CONTROL OF PESTS AND DISEASES OF VEGETABLE CROPS.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R010300020001-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 601
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 18, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 1, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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Tranilation 4441
On full)
bntif
Beliacva, A. S.
Borth& a vreditelian ovoshohnykhkattur.
(Control of pest* and disowns of vegetable *roped
44 I ?gored, no. 3, p. 37.40? Sr. 1966. 60 Sala
(Zn Russian)
Zn. Ibscow suburban sovkhot %mini AL Gorikoge great attention
is being given to the control of diseases and pests of vegetable crops.
Prophylactic measures of control start nth a treatment of seeds;
Cabbage seeds are treated against slimy beet/pions and phew:miss
for thie purpose1m hold thee for 16 minute* in a solution M1UIfel
(10 cubic cm of the 1.6% NIVIF.1 per 4 1 of water).
Tomato seeds are disinfected in two solutions* MIOXF-1 and
potaseium.permanganate (for the control of bacterial canker and virus
diseases). The seeds are kept in l$ solution of potassium pinata.
prate for SO minutes. Sprouting ability is not destroyed, plants
beoome more resistant to diseases and develop normally.
The sot/thee undertakes a strong control of rodent*. The matter
is that every year for warming of hotbeds 90 thousands of cubic a of .
city Creek an brought in, and this becomes a nursery for the rodents.
In 1056 we cleared these pest* from 69 thousand hotbed frames, and
IA 1956 we expect to treat 100 thousand frames.
We start this work at the beginning of Mkroh, right after the
sowing of cabbage seeds.
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;ft_
2. Trans. A.741
During Wish and April we distribute around hotbeds poisoned
baits of pieces of breed, carrots', tett grains, covered by phos.4
phitielifte ins ratio of 140 g of poison to 1:kg atilt, The
grain is first coated by inflow Seed oil. Good result* were
Obtained trot hite bread baits, *Maher* infected by bacteria
of rat typhus (Danieh-leacheoko) with an addition per each kg Of
bait of 5 g of poison ekryeidm) [rat piton].
Lastyearwe used with sum*** green baits; wheat and oat
sprouts, also rejected seedlings which we covered with powdered
phosphidesine, krysid or hertchioran dust and then distributed
around hotbeds. beginningwithAprilwedustthe thinned seedlings
with stature of dusts of DDT (Begin p; 38) and of hoseshloran
(lel), oho* every 7.10 days in a dose or 1 g per fame.
Besides this we treat the mice and rat holes with poisons
(phoiphidesincs krysidp Paris green) and oleo put out traps.
In open ground we start control of diseases and pests.frca the
anent of planting seeds& onion sets and ?abbey seedling'. Of late
we received good results freed:Listingthe cabbage seeds4 which were
planted into hotbeds, and seeds of radish4e and beets with & mixture
Of DDT and beaschloran (lel). When cabbage seeds were dusted (2 g
of mixture for Sash kg Of iced.) &wage done by flea little to the
plants was three times less (a.* against 10.0 in the contro1).
Zn 1055 on fields where radish seeds were dusted with hexachloren
duitste received it yield of 10 t per has while where no dusting
ado conducted the yield wal 2 t; and on to !trot (dusted) section
infestation of root crops by cabbage maggot was not more than 44,
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$ Trans. Aa- 741
Whereat on the wont' field it cos 10.
ra MO a practician from the agricultural Academy *luta
Mariam's% AL ?open& conducted in the sovkhos an experiment
by dusting beet seeds with hemaebloran dust (620 g of dust per 16
kg of seeds) on an area of 2 hat as a remit of this& additional
yield of greenmess gad of roots up to 26% eae obtained* To protect
the onions OT Anima 1.6._4trottOlaceumEloies. variety tramonion
maggot& onion seeds ware dusted math 6% MT in a norm of 14 of
dust to theweight Of geodes we moistened the onion sets slightly
with aster before planting and dusted them with the same dust (10
kg per 1 t of onion seta).
The bletitate of Vegetable Stoners has offered to disinfect
onion sits with the preparation NIUIF01. from the mother liquor
VS prepare a working solution (1400)0 and Immerse onion sets in
It for 10 manatee.
This agent protects onions from the onion maggot and decreases
infections by Botrytis calif. In repent years in the ethos& as 4
result of these measures& there vas no damage done to onions and
Onion sets by the onion maggot.
The crucifers are the crops which are damaged by pests the mat
in open groundt they are yearly infested by crucifers' flew beetles&
by *abase and turnip maggots& cabbage caterpillars& imported cabbage
worn*, diamond baskslotbs& cabbage outorornoths, as well as by cab-
bage aphids. Daring certain years there also appear other pests
(lc 1046.1961okestmeette. gammaja& in 1047... tho stem borers).
rn order to control the crucifers' flea beetles end cabbage
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I. 4 .0 Tram, 11441
maggot* we dust the cabbage loodlinge bofors planting into Opin groubd0
garb 'Cabbage, wrist/ Moor Wilda and ouliflowor we duet by.
mixture of 0$ DDT with 12% hotaohlorwia; Matting is don, timultaneoully
with the preparation of soodlire for moving thou frompotheds4 One
workwomat can dust in on day 5040 thousand *codlings. 250 g of
duet are requirod for treatment of 1000 seedlings grown in potli
whersas only 100.150 g are needed for this** grownwithout pots. Many
imams of Observation shoved that this measure protects well the stied
ling* from &Imago by larva* of cabbage maggots as well as from flea
beetle*. This measure is also profitable because it does not require
either Extra holp or & large outlay of tho oh cal. Threat placing
poison...Otani by hand under math cabbage plant, already plants & in
the field, there is * flood of four workmen per oaoh hectare, with in
expondituro of 15.20 kg of dust.
During ths period of miss flight of cabbage maggot (third deeds
In lity.whoginning of 4uns) vs conduct an additional prophylactic duet..
ins with DDT* or * mixture of DDT and heaschloranduOta, of the edges
of fields occupied by eruolfera0
The ostorpillare of butterflies of diamond hook moths, of cabbage
butterfly and of cutworm moth appear in our fields beginning with the
*send half of Juns.Julys and caterpillars of diamond back moths gm..
times even 4-writer...anti.n the first half of jun*. We usually hive
butterfly caterpillars in two generations and the greatest damage is
dons during the second half of June, in July and Augusta duringalarm'
A
sunny autumn in Septembors too.
During the last two years th$ planting* Of Ay cabbage, variety
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%a g Trans. A--74).
Romer pervyi (Begin p. 39) and of eactliflower are usually dusted
2 time:, and tho modiumadate varieties 84 times. Diamond tack
Moths opposer at ths sod of June and do their damage during the WhOle
period of cogitation* For tho control of this pest on plantings of
arty cabbie varieties and of ?Mishap we dust with qg PDT end
sprsy with anatasinefluifsto and soap (80 g of the preparation and
BO-BO g of soap to a pail of sato) and ontredium.lato variotios
with a mixture of DDT and hexechloran dusts, or with homachleran.
alone. At the end of'vegotation (second half of August4optomber)
for a surface troatment of plantings we unlit' inmost cases 7%
anabaduet with a Misr of air-slaked lima and em addition of l04-$
of tobacco dust.
DDT aha bintehleritn gusts produce on insect* an intestinal-
contact actions which lasts for a period of 10.12 days. This malts
it possible to apply thou in advance and use this againOt two or kers
typal of poste, which confildortbly doorsill the outlay of chemicals*
To obtaina high effoctivonosit it is necessary to apply the
chemical method skeibilt caterpillars and lanes of younger ages beers
they spread out aver the plantingo. The but ay is to conduct the
treatment during the min Owirgefte of,oktorpillar, from ogge at an
Slily phase of the plants, development, After the formation of cab-
bage heads, ospoolally of the early varieties of cabbage the use of
the ohmical method must be strictly limited on account of harmfuli.?
nose of chemicals and a posoibility of their influent* on the Slating
qualities of vogotthles. During this time it is nuartendmi to use
64% anabadust or 0.0% STUIF-100, Shioh affect both the eggs and
young caterpillar*.
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? %.
a,
Irma. A441
in recontycars in *some ablest' the beet plantingsacre sorely
masted by beet floe biotin and epinach leaf minors. For the control
of those pests me wood * PDT during tho sprouting period and during
ths mass flight of the spinach leaf miner, 'boat tho 'mond hail of
*Tune. One should remember that the second gonsration of the spinach
loaf miner can also be Mrsfut1 and for that reason during the Second
half of Jay it 18 notary to conduct a third troatmuitaith
artnadttes.
For protection from onion maggot, besides the propnylketio teat
mot or OWL, *$ conduct in dune a yearly, double dusting of Onions
(chick an at out for obtaining bulb onions) with a plaint* of
DDT tad le% hinsabloren (5040 kg per ha). Thanks to'hightgrotosbnioo
and timely control of posts, the eovkhos Obtained Wit year * reeord
yisld of onions, of Saba variety. lith a 'owing of 15 kg of IS per
hectare, we harristed 35 t of big, valuable onions per hooter*" On OEM
square meter we counted from 6 to 8 kg of onions. There mos no damage
from onion maggots*
The last two years, it their meteorological Conditions, were *mow
florally unfavorable for the cultkration of outuadmors. In 1954 we
obtained a yield of cucumber' of 640 t per ha, chorus we evicted
to have 16 t, and in 1955 therevows still less. A mass appearance of
collOhbola cos detested it Liublino action during the period of Sprout*
ing, and during the phase of blooming appeared Doraliefrongalem telt.
For control of colleabola we Conducted dusting of sprouts with 414 DDT,
*tile for the control of Dorsals frangulaeflit we sprayed with ompi
thiophos (NIO/Fw100) with an addition of 10 sof anabesinewialfate for
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?Trine. 4441
each pail of otter4
thank*?to the measures taken for the control of pests, the I4xbttno
Section harvested the higheet yield of cucumbers in the eovkhos.
An the crop., in 1955. on 531.6 is wits treated against pests by
a method of dusting in *multiple of about 5.3 times. tn 19526 according
to a plan,. it was scheduled to do the dusting on an area of 590 ha la
a sultiple of about 2.6 times* ands double spraying of 200 ha. La
order to shack the influenee of chemicals on the quality of vegetables*
we delivered in 19214653 simples ofiegetables. including cabbage,
freadifferent brigades to the Government Sanitary Institite in the
tame of Erimeen. Analyses have shown thatywhen treating cabbage early
with hexaohloran (1.54 months before harieeting) and with en outlay
of 20 to 40 kg of duet per he (Begin p. 40) the quality of vegetables
via not impared: Cabbage* whit:hems dusted with hexachlorsen from2 to
4 times '(5040 kg per ha) three weeks to a month before harnetingo
acquires an unpleasant aftertaste: That le by during the late periods
:it is noesisi7 to street plantings by other chemicals (54% anshadusta
fluotilinte of sodium; IC% eoncentration of I1trth100).
When working with ehtimicals the worless wear laboratory *mites ead
protest their nose and mouth with puss bandages. Which hive cotton
plaints. These elementary precautions lighten the work With shesdcais
very considerably*
'Iffeetivetiess of measure' for the control of vegetate crop pests
depends =oh on the timely and swift treatment of planting.. Mete
tiro tete principles are accomplished by us with the Kid of issohni-
satio*,
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a Trans4 3441
Since IOU we use 'widely the trectorstrailer duster OXS.as and *
traotor mounted ocmbined sprayer-duster OITX.
the sprayer 0154 can conduct an edge treat-sent of 8040 ha of
plantings in 4 hours. The sprayer-duster OWX treats up to 30 ha in
4e5 hrs4 Per the control of aphids on au -p plantings in open
ground, as well at for treatment of hothouses and hotbeds, we remodeled
an Ms we provided it with tam oxygen hoses, up to 30m long .seat
the boom sprayers we took from an *Avtosels* ta hand eprayer14 Zn
this tiny we ?Oessfully used, the tractor-sprayer in open :Lad, and
in the covered grodndt itit/ketchhandier than the presently used
nelectrokraskopulity" (eleetricpaintstands or eleotrioptintcentroi
panels) and the "Porofte Ea horse.drawn sprayer).
Taking into consideration defects in organisation of last parts
Moths We decided in the current year to organise a special tractor?
',afield brigade for the protection of plants, consisting of 5 mem.
A systematic control of disaster and pests of Vegetable plants
is an important link in a atavism of metres for e sharp raising of
quality of vegetable gardening.
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fraoslation4-442
(In fall)
bAfg
Sokolov' A. V. (atmeire)
le D. Zysenko. Wohvennoye pitanit rwstenii..korstnoi soproS
seslodellia. Ii. 301tkbossi% 1055" stt. 121.
IT. 04 -nk6; Soil feeding of plantse..the Silo problem of
Agricultural Soiree. iL Selikhosgiej 1955' p. 121.1
Poihvosedenie, no. 11" pp; 100403" low. 1055. 67.8 P34
(in Etonian)
The bodb of T. D. letenko congests- of *Moist and report* on probe
lend of utilitation of fertilizers and feeding of plants for a period
? .
froW105$ to 105. .
Zn recent years T. D. 1:Menke's twee oonoerning problems of plant
feeding and utilisation of fertilisers underwent substantial changes.
At the beginning T4 D. lvsenko spoke in Support of utilitatiOn of
industrial grinultted superphosphate" After this hewn for credo*
mineral granules" later on for Organocinsral combinations" and at one
:time for high and theft low doles of lime.. All these declarations were
accompanied by asoertionS *bout high effectiveness of !tette& recommended
by Mast the Olen moment. St the SEM time' ?cp. etanko mad* at.
tempts .to treats his original *thee,-
aboutroot (nSoil") feeding Of
plants. ma his former appearanoss T. D. 4fsenko?remarked *bout the
lagging of seisms in plant feeding and utilisation of fertilisers.
Ao this last one Is represented by tgroolumattry" one could understand
that his addressing were directed against this balance.
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g a Trans, Adteg
. Tet in his last reports., printed in this book, T. D. 'oink*
repeatedly undersoores the fruitfulness of agrochemical researches
and the necessity of their further development, andmecepte the
definition of sgroahemistry as it ISP Osten by D. W4 Prianiihniftv.
Plant feeding, in 14 Do lusenkose opinion, is a biological
proceilt Rt every biological process is realised by mane of
chemitel reactions of & enbstacce and phylialla Witibignieta mtNtient*s
*touting according to chemical and physical tan. That is shy it
La net possible to separate etmdiee of biological protegees froe
chemical transformations sal physical movements. Tot the biological
processes cannot be thrown togetbsewith chemical and physioal."
(Page 106).
Notwithstanding these conviderations and; the recognition of all
the importanoe of studying the chemical processes, which are *touring
in the Soil and in plants, T. Ds 4flatto in the works, which ate pdb
lished,in this bock, se we shall use later, does not sufficient];
take into account their importance and does not utilise the Olgerni
ItahOde of 5000 am] analysii and =Mods for conducting the expert.
mints. AS it is knownT. D. lesetko Si stated in print that "plante
are fel exolusively by the products of the microdots's vital activity."
And what is more, agaitet all *attach atoertained for more than
a hundred yams in exact experiments, T4 D. lysenkt hes meintsited,
eats %1 the fertilisers etioh we introduce into the toil, even in
aft assimilable tom are neverthelest first of ail taken up by micro-
flora, and than the products of microdots*, vital activity feed our
agricultural plants." elsvestiia*, 1966, no. 663 At the present time
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,or Train at44,2
',Car
/
T. D. trunks Matta the possibility of plant* feeding directly
through the root systems on the mineral compounds of the salt
"wild and cultivated plants draw from the toil the IMMO titer=
Soluble compeunds of the evatical elements', write* nOW T. D. kylitkoe
"independently from the source of their origin* that is regardless
of the fact if they are fomsed from compounds of chemical element*
of Soil and atmosphere, or during the process of mineralisation of
Orgluie substanees, or if they are introduced into the soil in a
fors of industrial ate-soluble fertilisere (pato 100),
Prow the sgrobiologieal "thew, of plant feeding therm 1412Aihed
an exaggerated notion about specificity offaicroorgenisms in the Soil
rhisesphere of individual forms of plants and a ditcouree About ,an
idea that the introduction of fertilizers mast primarily help in the
development of useful microorganisms in the *oil., Unfortunately, all
this is told in a general ton, without pointing oat which pronoun
Sod microorganism* exactlyitere meant.
It wow only- about the matter of the eompott (1.54 t), tibia
went into the composition of one of the retommended* by him* organic...
mineral airtime, and which helps in the development of useful mioro.
organisms whieh feed the plants, that T. Di Lysenko stated Cue
specific reasons. Let us cite them in detail* because they aro the
scientific basis for utilization of the orgsaiosmineral *titre which
ii, at the moment, being riteicitihditd 17T. Di kink?.
"Let us reetaiber, that in the introduced 1.64 t of organic
matter (hums) two thirds (about IC% Of weight) wore water. Conies
occultly,. there teas introduced only 54 Gentofte of airwdried organic
substance. In the introduced humus there is cellulose, as well at
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_je
Trans. A442
small Amount of phosphorus compounds, Soh can be assimilated by
cellulose batteries also nitrogen and other substandes needed by
that. MAW these conditiota the oellulose bacteria start their
Vital activity$ and the result is that in the moil appear Menclac..
charidell and other water-soluble carbohydrates. Zn the presence of
waterwioluble oarbohydratess as well 14 of phosphorus, calcium end .
other elements the nitrogen-fixing bacteria start their vital scat..
fly,. AO a result of this in the soil the getout niArOvui will be
fixed into ammonia, ',Matt will be transformed into verioue ammeniam
salts, nitrates and other forms of fixed nitrogen. The fixed forme
of nitrogen become available not only to the microorganisms; but to
the rootsystemof plants also.
Conseviettlys nitrogen hanger of Onto in this Osee also
dininiehas and in other *ales plants can 414A be fully satiated
In atropin food and the initial source of nitrogen in thit Med
mill he the gaseous nitrogen.? (p.I10.)
In another place, having stated this same theory of action of
the organicsedmarelmixture (Sogin p. 101)T. De inilbket writes*
*Creating in the soil suitable oonditions for the vital activity of
micrelorao we then. figuratively Speaking* tress though transfOrming
cellulose (stem) into nitrogen food for plants. Men I look on
testa WOW) is thus fertilised, it lodke as if aware fertilised
by mineral nitrogen fertilisers." (p. TT.)
Tut ii it possible It this may at the expense of tellulodes
Which is fount in two tons of composts to gin to the plants With the
aid of asotobacter. even 1 kg of nitrogen'? Approximate encilittjoh$
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larana, 4*742
show that asotobacter uses 1 gram of carbohydrate for fixing? to 10
milligram of nitrogen bionsequently, in order to obtain 1 kg of fined
nitrogen it is necessary to mord 100 kg of Monosaccharidos and other
waterseoldble carbohydrates.
In the dry substance of manure there is about 8040 Of m110-0001
anapest differs from manure in that, as a reault of deempolition, the
content* of cellulose ars several times iess In humus, than in manure. ?
It is in nOlaNy possible that 100 kg of monossocherides and other water.
soluble carbohydrates, Mich could be utilised for feeding Isotobacter0
cants accumulated it the Mil at the itZpOnke or decomposition of
toflu-
loss, Which is present in the drySubstance Of compost introduced into
the soil. Therefore, wren if motobaoter can utilise the carbohydrates'
which .are being formed during cellulose's deomposition, the mount of
cellulose in hums can hardly guarantee Obtaining of seen 1 kg of bitrogliu
The foot thatwheat lodked very tool, suit it were fertilised flit
mineral nitrogen is quite understandable, clime in GottakbgaiSiklTha
Wheat Sn reality is fertilized not only with an orwinieemineral mixture'
but also with large dome of mineral nitrogen (1-2 o of ammonium
nitrate) and also with potassium (1 o of potent= chlor20.1
P. l'. Talistratar. Zemledelie? no. 70 1955, p. 5546.
That 10 Why the experiment*, conducted in Oorkakt-Laninekikh cannot give
a correct idea on how the otganio.minendsdstoris will act under pre..
&action conditions, when the grain crops will not get auysiftersI nitrogen
CM potassium. It is inadmiseible to explain the obtaining of high
yields in dorkekh-Iminskikh by the action of orpnoemineral mixture
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?
. 0 . Trans. A.742
alone, and to forget nitrogen...potassium fertilisers with an addition
of fixture containing Superphosphate.
UT. D. tysenke truly would admit the Significance of agrOehax*
Leal relearch, as he is nosascertaining, ter, before stating such
Opinions, he ought to have analyzed the oomposition of hum* and of .
?organiedminetelfixtares for cellulose and nitrogen, determined the
amount of mcnoeacchtrides, Which in formed during decomposition of .
celiac*, in humus, blooms interested in the expenditure of vino.
hydrates during fixation of nitrogen* microbes.-in other words,
try to introduce a factual foundation of chtioal analysis' and of
bioehemical processes under the gourd coneiderations.
An assumption about the specificity of microorganisms* which
develop on roots of individual forms of plants, can be proved, in
t. D. lytenkois own acknowledgement, onky be means of entimiiionsi
villa require a support of factual materials. tat u0 quote these
considerations, Nit would seem one of the two either it le fiction,
St a specifia species of soil organisms ii peculiar to each form .
of plants, or the plants do not feed through the man* of soil siert).
flora. The answer to these questions is found in a Oft representation
.of species traneformation.
Up to the present time many facts have been tasseled showing the
posiibility of transforeation of One species of plants into another:
The main strength of thees feats is that *wone who wants oan find
them yearly anew. One should only know when to look for thea and
under which conditions are that transformations occur/us. In micro.
biology also are known many cam of transformation of one typo of
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- 7 r. Tram. A..742
4.
*ior.Obe into another one.
If in 4 field appear root* of plants, which we sowed, and If
there are no microbes which are specific for these plants, but there
ere icee others then, under the influence of substances dihoharged
by the roots, miorobes non-specific to the roots of the given plant
are transformed into the specific." (p. 57.)
Further on it is pointed out, that for the grains this prod.'s's
proceeds faster, for legumes slower. Aad yet on a blue lupine which
mie pleated, without being inoculated by nitregin, into st soil Which
did not have any of its tubercle boatels, already at the end Of
August there appeared on the roots large taberoles. sit is hard to
(hippo's," 2. D. lysenko writes about this, "that the tUberele bacteria
were brought in from outside. Undoubtedly, they are newly formed."
(p. 59.) Such "aseusqctions" require factual proof and they cannot be
&meted before its appearance. Consequently, thie assumed doctrine
about plant feeding by To D. Lysenko is not scientifically baud;
tea hot going to alien on *operate mietekes, found in the book
on problems of utilisation of fertilisers or plant feeding, euch ass
feeding plant. with "oxides" alone Op. 100), about the saminees of food
required by various pleats (i01), about fertilising-millet and oorn in
southeast by phosphorite meal (p: SO), 4.411 this it inadaissible even
for a non-Opiciallet in problems of fertilising and feeding of plants.
T. D. trsenkois suggestions about utilisation of fertiliser, in
a forme organic..mineral mixture reetsrehled by hint' already
critically reviewed in print in scut detail* results of checked expert-
* A. 0. Sheetakav and others. fewest% 251hi no. 1 1955,
Y. V. %rain, Poohvovedenie, no. 8, 1954.
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".?
1
S Nil Trans. 1742
mOntS" which did not sonfirm his assumptions, vire also (Waft p; 102)
published 16 Mentors I shall 607 Oral en the value of the new
P. 0. Width" Poohvoredenios no. 104 1266.
.1?Agii=1?1111.1?ImPiklASOP
?
experimental materials *MO is offs b?. D. Amok* in doffing
of hie assumptions.
keaulti of Oxporimentes oondUcted in dorkokl-Leninskikh, and some
exporisonts in kolkhosos ars utiliaed to prove tho beneficial action
Of organinineralmixture0 IA T. D. ZysonkOsO book. About the qUality
ofkolkhossey experiments' utilised by T. D. Dysenkos ono can judge
from introdible results of oxperimonts ArSameskoi *bloats wtArs
introduction of 2 t of manure with an addition of 0 of dolomite moll
(consisting of carbonate of magnesium ani calcium carbonate) doubled
theyielde and gm addod yield up to 14 a (p. 7647). Everyouss lobo
used manor* as fertiliser *Ten onoes knows that 2 t of manure Oven
though with a powdering of doloSits meal) do not giro andh incroases.
The Mitten of yisIda of grain in Arasmaeski oxpsriment* from intro-
duction of 2 t of manure isrOs 1163 es 6 cs 7 o and 14.6 es thst io
Oh the evens, 9 o of grain per ha. In 2 tons ofmanure are containod
24 kg each of aosimilabIo nitrogons'phoephorus and potassiumg in the
shown increase of yiold, obtained fromintreduotiot of these 2 141
thee should be contained 10 tiMes mare of ni4rogon0 phoOphorue and
potassium. Mich incrust* in yioldss at have shown immovable &slot
and foreign exporimontss truly occurs but frteten introduction of not
2 but of 20..40 t Of mum The law of emervation of *Atter spreads
alio to plant foisting. It was spoken earlier about the attapto to
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/ 1,
9 a
Trani. A-742
explain euch experimental data with the aid of microbiological pro.'
cease* activated in the soil.
To our regret, alt is bot all with the Wsperilents eondasted in
Oorkekil..laninekikh. it id possible to judge about their quality from
data giV101 in table 2 (on page S),irker, an account it given of
run'," obtained from three eXperimintes in two of these, organic..
mineralmixtures did not produce any good. In that experiment Where
they produced a stronger ?activity. yields of control Sections flue.
lusted from4.9.* of grain to 18.2 0, the basic deviation for atm
achieved its ?8.8? a of grain. Righ if OM excludes sections with
yieldi of 4;9 ca then too one could not obtain from these figures any
reliable data about the fertilisers, activities, because the expert,.
*Ants were conducted without replication for fertilised nations. The
author IUMMOWILOS data for differently fortilipod variants of the wiper
-
lent/ but this(' of course, is not a way out of the situstiono but
rather an admiesion of inadequacy to give a reply to the posed questions
by experiments* which were ocmduoted Sn Oorkekh#daninskikh.
There is no new experimental material given in thebodewhich could
be taken as satisfactory to the elemental rules of experimental work.
One of the basic advantages of the system rwoommended by T. D. Lysenko
ie Said to be a reduction in expenditure of organic fertilisers and of
lime.
Let us ate helm the opinion of T. D. prank() himself about the
described expenditure of lime and manurewhen introducing his system
Of fertilising.
T. D. llysenko :iuiOSfti St with a wide utilisation of orgenicaminiral
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Trate. 14742
mixture already it 2.4 years not lets than 9?10mln tons of lime
materials mill be introduced.
"Int me reminW writes? DI !wank?, nthat in our whole country,
prior to 1954, year); into the fields were intredueed but several
hugdreds of tots of lime. at a norm of 34 trier ha. In othersmdte,
with the bow method of utilisation of Use in combination with ottani?
fertilisers at tom of lime per hectare ten timeetemiller, it will
be utilised in ton?ohernosem sone *en times more, then its* expended
withhigh doe's. Together with this, the general amount of manure
and peat should be increases Zed tins.
Th ton-dhernosem sone it is neeessery yearly to fertilise all the
fields for all the crops, but the methods of fertilieing and fertilisers
themseleee should be such, that *ill not require a large expenditure
Of power and money." (p. 78.)
If one should follow 24 04 keenkoli recemmendations and introduce
$ o of lime yearly to all the fields and for all the crops, then itm
expenditure will he any times more than in liming only those acid
toils shish need it in a normal dose of 24 t of lime. Introduction
Of 2 t of compost yearly into every field would require a sua larger
*mount of manure, thin when introducing the norm1 dose of manure 14
time during* crop rotation. Concerning the expenditure of the mineral
fertiliser superphotphate* it is known that its introduction in email
doses into the rows is smehmmre effective and economical, than its
use in the sompositiOn of orgeniomineial mixtures. This is well seen
fnms data of an experiment it Corkekbpieninskikh, which was conducted
by AA. Malden (pi, 17) when an increase from introduction of super-
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I.1 Trans. 1,.442
phosphate in the compotttion of an organic-mineral mixture as only
1.4 o of grain per 3 c of superphosphates whereas during a separate
introduotion of tuperphosphate the increase from it ins equal to
4.20 of grain. That it why such utilisation of superphosphate,
SA
it rico:mended by?. D. DyNenkos is by tar mot the best method
of its utilisation; a much grater affect from superphosphate can
be obtained with other methods of its introduction and. in.partic-
ultra When introdueing small doses of superphosphate into the rOws
during planting.
From a book by T. D. Iysenko the reader had S right to expect
exact experimental data confirming his original ideal and the so
persistently recommended methods to the producerS. Unfortunately
there are no Sueh data in the book. ibre tbMi that, the publishing
Of the bookhas confined that the experimental stork in Roritekbfri
laninakikh is dons on a lee Order level, and the "theoretical'. ideas,
lying at the base of 74 D4 inenkoss practical recommendations are
not founded on experimental data.
A. T. Sokolov.
z
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C
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10
Tratelatiint4442
(in part) (77.1
b
157
ch4ar,V4 Gi ?1
0 khinicheiOnegtode boroby 0 kolorodskie
stair* (leptinOtarta desalinise% day)c,
(Chemicaljnothol for control of the Colorado
beetle (toptinotarsa decielintatt day).]
In bkahduvodomotvonnais Netodichosklia taiga% pa
Eloradskten Zhaku. tolotadskii Oak i eery bcriby
S p, 75e9t. Larva, Atedetila Rauk 22214 1955.
427 R672 '
(in Russian)
Cur work on Ourfa00 Assn* for control' of theColorado:beetles
conducted in 19604 Mead at:nab:sting first those media of native
productiOnatich had boon approved earlier by world practice as
effectivemans in the control of tillColoradobeetle.. In additions
we endeavored to find ofiectivo means among thVnew Otis lipliheiittd
it cur country or aeons those not at yet 'WI'S As applicable to
this .it. An appropriate oolloction of proparationSeaseutnaitted
for laboratory evaluation se to their toxicity for an adult bootie
and larva of the 4th ago group; and field :evaluation ao to pbyt04
'idol action Oxertod on potatcee (this evalcationisad mis of it por-
tion of these properations)4
The Collection included the follOsingprOpatations.
Ofpulverised fattory mad* media*
6 Opociasns Of calcium animate (2 tri4cbseitution products with
4042$ and 42.0% 4120g and 4 totra4ubstitutiou with 51.1%* 64104 s5.2%
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--
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Trans. 4443
it 87.0 Amos);
1 specimen of baste popper arsenate sith,8004205 and 1.0 OnOs
1 specimen of menpanese areenate*tt4 25,4% A4061
speciscie of sodium fluosilloate of Caritas MAW
peelmen of tarinsa f1ef:4%114a%,
D specimens of cryolite manufactured by different factories'
1 epecimen of Dr/ dust with thug FOX-anti
specimens of OIDTSO thismaohlosoyclohemanel dust,
1 speolmen or worrazo6 (Scientific Metitute of ??rtiltsers and
Inlootifungicideel.
Of duets prepared loony*
/726,
\wei Es rigir01001
anabanimessulfates
preparation NC. 47 Iftfit EdliaDhion Inetitute for Plant Pre loth
g% No. 117 nuts
and lg% rhodananiline (rodaremainl (tr. notes rodan, monovalent
radical, ?#scn. (see thloormate)]
A% and 10 ethyl ether of monorhodan acetic acid
1q4 ethylenen.dierhaWrides
20 forbiate;
qg oalcium arcuate:
and 10 DDT;
0 and 24% PraPb40.
Of liquid stadia*
0$ 81114 ig CODOWItratiOn 4t1401011 tram oil concentrate eon
204 DDT of a 1049 manufactures
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us
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Trana.44413?
and 2% oonoontration gtspenston from a eonesntrate ot a 1050
4S; DDT nanufaotursa.
mg% and 020%, 04., and 1.0% concentrate,im4sioa of
from ex. conoentrate containing 40% poison/
L.C% concentrate emulsion of ohlordet ft ?ooitantnte Ono.
taining 20 poisons
0;0% and 1;0% oonointnS emulsion of hextethane (flhyl benzene)
from a Oon0012tr4t4 containing ?20% poisons
0;t% ahd 1.t$ concentrate omulaton of 41=00 containing a 0
AM;URt of isomer' Of a 1040 mAnufkoturoi
0;0% and 1,0% ooncentrateemnlaion of tSG containing 2 exeunt
of icemen of a 1950 manufactures
0444 0.12% and 0.2ag concentrate emulation of pytepheS
with a 0OnimOt or it in a 26;01 and-37.5% concentrate.
Zia tisting thiduttas tha German n'Oelarel state Egemerel du t-
end M.458 preparationtmere used as standards,: in testing liquid
means,04. 0.0% Suspension of German ca1cium arsenate "8prittoitkit1
144 uti4d.
fa%
??????
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a 4 ? MIMI ? 4.443
Toxicity of
sect tidos as it affects
?
Table 4,
Colorado beetle
PREPARATION
Content
of active
element in
preparatiot
_ _in%
Percentage of mortality
After? days
Bolos
Larne
?Z. WSTS
ProparstiOn NO0 0 VIER."... 4 40404
5
?
Porbiate 66 44 6 66 6 004 ? 0 0
' 20
0
Aflabaelne.sulfate 44 4 4 0
8
0 ?
Preparation Yo? 1171ra
5
Ethyl other ofmonorhodan acetic acid
.? Cryolito VILE (411.Vnion Scientific.*
Besearoh Institute of Aviation
lkterials) -
Rhodananiline -441646'
20
to
Cryolite frae the Barak factory... ... .
to
80
4141P-.1003 1949 manufectore...... ?.44
15
SM
Ethylene-di?thodanide 4
10
go
Sodima Mania% of the Tote.
oak ...... * ** 4 4
80
90
1110114.100
40
BIT ****** 4 * 6 ?
5.5
46
75
Osserols 0.112,410000444044 ******** ** 4440040
46
85
80
Sodium floosilloate of the
Nevski' factory. 4,0404
SM
$5
40
Barium fluallicate.44...
87
60
Basic capper arsenate
$0.2
60
80
????Terme?nerme?im.
Es insect in finals axnally mature stage.]
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\
- 5 = Trans. A-743
?abs 4 (collet. fro*
;age 4)
Toxiaity of inacetioidea as it affect* the Colorado ttatla
PRIPARA7I01
content
of active
aliment in
praparation
it
.11arcaotaga of mortality
_After 7 dayt ! 804s1
bade
Una
Togo
iittacsaleiwa traanata-o MOW, 1941
sanufactura44?'' **ii
44464' ** I I 4 **
Tetraoalcimaraanata of IMIF 1949 '
manafectuta............*
2=638.4......4 404
itiealeius arsenate of the ShOhattoviik
factory .............
Tatracaleica araanata
OCMG-with* 29%
4.4
Irrictalatus trillbSti,
Tatracaldium *moat* ** * .404 4.40
_
GICBMOTIth a 19% gitaskAsomer........
Pyrophoa.......
? ? ?
Matganasa trona%
It. LIQUID AGSMS
24( OM, sullaien of UM. 1949
sinafactura. 0-4i ? 4*i?44
men nui sLera.,
Sim -0blortatt.jutJ Oration...? ? ?
I Zna0ot in finaltartuallyWatOrii
Si,
57.0
SO
85
40.2 85
34.2 87
4 87
69
43.0 90
55.2 95
12 90
2.5 , 100
25.6 95
75
95
70
90
100
SO
100
100
100 ,
GO
,4?110
100
100
0.2
10
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"we ?
%
-*Or
A4743
table 6 (conit. frau
pga s)
ctioidet as it affects the Colorado beetle
Content
of *otitis
*lament la
reparation
Sn
ntze
7days
ity
150 days
0
DOTamaision of MIS, 1949' --
maoufaotors: 44 1
7iesertamived.444:424, eevisng
24* Ittatetripkettter24 *0101.10n...0 .
20% SUM emulsion. with 20 gum...Waft
pf 1949 matufapture..........,
40% *mullion of
40 DST suspension..., . 4 ....... ***441104
20 emulsion of GIN ?SG with 20
Wow of 109 manufacture......
Suepention of Spritzserkal
501 emulsion of NIU1P-100
20 o. -# pyricpbos.
44
24*
fl
tl
?4 4 4 ?
of 111011400...rn ......
24* of 0101750 241 goamosioono
or 1250 atinufactaro .. ? .... ? ? ? ? ? *
37.0 emulsiOn of pyrophos ..... .......
0 euipenelon of DLT...
0 emulsion Of OEHTS0 with 20 goarna:
bait of 1050mscataoture
20 emulsion of pyrophos..... ... *44
37.0% emulaion of pyrophoo
0:6 0
0:1 20
0:1 25
0:1 30
0.45 40
0.2 SO
0.5 66
0,2 70
0;05 70
0.4 SO
0.2 SO
0.1 90
0.06 90
0.86 100
0.2 100
0.08 100
0,11 100
?100
100
,*
I, Insect In finals semmallymetare stars.]
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.00
*46
ca.
-
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r?.
7 He.
100,m0srall p. 011
Trate. A074$
The following conclusions may be drawn frac the data cited.
Application of MEM preperatione to the surface roil
layer at the rate of 27 kills (by gwasa4somer) ensures beetle
destruction close to 100C in the course of the first 18 days; if
the beetles have omm it contact with the treated surface of the
soil tor about 24 hours.
2. At the end of 1 month tkt *Motives* dearest-el loweelat,
but if the contact hat lasted 1 day then the *feet still resting
high (70-80)1 if the contact has lasted &taut 1 hours then effec-
tiveness SA slight (amm().
S., The effect produced by various OSETS0 preparations
almoet alike.
Mbistefting the soil surface increases the disinfecting
action of SO when applied by the, method indieateC
lteperimentit; Cotober W it a truck-garden the test plata
Omprieing an area of 15 it2 In bested with !WM by striving the
preparation over the soil turrets which first has Win ailed, with*
diehlo4thafte solution of 0=0. Afterethe treatment, the places
when the ionises strati are raked over. GW1T80 is applied at
the rate of 2.51 8.0i 10.01 20.0 end 40.0kg/4aby geamMeieower.
TviAll beetles were put under the netted breeding plata arranged
on the test plots (October 14 at a Soil OurfAtie temporature of
418t and November SI at a temperature of-p7"). The data of this
irsperimint ere cited in table 8.
t
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g Trans. A443
Table 6.
Offectivenese of various &met of OUTS?
when applied to soil durface at low temperatures.
Duration fraR
Duration of
Interval
Temperatos .
OINTOR
Beetle
OTHTSCiappli-
beetle don=
of days
of soil
dosages ?mortalitY
cation to
tact with
when beetle
surface
in kg/ha
in%
placement of
beetles in
soil in houri
mortality
was counted
in degree*
breeder in d*yt,
,
4
2
20
2*6
0
40.0
60
2.5
10
5.0
60
25,
27
20
7
10.0
20.0
60
65
,
40.0
,
OD
Table 6 shoos that at a 2-hour oontact* at a tesperature of 16" C,
a nanitalit rate of application of 245 kg/6 is completely ineffective*
'while the rate of 40.4 kg/ht produces 60 of bottle destruction. Ma
27-hour contact and- 7" of temperlture* destruction of beetled occurred
at all rates of application 25 day* after ?GlETS0 had been applied* and
the higher the rate of application* the outer the destruction* Does*
tram 6 4/6 and above deserve practical consideration. Disidfection
of-soil Surface by applying DEBTOG is feasible and effective at
temperatures* La; at thosa temperatures which Occur on the soil turn**
in *any spring.
21periment 5. November 13. Under laboratory conditions* ONOTS0
duettist applied at the rat' of 2.53 10.0 and 40,0 kg/ha by meadaelsomer
to soil surface in boxes comprising an area of 1 *2 and 15 em in Sights
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.."
9 ? Trani Aa0743
Rifled with truck-garden soil ate le teapetature stab sube*Cuentty
wzi raked over. (Begin p. 923 following the application of OKRTSG
to the surface of-the soils 60 beetles were placed under the netted
breeding places in eaOhlariatiot. After 44 hours Sheens* in
each variation were gathered 'separately by Ong a* and 5A.5 Os horio
sons4 lhen the beetles were inspeated 5 day* 12tors dtft* of the
were paralyzed or dead' but the number of those paralysed and dead
varied allergy Ili the upper and loser baritone.
0=0
doses
in kg/bi
Raritan fres
'which beetles
nn removed
it oz
too of bestial and theirtandition 8
de later ?
lain
246
0..-5
12
'2
'22.6
5n16
33
0
0
10.0
Oast;
0
8
6
10,0
5.6
ts
1
0
40.0
044
0
15
L14
Arlan
&ROVE
22
t I.n
At the ea* Use0 the figdres cited Shaw that beetles introduded
into surface soil trotted with 022220; which move to the lower layers
.to hibernates succeed in passing through the upper primed laystaiwith
out suffering notably from the action of MM. 1h contrasts 0E8280
doles applied at the rate of 10 and 40 Who exert highly offoettro
action uponbeetleswhioh remain in this upperharison.
Oft the basil of preliminary experimental checking of themethod
or !surface soil disinfection with 02H T20 preparation* it the control
of the Colorado beetle which inhabit* the Soil in the epring4 one can
draw the following coftolusionsi
I. Ity applying 622180 preparations to surface soil and the
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46 10 a Trans.-A..748
raking it, and by subagent contact of the ColOrado beetle with that
nil, it is possible to obtain a high rats, up to 10QZ, of its destruction.
2. Tho application tot** of GISTSGiihich produce an offoot that
La interesting from a practical viewpoint Its within the limit' Of
540 kg/ha =arta to g**-isomers.
3. the fora of the preparation .6 solution, emultion, dust e. is
Of no asinitial importance.
4. Duration of ban* antectwith soil trotted with 0101110 which
Saturn a high effect is atablished at apprcaimately 24 hare.
5. The exterminating action of :surface nil treated with COMS0
diurnal considerably within a months the highor the temporttsre, the
higher oxterminating action, which increases When the ail is moistened.
Oft the Mal*, the tint method, which ie highly offectiand
Ins exptinsia than the method of soil fumigations is worthy of atten-
tion Od of farther etudy under field conditiont it spring this.
RZFUZSCES
Instruction for potato beetle control for 19490301in.
Interaction for the +indication of infection nidi of the Colorado
potato beetle. !lid. twat Isola. SSD, 1948.
Chinni, 04 A. 1951. Use of soil mulches in the control of pest*
which inhabit the soil. ashohita manila XIII, 5.
Bern, r. 19646 Mithodsn sur Pmefung van TrIanansabutse ad
torrataitteln. III. Zia neue Methods tut* Nato% von Bedew
.11ntaah. Reichs-Pflananechutablatt, to No. 5, Berlin.
.Bran, A. We A. UM. rant control by camisole. St York London.
Cannon, PO 1951. The Colorado potato butte. Dept. of Arts.
Canada. Scans series, 92.
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,????
* 11 * Trate. 4.148
reytaud, J. 1024.. BarllabiOlOgie at IlextinctiondOEfoyere an
Doryphort. Co Ri 47*tao Boss. Assoc, franc. Aetna., 84i.,
Bordoaux, 192E. Paris, 851488.
Yryor, 2. CO pi 1986. Colorado beetle St Tilbury. J. Elliot. Apt.
XII, 111 London.
tationbuoB4 R. 1936. -Die Sokleapfung 410 Kirtoffelkeeforirin Sado
1934. Mitt. Biol. Roiobsensts rand.* undlforstwirtsch., 52,
Fohruar.
Bitchater? A. N. 1049: Chlorinetod eamphoneo ohlordano, DDT and
moist& arsenate oomparod for control of the Colorado potato
booth. 4. soon Enteral" 42, 1.
8sa1l3 1047. Colorado ben* in Jeriey 1989*1948. Agriculture,
WI, 10. Gittungsbarieht Or Nonfarm der internationalon
Arbeitagamintehart fuer dio Behaempfung deo Eartoffelksafors,
Zurich, 1988
tVeesolusnyi Institut ZashobityBeltaniii
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I
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c
?
Trantletion A444
(In full)
.db/W
Fredilni 448.,-Norotkikha 0414,
dialtiforovi A41144 and other*.
Move preparety I epOsohy boldly), s trediteUsmi
1 boleshlemi vealskom khosiaittvs.
(New preparations and methods of pewit And
disease control th IttrittatUr4)4
In V pomothohl agronomu, W. la pp. 3234544
Oodudarstvennot Isdateltatvo Seliekon
khotlaistvennop literaturyt 10644 64 911
(In Rustlen)
Conditions prevalent in largeisscole socialist agriculture offer every
opportunity to prevent losses of yield caused by pests and diseases. Poecrful
technics used on ktikhOtes and sovihoses penult the accomplithment of high
level egrotechniCal mature* designed to prevent .mast reproduction and dis-
tribution of pests end neared,
Agriculture has at it. disposal a large *Assortment of poisonous chemical*
for the immediate extermination of pests and elimination of diseases.
An important role in the control of pats and diseases of agricultural
plants beloho to the alroraft-chemdcal method. In our country this method has
eliminated the Asian locust /Locate lairratoriej as a mass pest, it serves to
protect cereal crops from the Eurygester bug, to control pipets of auger
beets' perennial grasses end other crops., The scope of this work done by
aircraft increased in 1952 by more than 5 times as compered with 1940.
?
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Concomitantly with the above, new preparations and pest and diastase control
methods are being adapted to production. They include the aerosol method used
In the control of warehouse pests and parasites of farm animals, the concentrated
benzene hexachloride preparation applied to the soil against pests Which inhabit
the soil, and the organic mercury preparation . granosan used to disinfect
teed of agricultural crops against vitriol** diseases.
Jew, highly effective mean, and methods used in the control of posts and
diseases of agricultural crops are described below. [Begin p. 3241
Staten, hexachloride preparation for the control of soil pests of
Agricultural plants. The benzene hexachloride preparation is a highly effective
means in the control of many species of injurious insects. It is a gray
oryetalline substance with a sharp odor of mold. Benzene hexachloride affects
insects as a contact poison by touching (contact with) their bodies, as an
intestinal poison by entering the bowel. together with food, and at 4
fumigant by penetrating the insect organist through its respiratory creme;
Benzene hexachloride, in all oases, attacks the nervous system first. At
first the poisoned insect has convulsions of the extremities* then comes
paralysis and death.
One of the remarkable properties of benzene hexachloride is its strong
toxicity for soil inpabiting pests - wiroworms and larvae of May beetles.
The larvae of hhy beetles, as well as wireworms injure the underground
parts of diverse cultural plants.
ilreworms are very noxious to field crops. Some injure newly sown seed,
the roots and tillering nodes of cereals, some gnaw their way into the tubstis
of potatoes or into the roots of root crops, they eat the roots of eunflowersi
tobacco and of many other plants. These injuries are the cause of a thin
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crop and big losses of yield. Potato tubers and the roots of root crepe
Which Mn worm holes made by wireworms are eatily invaded by bacteria tell
cause decay of these products while in storage.
LatV98 Of the Why. June and other beetles are the worst enemies of tree
and fruit nureeriesjof young windbreaks and of other tree-shrub plantings.
Peeding themselves at the expense of the roots they often cause the destruction
of young trees. if the Soil is heavily populated by beetle larvae, they can
cause complete destruction of nurserie* and young tree belts before their
crowns have closed.
Work conducted by scientificareteurch institutions has determined that
cleansing the soil completely of woreworms end beetle larvae requires tram 10
to 20 kg per hectare Of technical benzene hexaohloride. It experiments
Conducted by tbeAll4tion Inetitute tf Plant Protection benzene hexaohloride
injected into the soil retained its toxicity for wireworms for no less than
four year*. At the same time1 when applied in the doses indicated above it
exert* no action whatever ?begin p. 327 upon useful microorganisms of the
soil,, particularly upon asotobacter. Benton? hexachloride is harmless also
for rain worms. Concomitantly with the above it his been established that
benzene hexachloride accelerated growth and ineresseeconsiderably the
productivity of *Lay agricultural crops.
A concentrated preparation of benzene hemeohloride with phosphorite
meal has been released for application to the soil. This powder-like
preparation contain* 2pg of benzene bexachltride and vp% of phosphorite meg.
The rats Of application of such a preparation against wireworms and
beetle larvae of the younger age groups is 40.50 kg per hectare1 and against
larvae of the older ate groups 60..-00 kg (in smaller amounts, the preparation
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10 applied to light sandy
argillaceous
In crop rotation! it is recommended that this preparation be applied to
fallow fields since grain crops grown on fallow are particularly heavily
infes?ed by wireworms. Besides, a fallow field will be planted to root crape
and potatoes only several years after it had been dieinfeetedoso as to prevent
transmission of the benzene hexachloride odor to the yield of these crops.
Plots allocated to fruit and tree nurseries and plantings are usually
kept for a year under clean ranee. If these plots become infested by beetle
larvae and *tremors then this twit is also treated with benzene hexachloride.
Twenty five percent benzene hexachloride on phosphorite meal, is beet .
applied in the spring during cultivation of allow at a depth of 10-612 am.
to do So the preparation is sprinkled evenly over the field and the
soil is turned immediately.
When working with benzene hexachloride safety measure applicable ordinarily
When poisonous chemicals are handled most be observed.
Artificial fogs to destroy noxious insects and ticks. Chemical methods
for the protection of plants against pests sed diseases, compared to other
methods, have a number of adveateges, but they call for large unit consumption
(udelsoyi reskhodl of chemicale in the form of powders, solutions, emulsions
and suspensions. In most calms this entails a reduction in machine and
apparatus performance and immune consumption of labor. For instance,
(Begin p. 828/ treatment of 1 hooter of a fruit bearing orchard consumes
1-4 thousand liters of water solutions, of chemicals which contain but le.02%
of an active elements Areas cropped to grain and technical crops consume
400400 liter 6f water solutions of chemicals; deleting the young crop Of
and sandy loam soils, and in larger amounts to heavy
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wheat against the Eurygaster bug over hundreds of thousands of hectares
. even by plane consumes up to 40 kg of DDT powder containing only 6.0% of
*dive element, this means that for this work alone planes transport and
broadcast tans of thousands of tone ballast in the form of talc, ashes ate'
just as much ballast its to be handled in aircraft control of forest pests,
in control of weeds for which 1..*4% water solutions of chemicals are used,
and so forth, for instance, the annual consuiPtioft of water in the control of
sugar beet pest' on Ukrainian territory measures tens and hundreds of millions
of buckets*
The reasonanis:1h determines the indicated shortcoming of the damp and
dry chemical methods of plant protection is the technical impossibility to
disinfect evenly the surfackof plants and soil with present day machinery
oiling smell unit amount* of a basic active element, and this, in turn, is
determined by the degree Of 'segregation (dispereion) of the given solution
or Osier. For instance, to cover throughout quite evenly the Whole surface
(upper and lower) of leaves, branches and trunks of all tress in an orchard
and the Whole surface of mixed vegetation and soil with a coating of the
chemical in drops 1 micron in. disaster ?one thousandth part of a mm)
would require only 50 liters of liquid per .Orchard hectare, yet it totally
consume* up to 2000 liters.
. In the control of warehouse pests treatment with an unbroken coating of
drops 1 micron in diameter over all surfaces of the floor, malls and ceilings
within kolkhos granary of a 1000 cub. m capacity would require altogether
0.4 liters of avatar solution of chemicals, yet actual consumption comprises
200 liters* In the first as well as in the second examples, the total
amount of the chemical* would be entirely sufficient for the complete extent?
nation of all noxious insects and ticks.
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The relation between the effect of the chemical preparation* the dis-
tribution of the liquid on the surface and the size of the separate drops
during the Spraying has been established long since, and* therefore* liquid
disperaion is speeified in the Construction of sprayers, taegin p. 327] yet
in practice this specification can be fulfilled only to a certain extent.
For instance* in aircraft equipment the average drop diameter is to lees than
200 suronsi in tractor and automobile mounted Sprayers it is no less than
100 tiorone* and when special ?(economical) nozzles thakoneOhnikil are used
it it no less than 00 microns. Further breaking down of the liquid cantos
oonetructional std exploitation difficulties which hinder the adaptation of
complex machines to practice.
The new aerosol method Of applying liquid chemicals consists of converting
liquid into a fog with the kid of special machines and instruments. The
Site of drops of such an artificial fog meaeures from units up to several tent
of microns in diameter.
The advantage of using artificial fogs ie comprised in the high quality
of treatment of all surfaces at a sharp reduction of unit consumption of the
working liquid and hence, at an increase in the technical and economical
effect. The finest drops of the fog settle in an even &Agin a number of cases*
unbroken coat on the surface of vegetation* buildinge, animals, and.eirsotly
on the bodies of noxious insects and ticks* killing the latter. Wheresver one
drop* one millimeter in diameter, fella On the surface in conventional
spraying, the aerosol method distributes a million drpps 10 microns in
diameter. In addition* the fine drops of the fog penetrate deep into the crown
of vegetation, settle on all surfaces under different angles in the direction
of the flow or the cloud of the fog, penetrate by the law of molecular
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4; 7 "
diffuSion into grooves, fissures and creche on *elle* floors ete. By their
action artificial rose of high dispersion come close to geeing.
Among the shortcomings of the aerosol method which must be taken into
consideration, if it is to be applied to practise, are: the impossibility of
direoting the fog cloud under natural conditions, the high rate of evaporation
Of chemicals in the air and on the surface, poor precipitation of very email
droplet* on the surface. In connection with the above the aerosol method has
Its own oharacteristiosi For instance* to decrease the rate of evaporation
of fine drops of the fog* liquid chemicals or solvents of these chemicals
with a high boiling point are used. Usually different petroleum product*
are used as solvents of chemicals euoh as toohnical DDT or benzene hexachloride,
they area begin. p. $2j7 Diesel fuel* solar, green and traneformer oil,
tr` kerosene and naval must.
to decrease the drift of the fes cloned under natural conditions* the
aerosol mottled oust be applied in the evening, during the night and in the
morning hours.
To improve precipitation of the fog drops, the site of the drops is
regulated in the process of producing the fog and by virtue of this the die-atmos "Of the target [bola)", the fog is directed -toil... precipitatiOn of Ste
baeic'mass at a previously designated distance free the source of the fog-
formaion) has been achieved.
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The nee of artificial foga under natural conditions i2 much more complieated
when. the fog, under the influence of air currents, west 'with the wind. at a
distance op to 1 km from the machine* without rising from the surface of the soil,
enveloping the entire height of vegetation* and without. going beyond the limits
of the crown,
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Nee
investigations conducted in the application of artificial fogs under
natural conditions expand t,le possibilities of practical utilization of
aerosol machines in eliminating reproduction nidi of pelt(' of agricultural
plants and Throats, in exterminating insects ahd ticks - the carriers of
infectious diseases of man, animal and plant.
The use of artificial Coo it considerably mors simple in enclosed
structures where the action of external negative factors does not menifest
itself: Bence, the aerosol method for control of storage pests and external
parasites Of domesticated cattle and birds is already practiced oft kolkhozes
and sovkhozes.
Artificial fog ie produeed from the concentrated solutions of technical
DDT and benzene hexaehloride in sey mineral oil with the aid of the simplest
aerosol apparatus, the to-called automobile aerosol,generator (AAG) desigped
by the engineers V.P. Stepanov and LI.. orotkikh.
To create fog from working liquid the energy of hot exhaust (waste)
gases from an internal combustion engine is used, in the given ease an ,
automobile motor*
ARA
The eperational scheme of the appratue and its construction are very
simple and consist of the following* The werking liquid floes by gravity
from a tank (in the body of an automobile) Negin.p* 320 into 4 pipe with a
jet notzlee lim end of which.is found in the narrowest part of a .i.,rocived
covering (profilirovannaia nasadlo04 Through this !ems fitting the com-
bustible goes flow at a great speed from the automobile motor, to the
exhaust collector to which the gas pipe of the apparatus is attathed. The
combustible gases segregate the liquid into fins droplets and then vaporiee
them in part or completely and eject them from the covering inasadkal *here
the fog forms-.
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