. It is in opposition in Bavaria, on the side-
lines in Hesse and not represented in the other landtage. Unless a radical
change of German political life takes place within the next few years the BHE
is doomed to extinction. The two dozen seats it controls in the Bundestag repre-
sent about 8 percent of the votes.
(e) German Party
Led by Heinrich Hellwege, Federal Minister for Relations with the Lander, the
Deutsche Partei (DP) has undergone several changes without increasing its
influence. The DP has its origins in monarchistic circles in Lower Saxony,
favoring the return of the Guelphs (Welfen), the Hanoverian Royal House, to
the throne. In the course of the years, the DP has tried to hammer out a more
national program which would appeal to larger sections of the population. How-
ever, the party has remained limited to northern Germany, specifically Lower
Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein.
Today the DP claims to be the only truly anti-Marxist party which opposes all
forms of socialism. It favors a stronger national program with stress on "Ger-
mandom" and the cultivation of truly German traditions. Supported primarily
by farm populations, the DP demands from the Federal Government greater
concern for agricultural problems.
Since the last elections the DP has lost some of its dynamics. Originally it
was inclined to criticize Chancellor Adenauer's foreign policy and it advocated a
more national-minded course. Today it mutely follows the CDU.
The 2 Ministers of DP origin who are in the Cabinet represent the 2 wings
of the party. Helldege, the conservative-nationalist wing, and Dr. Hans Christof
Seebohm, Minister of Transportation, the ex-Nazi element in the party.
The DP is on the sidelines in Schleswig-Holstein, in opposition in Lower Saxony
and Bremen, and not represented in the other landtage. The 12 mandates over
which this party disposes in the bundestag were elected in northern Germany
(Bremen, Hamburg, Lower Saxony). Its total vote was less than 4 percent.
(f) The Zentrum Party
The small Zentrum Party, with 5 seats in the Bundestag and less than 1
percent of the vote, has only its name in common with the old pre-1933 Zentrum
Party. It was formed in 1946 as a left-wing Catholic group. It did not succeed,
however, in winning over the progressive elements in the CDU, and has been in
a steady decline since 1950. It is only due to election speculations by the CDU
that the Zentrum, which in no landtag commands over 5 percent of the votes, is
represented in the present Bundestag. Originally anti-Adenauer and strongly
trade unionist the Zentrum is now closely allied with the CDU.
The few members of this group represented in the landtag of North Rhine
Westphalia support the CDU government headed by Karl Arnold. In Lower
Saxony the Zentrum supports the Social Democrats. It is not represented in
any other landtag.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
74 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIN
(g) The Communist Party
The Communist Party of Germany is not represented in the present Bundestag.
In the 9 lander of Western Germany it managed to send representation only
into 1, namely, Wuerttemberg-Baden. Its average vote for the entire Federal
Republic is less than 4 percent.
Political observers believe that the Communist Party has passed its lowest
point and that it will probably register slight gains in future elections. The
antagonism toward Russia has declined and the opposition to Adenauer increased.
Outwardly the leadership of the party is still in the hands of a few old Com-
munists (Max Reimann, Oscar Muller, Renner, etc.). In reality they no longer
play a role. Two new layers of leaders have been organized, one overt and
one covert. The leadership of both are recruited from the new type of func-
tionaries," namely, younger people who participated during the Hitler period
in the Nazi organizations and possibly also held functionary positions in the
Hitler Jugend, who actively fought in the war, and who have subsequently been
reeducated in prisoner-of-war camps. The less valuable of these functionaries
are in charge of the official apparatus. The others have been instructed to
organize the underground Communist Party and are now already directing the
activities of the illegal Communist youth organization, the Freie Demokratische
Eugend (FDJ).
. A motion by the Federal Government to declare the Communist Party as a
subversive and antidemocratic organization is now pending before the Federal
court in Karlsruhe.
The concerted actions by the SPD and the German trade unions succeeded in
eliminating the Communists from positions in the unions. Individual Commu-
nists, however, still hold positions in the works councils and are influential in
local plants.
(h) Radical right groups
Since the banning of the SRP (Sozialistische Reichspartei) the radical right
has not succeeded in gaining a toehold in German parliamentary life. The
combined vote of all neo-Nazi and ultrarightist groups throughout Germany is
below 3 percent. In spite of repeated defeats they are still trying. In many
instances the Bonn coalition parties unite with them locally, in order to gain
political advantages.
The Deutsche Reichspartei (DRP) is considered today to be the most "respec-
table" of the neo-Nazi groups. The Federal Government has withdrawn its
motion to declare this group as subversive. In Lower Saxony and in Schleswig-
Holstein the CDU and FDP and DP are entering frequent alliances with this
party. The DRP, headed by von Thadden and Kruger, has the support of most
of the functionaries of the prohibited SRP. It is trying "to save the good points
of national socialism." While at it, it is also distributing propaganda issued by
the Fascist International (Mosley group, MSI, etc.).
The DRP enjoys also the sympathies of a certain group of Nazi writers,
gathered around the Pless Verlag in Goettingen, and headed by Hans Grimm
(Volk ohne Raum).
The Deutsche Konservative Partei is a more conservative addition of the
above group. It is important only in North Rhine Westphalia.
Deutsche Gemeinschaft, headed by August Hausleither from Bavaria, is
influential only in this land where it is also represented in the landtag. It is a
thorough "racist" group which together with the Deutscher bloc, main strength
in Coburg (Bavaria), is trying to establish in southern Germany a strong
Fascist movement based on ex-Nazis and refugees.
Both groups are distinctly anti-Semitic and both are trying to enlist the aid
of the anti-Semitic organizations among the refugees from Eastern European
countries, principally Ukrainians and Baits.
VII. ANALYSIS OF THE STRAINS AND STRESSES OF THE BONN COALITION
The democratic institutions in Germany and the present form of government
are fairly stable. At the moment they are not seriously endangered by any
subversive elements. Stability, however, does not necessarily equal strength.
During more than 5 years of its existence the Bonn government has bees
unable to evolve a national consciousness among the population of the Federal
Republic. One may encounter "nationalistic" sentiments in Germany and pos-
sibly such sentiments may be voiced by many people. But rarely does one
encounter patriotic sentiments, for the fact remains that Germany is one of
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 20.02/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R0005005 -0015-8
RIT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 3
the most "nonunited" nations of Europe. It is this lack of national consciousness
which basically weakens the Federal Republic. Possibly the German militarists
are correct when they claim that the German Army, the Wehrmacht, represented
the unifying element in Germany.
The existing institutions in Germany lack meaning and tradition. They
exist because they are, and not because they are accepted.
Since the existing institutions have not as yet met the test of real opposition,
that is undemocratic opposition, their strength cannot be judged. For up
to now they existed under the protection of the occupying powers who by their
sheer presence discouraged the development of antigovernmental movements.
Formalistically, the Federal Republic has the strongest parliamentary gov-.
ernment in Europe. The Chancellor, who depends on the confidence of the
Bundestag, cannot be turned out of office unless his replacement is appointed
and unless this replacement has obtained at least an absolute majority of the
Bundestag. This means that it is hardly possible to topple the Government.
This constitutional strength of the Government is reinforced by the authori-
tarian tendencies of German public life. The fact that Dr. Konrad Adenauer
has been Chancellor for 4 years helped him in last year's elections. Because,
after all, his opponent could not claim such a distinction. The same applies to
all levels of political and economic life.
The existing Government has not yet achieved acceptance by the people.
Bonn remains in a transitional stage and no one accepts the term of a "Federal
Republic nation."
The nonacceptance of Bonn as the representative of the German people stems
from the fact that the Government does not fill out the entire framework of duties
which devolve on it, either under the Bonn basic law or through international
agreements. The Federal Government has a tendency to take refuge in foreign
policies to escape the unpleasantness of domestic affairs. However, the existing
governmental structure of Germany has saved Bonn from the results of popular
dissatisfaction.
The efforts of the Government coalition to isolate the Socialists, and the con-
fessional issue represent the major divisive elements in Germany today. But,
they are so deep as to make it impossible to develop a national esprit de corps
and unity of the nation. There are, of course, other issues which tend to nibble
off portions of the national consciousness-the refugees, the ex-Nazis, the ex-
militarists, etc., for instance. Germany today represents a conglomeration of
interest groups, each seeking to solve national and international problems through
their own narrow perspectives.
NEGATIVE ASPECTS
The chancellor has proven himself to be a better leader of a minority party
than of a majority party. During the first Bundestag in which the CDU held
only about 35 percent of the seats, Dr. Adenauer had the chance to show his real
skill as a political manipulator. With a firm absolute majority behind him in
the second Bundestag he brought only division inside the Government camp.
For he no longer can scare the other parties into obedience by threatening that
"unless they come to an agreement the Social Democrats may combine with the
leftwing of the CDU to form the government." And the other parties no longer
consider the SPD as a threat.
There are many negative aspects of the Bonn government and it would be folly
to be misled by the outward appearance of strength. This outward appearance
is based primarily on effective press propaganda and prosperous economic condi-
tions. The Government appears strong because no one at the moment has an
interest in testing its strength. In reality it has failed up to now to develop a
power of its own, namely, real popular confidence, and must rely on support flow-
ing to it from other factors.
The strength of the Bonn structure may be tested in the near future-
(a) If a deterioration of economic conditions develops ;
(b) When Dr. Adenauer is no longer able to head the Government ;
(c) When the activation of the German troops actually begins.
From the present vantage point a deterioration of the German economic situa-
tion is merely speculative. It is true that the current German prosperity has
(and this is admitted by Government economists) not as yet achieved a firm and
durable basis. It still depends on too many variables, such as international con-
ditions, world rearmament, isolation of certain producing areas as a result of
the East-West conflict. At the same time it is argued that there is no reason to
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
74
believe that these factors which work in favor of the German economy should
change overnight. It can therefore be assumed that full employment and slow but
steady rise of the standard of living will continue.
Less promising is the situation with regard to the longevity of Dr. Adenauer.
Press offices have invented many things in their time. But even they have not
as yet succeeded in producing an effective rejuvenation method and protective
measures against old age.
The unity in the CDU as well as the adherence of the other Government parties
to the present coalition are intimately connected with the personality of Dr.
Adenauer. Even those among the coalition parties who oppose him advise
patience. His rival political leaders in the Government parties satisfy their
ambitions for the moment by comparisons of birth dates.
It is therefore certain that in the event that Dr. Adenauer is no longer able to
lead the Government a reorganization of forces in German political life will take
place. This period will no doubt constitute a weak point in German public life,
and will lower West Germany's resistance to subversion. It does not, however,
mean that Western Germany will not be in a position to produce a man and gov-
ernment capable of replacing. Adenauer. The possible successors of Dr. Ade-
nauer have not as yet materialized because all available floodlights are directed
on Adenauer.
After Adenauer the stability of the Government will decline. The weak-
ness which will at that time appear on the surface will, however, merely re-
flect the true state of affairs inside Bonn.
The new military units will constitute an important factor in German political
life. Their mere existence will strengthen the prestige of the Bonn Govern-
ment at home, and may revive the dormant national consciousness. The military
will be obedient during the first period of its existence. But it is equally
likely that as soon as it is strong enough it may seek to play a political role
of its own.
It is doubtful whether Bonn could muster sufficient strength to control such
military, without making concessions to it and eventually giving in to it. A
conflict with the military may ultimately produce a climate beneficial to the
growth of antidemocratic and nationalistic groups.
In the analysis of the political strength of the present Bonn Government I have
not touched on some minor points, such as the confessional conflict, the Rapallo
tendencies, and above all the fact that the present Bonn Government has for all
intents and purposes eliminated parliamentary control over its actions, and has
thus again created a public mood of apathy toward governmental affairs.
("The politicians do what they want.")
The weaknesses of the Bonn Government are naturally only weaknesses if
one regards them from a democratic point of view. They may turn into
strength if a different approach is taken. In any event, they indicate that the
West cannot fully rely on democratic support from Germany. And that the
democratic Germany, the only Germany which would be inclined to ally itself
durably with the West, is still too weak and too ineffective to make its influence
felt.
It is in my opinion a fatal error to equate German organizational talent with
democratic strength. What one sees in Bonn or in Dusseldorf is merely a func-
tioning organization with all parts duly distributed. It does not reveal the
contents of the organization nor the purposes for which it is functioning.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
ART ON EUROPEAN MISSION 1075
VIII. ExcERPTs FROM TESTIMONY BY BRIG. GEN. JULIUS KLEIN BEFORE SENATE
JUDICIARY SUBCOMMITTEE ON RETURN OF CONFISCATED PROPERTY
(Excerpts from Stenographic Transcript of Hearings before a subcommittee of
the Committee, on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 83d Cong., 2d sess., on
S. 3423, to amend the Trading With the Enemy Act, July 1 and 2, 1954)
Senator DIRKSEN. General Klein, will you identify yourself for the record?
Then you may proceed with your statement.
STATEMENT OF JULIUS KLEIN, CHICAGO, ILL.
Mr. KLEIN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am Julius Klein of Chicago. I have
been a newspaperman ; I have been a motion picture executive ; and a soldier-
still on the active AUS list ; and, now, I am the head of a national public relations
company. I was in Berlin, Germany, in 1918 and 1919 as a very young member
of the American military mission sent to Germany by General Pershing, under
the command of General Harries, and I saw the first collapse of the German
economy and the rise of communism and nazism, and was a member of Gen.
Douglas MacArthur's command in World War II and after World War II, I was
special assistant to Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson, specializing in Ger-
man affairs. It was also my privilege to be consultant on national defense to the
Republican members of the Armed Forces Committee of the United States Senate.
I appear here as an individual. I might add that as a Legionnaire I am also
very proud to be a member of the American Federation of Labor and am still
a dues-paying member. Since my good fellow Legionnaire from the American
Federation of Labor stated that he was a member of the Legion, I am delighted
to state that I belong to the Film Editors Union of the American Federation of
Labor and proudly carry my card.
I concur with the views expressed here by the American Legion, of which I -
have been a member for many years, expressing support of the measure presently
pending before this committee. The men of the American Legion, the largest
veterans' organization in this country, should be complimented on their lack of
vindictiveness in requesting enactment of this legislation.
"United States policy should be directed toward the eventual and earned
equality of Germany," so stated the report of the Special Study Mission to
Germany of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 82d Congress, 2d session,
headed by Representative Clement Zablocki, Democrat, Wisconsin, and composed
of Representatives Carnahan, Democrat, Missouri ; Hays, Democrat, Arkansas ;
Kelly, Democrat, New York ; Merrow, Republican, New Hampshire ; and Javits,
Republican-Liberal, New York. The committee found, as a result of its Novem-
ber 1951 visit to Europe that, "the gradual evolution of Germany's status to
that of a fully independent nation, has had to be accelerated and to some extent
redirected because of the Soviets' direct and indirect aggression on the free
peoples."
And General Eisenhower, in his 1950 address to the Congress, had advocated
an "eventual and earned equality" for Germany. General Eisenhower, later
as President, extended this view when he advocated in his March 10, 1954, press
conference, the return of enemy assets seized during World War II.
It is also of interest to note the remarks on Germany of Prime Minister
Churchill and President Eisenhower in their joint statement of only 5 days
ago on June 28,1954:
"We are agreed that the German Federal Republic should take its place as
an equal partner in the community of Western nations, where it can make its
proper contribution to the defense of the free world. We are determined to
achieve this goal, convinced that the Bonn and Paris treaties provide the best
way. We welcome the recent statement by the French Prime Minister that an
end must be put to the present uncertainties."
Mr. Chairman, I never dreamed 10 years ago that I would ever appear before
a Senate committee advocating the return of German property or a state of
equality for Germany. I was the author of the original combat public relations
plan against Germany in 1939 and 1940 for the then Chief of Staff of the United
States Army ; and not only as one who knows Germany intimately well but as
one whose relatives finally wound up in concentration camps and crematoria,
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
76 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIS ON
I, too, feel that the wounds and scars are still fresh. But I do feel that public
sentiment has changed, and to me the interest of America is more important
than any personal prejudice which I and others may still have.
The lessons of the past 30 years have been bitter lessons. As an American
of Jewish faith, and as an American descended from members of the tide of
German immigrants who came to this country after the democratic revolution
of 1848 in Germany to contribute their strength to this country and as one who
has had firsthand knowledge of the horrors visited by the Nazis on my core-
ligionists and the peoples of our allies, I appreciate full well what devastation
was wrought by unbridled Hitlerism, militarism, and terrorism, not only on my
coreligionists but on Protestants, Catholics, and all free peoples alike. But I
realize, too, that our national interest demands a unity of the family of free na-
tions of which Western Germany is an essential member due to her strategic
location and her economic potential in the face of totalitarian communism which
possesses a determination exceeding that of Hitler's forces and has, unfor-
tunately, a strength far in excess of that of the Axis at its zenith.
Also, I am cognizant of the moral teachings of my people, a religious heritage
which we all share, that hate breeds more hate, retribution breeds a desire for
further retribution, and injustice is never a valid reason for further injustice.
After the First World War an embittered France, sore from invasion and loss
of her sons, consistently refused to deal on fair and equal terms with democratic
German governments, established by the Weimar Republic. The unhappy result
of this shortsighted policy was that France eventually had to deal with a Nazi
Germany on terms not her own. Had she but encouraged the republican regimes
of Germany-and that includes England, too-and bolstered and strengthened
them, think of the vast expenditures of blood and treasure that could have been
spared. I might add here, Mr. Chairman, I listened to Colonel Townsend and
the other gentleman who preceded me speaking about past reparations of World
War I. May I remind the committee that in 1931 a great President of the United
States, Mr. Herbert Hoover, in response to the personal appeal of his ambassa-
dor, Ambassador Sackett, granted the famous Hoover moratorium and advocated
economic help for Germany. If we would have listened to Herbert Hoover then,
Hitlerism never would have been the result of this unfortunate power policy
in Germany and Europe.
We are today faced with a similar problem. Should we turn our backs on
the present prodemocratic German Government, should we weaken it and cause
it to lose the confidence of its supporters, could we then risk the responsibility
of paving the way for the assumption of power of the festering German neo-Nazi
movement and with the neo-Nazis another German-Russian alliance?
We have listened today to the fine representatives of the American Federation
of Labor. I listened with great interest to Mr. Derby. Believe me, Mr. Chair-
man, if national security would be involved in this, Julius Klein would not
be testifying in favor of this bill. We have listened to too much about national
security and the cloak behind national security in this very caucus room for
the last 2 months. I think we will help national security and NATO if we do
accept now Germany as an equal partner as advocated by President Eisenhower.
We are engaged in a battle for men's minds. Last year, for example, $83,-
417,000 was appropriated for the United States Information Agency. Billions
more have been spent for economic and technical aid. Two years ago I went on
a mission for the Republican Members of the Senate to Germany and saw the
vast money that has been spent and is being spent by our Government, wasted
money. If some of that money could have been used in this direction, I think
the job could be accomplished to really sell Uncle Sam to the world. As one
who has been active in the field of public relations all my life-and I might add
in modesty that my experience includes writing the basic texts for the Govern-
ment's psychological warfare program in World War II, including the combat
public relations plan for the Army in our fight to defeat Nazi Germany-I be-
lieve that the return of this vested property, not as a grant or other type of
gratuitous handout, but as a matter of simple justice, will do more to bind free
Germany to friendship and cooperation with the United States than any other
policy of expenditure on propaganda or economic aid which we might undertake.
Mr. Chairman, we have listened to what might happen to American industry.
I have seen American industry open plants in Germany and Japan. The Fed-
eration of Labor in Germany and the Federation of Labor in Japan could raise
the same cry as our friends did here. We American businessmen would like to
be treated as equals in Germany, too, and we must therefore invite the return
of foreign capital for investment so that new plants may be built here, so that
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
RE RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 07
American labor gets more work, and American ingenuity should have help with-
out impairing our tariff situation. That is the best way out for universal eco-
nomic recovery.
As a humanitarian, I have urged passage of this legislation ; may I also do
so now from the point of view of a professional public relations consultant for
this is the course which my experience and background indicate as best suited
to the national welfare.
We ask Western Germany now to stand shoulder to shoulder with us against
the Communist menace and to contribute her sons and tie her economy to this
effort ; yet, contrary to principles of international law, contrary to our own
constitutional safeguards for the sanctity of private property and contrary to
what was believed to be our national policy (for example, in 1943, now Secre-
tary of State Dulles said that seizure of German property was "a precautionary
measure for the duration of the war") and in contradistinction to our treat-
ment of Germany's wartime partner, Italy, whom we are also wooing in the
fight against the Communist advance, the United States has delayed the return
of vested German property.
Some 20 percent of all Americans are of German ethnic origin. The ties
between the peoples of our two countries are important. It might be well to be
here reminded of the important part played by Americans of Italian origin in
writing their relatives during the crucial postwar elections in stemming the tide
of the Communist gains in that country and the important role in the defeat of
communism in Greece due to the close personal and family ties existing between
the people of Greece and the people of America, so many of whom have come here
from that tough little nation. Chancellor Adenauer has said, "It was precisely
those Germans who used to own property in the United States who were always
the traditional promoters of friendship between the two nations. They should
be put in a position to resume that role."
These are the people we are seeking to foster. German citizens and German
industry should continue to have a vested interest in the United States ; it is
not a mere threat but a reality that the golden lure of trade and commerce with
the eastern bloc, a trade of which the Soviets realize the full value, will fill the
vacuum left by capital investment and trade in the United States.
Two years ago I visited Germany and had occasion to confer at length with
High Commissioner McCloy. At that time I also had the pleasure of spending
considerable time with Chancellor Adenauer and learned from him and many
of his associates of the economic and political problems 'acing the West German
Republic. Later, I was host in this country, in my city of Chicago, to Herr Jakob
Altmaier, distinguished member of the German Bundestag and a member of its
foreign relations committee. In his honor, your colleague, Senator Hubert
Humphrey, sponsored a fine reception in the Senate Building, which Senators
on both sides of the aisle in Congress attended. Herr Altmaier is an orthodox
member of the Jewish faith, a devoted German patriot who fled Germany when
Hitler rose to power and who helped the Allies and General Eisenhower destroy
nazism. He was, with the late Mr. Schumacher, responsible for the German-
Israeli Restitution Treaty, which was sponsored and advocated by Chancellor
Adenauer. We discussed the German economic situation at great length.
During these discussions, Herr Altmaier urged me to use all the influence at
my disposal to bring about a change in the Trading With the Enemy Act. This
is the reason I am here, Mr. Chairman. He pointed out to me and I found
myself in complete agreement with him, the importance to Germany, to America,
and even, I might add, to our coreligionists, of the correction of this injustice
and the restoration of German-American relations to that of equal partners in
the struggle against Communist and Fascist totalitarianism rather than a
relationship between a conqueror and a subject defeated power to whom we
express trust in words and mistrust in deeds.
For, it is as was stated by Max Brauer, burgomeister of Hamburg, who
sacrificed his American citizenship to return to Germany so that that he could
do his share in rebuilding his native land, "The battlefront for the rebuilding
of democracy in the heart of Europe is Germany."
While the millions of innocent people murdered by the Nazis cannot be brought
back to life, the new democratic Germany is making an earnest effort to help
those whose livelihood was shattered. Germany is today living up to the letter
of the German-Israeli Treaty, a treaty I might add which I supported.
The Dirksen Bill, therefore, remains the only honorable course which our
country can take. We, as a people and as a Nation, have always been noted
for fair play and we must remain true to this tradition and adhere to the rules
of international law and justice.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
70 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MOON
This question, Mr. Chairman, is not going to be decided on international law.
This question is a matter of policy. We know it will remain a matter of policy,
no matter what lawyers will say for it or against it. It is a question of
national policy.
It is for this reason that I recommend with all vigor the early enactment
of these amendments to the Trading With the Enemy Act provided by the
Dirksen bill. You will thus contribute more to the defense of the Western World
than a full division in the field.
As I said before, you will thus contribute more to the defense of the Western
World than a division in the field in the struggle against the advance of com-
munism, a struggle in which Germany is now asked to play the role of an equal
partner with all her human and physical resources.
Mr. Chairman, I thank you ever so much for your courtesy.
Senator DIRKSEN. General Klein, we thank you. I may add that I am quite
familiar with the distinguished civic service that you have rendered in the
State of Illinois over a long period of time, together with your very distin-
guished brother, Dr. Ernest Klein. I am glad to see you here this morning.
General KLEIN. Thank you very much.
IX. THE ITALIAN SCENE
To some extent, comparisons can be drawn between conditions in France and
Italy. Both countries have to contend with a strong Communist Party, and
with a relatively undisciplined middle class. In both countries the industrial
progress achieved in postwar years is largely disregarded by foreign observers
who usually dwell on the problems. And yet the two differ in the very points
on which similarity appears to exist.
Politically the Italian Christian Democrats (Democrazia Cristiana) have
played the same role as the MRP in France. And yet the two are not similar.
The Democrazia Cristiana represents an all-inclusive Catholic Party in the
true sense of the word. Unlike the MRP, the party has not been subjected as
yet to an electoral cleansing process which would reduce it to a hard core of
reliable followers. Hence the Italian Christian Democrats represent to some
extent an alliance of varying political views.
The weakness of the present regime in Italy reflects basically the internal
weakness of the dominant party in Italy, the Christian Democrats.
Until there is clarity and determination inside the Christian Democratic
Party, one cannot expect clarity and determination in the Italian administration.
Roughly speaking, the Democrazia Cristiana reveals three main divisions :
Right, center,-,and left.
The right wingers inside the Christian Democratic Party press at present for
more determined action against the Communists. They insist upon a "no-
concession policy" in dealing with the left, and favor a stronger Italian effort in
the military planning of the West.
In recent weeks, the right wing has gained in popularity in Italy. The riots
stirred up by the Communists during the remarks made by the right-wing
Christian Democrat, Togni, focused public attention both on this group in the
government party as well as on the Communist danger. Indirectly this group
became responsible for carrying out the anti-Communist program in Italian
public life.
As a result of his actions and revelations in Parliament, Signor Togni has
become the spiritual head of the right wing of the Democrazia Cristiana, but
there are also other right wingers who favor "more considerations for the Rus-
sians." Thus, for instance, former Prime Minister Pella insists on a "specific
Italian foreign policy." This policy is to safeguard first of all Italian interests
in Europe. It is also to seek to promote understanding between East and West
and to discourage the rearmanent of Germany.
The center group in the Democrazia Cristiana is probably best represented by
the present Prime Minister Mario Scelba. He reflects also the weaknesses of
this group, as well as of the Democrazia Cristiana as a whole. In the course of
time the Centrists have become a repository of all Italian scandals and corrup-
tion in government. The right wingers are usually too well set to engage in
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For ReleaseR2 11/15 : CIA-RDP80RO1731R0005005915-8
AT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 46
petty corruption. And big corruption usually escapes the naked eye. The left-
wingers are really too idealistic or too inexperienced to enjoy the fruits of
Italian politics. It is the center which supplies most of the mouths for the
public trough.
Scelba assumed office as a strong man. Italy never had a weaker Prime
Minister. The affairs of state have been battered by scandals and by attacks
from within. Only now the Prime Minister' has finally come around to launch-
ing an anti-Communist program.
The left, as usual, represents most of the color and attracts most of the inter-
ests. It is also the most risky wing among Christian Democrats. The left wing
is actually in control of the party organization. It has modestly withdrawn
from the government. Only the Defense Minister, Taviani, is regarded as a
member of the left wing. During the last party congress held a few months ago,
the leftist, Amintore Fanfani, became general secretary of the party. With him,
the entire left wing, headed by Giorgio La Pira, and including the Parliament's
President, Giovanni Gronchi, assumed control of the organization.
For the moment, Fanfani's energies are being devoted toward strengthening
the party itself. He is trying to develop a fighting group to meet the Communist
challenge. He has instituted several courses for party propagandists, developed
new branches for youth and women's affairs, and extended the party's informa-
tional programs. In short, Fanfani is trying to develop a functionary corps to
equal the one the Communists have.
At the same time the Fanfani group seems to be opposed to stern measures
against the Communists. Some spokesmen for his group have warned against the
use of "reactionary methods to combat communism." The left-of-center Chris-
tion Democrats do not want to scare away the Communist and leftwing Socialist
voters. As a matter of fact, a great many in this group are convinced that by
tactful maneuvering the leftwing Christian Democrats may succeed in drawing
Pietro Nenni and his leftwing Socialists away from the Communists.
But the political confusion is not limited to the huge Christian Democratic
Party alone. It is also present in the smaller parties, and there in some instances
it is equal, in spite of the difference in size, to the one prevailing among the
Christian Democrats.
THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS
The Social Democrats under Sarragat are uncertain about their course. On
one hand, they would like to see stern measures against the Communists. On the
other hand, they are not too comfortable in the Government in the company of
Centrist Cabinet members. Some weeks ago Sarragat himself demanded that
the Government include a greater number of leftwing Christian Democrats.
Fanfani, speaking for the Christian Democrats, thanked him for the Socialists'
flattery, but refused to budge from his position of nonparticipation. He clearly
indicated that the left-wingers do not want to be burdened with the sins of the
Scelba government.
The third coalition party, the Liberals, are also divided on the issue of the
composition of the Cabinet. They too want greater left-wing representation.
However, the majority have finally decided to stand with Scelba for the time
being until "the international situation clarifies." (A similar decision was taken
by the Socalists.)
The Republican Party, another small centrist group, which however is not in
the Government, is also divided about its course. A small group is trying to per-
suade this party to join the present cabinet. The majority, however, under La
Malfa, still rejects this course.
Arrayed against this large mass of political uncertainty is the Communist.
Leftwing Socialist bloc.
It is dangerous to underestimate the Communist influence in Italy, to ascribe
it merely to economic misery, and to delude oneself with the thought that the
most effective way to combat it is with food on every plate. At the same time
it is unnecessarily defeatist to assume that "in 5 years the whole of Italy will
be Communist."
The strength of the Italian Communist Party is based first of all on "squatters
rights." This must be understood both literally and figuratively. Literally, the
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
8 REPORT ON EUROPEAN M?N
Communist Party and its allied trade unions have simply taken over physically
some of the establishments of the Fascist regime. The party and the trade unions
have, therefore, come into possession of numerous offices, houses, printing plants,
cinemas, clubs, etc. Figuratively, the party has fallen heir to a still prevalent
anarcho-syndicalist tradition, a reputation of being courageously anti-Fascist and
supposedly a fighter for the oppressed.
The Italian party (both Communist and Left-Socialist) is financially well off.
Through its control over various phases of the administration and the economy it
has a large and regular income. The annual budget of the party is close to
$55 million. Of this sum, only about $3 million is raised from merbership dues.
The other sources of income are the "commissions" and the "insurance" pay-
ments. The party has great influence, and possibly control, over trade with the
Soviet bloc countries. For contracts expedited, the usual "5 percent" flows
into the party's coffers. Through its control over local and regional administra-
tions, the Communist-Leftwing Socialist bloc is also in a position to do "favors"
for private industry in the form of public contracts and the usual percentage
is collected.
The recent scandal concerning the INGIC (Istituto Nazionale Gestione Im-
poste Consumo) best reflects the economic importance of the Italian Communist
Party. The scandal involves the age-old Italian custom to contract out the collect
tion of turnover taxes to private individuals or firms. The Fascist regime tried
to reform this practice. It established the INGIC, a public corporation, which
in effect was supposed to compete with private enterprise for the contracts to
collect taxes. The INGIC survived the Fascist regime and became Communist
dominated. Through it, the Communist Party manages to receive considerable
sums of money. It also has received money from various economic cooperatives.
The almost exclusive control by the Communists over the labor office system
enables them to use economic pressure to convince faltering workers of the "cor-
rectness" of the party policy.
"Insurance" by respectable individuals and firms is another source of Com-
munist income. Such people and firms like to play safe. Under one guise or
another they therefore make contributions to the Communist cause with the
understanding that if and when the day comes they will be treated with con-
sideration.
In recent weeks, the Scelba government decided to be more stern in combat-
ting communism. The Government apparatus is to be checked and Communists
are to be removed from sensitive positions. It is to be noted that Communists
are to be transferred out of such positions, rather than to be removed from the
administration altogether. The Government has also decided to claim the
properties which Communists and trade union groups have occupied without
permission. It has also been decided to check the financial sources of the Com-
munist Party, and to keep an eye on firms which contribute money to the Com-
munist cause, or do business through the Communists.
While all these measures look good on paper and sound well coming over the
radio, observers are sceptical about the results which Scelba will achieve from
them. Frankly, observers doubt whether he has the necessary apparatus to
carry through his anti-Communist program.
X. AusTSaA
Austria is not directly connected with the efforts to integrate Western Europe
and strenghten its defenses against the East. And yet it greatly influences these
efforts, for. the solution of the Austrian problem has been made on many occa-
sions by both sides a condition precedent to the settlement of the East-West
conflicts.
Economically, Austria never had it so good, at least not since 1914. The coun-
try has expanded its industrial capacity, and its industrial production is now
almost double that of prewar years. The economic revival of Austria is due to
two main factors: (a) The capital investments of the Third Reich, and (b)
American economic aid.
Though the Austrians are inclined to complain about their "sufferings" under
the Nazis, it is an indisputable fact that the economy of the country has benefited
from the Third Reich. Aside from immediate improvements of the country's
economic conditions through its unification with Germany, the Third Reich had
carried out a huge investment program (estimated at about $750. million). The
former Herman Goering Works in Linz represent the foremost example of this
program.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 R?T ON EUROPEAN MISSION
01
The Nazi economic efforts in Austria were motivated primarily by the desire
to increase Germany's war preparedness. Today, however, Austria is using
the plants built by the Nazis to bolster its economy. And though it may be true
that these plants have depreciated in the course of time and that their value has
diminished through Russian confiscation, it cannot be denied that they still con-
stitute an important segment of the country's productive capacity.
American economic aid gave Austria the impetus toward postwar economic
recovery. It provided the necessary liquid capital to put the plants into operation.
Today Austria is quietly proud of its achievements, and unlike Germany does
not want to boast about it. Seeking still further concessions from both east and
west, the Austrian policy is dominated by an "eternal sigh."
The Russian occupation of Austria is also not as heavy handed as that of
Eastern Germany. For after all Austria does have free elections in all four
zones of occupation, there is almost no hindrance of traffic between the various
parts of the country, and in most parts the Russians refrain from interfering
in internal Austrian affairs. Russia's hold on Austria still expresses itself in
its almost sole control over the country's oil refineries, the existence of the
Russian-owned
Unlike Germany, Austria no longer pays occupation costs to any of the occupy-
ing powers.
Politically, too, Austria differs from the German Federal Republic. Julius
Raab, Chancellor of Austria and leader of the Austrian Peoples Party (OVP),
is inclined toward a neutralist position between Russia and the West. The
Social Democrats on the other hand favor a western oriented policy.
XI. THE BENELUX COUNTRIES
The Benelux States (Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg) have become a political
concept in Europe. However, they have not as yet been integrated.
Ten years ago, in September 1944, the governments in exile of Holland, Bel-
gium, and Luxembourg formed in London the Benelux Union. The aim of this
first European regional organization has been to integrate the economies of these
three countries. Before the end of the war integration seemed easy. Postwar
experiences proved how difficult it was to achieve. Last year it seemed as if the
Benelux Union would soon break up. Today the outlook is considerably more
optimistic.
The Benelux Union originally hoped through lowering or completely eliminating
tariffs on goods produced by the three countries to achieve greater economic unity.
They soon discovered, however, that domestic economic policies can also affect
international commerce. The Dutch policies of low prices and low wages enabled
Dutch products to compete with Belgian products on Belgian markets. The low
income of the Dutch consumers made it impossible for Belgian exporters to
introduce their products into Holland. Without resorting to custom regulations
the Dutch Government managed to shut off the flow of luxury items into its
country.
Through an austerity program, Holland succeeded in accelerating its industrial
development. The planners of the Benelux Union theorized that primarily agri-
cultural Holland would complement nicely the primarily industrial Belgium.
However, since Holland began to industrialize, the complementary element gave
way to competition. During the past 5 years industrial production in Holland
has risen by 57 percent, in Belgium on the other hand only by 20 percent. At the
same time, wage rates in Holland were about half the Belgian rates. (The
average Dutch industrial worker earns about 40 cents per hour. The Belgian
worker 75 cents per hour.)
Belgium still spends more than Holland on consumers goods. Though it has a
smaller population, it can boast of about 400,000 cars as compared to only 190,000
in Holland. The Dutch spend 61 percent for consumers goods, the Belgians
75 percent.
The Belgians during the past years felt that the regulatory measure of the
Dutch Government with respect to prices and wages constitute in effect a violation
of the Benelux Union Agreement.
Many groups among, the population called for an end of the Union. Belgian
farmers were specially dissatisfied with Dutch policies. The Belgian Government
has tried to defend its economy against Dutch competition by reimposing tariffs
on some agricultural products. In July 1953 the Union Agreement was amended
to permit "in case of need" and in order to defend the home economy against
the overflux of products from a member state, the imposition of tariffs on
industrial products.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Since then, the situation in the Benelux countries has somewhat relaxed.
Holland has eased its strict austerity policy, and has become more receptive to
Belgian and Luxembourg products. The Benelux states have also agreed to
permit free intercourse of capital and investments among the three states. At
the same time, the general situation of the Benelux states in relation to the other
countries has improved. This is interpreted in all three capitals as a result of
coordinated action on the international market.
All three Benelux states have been favoring strongly a Western European
integration program. They have been equally ardent in their support of a
Western European military alliance. Though none of the three countries trust
Germany, all of them regard the German defense contribution as a necessity for
the effective defense of the Western World.
HOLLAND
Holland, which till 1940 had been a strong advocate of. neutrality in inter-
national politics, is today the strongest champion of European integration and
rearmament.
The Dutch people are also one of the few European nations who successfully
patched up their internal difficulties and who are jointly working toward
strengthening the country.
Holland is probably the greatest hard-luck country of Western Europe. The
Dutch colonial empire has almost disappeared. The country has also suffered
its greatest catastrophe, the floods and destruction of many of the country's
dikes. Yet politically Holland is one of the most peaceful countries in Europe.
The coalition government, dominated by the Catholic and Labor Parties, seems
to enjoy the support of the people and seems to have achieved appreciable
successes.
The secret of Dutch stability and its slow recovery is to be found in regulatory
measures. The government controls both prices and wages. It does this with
the full support of the trade unions and manufacturers. These regulated prices
and wages enable Dutch products to compete on foreign markets. Through an
extension of its export trade to European countries, Holland hopes to make good
some of the losses of its economy resulting from the disappearance of her
colonies.
Holland, like other European countries, is not enthusiastic about a European
army which would include Germany. In Holland, probably more than in Belgium,
anti-German sentiment is still strong. The people feel, however, that some
sacrifices for defense must be made, and as a leading labor leader said : "The
easiest sacrifices to make are sentiments."
Among all European nations, Holland is considered to be the strongest sup-
porter of German rearmament. A few weeks ago the Dutch Defense Minister Staff
declared that until German troops are a reality, Dutch defensive plans must
base themselves in the southern parts of the country. Only after German con-
tingents can be put into action can one seriously consider the possibility of a
defensive stand in the northern parts of Holland.
BELGIUM
Belgian politics are less harmonious than those of Holland. The competition
between left and right is strong, and the divisive elements considerable.
In April of this year, the Christian Social Party lost its majority. In the
general elections the Social Democrats emerged as the dominant party, and
subsequently formed the coalition government with the Liberals.
In domestic politics, such questions as the role of the royal house, church
influence in the school system, relationships between the Flemish and the
Walloon sections of the country, and the treatment of the Nazi collaborationists,
are still important.
In matters of foreign policy, however, there seem to be little differences of
opinion between the present government parties (Socialists and Liberals) and
the opposition (Christian Social Party). Paul Henri Spaak's efforts to
strengthen the political unity of Europe seem to have the support of about 90
percent of the Belgian people. Unlike the Dutch, the Belgians don't fear the
political combinations of the larger European countries. They feel they can
hold their own in any gathering.
Economically, Belgium is in a fairly well-to-do state but it is beginning to face
unemployment problems. The country has done much since 1945 to develop
its overseas possessions, especially the Belgian Congo. Though these invest-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
AT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 1*3'.
ments have proven profitable, they do not as yet constitute a market which
could fully digest the export production of Belgan industries. And Belgium
must export at least half of its entire industrial production in order to balance
its economy.
Added to this is the increasing seriousness of the problem of the Belgian mines,
specifically the coal mines. A great many of them have already, and some will
soon, reach the submarginal category. The Government is contemplating closing
down-some of the mines, since investigations by various agencies, including the
European Iron and Coal Union, revealed that even with the aid'of large invest-
ments the mines could not be made to operate economically. A decision to
restrict the Belgian coal output would further increase the number of unemployed.
In spite of her economic difficulties, Belgium, like Holland, does not skimp
in its appropriations for her armed forces . Both countries spend about one-half
of their national income for defense. In each country about 2 percent of the
population is under arms.
LUXEMBOURG
Economically, Luxembourg may be regarded as an appendage of Belgium.
Politically, she represents far fewer problems than her allies. In recent elections
the Christian Social Party of Luxembourg achieved notable successes. It ob-
tained an absolute majority in Parliament. In spite of this, the party decided
to continue its coalition with the Social Democrats, thus limiting the opposition
to only a few members of Parliament.
Economically, Luxembourg does not have the same worries as Belgium. Her
industries are working full time and the country is benefiting from the Iran
and Coal Union.
Since the conclusion of the Paris agreements there is some uneasiness to be
noted among the Benelux countries. They fear that too close an alliance
between Germany and France may bring unfavorable economic and political
results for the small European nations. They are especially worried about the
effects of German-French cooperation in the economic sector.
XII. SCANDINAVIA
Politically, the Scandinavian countries represent a fairly stable picture. In
all three countries (Iceland is disregarded for geographic reasons, and Finland
for obvious political reasons) the Social Democratic Party holds the dominant
position. In all three countries the administrations tend to maintain some
forms of government control over industry and encourage price regulations.
In international affairs, however, each of the three countries represents a
different point of view.
In foreign affairs, Swedish politics are determined by her efforts to maintain
the country's neutrality. In domestic affairs, the policies are determined by the
efforts of the Government to maintain a just balance between prices and
wages. At present, both cardinal points of Swedish politics are subject to
much discussion.
How much should Sweden spend for its armed forces? And how are these
expenditures to be distributed between the various branches of the service?
Swedish politicians are fully aware of the fact that the country's neutrality
is effective only as long as it is respected. They also know that respect is in
most cases achieved by strength, and that from a purely statistical point of
view the armed forces of this nation of 7 million could not effectively resist
an invasion. They maintain, however, that Swedish neutrality is merely the
crowning point of many other factors. They are fully aware of the fact that
this neutrality could not be maintained, unless the West and NATO were strong.
In,~sbort, the military strength of the West makes Swedish neutrality possible.
Furthermore, Swedish statesmen argue that Sweden, in case of an invasion,
must be able to retard the progress of the enemy, even if it could not effectively
resist it. For this it needs a strong military force.
Chief of Staff Gen. R. Ackermann stresses the changes in the European
military situation. He points to the strengthening of the Soviet forces in
northern Europe, the establishment of American and NATO bases in north-
western Europe, and the eventual organization of a German army. All these,
according to General Ackermann, require a reevaluation of Swedish military
preparedness. This means adaptation to modern needs and greater expendi-
tures for innovations.
55772-54-7
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MI T
84
Others naturally ask the question whether Sweden, which is now spending
about $400 million a year for defense, (about $60 per inhabitant) can afford
to spend more. Generally, the proponents of greater defense expenditures ask
for an expansion of the air force. (The Swedish Air Force is rated, in strength,
as the fourth strongest in the world).
All in all, the Swedes are satisfied with a policy of conditional neutrality.
They feel that it enabled them to participate in some international bodies
(United Nations, Council of Europe, etc.), but it kept them out of organizations
such as NATO. In spite of their abstinence, they were able, through their
policy, to bring benefits to others, as well as to themselves. Sweden claims that
its neutrality saved Finland from Russian occupation. It also made her
available as a mediator in East-West conflicts. On the other hand this neutrality
did not create a curtain between Sweden and the West. The Swedes openly
admit that they benefit from the increased rearmament efforts of the West.
They also say that in spite of their neutrality, they were able to acquire the
necessary arms from the West and that the West did not exclude them from
participating in the exchange of military information.
Sweden differentiates between Russian policies, the policies of the eastern bloc
and its own homegrown communism. It is tolerant, being neutral, toward the
first and extremely vigilant with regard to the second.
Sweden permits the launching from its territory of various international
movements which are clearly designed to promote the interests of Soviet foreign
policy (Stockhom Conference, Stockholm Appeal, etc.). It welcomes exchanges
of visits between Swedish and Russian fleet units, and so on. At the same time,
however, Sweden keeps a very strict watch on the activities of the Communists
and Russian agents inside Sweden. It has purged the Communists from gov-
ernmental positions and is constantly on guard against their penetration of
sensitive branches in the administration.
The Swedish Government insists that its policy of neutrality for the West
has paid off. They point out that for almost 140 years each keynote address
before the Swedish Parliament could be opened with the same phrase : "Our
relations with all foreign countries are good."
NORWAY
Norway is the most West-oriented of the three Scandinavian countries. She
also tends more than the others to associate herself with the rest of Europe.
The policies of Minister President Torp and Foreign Minister Lange appear
to have the support of almost the entire population. Only the Communists
oppose it. During the debate on foreign policy in the Norwegian Storting,
representatives of all parties supported the position of the Government. Finn
Moe, leader of the Norewegian Social Democratic Labor Party insisted that in
view of the present threat from the East and in view of the predominant
eastern military strength, the West must utilize every means to strengthen
itself. According to him, German military contributions are a welcome addition
to the defense of the West.
Norway rejects the Swedish thesis of neutrality and of parochial Scandi-
navian unity. Foreign Minister Lange maintains that the region is too small
and politically and militarily too ineffective to make an impression on inter-
national politices through isolated unity. To achieve the objectives which a
Scandinanvian union would put before itself, it must unite with a stronger
combination of forces.
Norwegian foreign policy, however, does not want to be more European than
England. Therefore, all the actions of the Government are keyed to London.
Since the London and Paris agreements, Norway, too, is coming closer to
Southern and Western Europe. For a while it seemed as if Norway would
take a definite step toward joining the West European Union (expanded Brussels
Pact). Apparently, however, Foreign Minister Lange soon discovered that he
would be the only one among the northern European countries to take such a
step. He therefore retreated from his position, declaring that Norway has not
as yet been invited to participate in the new defense organization.
DENMARK
Denmark's allegiance to the Western alliances has been weakened during
recent months. The minority government of the Social Democrats' headed by
Minister President Hedtoft is in too weak a position to formulate a clear
domestic or foreign policy. It depends on the support of the radicals, a middle-
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
?RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
class group with neutralist tendencies. Furthermore, the Danish international
policy is at the moment greatly influenced by the economic situation of the
country.
As a result of economic measures undertaken by the Hedtoft government since
its coming into office about a year ago the country's foreign-exchange reserves
have been depleted. Denmark is now struggling with an unfavorable balance
of trade. To overcome this fiscal deficit the Copenhagen Government proposed
a number of measures, many of them affecting the country's defense contribution.
Denmark wants to cut its military budget by about 20 percent, it wants to reduce
the construction work on military bases, and it wants to reduce the annual quota
of draftees for service in the armed forces as well as the time of service.
Some of these measures will no doubt require approval by the NATO command ;
others, of course, could be enacted by the Folketing, the Danish Parliament.
In its relations with the Western World, Denmark is assuming a position
halfway between Sweden and Norway. It opposes the neutrality policies of
Stockholm. But it is not as enthusiastic about Western alliances as Oslo. Since
the Government depends on the support of the neutralist radicals, the views of
the latter are reflected somewhat in the country's foreign policy. Hence during
a recent session of the Scandinavian Foreign Ministers Denmark insisted that at
the moment there is no call for joining the West European Union. At the same
time it asked that German troops "not be concentrated close to the Danish
border."
The opposition to the current policies of the Government comes primarily
from the ranks of the Conservatives and the Farmers Parties. They demand a
greater military effort and closer alliance with the West.
Clearly the Scandinavian countries are divided on the question of relations
with the West and the rest of Europe. But there is a definite trend for greater
unity among the Scandinavians themselves.
The Soviet Union is exhibiting increasing concern about the movement for
Scandinavian unity. It has frequently let it be known that it regards these
trends as anti-Soviet. In reality it fears that a Scandinavian union would
exert too great an attraction on Finland and thus diminish Soviet influence
in the Scandinavian orbit.
XIII. AMERICAN PRESS REACTION TO EDO COLLAPSE
Major American newspapers see the defeat of Chancellor Adenauer's pro-
Western policy in the Schleswig-Holstein elections of Sunday, September 12, as
a direct result of the French rebuff of EDC.
An editorial in the New York Times observes that the French, no less than
the German Chancellor, were losers in the Schleswig-Holstein contest. The
Times points out that Adenauer had succeeded in winning over large masses
of the German people to his concept of European unity. For Germany, this
meant limited rearmament through EDO and limited sovereignty through the
contractual agreement of 1952. Popular support for this policy in Germany
gave Adenauer a smashing victory in German elections of a year ago. Now, the
Schleswig-Holstein elections, fought out specifically on the European unity issue,
have produced a sharp swing in the direction of German nationalism.
The Times concludes : "Pacifism and neutralism have gained ground in Ger-
many, France, and Britain these past few weeks."
The New York Herald Tribune shares the Times views and adds the warning
that "unless Chancellor Adenauer can restore his prestige with a substantial
diplomatic victory, it is clear that the quasi-neutralism of the Social Democrats
and the exaggerated nationalism of the rightist parties will have a profound
influence on Bonn's course."
The Chicago Tribune (September 1st) takes the editorial view that France's
defeat of EDC has reduced the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to "a paper
creation, supported only by a phantom army." As a result, says the Tribune,
the United States has been isolated by one of its paper partners. The Chicago
newspaper warns that the United States. must now look to her own protection,
"instead of compromising our security by dealing with nations which take
pleasure in bargaining with the devil." Then the. Tribune adds : "It is time
to forget all nonsensical talk about international alliances, and return to the
patriotism and the sensible program of Herbert Hoover." The newspaper recalls
Mr. Hoover's observations in an address of December 20, 1950, when he warned
that the United States would be inviting defeat if it committed her own relatively
meagre land forces to a ground war against the vast land masses of Russia,
China, and their European and Asiatic allies. Mr. Hoover contended that a
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
86 ID REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIS?
strong, prosperous America, armed with an unchallengeable air force. and navy
offered the best hope of deterring communist aggression.
The Tribune concludes that this advice is applicable to America's present
needs and urges greater self-reliance for the national security.
Meanwhile, renewed optimism growing out of Anthony Eden's talks with
Chancellor Adenauer was tempered by a "corrective statement" issued by the
office of the British High Commissioner in Germany following the Eden-Adenauer
discussions. The statement spoke of complete agreement between the two states-
men and indicated that "they will pursue with the utmost vigor their efforts to
achieve a European unity in which the United Kingdom can play a full part."
However, it went on to stress that no decisions had been anticipated in the course
of the Bonn discussions or in other defense community capital's. Mr. Eden's
major purpose it was said, was to receive informally the German view on two
problems : (1) The best form of German contribution to the defense of the West
and (2) the granting of West German sovereignty on lines similar to those
provided by the Bonn peace contract. The l'imes' story on this meeting said
that Dr. Adenauer was understood to have told Mr. Eden that he was prepared
to accept military limitations within the Atlantic alliance on the same basis
as other members of that organization after West Germany had been given fall
sovereignty. He was also said to have requested territorial guaranties and
promises to work for Germany's reunification. The Times' story characterized
the discussions as inconclusive and said that as a result Dr. Adenauer requested
and obtained a postponement of the Bundestag debate on foreign policy ori; -
inally scheduled for September 14.
The dominant theme running through American press comment following
the French National Assembly's action on EDC was that communism had scored
a major tactical victory in Europe and that a heavy blow had been dealt the
present security and future hopes of the western community.
That segment of the American press which has long frowned on American
commitments abroad not only castigated France but found words of harsh criti-
cism for the British as well. It advocated a sharp curtailment of United States
foreign-aid programs, increased emphasis on the development of a fortress Amer-
ica and, with a logic that appeared to fly in the face of France's inescapable
geographical position in Europe, concentration on a buildup of West German
military strength without regard to the French attitude.
A Washington dispatch by Walter Trohan, of the Chicago Tribune, points out
that French rejection of the EDC plan is leading United States planners to turn
away from France to create a new defense strategy for Western Europe hinging
on bases in Germany and Spain. Trohan reports that British and American
officials still hope to reach some agreement with France but are prepared to
proceed with launching German rearmament if the French remain adamant.
More moderate American newspapers tended to lament that the EDC concept
had been oversold in the United States and that, in the absence of any long-
range alternative plans, the United States had been caught short. The imme-
diate alternative that occurred to most of these newspapers was that an Anglo-
American cooperative effort might induce the French to accept West German
participation in NATO. The most thoughtful editorial comment speculated
on the effect of the French decision in stimulating a rise in German nationalism
and the possibility that the Federal German Republic might lend more attentive
ears to Russian pitchmen hawking peace and unification.
Some of the same divergencies were reflected by Senators and Congressmen,
both at home and on survey missions in Europe.
The sum total of criticism on the one hand, and suggestions for alternative
approaches on the other, was that the United States had been let down by her
European allies and that these countries had better rally round us once again
if a solution to the EDC impasse was to be reached.
Amid this welter of comment, the New York Times magazine for Sunday,
September 12, published a thesis proposing "a way to secure Germany's contribu-
tion to the West-without alienating France." The author was George F.
Kerman, former United States Ambassador to Russia and a member of the State
Department Policy-Planning Board in the last administration.
Much of Mr. Kenuan's proposal appeared to be aimed at a synthesis of the
primary needs of both the United States and Western Germany. Analyzing
Germany's present situation, he held that EDC, as well as such alternatives as
German admission to NATO, contain serious drawbacks. Germany, he said, has
before it the difficult problems of reattaining full sovereignty, achieving unifica-
tion of the country, and arriving at a peace settlement with her opponents of
World War II. Until these problems have been clarified, he contended, the
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2 2/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R0005005 15-8
ORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 87
international status of the West German Government will not be wholly clear.
He questioned whether such a Government would be "either from its own stand-
point, or that of other powers, in a suitable position to enter into major inter-
national security commitments affecting a wide area of the world."
If Germany is to have the assurance that the solution of her problems is a
major concern of the United States-an assurance which would appear to be
essential if Germany is to adhere to the principle of European cooperation-
then Mr. Kennan suggested that three considerations should be uppermost in
the minds of American policy planners in shaping a fresh approach toward
Germany and Western Europe.
1. There should be in Germany a measure of western military power sufficient
to keep the Soviets convinced that any attack would not be profitable from
the Soviet viewpoint. Mr. Kennan pointed out that he was not suggesting the
maintenance of the kind of force, in terms of size, that it would actually take
to defend the area in time of war.
2. Military dispositions must be such "that Western Germany and the Western
Powers can negotiate from strength, in the problem of German unification and
of the German and Austrian peace treaties."
3. "The moderate and European-minded elements in Western Germany must
be given immediate and vigorous evidence of support in the West, lest the entire
cause of moderation and cooperation with the West becomes seriously discredited
in the eyes of the German public." Here Mr. Kennan noted that the leading
in advocating a pooling of the European defense burden in preference to a re-
vival of unilateral German military power. These very elements have received
the bitterest sort of rebuff in the French EDC action.
Observing that a major problem at hand is to find a suitable political frame-
work for a German contribution to both Germany's and Europe's defense, Mr.
Kennan suggested that one device which might be employed would be a unilateral
guaranty of West Germany's territory by the United States and such of her
allies as might wish to take parallel action.
Mr. Kennan saw the following possibilities in such a guaranty :
1. It would permit the West German Government to approach without ulterior
,commitments the difficult and complex problems of unification.
2. It could be accompanied by the extension of full sovereignty to Western
Germany, as now envisaged.
3. It could provide a framework under which such military collaboration as
might be necessary between West Germany and other Atlantic pact powers
'could proceed on the simple basis of current arrangement to meet a mutual
interest ; that is, the defense of West German territory.
4. This collaboration could be subject to such limitations as might be neces-
sary to reassure West Germany's neighbors as to the use of such military con-
tributions as the Germans may make.
5. A United States guaranty would not commit the United States, or run the
risk of involving it in any implied commitment, to defend any territory other
than that of the West German Federal Republic or to support any specific course
of German action in the East. It would leave the United States to interpret its
own degree of obligation with relations to such matters.
6. It would deprive the Russians of one of their main arguments, which is
that German inclusion in EDC or NATO is part of a hostile alliance against the
Soviets. Hence, Western negotiators could have more flexibility in future nego-
tiations on the question of German unification.
7. An arrangement of this sort would not require the specific and formal
.approval of the French "and would spare them the necessity of committing
themselves at a time when they appear to find difficulty in confronting decisions
of this nature."
8. Estimating the French reaction to such a proposal, Mr. Kennan wrote that
"it is hardly thinkable that France would deny the use of her territory as a line
for communication and support for whatever military arrangements might be
evolved between Western Germany and other Atlantic pact powers pursuant to
the implementation of the common military interest implied by such a guaranty."
The French, he added, "are surely aware that any plans for the defense of their
own territory which do not envisage the defense of Western Germany are un-
realistic and illusory."
THE GERMAN PROBLEM
WALL STREET JOURNAL, September 1.-William Henry Chamberlin, one of the
:ablest of all journalistic observers of the foreign scene, points to "the strange
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP 0R01731R000500520015-8
88 REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION
and distressing circumstance" that many individuals who profess a fear that
Germany will end up in the Soviet camp are doing everything possible to bring on
this eventuality by opposing the acceptance of Germany as a full partner in
a European defense arrangement.
Chamberlin goes on to call attention to the common geographic importance
of both France and Germany to the defense structure of Western Europe. United
States communications with Germany, he notes, pass.through France. A large
number of NATO bases are situated in France. In addition, the United States
is counting on bases built at huge cost to the American taxpayer in French
Morocco. In Germany, the biggest United States air and supply base is located
in Kaiserslautern in the French zone of Germany.
The conclusion : A European defense program which rested primarily on Ger-
many without taking into account the need for French integration would be as
shaky as one that would depend solely on France without considering the im-
portance of Germany.
WALL STREET JOURNAL, September 15.-In a followup column datelined Zurich,
Switzerland, Chamberlin analyzes the line taken by Soviet diplomacy in further
roiling the troubled waters of the EDC collapse. To the French, says Chamber-
lin, Moscow holds out the alluring prospect of a Germany, neutralized and dis-
armed under Soviet-French control. Meanwhile, the Germans are hearing an-
other tune, the refrain of which is that the Germans can be united and freed
from foreign occupation if only they demonstrate their good will for the Soviets
by repudiating any alliance with the West.
NEW YORK MiRRoR, September 16.-The Hearst tabloid warns editorially that if
Germany is not accepted as an integral part of the Western World she will drift
eastward. The Mirror conceded that there is always a risk in rearming a con-
quered country, but adds that "the risk of not rearming Germany is greater be-
cause, should they do the job themselves, they could become an antagonistic
power.'.' Then, says the Mirror, if Germany should reunite under Soviet
hegemony, Russian power will extend to the Rhine and both Germany and France
will be at the complete mercy of the Kremlin.
WALL STREET JOURNAL, September 17.-A dispatch by Carter Henderson de-
scribes divisions of opinion in Great Britain on the subject of a rearmed Ger-
many. A Gallup poll earlier this year indicated that a majority of the British
people favored German rearmament. However, Lord Beaverbrook's Daily Ex-
press (circulation 4.2 million) has plastered Brtain with billboards warning,
"Don't rearm Germany." The British dilemma, Henderson says, is that while
Britain is intensely concerned about the need for a European defense structure,
she is not prepared to give up any of her sovereignty to help bring it about.
NEW YORK TIMES. September 17.-Lansing Warren, Times' Paris correspondent,
describes the Eden-Mendes-France talks as "inconclusive." Warren says that
in talks with Eden, Mendes-France insisted on a whole series of guaranties that
had to be held over for the nine-power discussions planned in London for the
end of this month. He cites fears among diplomats that Mr. Dulles' sudden trip
to Bonn may indicate that the United States is not wholly in accord with the
plan advanced by Anthony Eden in his recent trip to the major capitals of West-
ern Europe. Diplomatic circles had been assuming that because of the French
defeat of EDC, there would be a switch from the supranational features, which
prevented British participation in that now defunct plan. However, it is now
feared that Mr. Dulles will insist on retaining the supranational idea. A growing
French fear, Warren reports, is that Mr. Dulles, by visiting Bonn and London
while bypassing Paris, was about to break the news of some new fundamental
change in United States policy as suggested in the past by his frequent public
allusions to "agonizing reappraisals." Another French fear is that the United
States may decide to transfer its priorities on the Continent from France to
Germany.
The Anglo-French talks were said by Warren to have produced a proposal by
Mendes-France that Germany be introduced into the Western defense system
through the Brussels Treaty, and that after a satisfactory system of guaranties
had been established, Germany should be allowed access to the North Atlantic
Treaty Alliance. What Mendes-France refused to accept was Germany's admis-
sion to NATO before the French were satisfied by guaranties on the size and
nature of the German military contribution.
A companion dispatch to the New York Times by Drew Middleton from
London says that Anthony Eden expects United States support for a four-
point British program which would include :
1. A United States-French-British declaration abolishing the occupation
statute for Germany and establishing the sovereignty of the Federal Republic.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release ? 2002/11/15 :CIA-RDP80R01731R00050052 015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 89
2. An agreement between Germany and the three occupying powers touch-
ing on the reunification of Germany, the position of Allied forces in that coun-
try and the future of Berlin.
3. German entry into NATO after an amendment of the organization's char-
ter, giving great powers to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in
Europe and an inspection system of the Atlantic alliance so that the size and
character of West German armament can be controlled.
4. A revision of the Brussels Treaty to include Germany and Italy. This
would create a continental political group within the Atlantic alliance providing
a basis for strengthened French-German cooperation. The revision would en-
able the British to pledge immediate British assistance to these powers in the
event of aggression within a period of 50 years (this proposal has not fully
satisfied the French who went to Britain to spell out a number of assurances.
Mr. Eden has indicated that he is not prepared to elaborate until he has talked
with Mr. Dulles).
A Chicago Tribune editorial urges that the United States "stop telling the
Europeans how much help we are going to give them and start telling them that
they can expect from us nothing more than the bare minimum required of us
by treaties already in force." The Tribune holds that this is the best way of
getting Europe to move more rapidly toward unity for common defense. The
defect in the American approach until now, the Tribune asserts is that the
French, for example, have been relying on American guarantees for French
safety to a point where they have come to feel that there is no reason for haste
in coming to an understanding with Germany.
NEWSWEEK (week of September 20).-A front-cover banner asking: "Will
Germany Make a Deal with Russia?" is answered in the negative by inside text.
Newsweek traces Germany's historic courtships of Russia from the Bismarck
era through the Treaty of Rapallo and the Molotov-Ribbentrop nuptials. It
concludes, however, that the Germans have learned that the only way to deal
with Russia is from a position of strength and it adds : "Germany today is weak.
Whether it will ever be strong enough to deal with Russia is an open question."
Meanwhile, Newsweek quotes an official of the Munich Staatskanzlei as saying
to a visitor from the West : "You can humiliate us, you can insult us, you can
even put us in jail. But if the Russians come, they will hang us. Which side
do you think we are on?"
Assurances by French Premier Mendes-France that his country remains dedi-
cated to the concept of a unified. European defense structure led the New York
Times to comment editorially that M. Mendes-France's problem is to "find a
formula that would meet the requirements of other nations involved and at the
same time give him a reasonable expectation of a parliamentary majority.
Reports from London and Bonn indicated that the problem suggested by the
New York Times was not peculiar to France's Premier. Similar dilemmas con-
fronted the Churchill government and Chancellor Adenauer. In Britain, leaders
of the Labor Party drafted a resolution which voiced cautious approval of the
principle of German rearmament but expressed itself in terms which made it
plain that Labor Party leaders anticipated bitter opposition when their organi-
zation convenes soon to debate the policy question involved. Party leaders were
aware of the fight that will be waged against their proposals by Aneurin Bevan
and either could not-or would not-predict the outcome. a
In Germany, meanwhile, Chancellor Adenauer was under continuing fire by
his Social Democratic opponents who were placing increasing stress on charges
that German rearmament and integration into the Western defense scheme
would spell doom for the hope of German reunification. The 'Socialists were
given some support by the Free Democrats, now part of the Adenauer coalition.
While reunification is a common yearning by all Germans, it may be worth
noting that the Socialists have a somewhat special stake in this issue for much
of the real estate now under Soviet control includes communities with heavy
concentrations of working-class people on whose political allegiance the Social
Democrats could be expected to exercise a prior claim.
Senator Alexander Wiley, in an interview published in United States News
and World Report, said that effective defense of the West without France
"would be very difficult and would create a schismatic condition that might
bring dangerous results." Asked how he felt about United States Withdrawal
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 App oved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
from Europe if efforts to unify Europe and rearm the Germans fail, the Sen-
ator asserted that "we cannot put our survival in a hemispheric basket." He
said that "Defenses which were adequate in World War I (sic) are not adequate
now. Under such circumstances, Americans will keep trying to alert the na-
tions of the earth to the necessity of sticking together. If they don't, they'll
hang separately."
The most concise summation of British-French-German viewpoints on EDO and
its aftermath was afforded in a four-way trans-Atlantic broadcast carried by
Edward R. Murrow on his See It Now show, Tuesday evening, September 21.
The participants were Denis Healey, a member of the British Parliament ; Jean
Jacques Serven Schreiber, a French newspaper editor said to be high in the
counsels of Mendes-France ; and Franz Joseph Strauss, a member of Chancellor
Adenauer's party and described by CBS as one of the Chancellor's aides.
Here is a summary of the exchange between these three men from rough notes
taken during the telecast :
Schreiber: France continues to believe in and support the principle of West
German political equality and the need for a German military contribution to
western defense. In line with this principle, France sees a Franco-German
reconciliation as essential. At the same time, France believes that the inclusion
of Great Britain in the framework of a European defense arrangement is vital.
Strauss : Germany shares the conviction that European unity for defense and
for Europe's general economic and political welfare is of the first importance.
In Germany's view, EDC was an ideal instrument for the achievement of this
objective. Responsible German leaders recognize the risks involved in the
maintenance of national armies, for "national armies have a way of becoming
instruments of national policy."
Healey : Britain considers her frontier at this time to be on the Elbe. For
that reason, she is maintaining armed forces in middle Europe. However,
Britain could not see her way clear to affiliation with a supranational defense
organization since she has vast interests which lie outside Europe and therefore
cannot place herself in the position of committing troops to an organization which
might strip her of control of the disposition of military forces in any given situa-
tion. In addition, Britain is no longer strong enough to carry the principal
commitments required for Europe's defense. At the same time, some observers
in Britain see a waning of United States interest in Europe's defense prob-
lems. The solution to the EDC collapse, therefore, must be sought through
expansion and strengthening of NATO.
Strauss: The solution of Western Europe's military problem probably lies in
NATO, as suggested by Healey. Strauss felt, however, that Europe's manifold
political, social, and economic problems require a solution which can only be
reached if Europe itself is unified. This, he said, would require a process of
gradual relinquishment of national sovereign ties into a federated Europe. He
saw this as the only effective solution that could ultimately solve the problem of
total defense against communism. Then he warned that Europe cannot rely on
the United States forever.
Healey : The British M. P. rejected any suggestion that Europe can ever stand
alone. The hydrogen bomb, he said, has made United States participation in the
defense of the Atlantic community a must. That Russia has been deterred
at all from aggression, he said, is due entirely to the deterrent effect of America's
capability for atomic retaliation.
Schreiber : French public opinion favors another effort to reach peaceful agree-
ment with the Russians. However, Schreiber stressed that France would not
accept agreement with Russia at the expense of a neutralized Germany nor
would, it accept any other concept that would involve discrimination against
Germany in any form. Reverting to EDC, Schreiber said that France had suf-
fered greatly from German militarism in the past. This, he added, was true of
Britain as well. The French defeat of EDO came about, therefore, because many
Frenchmen could not understand why, if EDC was good for France, it was not
good for England.
Strauss : Germany's youth looks to European unity as the only hope for a
peaceful future. To disillusion a rising generation which represents an oppor-
tunity to break with the militaristic past is to risk a retrogression to German
nationalism of the past. The hope of German youth is to become German citizens
of Europe. Meanwhile, he said, American parents quite naturally want to see
their sons brought home. This feeling is bound to increase and Europe must
therefore strive for greater self-reliance. Commenting on Schreiber's reference
to EDC, he quoted a recent article by the French editor which said that France
would accept common control of German rearmament. (Enr roe's NoTE.-This
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500~ 015-8
RE ET ON EUROPEAN MISSION 1
had been a lure held out by the Russians to beguile the French into accept-
ing a Soviet deal on Germany. Simultaneously, the Russians had promised the
Germans a trade of sanction for an independent German Army in return for
German rejection of EDC.)
Strauss asked whether Schreiber had suggested that France ought to accept
Franco-Soviet control of German arms. Germany, he said, would be i g
llin
to accept joint United States-British-French control, provided
given equal treatment, but under no circumstances would she accept Russian
control.
Schreiber : In response, explained that his reference to "common control" did
not deal with Russia's proposal but with the concept advanced by Mendes-France
in his most recent suggestions for German inclusion in the Brussels Pact. So
far as Russia is concerned, he said, he felt that one more effort should be made
to gain Russian acceptance of German unification on the basis of free elections.
He agreed that Russian rejection of such a proposal is a virtual certainty, but
he argued that the very act of advancing such a suggestion would be responsive
to public opinion throughout Europe and it ought to be tried if only to afford
a fresh exposure of Soviet pretensions. He felt that this was an indispensable
prelude to efforts that could then be intensified to reforge a grand alliance of the
democracies.
TV. PRESS REACTION BEFORE THE NINE-POWER CONFERENCE
THE NEEDS OF THE FREE WORLD
The control of Western Europe is a central issue in the post-World War II
struggle between East and West. The prize is Western Europe's industry, tech-
nology, and know-how. The United States and her friends want this area free
and friendly. The U. S. S. R. wants it enslaved, if possible, or at the very least,
divided and impotent. As pointed out by Prof. D. W. Brogan, of Cambridge
University, in the Sunday Times Magazine of September 26, the key to this
struggle is the relationship between France and Germany. On the successful
resolution of Franco-German differences depends the achievement of the two
major aims of the United States and her partners in the free world: (1) The
military unity of Western Europe, and (2) the establishment of a cohesive
structure of political, economic, and cultural cooperation in this area. The
accomplishment of both objectives is indispensable to the defense of the free
world against Soviet encroachment.
THE FRENCH POSITION
France, through such leaders as Schuman and Pleven, took the lead in pro-
posals for the development of economic and military unity in Western Europe.
With
and Steel Community that won acceptance from tthe plan for the he Germans and the other
nations involved.
Pleven advanced the plan for the European Defense Community.
But where Schuman 's concept proved acceptable to a majority of the French
National Assembly, Pleven's proposal evoked violent objections and, in the end,
met with rejection. A fact which has only recently become a matter of general
public knowledge is that since May 27, 1952, when M. Pleven first introduced
his proposal, there has been no French Parliament that could muster a majority
vote for EDC.
The position of the French, as voiced by Premier Mendez-France, is that-
(a) France believes in, and supports, the principle of West German polit-
ical equality.
(b) France accepts the need for a German military contribution to the
defense of the West.
(0) France recognizes that Franco-German reconciliation is essential to
the security and welfare of Western Europe.
(d) At the same time, France believes that a firm British commitment to
the defense of Western Europe is essential.
Behind this apparently agreeable facade, however, are a number of clearly
perceptible and, in some cases, understandable French fears. Briefly, here is a
categorical list of these apprehensions :
1. Two world wars, in addition to French history books, have left the contem-
porary French generation with an indelible distrust of armed Germans. (French
statesmen draw a distinction between German soldiers and the German people
as such.)
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 App ed For Release 2002/11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN MI&N
2. Many Frenchmen, apparently a majority, in fact, saw in the supranational
features of EDO a danger that France would become an auxiliary of Germany
in a system dominated by Germany and used for German objectives. Particu-
larly, France feared that West Germany might press for unification on a scale
that would bring it into conflict with the Soviets, thus placing France in the
position of taking up arms in support of a purely German objective.
3. Since the time of Clemenceau, many French political leaders have been con-
vinced that on the political plane, no French Government can deal with Germany
without dealing with Great Britain and the United States. In the case of Great
Britain, especially, the French see their neighbors across the channel as indis-
pensable partners in any association with the Germans. They argue, therefore,
that if EDO was good for the French, it should have been good for the British
as well, and Great Britain should have been prepared to undertake the same
commitments that were being asked of the French.
4. The French dismiss as inconsequential the military value of 12 German
divisions as proposed under EDC. They argue that a dozen German divisions,
even if added to the existing United States-French-British forces on the Con-
tinent, would be of negligible worth against the massive forces at the disposal
,of the Soviets and their satellites. They contend that the only genuine deter-
rent to any possible Russian aggression is the American arsenal of nuclear and
'thermonuclear weapons and America's ability to deliver bombs from this arsenal
on Russian soil. On the other hand, the French fear that the establishment of
12 divisions will whet the German military appetite for a still larger army.
They see the possibility that Germany's already formidable bargaining position
between East and West could thus be strengthened still further, with a conse-
quent diminution of France's role in the European community.
5. Paralleling French fears of German military revival is the recognition-by
no means unique to France-that in 8 short years, Germany has lifted her-
self from the rubble of one of the most devastating military defeats in history
to become the dominant economic power on the Continent. Defeated Germany
is on the threshold-if, indeed, it has not already crossed it-of reviving the
Krupp iron and steel empire. If the once powerful French equivalent-the
Comite des Forges-has made a similar recovery, it is not apparent to the naked
eye. It may, of course, be that the Comito des Forges, as constituted before
World War II, cannot operate under French Government today in the freewheel-
ing style that marked its activities before the war. Nevertheless, the signifi-
cance of German iron and steel recovery and its superiority over France's in-
dustrial counterpart, is not lost on the French.
Added to these basic French fears are factors which complicate the French
position still further.
1. France has the second largest Communist Parties this side of the Iron
Curtain. The French Communist Party has consistently and obediently pursued
Soviet objectives. It has played indefatigably on the innate French fear and dis-
trust of Germany, seeking by every means at its disposal to block any effort at
Franco-German reconciliation. It has depicted proposals for German inclusion
in a Western European defense arrangement-whether via EDC or NATO-as
aggressive moves directed against the Soviets and it has howled up the thesis
that German rearmament in any form will set off a third world war. It has
stumped for a neutralized Germany to be achieved by a French agreement with
Russia. Its biggest successes have been scored in (a) the defeat of EDC (in con-
junction with the de Gaulleists) ; (b) the stimulation of neutralism in France ;
and (c) the successful exploitation of existing French-and generally Euro-
pean-desires for another East-West meeting on the German problem.
2. The omnipresent fear-prevalent throughout the Continent-that in the
event of a third world war, Europe will be a major battlefield, has sharply
accelerated French sentiment for another effort to explore the possibility of a
peaceful settlement with Russia. This is by no means an exclusive line with
the Communists. It is a view held by non-Communists and even anti-Commu-
nists through Europe. In the case of France, a valid basis for such a viewpoint
is clearly discernible. In addition to French political and military links with
the United States, French soil accommodates United States airbases and a vast
network of supply depots. The implications for France in the event of a United
States-Soviet clash are obvious.
3. Bled of its best cadres and a good part of its youth of military age in the
Indochina fighting, the French can argue persuasively that, in the face of colonial
needs, they can make only a limited commitment to a European defense estab-
lishment. As a result, France finds itself in a dilemma. To insist that Ger-
many, which has no colonial requirements, limit its military contribution so as
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 20Q2111115 : CIA-RDP80RO1731 R00050052 015-8
RST ON EUROPEAN MISSION 3
not to exceed French components of a European army, is to risk the displeasure
of France's allies, who see at lease quantitative disadvantages to the overall
European defense structure. On th. other hand, to accede to the establishment
of a larger German force is to endanger the poltical life of any French Govern-
ment that would even consider an imbalance of French and German forces on
the Continent.
4. The political, military, and economic factors outlined in the foregoing have
bred a conviction in France-most recently articulated by Mendes-France-that
France cannot safely enter into a close relationship with Germany until the
French economic house has been set in order and until the French state and the
French economy are solvent.
THE. GERMAN POSITION
Germany is more aware today than at any time in the last 8 years that she
enjoys a seller's market. The industrial recovery which has made Germany so
great a prize in the struggle between East and West was achieved so rapidly
because German money and manpower did not have to be diverted to the main-
tenance of a military establishment. Politically, Germany has been able to make
equally great strides because of the leadership of a remarkable man. In Chan-
cellor Konrad Adenauer, Germany has been endowed with a statesman whose
dedication to the principle of European unity has given immense encouragement
to the free world. Moreover, the Chancellor has been able to rally a substantial
majority of the German people behind his policy of association with the West, the
first trend to the contrary having appeared only after the defeat of EDC by the
French National Assembly.
Germany's objectives have been set forth frequently in the public prints. They
bear repeating only as a point of departure in analyzing the position in which
the Adenauer government finds itself at the moment. Germany's goals are :
1. To regain complete sovereignty.
2. To achieve unification of her country, now divided into occupied zones
by the East and the West.
3. To facilitate the political integration of Germany, as an equal partner,
into the western community of nations.
4. To make her contribution to the military defense of the West, again as
an equal partner.
The problems confronting Germany in the achievement of these objectives have
stemmed from two sources. Externally, the principal problem has been French
procrastination on the issues of German sovereignty and, of course, a German
military contribution to western defense. French obstinacy has buttressed
domestic German opponents of the Adenauer policy. As in France, extremists of
the far left and for right have made common cause to buck West German
associations with the West. But the Adenauer policy has evoked opposition
from more moderate elements as well.
Germany's leaders have recognized the need for an accommodation with
France. However, German readiness to deal with France on equal terms can
be said to have diminished in some respects since the French defeat of EDC,
an action which gave stimulus to both the isolationist spirit in Germany and to
German neutralists, who see a deal with Russia as the only way to secure the
reunification of their country. One German spokesman, Franz Josef Strauss,
a member of Chancellor Adenauer's party, has pointed out that the French
rejection of EDO exercised a particularly unfortunate effect on German youth,
which has been showing great enthusiasm for the concept of Germans as
"German citizens of Europe."
Even more onerous dilemmas confront the Adenauer administration at home.
To outline these problems in summary form:
1. The Social Democratic opposition has maintained pressure for another
round of western talks with the Russians. Spokesmen for the Social Democratic
Party concede that there is little reason to expect that Russia will prove any
more amenable to the attainment of German goals than it has in the past.
However, like many other Europeans they argue that the effort must be made,
if only to keep Russia's real motives under exposure.
2. The Social Democrats argue that the only real enthusiasm for a new German
Army is prevalent among the former professional military class. Hence, they
say, such an army could only be made up in the main of unreliable elements.
3. The Social Democrats question the effect of a rearmament program on the
German economy.
4. This party has exploited the unification issue to the hilt. Were unification
to come about, the Social Democrats would stand to accrue considerable strength
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP$0R01731R000500520015-8
94REPORT ON EUROPEAN MIS
from the workingclass elements in East Zone territories. Avowedly dedicated'
to the principal of free elections, the Social Democrats would presumably reject
unification on Russian terms. However, their argument that parleys with the
Russians are an essential prerequisite to any hope for unification has proved,
persuasive to many Germans, including the Free Democrats, who are part of
the Adenauer coalition.
5. Communists in West Germany appear to be only a negligible factor. How-
ever, external communism has vigorously exploited German sentiment for uni-
fication. Having offered France a deal for joint Franco-Soviet control of"
Germany on the one hand, the Russians simultaneously sought to woo the West
Germans by offering sanction of an independent German military establishment
and German unification. The price is West German rejection of invitations to.
associate itself with the West European community. This cynical offer made
little impact on the Germans when it was first broached. If it is to stay in,
limbo, however, the Germans may have to be given concrete evidence of the
West's support of the Adenauer objectives.
Great Britain's frontier today is on the Elbe, and the security of this frontier
demands Franco-German reconciliation. Britain's explanation for refusing to,
affiliate with a supranational European defense establishment is that her colonial.
requirements preclude any such arrangement. Whatever the merits of this
contention, British political life reflects many of the same divisions and appre-
hensions observable in France. Britain's vulnerability to attack from the east is
less than that of Germany and France by only a matter of minutes, as modern
aircraft fly. Having experienced the full shock of war upon her soil, Britain
has no more appetite than France for any course that holds out the possibility
of a final diplomatic rupture with the East. Almost alone among western
nations, she has maintained open channels of communication with the Rus-
sians, the leaders of her very substantial minority party having been enter-
tained by the Russian and Chinese Communist hierarchies. Whether or not
Mr. Attlee and his associates are living in a state of self-delusion, the fact.
remains that Britain as a political entity is in a unique diplomatic position in the
West. She is perhaps alone in her ability to talk directly with the leadership of
Russia and Red China. A steadfast adherent through the ages to the Empire's
self-interest, Britain recognizes her own need for western solidarity on the Conti-
nent, including the presence of United States military forces. This recognition,
is shared by the British Labor Party, albeit by a slim majority.
Beset by a substantial body of neutralist sentiment, pressured for the initiation-
of another round of talks with the Russians, the nightmare of the incumbent
British Government must be the prospect of a United States withdrawal from the
Continent to peripheral bases. For Britain cannot shoulder the main burden. of
European defense, whether militarily or financially.
Solidification of Europe into a common defense entity has been a cardinal
goal of United States military and political policy since the first postwar signs
of Russian intentions. The most desirable contribution to the achievement of
this policy-and the one most consistently sought-is a Franco-German accord.
French delay has proved steadily more exasperating, with the result that a sub-
stantial body of sentiment has been built up in this country for some arrangement
that will leapfrog France to arm Germany. A rash of public statements by con-
gressional leaders has muddled Western European thinking about United States
policies and objectives. Statements following the first announcement of a possi-
ble ?
shift in United States policy hinted strongly at a switch in aid priorities from!
France to Germany. The absence of a flexible United States approach-including
an inventory of alternatives-to the EDC issue proved doubly frustrating to,
American public opinion, coming as it did on the heels of the diplomatic defeat
sustained by the West at Geneva.
The EDC collapse came as such a sharp disappointment to the United States=
because of a stark political fact too often overlooked by political pundits, both,
professional and nonprofessional. This fact is that Western Europe does not
share the all-consuming fear of communism that prevails in this country. Euro-
peans, who, ironically, are living almost directly under the muzzles of Communist
guns, regard the American attitude toward communism as obsessive and, in some-
cases, so provocative as to militate toward an increase in East-West tension..
The failure to grasp this European viewpoint has induced a reaction which has
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release 20 /11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R0005005 915-8
RT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 95
.taken the form of suggestions that Europe be left to "go it alone," with the United
States to concentrate on a buildup of its own Military Establishment and the
basing of retaliatory American power in areas on the periphery of the Soviet
,domain.
UNITED STATES POLICY-ITS MILITARY NEEDS IN EUROPE
To deter a Communist military adventure-to retaliate by the swiftest, most
-effective means if aggression is initiated-the United States must have the most
forward "decks" possible-on land and sea-from which to launch its counter-
blows at both tactical and strategic targets. In Europe, forward "decks" are now
in being in England, France, and Germany. Quite -apart from the heavy invest-
ment of American dollars involved in the establishment of these bases-and the
countless millions that would be required to uproot and transfer them-the mili-
tary security of the United States itself would be directly and adversely affected
.by any withdrawal from these sites.
In terms of conventional warfare, particularly by ground forces, the sum total
of land components that can be mustered by the Western nations-short of
.an actual state of war-is insignificant by comparison with the bodies available
to the Russians and their satellites. Nevertheless, the presence of American
troops on European soil is at once a deterrent symbol for the Communists and
.an earnest of United States support for the free world that has the most impor-
tant psychological connotations for Western Europe.
Without even the symbol of United States readiness to come to Western
.Europe's aid in the event of attack, Britain, France, and Germany in particular
.are far more vulnerable to assault. With United States forces confined only to
peripheral area, sudden attack could bring disaster to Western Europe before
.adequate retaliatory force could be mustered in the forward areas. Nuclear
bombing of strategic targets in the Communist heartland would be of little aid
or comfort to the British, French, and German people under direct- Communist
.attack up front.
Elimination of France from the complex of United States forward outposts
in Europe poses difficult problems not only in logistic terms but in terms of rear
area security. France's large Communist Party is a danger that must be taken
into account. The isolation of France by the United States for the sake of
German rearmament, however, would be likely to intensify, rather than to dimin-
ish, the West's security problem. French inclusion in a European defense struc-
ture would at least impose on the French Government the obligation of dealing
far more firmly with its Communists than it has until now. Admittedly, this
would be no easy task, but it does appear to be a far better solution than per-
mitting the Communists to exploit the embitterment that would sweep France if
the country were walled off by the United States.
UNITED STATES POLICY IN THE POLITICAL REALM
United States security demands a stable France and a stable Germany, with
both nations acting in concert.
Mendes-France has proved a popular leader in France. His refusal to risk
his government on the EDC issue is not easy to condemn. From the ignited States
point of view, there is no guaranty that Mendes-France might have been suc-
-ceeded by anyone who could have mustered a parliamentary majority on an issue
that did not have the support of a majority of the French people. On the other
hand, there is a possibility that he might have been followed by an administration
more neutralist or isolationist in character. Mendes-France at least gives evi-
dence of a moderate attitude toward Germany, of belief in European unity, and
,of a conviction that France ought to demonstrate more self-reliance in the
solution of her economic problems.
No American can clutch to his bosom the prevailing French sentiment for
another round of talks with the Russians. However, it cannot be cried down nor
can the French be compelled to accept the American viewpoint toward com-
munism. The French attitude and fear-common to most Europeans-on which
it is based, must be understood and dealt with from a new approach. That
:approach must be an effort to smoke out the Russians once again on the pos-
sibility of a peaceful settlement. This effort should have the support-hut not
the participation-of the United States. The United States has held out the
hand of friendship to Soviets repeatedly. The results have been a series of stiff
rebuffs with the consequent adoption by this country of a "get tough" policy
toward the Russians. The furthest the United States can go toward a show of
diplomatic politesse to the U. S. S. R. is a proposal such as President Eisenhower's
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R000500520015 ;
 Ap oved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDPBOR01731R000500520015-8
n OTT
plan for a pooling of atomic resources for peaceful use. Meanwhile, Russia's
frequent calls for four-power talks on Germany and Austria and the United
States rejection of such appeals on the perfectly sound basis that Russia fails to
show she is prepared to match peaceful words with peaceful deeds, has built up
in the European mind a picture of the United States as so bellicose in her
hostility toward communism that she is blocking efforts to arrive at peaceful
solutions. The time is past when the average European can be persuaded by
"made in the United States of America" words and pictures that Russia peace-talk
offers are purest propaganda cant.
The job of exposing the Russian professions for what they are is a direct respon-
sibility of Western European political leadership. It is primarily a responsibility
of the British, who, as noted hereinbefore, have maintained their channels of com-
munication with the Soviet leaders.
Reports of 9-power agreement in principle on Germany's inclusion in NATO
and the Brussels Pact prompted the Wall Street Journal and the New York
World-Telegram to question the need for maintaining sizable United States
ground forces in Europe.
The Wall Street Journal, in an editorial on October 1, 1954, pointed out
that the United States now maintains 6 divisions on the Continent, or almost
one-third of this country's total Regular Army strength. The Journal noted
that the threat of Communist aggression, insofar as the United States is con-
cerned, is not limited to Europe. Hence, it said, a 12-division German contribu-
tion to Europe's defense forces, would justify a reduction in the United States
commitment.
The New York World-Telegram, which has been carrying pessimistic reports
of the 9-power meeting by Ludwell Denny, criticized the French for failing to
meet their full military responsibilities for their own and Europe's defense and
added that if the French aren't prepared to do their share, there is no reason why
the United States should do the job for them. The World-Telegram shares the
view that United States ground forces in Europe should be cut back.
Meanwhile, a CBS overseas report by Richard C. Hottelet, CBS correspondent
in Germany, predicted a quick restoration of full sovereignty to West Germany.
Hottelet said this would include the right of the Federal Republic to conduct its
own foreign policy.
Presumably, the Adenaur government would then be in a position to negotiate
with Russia and the East Germans on German unification. Pressure for such a
move would seem likely on the part of the West German Social Democratic
minority. Popular support of the Social Democratic position could pose difficult
problems for the Adenaur administration. At the same time, the Western
Powers would have to expect an even sterner diplomatic challenge from the
Soviets than that which confronted them at Geneva.
What offensive action can be expected from the Soviets will lie in the diplomatic
field, and this undoubtedly will be pressed with the considerable skill and cunning
at their command. Andrei Vishinsky's disarmament speech in the U. N. General
Assembly on September 30, 1.954 suggested that the Russians may already have
made their first move. Significantly, Vishinsky delivered his talk against
a background of press reports reflecting optimism in London on progress to-
ward German integration in the western alliance. As always, the Russians
demonstrated their highly developed sense of timing. Disarmament under a
system of international control and inspection has been broached from time to
time by the United States, yet it is extremely doubtful whether the great mass
of neutralist-minded people in Europe and Asia have any recollection of United
States initiative on this issue. Instead, the timing of the Russian proposal and
its announcement against the background of the London meetings will impress
these millions as a unique and original peace gesture by the Soviets. Unques-
tionably, Russian propaganda will encourage this view and will play-it off against
the London meetings, which will be depicted as aggressive in. intent.
With the acquisition of full sovereignty, the Germans will be wooed with
fresh ardor. If the Federal Republic is to stay in the western camp, Chancellor
Adenaur will have to surmount the most formidable test of his leadership since
his accession to office. No less a test will confront the diplomacy of the United
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80RO1731R000500520015-8
 Approved For Release f002./11/15: CIA-RDP80R01731R0005005 15-8
RAT ON EUROPEAN MISSION 7
States, Great Britain, and France. A major task will be to gain and bold the
initiative in convincing the world outside the Communist domain of the free
nations' peaceful intentions.
Two themes dominate American press comment in the wake of the Nine Power
Conference. Conservative newspapers voice reservations, pointing out that the
achievements of the London talks look promising on paper but will have no real
meaning unless they are supported by the Parliaments of the major European
states. These journals argue that ratification of the Act of London, particularly
with regard to the establishment of a German Army, should be employed by the
United States to cut back much of its military establishment on the Continent.
No great hosannas are forthcoming from, more moderate newspapers, which
also warn against overoptimism until legislative endorsement of the London
talks are forthcoming in France, Germany, and Britain. Dispatches to these
papers describe early reaction in French and German Parliaments as tepid. A
story from Bonn, filed with the New York Times by M. S. Handler, describes the
vote of approval given Chancellor Adenauer by the Bundestag, but points out
that Social Democratic opposition to the conclusion of a Western alliance for
Germany before any talks have been held with the Russians is likely to leave a
deep cleavage within Germany. Mr. Handler says that a Western orientation
for Germany rests on Adenauer's leadership and notes that if the German
Chancellor were to pass from the scene there is no way of knowing whether
Germany would stand fast by the Adenauer commitments.
A series of spot interviews in Germany by Wellington Long, chief of News-
week's German bureau, discloses wide divergences among average Germans on the
virtues of a new German Army.
The most thought-provoking estimate on the post-London situation of the West
is forthcoming in an editorial in the October 8 Wall Street Journal. Unlike
the New York Times, which dismisses V'yacheslav Molotov's latest German
proposal as a transparent propaganda boobytrap that ought to be rejected out
of hand, the Wall Street Journal warns that it would be a mistake to discount
the newest Soviet pitch simply because it is propaganda. The Wall Street
paper goes to the heart of the West's present difficulties when it points out
that, the initial success of the Nine Power Conference notwithstanding, the
Russians have managed to retain the diplomatic and propaganda initiative.
Since Molotov has seemingly indicated Russian willingness to discuss the
German problem on the basis of long-standing Western conditions for German
reunification, free elections in all parts of Germany, the Wall Street Journal
observes : "It is not necessary for Mr. Molotov to be `sincere' in this offer in
order for him to get his conference. The mere fact that he professes willing-
ness to discuss the West's plan for free elections makes it difficult for the West
to refuse to attend the conference, if he pushes hard enough for it ; the West
can hardly reject a discussion of its own proposal."
Should Molotov have his way, the newspaper concedes, Russia might at least
be able to delay implementation of the London agreement. The paper adds,
however, that such a delay would not be too great if Molotov comports himself
in the usual Russian fashion,. for the Western Powers would not be likely to sit
around a conference table too long if it became apparent that the Russians were
far more prepared to talk about Germany than to do something about it.
The fact remains, nevertheless, says the Wall Street paper, that Molotov has
demonstrated the degree to which Western policy is at the mercy of Soviet policy.
The reason:
"The Western Powers cannot by themselves unite Germany because the Soviet
hold on the East is absolute. Only the Soviets, by relinquishing that hold,
have the power to unite Germany."
The risks involved for Russia if she were to agree to free all-German elections
are obvious. The Journal speculates, however, that, faced with the certainty of
West German rearmament, the Soviets might be willing to gamble East Germany
for all Germany on the theory that the Social Democrats might capture control
of a unified country. On this thesis, the Russians presumably could woo, frighten,
or subvert a Social Democrat German Government into submission, or at the
very least, succeed in denying Germany to the West.
Surveying other alternatives, the Journal assays the German position in the
event of rearmament despite Molotov's tactics. With rearmament, says the
paper, goes sovereignty. Then the Journal adds :
"All Germans will still want unification. The Soviets will still be able to give
it to them if they forsake the western alliance. Can the Western Powers realis-
tically hope to hold against its will a sovereign and armed West Germany?
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015
 Ap oved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP8bR01731 R000500520015-8
REPORT ON EUROPEAN *ON
And if they cannot, what then becomes of the western alliance and the defense
of Europe?"
Journal concludes with this trenchant observation :
Th
e
"Since the Western Powers cannot unite Germany, they have-and have had
as clos
ic
t German
to them a
littl
h
b
t t
ti
W
ll th
y
e c
o
e
u
es
e
s
ese years-
o
e
a
possible. Now more than ever, however, it is necessary to realize that the Soviet
power to unite Germany is dangerously close to the power to untie Germany from
the West."
In the press analysis of November 1, it was suggested that the Russians would
be quick to institute their customary stick-and-carrot treatment of the French
and Germans in reacting to the results of the Nine Power Conference. Molotov's
appearance in East Germany and his statement hinting at Russian willingness
to discuss German reunification on the basis of existing western proposals was
timed almost to the minute to coincide with Chancellor Adenauer's report on
the London meetings to the West German Parliament. In the United States, at
least, Molotov was given as much space as Adenauer.
It takes no seer to discern the advantages to Russia in Molotov's riposte to the
London parleys-even if one assumes that the Soviets are prepared to be as good
,as their Foreign Minister's words in East Germany.
Russia's European conquests since the end of World War II have not required
the military intervention of Russian troops. Her local janissaries, backed by
the proximity of massive troop formations and a crushing propaganda machine,
have gobbled up virtually all of Eastern and Central Europe. In addition, she
has a powerful array of willing and obedient servants in the heart of Western
Europe, notably in France and Italy. Russia can therefore afford the luxury of
granting a small concession here and there, even, as the Wall Street Journal
suggests, to the extent of gambling East Germany for all Germany.
The gaps and defects in Europe's defenses notwithstanding, the Soviets have
a realistic appreciation of the striking force that could be hurled against them
from the Continent, no less than from the ring of United States airbases on the
edges of the Russian domain. There is, in short, little if any profit to be derived
for Russia in a military adventure in Europe.
Meanwhile, the Kremlin's faithful and power-hungry friends in China, have
manpower to burn. Even if they were not already armed with an encyclical
from their lawgiver, Nicolai Lenin, who decreed that "the road to Paris lies
through Peking," the incumbent Russian mahatmas are acute enought to see the
profitable prospects of sapping the United States by keeping her roiled up
through Chinese provocation . The United States is emphasized because it re-
quires no savant in geopolitics to perceive that, for the Communist world, to
undermine and overcome the United States is to take over the entire Western
World with little or no molestation.
Approved For Release 2002/11/15 : CIA-RDP80R01731R000500520015-8