LETTER TO MR. ALLEN DULLES, DIRECTOR FROM WILBUR MILLER, CHAIRMAN

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CIA-RDP80R01731R000300010042-6
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November 30, 1959
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THE STAMFORD FORUM FOR WORLD AFFAIRS Advisory Committee FRANK ALTSCHUL, DR. STANLEY HIGH, WALTER N. MAGUIRE, REGINALD NEUWIEN, DR. GEORGE SHUSTER, WALTER H. WHEELER, JR. Executive Committee DR. ROBBINS W. BARSTOW CHARLES NOSAL REV DONALD F CAMPBELL RABBI DAVID W PEARLMAN D.B. WILBUR MILLER, Chairman . . . Miss ROSEANN CONCILIO MRS. GEORGE N. SHUSTER MISS MILDRED D. WILCOX, Vice-Chairman THOMAS A. GAINES DR. ROGER STRASSER MRS. J. KING HOYT, Secretary REV. ANDREW J. GILBRIDE ARTHUR J. SYLVESTER MRS. WILLIAM A. GORDON MISS MARGARET C. TONER Treasurer BENJAMIN BOGIN , MISS MARIE V. HURLEY JOSEPH J. TOOHER, JR. NORMAN T. WOODBERRY, Membership MRS. PAUL D. MOSER ROBERT P. WEIL r?oveinbcr 30, 1959 ~.. en ;:Ul_CS Pirec to"= Central Intelligence .":r'ency 2!1-3,0 2. ;,tom eet, T,7 T .Tas'zington, D. C. in ?_;59 the ;ta: ford oruL for world (fairs had three _Jrogra s concerned i.,711_1 longer rw:nL~e considerations of U. S foreign policy. The reco=endations resulting froz t'ioce meetings are describes in the enclosed booklet on 2 was ,, ' T, ~Dage ..s . Sze dis- ''tin ?- o.T_ s ' tii_,~ ~rc e ?1J wn... panelists uZ?rO participated V.,.. :i.n 'G::OSC .., e~S are on sage 6. ~? ~.rthcr, it s` ould be said. that :itho Zt the active Interest of such iac i1ber s of ~ lto _ ` our ..~:~-isor? n ~o~.:i1i~.,,,,tte ..e as 'a- r _ TtT. .ia-,tia?e, Core ,: L,.-,~;,.,~h ~ste_~ and -_ter ~'' eeler; the lo=,,lm could not have carried out such a U_niC L e project-. '.e year 1960 offers an unusual opportunity for attention to ?.rorla affairs. In 'keel ng uit'_~ the Dol m's longer range concerns : any ,rill be thinking of the decade ahead. It is also an Election year in it is =-:.:.rorta?^_t that broad non-partisan or bl- i 1" tis n =_ss es s fall p edomina.te o 'er any narrouer partisan cons -1 derat ions in foreign affairs as the .r4 erican electorate roves to,:ard decisions most eventful for the entire ,:'Orld. In this s"_Jirit, ;:e should like to invite you to address t_ e Stanford Forum for 'Torld ..e have set aside three Sunday afternoons, January 24, ''e'JrL.Cry 28 a d. L rch 27 but should ; o., be inclined to accept our invitation and these dates are inconvenient ,re ,:ould be .:puling to rearrange our sc'heduLle . "e ,ro ld still ho-.e ope for a Sunday after- . noon and that you could either open or close our 1960 series. `^'_:e For= in its fourteen years has had. ,ror thuhi le projects , :costly concerned c.~rrsrt problems. D ilding on the y ror ^a~. t'_-.is year Z?.'hizh emphasized longer range co:sider.ations, -.re hope in our 1960 series to e..azaine further :hat should be our national goals in :rorid affairs and ::het'~e= ire have the ?rill to achieve then. '.'e :* t',at you can make an outstanding contribution to this pro ;ran and h De that you might choose our -elatforin from aaaong many offered you for one of your author _ ative e yposit'.ons. T' e should be happy to cooperate in efforts to see that your address reaches as much as possible beyrond the confines of our meeting place. Approved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R000300010042-6 Approved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R000300010042-6 November 30, 1959 ?-'e very much ho'De for a favorable response to our invitation. It is likely that Mr. Altschul will be in touch with- you with any further information which may assist you in your decision. Sincerel;;r yours, T-W: na t??ilbur Miller, Chairman Lnc Approved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R000300010042-6 Some Recommendations for LONG-RANGE FOREIGN POLICY PLANNING THE STAMFORD FORUM FOR WORLD AFFAIRS OCTOBER, 1959 oved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R0003C Recommendations For LongR Convinced of the need to emphasize longer range considerations in planning the foreign policy of the United States, the Stamford Forum for World Affairs, aided particularly by the Advisory Com- mittee, the Resources Committee and the Board of Directors and after consultations with outstanding experts in Foreign Policy, respectfully asks consid- eration of the following broad recommendations: (I) To insure more effective representation overseas, we recommend: (A) that Congress appropriate sufficient money for the operation of all U. S. embassies so, that ca- reer diplomats or others eminently qualified may fill all ambassadorial posts without need of private fortunes. (B) that Congress appropriate on a long-term basis so that recently improved'; practices for in- service training among Foreign Service person- nel may be further extended and a long-range program developed to attract and to hold out- standing young persons in aState Department career. (II) Recognizing that we may not have used economic assistance as effectively as we might have, either as a weapon in the cold war or as:, an instrument in building a peaceful world, we recommend: (A) that economic assistance be planned, and finan- cial appropriations be made' where necessary, on a long-range basis. (B) that long-term, low-interest loans be made more readily available, particularly for the benefit of underdeveloped countries. (C) that for economic and technical assistance, more use be made of international organizations such as the UN-specialized agencies. (D) that U. S. government personnel administering economic assistance programs be, in so far as possible, career personnel with high standards of in-service training and specialized experi- ence. (E) that in both the planning and operation of eco- nomic assistance programs,fulll advantage be taken of eminently qualified technical consult- ants from universities, foundations, industry and labor. (F) that proper incentives be devised to stimulate increased participation of private groups, in- cluding business and foundations, in economic programs of value to the free world. (III) Recognizing that de facto recognition of foreign governments has been our policy during much of our 2 ange Foreign Policy Planning nation's history, although a de jure policy has some- times been used to express disapproval of certain gov- ernments, we recommend: that our recognition policy be realistic. It should be made clear to our citizens that recognition does not necessarily denote approval of a gov- ernment but is based on the belief that impor- tant benefits will be derived by our nation and our people. (IV) Besides bilateral recognition policy there are also important questions concerning membership in the United Nations. In this regard, we recommend: that in view of recent developments such as the possibility of a world-wide atomic test monitoring system on the one hand and the Tibetan experience on the other, the advan- tages and disadvantages of the admission of Communist China to the United Nations be thoroughly explored to chart a course of action of maximum value to the continued survival of the free world. (V) To insure a more valid American Image overseas and to offset propaganda directed against us as well as certain inaccurate impressions emanating from our own country, we recommend: that the Department of State be encouraged to stimulate and coordinate public and private re- sources in the most effective program possible for informing our allies, those who oppose us and the neutral nations so as to bring a more real focus on our national life and on our ob- jectives for the future in a world changing its ways with revolutionary rapidity. (VI) Secretary of State Herter on May 7. 1959, told the American people: "Foreign policy is not an obscure art for a few specialists. It is of importance to all of us. Therefore, it must be of interest to all of us. Our foreign policy, to be successful, requires your continuing understanding and support." To this end, we urge that newspapers, magazines, radio and television provide increased opportunity for citizen understanding by offering more information about world affairs. We also recommend that for in- creased citizen interest, understanding and support, the leaders in the Department of State be encouraged: (A) to offer more frequent and better delineated statements of policy to the American people. (B) to use the fullest candor limited only by mini- mum requirements of national security so that the American people are confident that they have a maximum of significant facts, be they favorable or unfavorable to the continued sur- vival of the free world. d For Release 2003/05/23 : 81A-RDP80R01731 R0003000 ~ved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-kDP80R01731 R00030+ The Stamford Forum World In November 1958, the Stamford Forum for World Affairs issued a prospectus, "How Can the Citizen Influence Foreign Policy?" It was suggested that broad, long-term foreign policy objectives be considered: What are America's long-term goals in World Affairs? Are they obscured by day-to- day improvisations to meet Soviet inspired diplomatic offensives ... or don't they exist? Can goals in a leading democracy of the twentieth century be specifically formulated and stated publicly as Mr. Khrushchev has proclaimed the Soviet objectives for 1970? Perhaps more than anything else, a long- term World Affairs program for the United States needs to be enunciated. At least broad principles and overall objectives require defi- nition. Then as progress is made, a feeling of accomplishment, of progress, can better per- meate the American mentality. Short-term improvisations to the initiative of our oppo- nents may well contribute to a feeling of individual helplessness in the American elec- torate with a mixture of uneasiness and com- placency an inevitable but frightening by- product. The Forum Board believe there are several things that should be done. Among these: to concentrate on longer-term Foreign Policy objectives at citizen level; to encourage the use of more far-seeing prac- tical idealism and less short-sighted expe- diency in dealing with other countries; to dramatize that Foreign Policy is dynamic and must be worked at continuously; to bring our Congressional representatives into closer and more regular, contacts with our citizenry on international affairs. One approach to accomplishing the Forum ob- jectives was suggested: TWENTIETH CENTURY SCIENCE AND DEMOCRACY Our science and technology have been our strength. We have relied on';, them as our deterrent against aggression. This may no longer suffice. 4 wed For Release 2003/05/23-: CIA-RDP80ROl731 R00030 Affairs Project For 1959 We need a formula wherein we can blend the enlightened concern of informed citizens dealing with facts as realistically as scientists do and operating in their daily lives at the national or international level, with the awakened concern of citizenry at the local level. Cumulatively, it is this citizenry oper- ating at the local level which has the power to support, to deny, or to cause re-examina- tion by our elected leaders of a foreign policy to determine whether it serves our national interests. If the "experts" lose touch with "the peo- ple," their influence is lost. If the people are governed by romantic and unrealistic con- cepts, the world may be lost. Twentieth cen- tury technology with all the changes it brings in the daily lives of our people forces a twentieth century reappraisal of the ways for democratic decision making. Imagination, time, enlightened enthusiasm, experience and the right people working properly together can perhaps achieve a meaningful response to this twentieth century challenge to democ- racy. The formula for citizen participation was de- scribed: THREE SUNDAY AFTERNOONS ... would be reserved by the membership and boards plus a newly created Resources Com- mittee of the Stamford Forum for.World Affairs to hear from, to question, to discuss and to meet informally at tea with outstand- ing personalities in world affairs. An informal buffet dinner would follow for off-the-record discussion among the guest speakers, the Resources Committee and the Forum Boards. Opportunity would thus be created to pro- ceed from broad on-the-record considerations to candid off-the-record discussions from which might best emerge broad recommen- dations for Foreign Policy. Membership in this committee is to be enlisted from among those residents of the Greater Stamford Area who participate in the management of or control resources impor- tant in the several strengths of America- church, communications, foundations, busi- ness, industry, federal and international .agencies, associations and other educational activities. 5 ved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R000301 Subjects and Major Participants JANUARY 25,19 i 58 WHAT SHOULD BE MAJOR LONG-TERM AMERI- CAN FOREIGN POLICY OBJECTIVES? Speakers: Dr. Joseph E. Johnson, President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Dr. Charles Burton Marshall, Visiting Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment. Panelists: Dr. George N. Shuster, President of Hunter College; Dr. John W. Nason, President of the Foreign Policy Association; Mr. Frank Altschul, Vice President and Secretary of Council on For- eign Relations. MARCH 1, 1959 THE AMERICAN IMAGE OVERSEAS a) Our Diplomatic Representatives b) Economic vs. Military Aid to Meet the Peo- ple's Needs Speakers: Dr. Henry M. Wriston, President of the American Assembly; Mr. August Hecksher, Di- rector of the Twentieth Century '''Fund. Panelists: Mr. Thomas H. Carroll, Vice President of the Ford Foundation; Mr. Griffiths Johnson, Vice President of the Motion Picture Association of America; Mr. Arthur Lanckton, Vice President of Mobil International Oil Co. APRIL 12, 1959 DIPLOMATIC RECOGNITION ..'i. THEORY AND PRACTICE Speakers: Dr. Philip C. Jessup, Hamilton Fish Professor of International Law and Diplomacy at Columbia University; Honorable Ernest A. Gross, former Deputy U. S. Representative to the UN and now in legal practice. Panelists: Rev. Donald Fisher Campbell, first Chairman of the Stamford Forum for World Af- fairs; Rev. Dr. Eugene Carson Blake, Stated Clerk of the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.; Mr. Oscar A. de Lima, former Chairman of the Board of the American Association for the United Nations. Dved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-I DP80R01731 R0003C br Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R00030001004 Highlights From Talks In judging our recommendations, it is important to bear in mind the highlights of remarks by our speakers. LONG-TERM FOREIGN POLICY OBJECTIVES It was suggested that the long-term goal of our Foreign Policy is "to seek a world environment in which our permanent revolution can go on with the least disruptive influences from outside." More spe- cifically, we should .... seek to prevent the spread of Communist power and doctrine .... attempt to maintain other democracies .... help new nations establish a viability of their own .... create alliances for our own defense .... maintain our own defensive strength .... encourage a United Europe .... work for reduction of armaments .... work for a more open world in trade and travel .... work to- keep peace in the world These goals point up the problems of reconciling our long-range interests with our short-term objec- tives. Further, we must ask, "What can the U. S. do when it cannot lay down the law?" Plans for action in most situations must be de- vised with an understanding of the problem of "multiple causation" or a bundle of considerations for which there is a lack of precedents. For example, do we give aid to Pakistan and run the risk of antag- onizing India? in countering Russia, do we give aid to a corrupt state? to a state that doesn't collect its own taxes? to a friendly dictatorship? What do we do in Algeria - support the people in their struggle for independence and weaken our alliance with France or vice versa? Broad policy must then be tailored for individual situations. Yet in establishing specific policy about specific problems it is impor- tant relative to our broad, long-term goals to keep in mind: 1) the thermonuclear equation 2) the great and expanding number of new states which have the franchise but can- not make policy 3) the problem of world development, partic- ularly in competition with Russia 4) the tone of our policy and the relative em- phasis given to such deterrent doctrines as "massive retaliation" 7 Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R000300010042 pproved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80ROl 7:31 ROC THE AMERICAN IMAGE OVERSEAS (a) Diplomatic Representatives. The Foreign Service of the United States has been upgraded in many ways in the last five years. Now, 80% of the personnel with identifiable language skills are placed where advantage is taken of their specialized training, 84%. have a working knowledge of at least one foreign language and 60% can speak one foreign language fluently. In-service training and selection- out practices have been increased to insure better use of top-flight personnel. In view of the size and complexity of our diplomatic missions, this increased emphasis on high-caliber Foreign Service career personnel is very necessary. Yet more Congressional attention should be given to adequate appropriation of funds to insure that new personnel can be attract- ed to and properly trained for the Foreign Service. The day is past when we should have political ambassadors. About 70% of our ambassadors are career personnel. The remainder, although appoint- ed from outside the Foreign Service, have not all been "political" as illustrated by such; outstanding men as Dr. J. B. Conant, David E. Bruce and Ells- worth Bunker. Yet for embassies suchas London, Paris, Rome and Rio, the President must consider only appointees who can afford to spend $75,000 to $100,000 a year out of their own pockets for main- tenance of such embassies. To remedy this situation and to make possible career men for any top em- bassy spot, Congress would need to appropriate additionally less than $2,000,000 a year., Our present practice is tenable perhaps only because the Deputy Chiefs of Mission are now 100% professionals. It is time for the American people to take stock-to insist on paying our own way for the best possible diplo- matic representation overseas. (b) Economic vs Military Aid to Meet the Peo- ple's Needs. Despite the report of the improvements in the Foreign Service in the past five years, the American Image has become blurred over the past ten years. The decline in the American Image has not been due so much to Russian propaganda as to the way we ourselves have responded to fast moving events in world affairs. Americans have miscon- ceived the threat of Communism, misapplied the strength of Capitalism and messed up Colonialism, all because we have not understood economic aid as a weapon. Our pacts and agreements on arma- ments for many countries are inadequate in the face of the Russian economic offensive into,; which they have put tremendous drive the last four or five years. They have shown greater flexibility in their loan, barter and aid policies, their techniques appear simpler, their society more dynamic. From us the 8 Approved For Release 2003/05/23: CIA-RDP80R01731 R d For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R00030001 people abroad too frequently see a capitalism too complex for them, which is not running at capacity to meet needs they consider important and whose representatives show great concern about low and balanced budgets while enjoying relaxed and fat living. A new image of America can be created by greater recognition of the need for a real focus on our life as a nation and of the fact that we cannot have great poverty and great wealth side by side in the world. To increase the effectiveness of America in the great world struggle, economic aid should be considered from the long view and appropriation policies altered accordingly, economic assistance must be at a higher level, international agencies should be used to a greater extent in our aid pro- grams and more highly trained manpower should be used at almost every level in our assistance programs. DIPLOMATIC RECOGNITION-THEORY AND PRACTICE The recognition policy of the United States since its founding has been by and large de facto (as a matter of fact) rather than de jure (as a matter of legality). The shifts in policy have reflected our changing self-interest. From Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State until Mr. Seward, the U. S. recog- nized a new government if it were running the country. Under Mr. Seward, the policy was changed to indicate that revolutions in a republic ought not to be accepted. This policy prevailed until the 1880's. The government under Woodrow Wilson would not recognize people coming to power by assassination. -In the 1920's, policy diverged along three lines: 1) Latin American changes were not recognized very quickly, 2) countries further away, such as Portugal, were recognized within twenty- four hours after a governmental change, 3) the Soviet Union did not win recognition of the Bolshe- vik government for 16 years although the Menshevik government had been recognized after only 5 days. Since 1933, the policy for the most part has been rapid recognition as shown within the last year for Iraq, Venezuela and most recently Castro in Cuba. In the United Nations, there are several member governments which have not recognized one an- other, as for instance, Israel and the various Arab states or Russia and Jordan. Now in a world fragmented by the cold war and the iron curtain there is a new major issue relative to recognition policy - that of the divided states such as China, Korea, Vietnam and Germany. A major question for those of us who do not wish to perpetuate such divisions is, "What processes can 9 ed For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80ROl731 R00030& Dved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-I DP80R0f731 RQ:0030 be devised to achieve the unification in freedom of the peoples of the world?" The Soviets, on the other hand have used recognition as a' political weapon in their cold-war strategy. Then there is the neutral- ist or non-aligned view which is perhaps indicated in the extreme by India and Burma who refuse to recognize the government of the Republic of Korea which is UN recognized. Among the problems of divided states, a most controversial question for us in recent years has been what to do about divided China. For the U. S., there are two questions: 1) whether to continue to oppose the admission of Communist China to the U.N., 2) whether to recognize the government of Communist China. The UN question far transcends in importance the bilateral concerns of Communist China and the United States. It' is important that the U. S. not place itself in the position of under- mining confidence in the United'; Nations should a majority of UN members wish to 'admit Communist China - a possibility somewhat less likely since the recent Himalayan Pearl Harbor in Tibet. Rather should ways be explored to have the two Chinas represented in the UN since, as is obvious from relations among other members, recognition among UN members is not necessary. ~ There are some advantages to having Communist !,China account for her aggressive actions within the framework of UN procedures. Therefore, the U. S. should consider carefully the terms on which Communist Chinese UN admission or bilateral recognition is opposed, for the most important long-term assets in such questions is the maximum effectiveness of the United Nations. In judging the action of other countries of the United Nations, it is important to ascertain whether their action reflects their best self-interest as they see it. The lack of a consistent policy of recognition in our own history indicates we have operated largely on a similar self-interest, principle and so would be expected to sympathize !with other nations similarly motivated. Audience Response The panelists opened the question period of the afternoon sessions after the presentation of the talks by our speakers. They also directed the discussion in the smaller evening meetings. Questions from the large afternoon audience stimulated further discus- sion. The written questions procedure - while de- tracting from the spontaneity of vocal interchange in the second and third meetings - gave a more comprehensive indication of audience interest and concern. The written questions also could be carried from the audience of several hundred to the smaller 10 ed For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80ROl731 R000300 For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R000300010C evening meetings of approximately fifty Resource Committee, Advisory Committee and Board mem- bers who questioned the speakers or expressed themselves with candor and frequently with some vigor. In such activity at our first evening meeting of this relatively well-informed group, there were sev- eral who pointed to a general concern as to lack of information about and a lack of U. S. leadership in Foreign Affairs. It was felt that if our leaders in Washington would give out more information on ?specific questions such as thermonuclear develop- ments and would propose programs to gain the initiative rather than reacting defensively so fre- quently, the American people would back whatever appropriations seemed necessary for military secur- ity, foreign assistance, etc. Further, from comments of various participants in the first evening discussion, the following views may be cited: Our objectives must be related realis- tically to the world we live in. Even without the competition from Russia, with whom we should at all times be willing to negotiate, our well-being would depend on the well-being of others. Our programs should be planned with this uppermost in our minds. Therefore, a war on illiteracy, poverty and disease is important to us in our survival as a free and prosperous nation. This war is most acute in some of the new and emerging states where time may be required for them to develop to the point where they can consider economic and political systems such as ours. We want and need them for our friends. Our assistance should be rendered with this understanding of the interdependency of the free world and should be administered with a real sense of decency and good will. We should consider greater use of the United Nations specialized agen- cies for our assistance activities, where possible. But making friends is not always a question of money. The genuine courtesies extended at a per- sonal level by our individual representatives, official or otherwise, can be most important. To attract friends or to compete with a vicious opponent in a fast changing world, we must "put our own house in order," we must demonstrate the worth of our system and maintain our strength to compete by expanding our domestic economy, solving our social problems, etc. In the second and third evening meetings where the topics were more specific, the discussions were more closely confined to various aspects of the speakers' remarks or elucidations thereof. From three such meetings, it was possible to devise rec- ommendations as described elsewhere herein. 11 ed For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R0l731 R0003000 proved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-r DP80R0 f731R000 THE STAMFORD FORUM FOR WORLD AFFAIRS 1101 BEDFORD STREET STAMFORD, CONN. DAvis 4-9522 ADVISORY COMMITTEE Frank Altschul Reginald Neuwien Dr. Stanley High Dr. George N. Shuster Walter N. Maguire Walter H. Wheeler, Jr. OF DIRECTORS BOARD ..... RS Miller . Dr. Wilbur Miss Mildred D. Wilcox .......... Vice Chairman Mrs. J. King Hoyt ......................... ... Secretary Benjamin Bogin .............................. Treasurer Norman T. Woodberry ................Membership Dr. Robbins W. Barstow Rev. Donald F. Campbell Miss Roseann Concilio Thomas A. Gaines Rev. Andrew J. Gilbride Mrs. William A. Gordon Miss Marie V. Hurley Mrs. Paul D. Moser . Charles Nosal Rabbi David W. Pearlman Mrs. George N. Shuster Dr. Roger Strasser Arthur J. Sylvester Miss Margaret C. Toner Joseph J. Tooher, Jr. Robert P Weil Pved For Release 2003/05/23 : CIA-RDP80R01731 R00030d