USE OF GROWTH SUBSTANCES FOR THE CONTROL OF FRUIT DROP IN APPLES.

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 430
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 23, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 1, 1948
• Content Type: REPORT

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Ivanov, r. is Trans]. 225:
Dee of Growth Substances for the Control of Pratt Drop in Apples. Growth
Sad I Ogprod 1948(5)24-27. Nay 1948. 83 5813 substance,s
-
Translated by Mrs. S. N. Monson
(pima SUBSTANCES
Trutt drop in apples *ay be divided into 4 periods: the first and
second periods relate to the time of formation and development of ovaries
of fruits. Under normal external conditions a natural thinning of trees
of superfluous immature or diseased fruits takes place In those periods.
This fact may be regnrded as normal. The third period relate* to pre;.?
harvest fruit drop when a tree loses fully mature fruit* which neverthe-
less did not reach the stage of commercial ripening; and finally, the
fourth staze, of ripe fruit drop. during harvesting.
' Numerous observations indicate that fruit drop of apples before harvest-
ing and during that time amounts to 90% among separate varieties. up to
recently all measures :to control fruit drop of apples proved unsuccessfal
where ordinary agro-technical methods had been applied. Only in the last
years, in connectUn. with the studies of phyto hornonss (growth substances)
of the academicians Iholodny, Naksimov and other Soviet scientists were mew
possibilities opened to. control fruit drop of apples.
The fruit possesses fron its earliest development the capacity for
producing itself special substances which contribute to the now Of nutrients
to the fruit, resulting in its growth and develops:ant. Mese substances
are called auxins or growth substances. Auxins, essential for the primary
growth of the trait are introduced with the pollen during pollination and
fertilisation of the flower. Subsequently they form within cotyledons and
seeds produced from them. In varieties tending to natural seedless fruits
auxins form in unfertilized cotyledons. The larger the amount of seeds
in a fruit, the larger its production of auxins, the greater the flow of
nutrients to the fruit and the nor& rapid its development.
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Ivanov Trottel. 226
Xxperinents have shown that fruits less endowed with auxins are retarded
In growth. Wruit growth takes place only so long se its seeds fora auxins?
linen seeds have complsted,their growth they acquire a hart coat, and pro-
duction of auxins is straally terstinated. et) are growth and development
of fruits which usually drop.
?mit drop is caused by the fact that a o-oalled &bowies/on layer
is formed at the base of the fruit stem, consisting of living cello which
under certain conditions separote from each other. The fruit stem le sort
of cut through and the fruit drops.
Tests have siaown that the formation of the separating layer is caused
by a drastic reduction in auxin content in the fruit and its access to the
fruit stem. V. thus observe that the discontinuance of the emission of
auxins by seeds leads to the discontinuance of growth and fruit develop-
ment, to the formation of a separating layer within I* the fruit stem and
the drop of the fruit. If the **lesion of auxins by seeds is radieally
reduced before the fruit ripens a premature formation of the nerparating
layer in the fruit stem follows and the immature fruit drops. This explains
that one may control fruit drop in apples either by intensifying the pro-
duction of auxins by seeds or by introducing auxins from outside.
At present our chemical laboratories are engaged in manufacturing
synthetic growth substances that possess biological activity analogous
to auxins.
Knitiple experiments have shown that if growth :substances are intro-
duced externally into apples their drop is drastically curtailed; fruits
continue to develop and attain normal maturity and site. At present we
1110- know of several synthetic growth substances which interfere with fruit
? drop in apples. These substances, in line with their biological activity.
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Ivanov
may be applied in different concentrations of solutions tabliahed by
previous testa:
CoteietIon f Solution,
- Tyrant. 226
Alplia-ohthalette acetic: acid
0.0010
Itete-napathol acetic acid
o.00sf
2-4 Dichiorphotexacette acid
- 0.0002f
Ationc the above-listed growth sabatcncea the one most tested. and
exertingc positive action in preventing fruit drop 1::.1 apples is alphanaphth.alono acetic acid. It has, compared to the rest, many valuable
charactori ot lest coraplete harmlessness in applied dosages for the human
organism, absence of formative action on the treated plant and relative
resietanco to external influences in storage.
In the summer of 1947 the author of this article was engaged in tests
on apple trees of the variety Cendille Sinai: at Krasnodar fruit-vinerard
experiment station. Three trees were taken for the experiment* aged 31
years, oval in fruit bearing (according to data of preceding years) and
to .eitich in the immediately preceding breeS three years. Wailer agricultural
methods had been applied. In the spring of 1947 all three trees had
practically eimilar bloom and produced abundant fruit germination. In
July.beeauso of severe infestation by the apple moth (TagaelKaida4amenalle,
mass fruit drop began amounting to 6-6 kg per tree daily.
O
On July 31 two trees vera sprayed with alpha-uaphthelono acetic acid?
20 liters of liquid solution of thie chemical in a concentration of 0.0024
were used for each tree. The test vas conducted in three variants:
1. Tree ro. 1, untreated for control.
2. Troo ro. a, treated with liquid solution of alpha napbth&Lene acetic
acid in 0
2'A concentration* to which vas added lg. of citric acid
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?
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Piano,
for Z) liters of solution.
1.226
3. Tree Me. 3 treated with the 'elution In same concentra ion. .
Citric acid was added to increase the action of the chealcal.
:The eintion was prepared in ordinary tanner. 200 mg. of the
eutetence were dissolved in 100c. :of alcohol. The obtained solution
wsepoured Into 20 liters of cold water and thoroughly 'Rived. To prs..
vont rapid evaporation of the liquid, the trees were sprayed in the eveaing,
calm weather,, free an ordinary Imapsack sprayer, widen attempt made to
have the eolntion penetrate the .indentation of the fruit from which the
fruit stem appears..
On, the third day
ter spraying (Aug. 2) fruit drop MOO drastically
reduced. The action of the steel continued until August 13, inclusive,
after which fruit drop became the sees as In the control.
From menet 14 aid until harvesting Ant. 25) the trees under test
were not treated again. D4rimg Vat period 10 observed a certain increase
in fruit drop on treated trees.
Daring the period of active action of alpha naphthal.ne acetic acid
(from Ang. 2 to 13) fruit drop compared to control was reduced an average
of 27%. In the same space of time (Aug. 14 to 25), without aphii napthe..
lene acetic acid fruit drop on treated trees increased an average of S.
On the whole, treatment of tie ss by this chemical reduced fruit drop
20$4 it may be assumed that a repeated treatment (on Aug. 14) would
have improved results. It teals() interesting to note that the chemical
interfered with fruit drop from fruits injured by the apple moth and thus
preserved their commercial value.
In,externel appearance the fruits picked from treated trees (Au 25)
were noted to be different in degree of ripening and, color. 'mite
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Ivsnov
picked from treated trees sro .o
of fruits had reached the degr ?
stages of amaturity
ransl. 226
thorny
ustrial ripening, bridit yellow,
of a color alien to the variety. The majority of the fruits was of cost..
srcial ripening value,
picked frowthe Control
larger iiz. and beautiful coloring.
is. wore unripe and mach smaller.
Judging from the general quantity of fruits dro
2 and picked on August
which corresponded to their
us to determine the yield of
ad between
three fruit trees produced *gull
ormmumce of previous years.
es under test with relation
thistr
(yellow
Am. wt.
spoof. of fruit
Viru its of commercial
tur1t7(red-sidad)
Av. wt.
upset- of fruit
mons (4
Unripe_
spool
mono
Fruits
jet 2 en
is per its
ro
Total picked on
rt4t
ANalt.
of fruit spent- fruit
with alpha Zlit.
thalens acetic acid resulted not only in reduced fruit
but accelerated riyorning and Increased weight. The yield from ewer? treated
tree was double that of the untreated control. It is possible that some
injury cause4A
apple moth to fruits of treated trees affected the differ-
once in degree of ripening. But on the control all fruits sore unripe and
Squally infested by the am
on the control.
IRO th ?
To fruits of yellow color were observed
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'???
Trowel. 226
The taste of fruit, froc treated trees did not differ from that of
ordinary 'untreated fruit at the time of harvesting and after 4 mos. of
storage. or did & chemical analysis reveal any deviations from control
fruits, opt for biter acidity of the latter which is exp aimed by the
degree of ripeness.
It follows from the above mat the aquaria* .oIutton of alpha na.ph
acetic acid in 0404 concentration represents a biologically active pre-
1
paration Moi interfere* with pre-harvesting fruit drop of apple tree*,
a fact of great eigmificance for yield increase. In addition, the chastest
substance of this concentration stimulated growth and accelerated ripening
of fruits which produced fruits of conspirer sees in a shorter period
and ratted regulating of periods of fruit ripening on large plantings,
thus enraming regular end uninterrupted supply of a Valuable raw material
to the processing industry.
The capacity of this chemical substance to prevent fruit drop from
tree. infested by the apple moth preserves the commercial wails of the
The above overtax:TA should be c?id.red tentative, will require
, repeated testing and more detailed study of indicated factors.
Irasnodar OrChard Viniculture- tion
Ind of article.
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Tramiel. 2274riace1lasecos
Trsn1td by S. Do teams
OP COMM
To the attontion of,all organ ations
Witor 1-Leyeity to Loninisn-ss obnquent4" ........ ...
Jovietskela Agronaaila
iietv
Wonomy, 1939. Wo. 1
SeS4
EditoriaL-Ains or IntOntrie ovetskaila Agronamile. ....... 11
Acad. 7.11. t:Illians4rganicing scientific research * agriouitural
...... . .15
Prof. N. S. Cokolcv-K.A. TiriristoT and arricultural prob1ems......20
I. I. Fo1onoshko4s agricultural teehnique,s trade or a seleoce?..r.35
S. N. ignot/erc-Agro-teohnloal role of field-forest theater belt* in
attaining high and stable -yields of?egricultural crop.. 45
Chikaliki-Lnyer(stratwo) oyster in soil cultivation. .. . .
aloolrern4rob1ess at adational feedings of grain ,crops on
chestnut soils of eouth.oastern zone of
V. A. krancoesoorStudy of dynamics of huoldity In conducting its.
tIonary esperiments..... .******** e?sa.46, .. 50 4 ... 11,444440.84
FM VIE 1111.0I2IGS OP sczumxPxcrurwm UTIM3
A. U. Shelf/goy-Bole of agricultural technique, in obtaining .high yields
In drought regions..
2. P. lorobovo-Aiwil plan for every test..... . . . .. retpirowike*somos9.4
N. 6. Sutinfarlf-yriting oquipnent for ,calcUlating additional '.tb
of sugar beet roots.......... .... .... **** ** **** OS
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Walt e er OM= UR .4. Jranus...r.stsNxisowlammuum
Soviet Agronomy, 1959. Roe .2-3
2Q o4
TABLE OF COUTERTS
Report of comrade Stalin at 19th Party Conference on uork,
Central Committee of VRP(b)........... ..
00.01.0,11
.5
On All-Union AgriculturalExhibition................... 35
Prof. U. O. Chishevski4.5. P. Efimov? I. S. Vestarenko4aper
in drought control based on graas field orop rotation
:Acad. 4411. Eostiakovw,Welioration for attaining high stable ields..52
A. U. Ulgall-Current problems in scientific...research concerning
fertilisation of summer vilest in regions of non-Irrigated
fields of the .... .
A. I. Oborin-Rola of mulching in ,adaptation to solonets under non-
irrigated agriculturo........ .... . ....... .... .... ***** ?.....63
. 1. Shavliagin-Role of rolling in soil cultivation prior to
planting.... * ****** ?* ********** * ** o op o ................74
P, A. tetunov I. A. Eurapov, E. U. Dobrolulbova.4Condition and
prospeota of agro-aoll research in ........
101 11. 0. Tuivin-Thermie treatment of seed stook as aTeotor in Le1ds.90
TM. FEST SA 'UE TO TUE At.L.Trinon AnincntuRAL,EMBITIOff
r. Baliabo and M. I. VUkoiov-Experbence of oolleotive farm,
?Andishan region, Uibek ....
/ACV TIT WRITIIMS OF SCIENTIFIC-RESEAECR INSTITUTIONS.
O. /sermon-On improving role of alfalfa in controlling ootton ilt.lO7
?11. C.. Blkonin-Relation or various agricultural plants to bumus and
podsol horimone in conneotion -with the deepening of plowed layer.110
G. V. toloshnikov4ielesethod for determining humidity. of
AT OBLAST comPrwcns ON DPW= CONTROL
A. netrov, A. Fotachev-Por a. high and stable yield in the ? th-E* 7 -
mums FROM FOREIOV EXPERIENCES
SCURTIFIC
O*04040********
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Sovlotakalta Agronoolla
, Soviet Agreinciay, 1939. no. 4,
0,-20 Co04
Ed
Prof. II. 0.
E#0.0m4*
Trnsi .2?:Mts?sfl*zeous
******* * ** Or ? *?14. ripe** a ? ***if** 4* .3
A-Crop rotations-In rococo ob1aot*A.A,.........7
P. IL PM 's of pavan-nisi grossem in rai Ing fertility of
*on .. x. of agricultural oropa in crop rotation*
or rorcat....atoppo of .;.14
P. Ocrahkov-CoOkination aanuro and ulnoral fertilizer* in
grainimar boot orop rotatIon................................25
E. G. Fotrov:sad n. G. Ulnin-Problonsot Phyilology or agricultural
crop in,
Eo4sk1EsStudy or the agro-complox of a hich ylold
ACHINVEUSW8 re SOCIAL/ST AGRICILTURt AT
ALL-UNTON A HI VA:MEAL EXHIBITION
N. M Lakarov.- r oolonoo and sociallot, icu tural
? Auction
12 43tou1typi1 tion . ? ? ? ? ? ? s ? :it. ? W ?
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Soviet skate Agranotail a Trans1.227sriscellaneous
Soviet A ronogya. 1932, Eo.5
20 Sc04
Prof. A. A. Paramonov4-00 years of DarwirJsm . ........... ............5
S. I. Silvestrov0On introducing proper crop rotationa and argent
sing'territorivo dolltctive fermi! erosion-regions of ?
forest steppe sone ..... .5 .... .. . S ..
D. O. KalnnovrAlfalfe in. the north
5. r. Pechor. M. A. Cram, et al.-Program Of study of ugar beet
crop rotation and resulta of'the'first year- m* . ..55..Z5
A. V Fostuichenko-Dosages of lime in tx crop rotation.......55..36
I. I. Yolosov-Vstablishment of absorption sons for toots and role
of root hairs'in:the absorption
1. N. Nadiarnyi-Soms data on the study of root 'system of greats* and
'grastradxturea .... .54.... .. 0444404044 . 00 .... 0 . 044444.0.11004444049'
V. A. Francesson-On types of water composing field moisture in
ohernozea and podzol .... .....
'AGLIZAMEN75 OF SOCIALIST 1GEICCLTUFS AT
ALL-UTO! AnICUMPAL EXPIBITiON
I. Apalikov-txperience (record) of collective farm Water" in drought
0Ontro14444.4 ... . 404 .. *4 . 40444040.00440.4404**04.4 ......... ....GS
FFOr. nil/7110S OP .SCIFIZr1I IC" TirEFARC'" ,sirirrriors
G. I. Tkachev-Rotat ng hoe (soraper) as a tool for caring for .sprin
and winter crops. 4 .....
P. S. Pogorclov-Depth of action of rollers and role of
V. F. -Surveying the oontaaination of fields at collective and
state farms.5..... ..... ....... 77
Romashoheokov-Influenee of peat mulobin of oil upon yield of
. spring wheat 5........01
I. M. Kuprianov-Nee data on development of ootton mot system......83
Plan of molt of All-rbion Salentine-Research institute or Fertilizers
agro-teehnique and soil . ** se4
*10.4.$10.*Art**S411101r*
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Sovietekaia Agronamiia Trans1.227thisoellameous
Soviet Agronomy. 1939.10.6
20 3084
/U. V. Viondrikh-Agro-teohnique and formation in cultured plants 3
E. U. Liashenko-Crasses and grass rixtures on light coils
V. G. Tyrenoveta-Pogulate use of manure at oolleotive farms 15
Acad. P.N. hemetentinov-On the reorganization of network of agri-
cultural reseorah institutions 23
L.r. Sakherov-Por speedy solution of soviet natural rubber
(oaoutohouo) problem .27
V. Altukhov-tgro-technique of kok-saghys, prinsipal rubberbearing
plant in the USE. $1
fatov-Froblems of culture of evhommis 37
I. P. Sizov-On Periods of planting kok-saghyx . 44
B. 1. Winskii-Vore oars to be given yield of seeds and rubber from
2-year plantations of kok-saghys 45
Aoad. T. D. Lysenko-Significance of ladividual factors in *copies
of external conditions required by vernalization 49
411 Dr. 1. V. Vasell'ev.-Beaponse of various acricultoral plants to
vernalization a
F, Dvorienkin-Otudiss or Dr. 1. M. Vaeall'ev in the field of theory
or stage development.. 64
ACEIEVVUENTS 01 SOrIALIST Lc:VIM:UM AT
ALL-ONION AcmcnruLAL EXUIDITION
Zykovw.Aro-teohnique of forage sugar boot on =,takliaLov plots 69
CRITICS AND DIBLIOGLAITY
I. F. Dorprovskii-Againct creeping empirism in agronomic seleaso 76
*********r**** ?
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. Sodstikoia?Agrononila
Soviet Agronomy, 1939ao
Aft_ ,203o04
?
X. A. Dozu rcozto principles o cotton
1r!'Lt*4 regiono of Central Asia.......
Ai P.. Munn -Riot crop ro
X. P. Shpen,kovino,extend.or v.perensial.grass
A. S. Radov-Systest or fertil
of yield of basic crops..........
Tronel.127iMisosilaneous
slog
x crop rotation? trd quality
4s44 is????li ? ????????20
8. A. Itrotto.D00 of :clovers in the oontrol of.contarnintd solts....20
G. 1$1. reereoni.nont sisals ?0nlfalfe ant ''ae?
tated, eland Marla sesess?r?sses
I A. Teivenkosaxpericentin pnr tin
Unit
V. I. Malkin-Control of Ivo
41,0,14
der irri-
S O*4 OS
forest
'
****4.04's40.04.4. 0***04s4,4* .114M
IU m in: rano-Baikal conditione....4Se
D. Poposon-Troatmont or clean field in controllsag
17=6 s ??4, ?
?
I. onatruotion or agricultural is:plasma 404
Losarev-Study of coil menses s blo-organio-aineral systems..64
ACHIEVELST313lw SIX/AVISS AWITC1LITIO3
AtLtflU.OXiialliezurtral. mammon
21 P. Ter
Leolor
Oblast'
I. G. EalaShnikoe4.41.0.
colleotive farm of
PBC3 1 MITD103 0
collective fans KomIL
rritory......
**Ss.
yield of flax at an
()blast' (1982-38)...............74
&IA
Swe*Sopits,
T/PIC MOAT= xxsTxTurious
It? gesemnolonskili.Production of n.. lel and annual forage gross
54.73
U. EA Ioffe-Perenoial grooves. and grasaislxtures as pradecoisopsof'cotton..8I-
n. A.
sev-Influrnce
Prof.: P. Zhivaw4)9
done of potassium upon ylsid Of .olovsr.
of planting seeds of .1sgunes and their
.04.0.*444 OSS?Osser .**11?4400slirk..
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Soviet Agrenemy...Ve. I 1039
wir in4ntroduetioii of fortUera n
anal ?217 ace ileneous
gutsevol4naiefeeting utast end barley era h*
-thermic treatment-of 800401184.***4 wilve-41?oso
by
** *****,.******40.?
? Diriukovip-Influence at rttca, eprtnklthg uponyield': of
potatoes,*
cvrtrc 11/BLIOGRAPITY
comrade 0nepicyak
010.11,* 100.0 *90*.
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Sovieteksio Agronomila ?renal. 22700i8col1enecus
Soviet Agronmey 1939 No.0
20 o84:
OLE OP CONTENTS.
Edtoy is tient/ survey or aohlevements in
AORCtOUIG CIVICS Al! ALL-UN/
re..5
Pala Theoretical principles 'of ttmory of A.
P. Filatov-Veprosentative of progressive
I. I. Delonoshlto.tin theory of high, yields... *OM** ft*** * ... **20
rta Gslvtser.Oonte=porery vievrof hu6us subetanoea .50
P. Sokolov.Efficiont system in soil cultivation.
Prof. U. O. ChishevSkii et al. Experience In d
on crai cyop rota
trol based
OflOol4*** ?? d 00. ? IP 00 h ? 40 0. 0?dSO 0000* h 00000
nee of mineral feeding upon
*************0***0000******000.00*
!tcad. V.Otlistrov.Root
Acnztvorn
of ogrioniturel plants end yields. .61
SOC/ALIST AGRICULTURE A
Au.i.innor A PICULTURAL rXHIPTI TON
'S. P. Efintov-Aendmolan V. D. rillimmn at All.unton
Thodlkov.Atadosiolen I)? rterio end the Ail Won
Selection.Gcnetto institute iiced by ,him* at AlI.Union
Agriculturel
IA., Is Burakov.Study or problems in egro technique at Cottage
16bOrator10644*****0?00440?60000**40000.0*V*00 .0*+;.**
0411,e4***Alit,*
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Covistikaia Agrenomila Tranal.227W1ecellaneous
Soviet hgronony 1039. no. 9
20 So84
TAM OF CONTENTS
Speech of comrade Molotov at opening of All-rhion Ar. E .S-1-1939..3
A. S. Alawkom4.year experience in obtalting high yields of simmer
under Irrigation... &&&& **** .... .. 0.**.******0**41v.oe*****.**._
IA. V. Cm? kii-Tnorcass-in.yielde.of field crope-in drouent region
of gab
Eopelfkievskii.To StICU* high yield, or buckwheat.... .17
S. I.. DwInik-Influanoe of six. and weight of seeds upon growth,
dovelopment and yield of agricultural
21. F. Lement'ev-Creation of Vigorous-ploveng
C. A. Ckliarov.To increase pluming layer en podxol sells. .......
Pavlovskii.Ferennial grasses, one of basio rmnsures in cultivating
-newly adaptied aoi la ? ...... 411. .31
L. A. Eoretehain.,Influence of deepened plowed layer in plowed grass
.otratum upoJ yield of sxicultur61 piants..................,..42
Dr. I. V Erasovetalia and VUkolovn-Deepened plowed layer end
fertilimIng az methods controlling drought...
VI/ V. N.. ProkosUev-Usc of ZUOU41.4UO3 es greenerti. sere 5.nnorthcro
*Ural 0004,, .. 0 . 0 .... 0,004?00000 10.00? . 06 .. ...............82
S, V. Zonn-Influencefof alfalfivpiantings and introduction of gypsum
on cultivated solontsy under irrigation in South4astero,DSER.S9
Prov*.I. V. Vsestilev-Roplying to comrade F Dvo iatkin..... . . 4 .. 068
Lenrairrs or WCIALI4, tIFIMTDEE.A7
ALI..4111101C ACUCULMRAL mrsiTion -
Paliabo-rAakhanov gyewn of.aGro-technique of eotten.........68
A. V. Viaditirov-All-Uhlon scientific research Tostitute of Tortilla's's.
Agro-tochnique and ape-soil science (VIM) at Av. Esh.......70
E. 7. Derxhlk-Rovosybkoviki Experimental Station VIOA st Ag!. Exh.82
CRITIC AND RIRL/OCRAFET
?
I. A. iturapov-taference handbook which serves poorly as reference. .89
SCIENTIFIC NEMS
A. ub quality of agricultural preduots...............91
4**000* OW*
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?
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flovietekain Agronomila Trans1.227:"10coliansous
coy let Acrimony 1930
So84
COM zwrz
Deo of sidium of Supremo Counoll of USSR on *vdtn
.comrada Stalin the designation of Earo or Sooialist labor 3
To the grent follower of tho work of Lenin-comrade Stalin
Editoriel.4emius ofHadvaneed and progressive
Editorial so wars) of
X. A. Timiriesev-Chorles Darwin
W WitwWWWWWW * WOW ** WWWWWW ****
..20
Acad. T. D. Lyeenko-Dirooted transformation of hereditary tature of
VeretatIVO OrVilainaSswwwwww?W ******* woo * wo!k.w.**.wwwwwwilwwo, eSS
rani Gorteer-Contemporary v on humua subatancea of
laolosov-Mtbod of 4esiyntdn absorbed surfacee of roote.........46
Dr. W. r. rureahkinekii-Gmin"Froteotion trot diseases in drought ragions
of ** * *** iwOO*1.64.54
S. S. rerliand.ffetcroxis and ite dirsob pruatitel use in scriculture.JS
E. G. Liasheeno-Soolaltst grain laustry and its oxbibition at All-
Union Agr. Exh! *** * ** ** *Wcwwwww*Wsip. *** ...SS
Eframov-To achieve 3tokbanov yield* in grain crope...........1.....75
Maria Verlohenks-First Stakhanov yield in sugar
r. F. Pilipenko.For akhanov yield in gnu* boets.......
S FO Prolov-For a high yield In flax.. * . ***
ato
35 years of scientific activity of eminent scientist, Dr4 of ari-
oultural soleness, A. 7. Lebediantsev..,...f......,
CRITIC AVD DIDLIOGRAPRY
?Flax and Ramp", journal of main Flax and Hemp AdLZI
RIZ of UStR; 5th year of publication, fts. 1-0
Liot of articles published in Sovietskala Agronomi
***440***
is rations of
**** 89
in 1939.......92
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S
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Sgsletskaia Agronotilla Trans1.427trissallanaoUs
??Sortsit Aexonony1940.
203c84
LesnizLmm is
111:11i-
TAME 0 riarrISTS
at data on r
lUir V, Vet:Orli& Soon notes on expo
or oviouitora
4#40400,
44*4*4*47*44
crop rotattoo. .5
and alas
.16
Dolonoildro-On summed and actual gulurittoo of yteld t1oreDse
of agricultural planto. A11,04..414/64.0 41.*.loa,040,.*0 22
t. A. utesookit.Probloma .of agro-tsctudque in 'sinter crops sastern
glons of USZR.. ...................
******A444,1!.***4404032
riintor it In irrigation at 7 lga region.. *43
ov-iproduoing panure planttng rachtnes.., .......r2
F. A. Oobov1n1uence of rinoral fertilizers lc transforming
organic substance of soil;.-*.
U. X. Org*.bovskit-Influenco of pirenoid grasses upon strutturis of
podSo1 oiayoy and *ta?irni 80$1.0 ? of .1tofoow '1.. 46104
18. P. 81.(11Iovich.DSetributan, of font cheItur belt*. 7?
F. P. Ilasikaiin7Snols rottintion.migorauc nothicd for inners
I. I3lisatt-Diktoo for dotsrssintng actor pone Litton Into tbe sot
under fiat
CRITIC AtD EZVLIOXIANIT ?
4141004.444
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.22.
Sovietstala Agronamiln Tranal4Wildscelleneous
SovtatApronomy 1940. NO. 2.4
411 20 So04
tort1-1!esd:
V.:Tavetkov-P. A. Kest
.ntwooso*Oiato,
? SOU 00101100-0000Oos0000s000000lp-oo
problems of ooenorry
04400.40..0.11
'V. A. Prancesson-Theory of acad. V. E. Ialliuneon d volopeent of
coil and ?single process in soil fomation......*..... io?oas410
A. Pavlovelcii-Influence of absorption and cultivation or aew aoile
upon o&1 formative 25
E. N. Rozbdoetvenekii-Co. improving orgen.zation of oat
reaearch in
tine
A. P. -11shulatjorthara be/tindery of rim) cultivation in European .
ii/
? rodoroveltil.1nfluonee of traumatic injury of scedu upoo heir
EIMMination0000***OOOt0000*Olfto.ov0000soivolelfOlwo.oOlio*O-rno 447
I Eolespik.Vthods end no
n. I. to ever-Depth of plentin
2.P. Nalachava, et A.-Period
of.planting-gr
o ds of millet...
crops...54
00 WOrtioOoOOOge
planting millet..
L' A. S. relousova -year alfalfain. otthn crop rotation...
TS. 70n000va-Study of organic subetenee of soila under cotton-
alfalfa erop rotation in Central
44407
Dobroklaeb-Creoping Agropyrum and swithode for controlling
A. X. Lligar.Significance of rcoording and analysie or data on
plant roth ead ilevelOpaunt in experimental
A. 1!. Alpat lev.Current problems in irrigation........*........ 89
T. N. itaitsev.8everal problems at field testa in irrigation.... .92
V. S. Ecsinntrii-Agro-teohniqua of advanced tat '4,01=k inlon of
R. E*1-s?sefolonskii Effica pinEttinge with germinated 86068406
- W. Zahov-Solbar &ein:mote-tang
A. P. Oganesian-Low limit of soil zwieture nose/wary for germination
or ?
P. Sorditik-Sizee and ahapes for potato plots..
E. 11 DoVbroluibova et al.-Valuable aid in raising yie1ds.,......112
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Sovetskaia 4Uronmia
411 Soviet Agronomy 1940, No.4
20 So94
?
Tranal.227:Niseellaneous
Decree of Preedium of Gopreme Council to award order of Lenin to
oorxhde roIotov, &tarmac Council of Peoples comisears
of rnSE. 3
To the loyal oo-vorLor of Lenin and Stalin, V. Molotov 3
A. N. Lobodiantsov-Attention to bo dirocted to solentiflo-rescillro
ir third 5-year plan In at -'naleconomy 4
1. 7. -Alzinskii-Crop rotations In zones of d!stribution of oil
crop* 14
4. larosLchuk-Plowei land and crops :la sugar beet rotations..24
V. S. Fodotov-Prospeote for producing grain4egueindus orops in
northern, nonblaok earth belt 31
I. L. Lolesnik.Study or agro-tedhnIcal flatbods to obtain high yields
at grain crops in Mrainiao stoppes . 39
I. V. tolesnik-ExperLIont in achieving lzass 121Lh yields in millet..45
S. V. tictieeenko.AGroptechnique of buckvhoat 52
V. P. Terekhov-Influenes of vind-sheltered belts or corn upon
),Itild of summer wheat .. .56
L. D. Slobodobaov-ro-techrdque of summer vteut at advanced
collective tarns, as demonstrated at All-rnion Agr.
1. Isip-Technione or treating seeds before planting.. .. 66
C. Pomashehenkov-Depth of planted seeds of uumer "shoat on various
types of soil in northern and coo-black earth belt 67
D. Itomashohenkov-Influonce of depth of ilauLed seeds in single
hay cutting of red clover upon its germination 69
ry.s. Travoheac-astribution of vv weed Aribrosia . 70
IA.9 Nave et al.-Uevice for deterzinInc humidity In podzol soils
at oollective farna 71
IL Sokolov-Dew data on causes of erosion In agriculture
and veys to ooutrol it 74
I. V. Antipov-rarateev.4oadenician Leonid ivanovich Prasolov 64
N. Y. Ealittbo-The journal does not throw lii-Lht upon aLro-tivohaieal
principles. 06
Plan of scienttio-researoh of All-Inion institute of Fertilisers
(VITIAA) for 1940. 90
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Savietskala Agronadia Trans1.2271Visminarmate
6oviet Agronomy 1940. VO. 6
20 ZoO4
ditorial 20 ye
...
ince the passing o. A Timir
Prof. S.L. ivnnov-Losearcher, populariver.
Prof. n. N.:Ivhnov A trouafeeding -of plants In the soli: or
X. A. .*????????*?se s.* s? ????rer .???11
B. B. tladinakii.Unpublished report of A.
...a . .20
fl.M.SPOrnov4-sperimental mOrk:on'thoary of hi411.yields..
V. t. Chubln-Introdueing proper crop rotation* at collective
farms of nonblaaltearth bolt, fo10 the example tit by.
Corki obi.. ..... .....................
A. A. Tiunov.aynetto of nitrate accumulation to rod sinzIo-out lov
S. P. Gusev.11othods'and nessures tor rendering harnlese.and rake po. ibis
for use au fertilizers residues fron populated.placee and
IndtiOtrY46SWM* ... . GM,POLMM*MilF0m0KVemb**** ... . 444.114-0.0,00.000-0 V
G. F. 7.1usburg-Vee of peat as . S3
A. I. epleAti-t: vtariment in pro4u6n4 age root crops,.....63
V. V. Ituranov-Work at Ural Experimental' talon on utiliziaz deserts..
A. A. Isikova-Pielog cal principles 110 crop rotation............76
P. O. Voitsoichovigh-Ameures of controlling weed vegetation mitb
the aid or ferrous
0. P. Famenogradsksia-Possibility of using small dosetes of chlera
to dectroy "curtains" of seeds in ptentiage of cultivated
.. .... altbemeammaMOom .. m .. mem ...... ma&m.A10
Prof. r. f. Cokolov?Dew Catutpn causea of erosion and methods for
controlling it
__..... ....... a. s 03
A. P. Shcherbakov-Work of Ali-Vnion Conference on 'Plant Phyeio
11*****41**
o
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Savletskala Agronemila Trans1.227sUisoollaneous
Soviet Agronomy 1040 No.6
20 So04
Speech:of
agricu
on the 000eel
aria tahiblti
sr,- Peopled Commiessr
Vain Committee ofiEOLVAtion
opening of All-Union Agricu1t.
0.............*
4144444444444
Aoad.: I. V. takushkin-ft. A. fiairiasev and
V. re Ratunakil.t.
Aveme.Soil science
and contemporary
0 $014100444,4?8
culture an a single ac
tenehinga... 45.00**044,06.44,44404,44.44
t physiology..15-
ow in V. U.
.**.......28
. Sekolovekil tee method for securing water...
oshko-Si
4444444,4444.44****
of ego -compiles in obtainin
44,4?4044-44441-oi44444041441
4
32
tychev-Experiment In combining agro-technioal methods in
summer o . ** **0****......44
I, Vitav.
ilkov?rxperiments and aChisvoments.of advanced Tortors
k
Ion of stable t.1de of sugar tests.
A* tranovi-Crain to farm aver d
U. P. Ageov-r,xperiments in drough
V. V. robei ov-rxforlmental fiele or *
Villkseu, imeni Leniri,. Corki obbsa
044-4444* ?
banner.....
at* ccl1.ottr farm..73
tive farm Soviet
?
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-16-
?Sovietskaie Agra:wail& ?renal 227stliscillansous
Soviet Agronomy 1640. no
? 20 So04
About the Al -Union agrioultur 012e.wee,?????.? ? ? ?? ? ? * ? .3
A.ft1es1ninalr.h..71niriatev and physiology in plont deve1oreent?.6
71. 140- lAsinaki5.421ajor probleita in agrm-teohniTio of vtuter wheat
,in the
lent tev-Var le ti1
tque of winter ebeata.a.........26
Erstovich at sa...Therm.o drying as a method to preserve
ode... .? *.. * a A411011soft'oostoellastoAt.ro,Reem
'Pa ?. Shapovalov-Or
as crop rotation.. at Bekitin sur
boot state O .35
U. S. SOkolonico et al. Alfalfa. in inian step
41,4**At.
?41.0-???43 ?
laichliesede-Coverod and non.eovered plant? gs of alfelfea.......61
P. A Toettstre(ordor_ of marit)-tspariments of4dvortoad 'workers in
obtstn.ng high yields of-euntimersaa O ? o o a ** ** .a. *
Dikii-To *attain high and stable yields OX Cern.. a... 60
R.
V. aranyshey Three Aare Of *ark to att. n a.reoord yield in'
:oot#on. * ***
L.A.iSisevicih.liolo of variety in increasing
Ra Fa ileiersoniXechanication in harseotittflas a
plots
Soiov
ohomica_
frof . I.
.1.-Ctand1oj aside from thS essect
laV"Obituari 0.**4.*******,10.40*4
4 ? .? ?
of winter ieat..
x rissente_
.using
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S
?
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tran01.2274NiscelIansous
?Soldetskaia Acronomlis
Soviot Agronomy 1940. No 10
20 E:o04
D. V. Narus
IA. Panrilov-Influen
condttions of
E. G. Kusherinvykh Influence
forest constructions upon
Shapachnikov-PaChIng ofr
DallTr****************
SOkolov et al.-Cultbat
irrIgation In Central
tmirnov-Eational method
-ennial
0 shniter belts of oms
.8 of saricuItural plants...10
of soia on richt shore of ee
...........
tt
**-*************
************
. 11. U.niumm.Cleanng of seeds of
B. PastUkhowyEaratul turygacter.pes
A. Niklforav
P Smirnov.
Logincv
rk upon
Prof. N
onl
or and ntisto
Ions of
4S 44 44.31
10
6
an.
f an advanced colloot
no.
Joh et al.-J.
tree shelter belts o
********04**** ****
sands -with? bittesisilus e
rew d&ta nfottng, 'oil ettuotiire.
****w***0**
0**00****
.......67
e *et open
..01
...63
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-Soviatikila Agronomiia Trons1.227trlsoa1leneoue
toviet Agronomy 1940. VO. 11.12
20 SOX
D. P. &rpeohenko-?n t
V. P. 'Zillions....
w foo o
unpublished mriting4 of v.
-Sletkin, "Studios on bumus
ry of the death
441.1..0.4tti4004 0400mmm0M404iO
040.10**0O0MMO04
thesis of
P. Ztl.Oekner-Coutemporary etthatLonin humus lautotanoes of the
I. P. Dirisprovskil.Perennial grain crops end Grass crop rotation.40
Prof. i. . 0bishevskii.liationa use Of grave leper in orop rotation..S6
1. r. V Dobrokbleb-StUbbl (Makin
0. D.0inshurt-toi1 oultivation'
? I. 8 be1uinACro*.t.Is:
?E. Ifpnb tbys of olativating
A. son loWlte
*nor
Prof.'V. 1,
tro
ore plant
ummer 'hoe.
r Villiems teaohings..49
oms of steppe
......$2
tr .S4
*O.
MO
.65
t clover at taratov ohIset1 ..*.....77
root paste..
0,0*****112
ShavohenkoJrretisot of seeds of mem ?rope *genet =stead
V. P. tInogradovaNew method in treating seeds of rod oiover..4**89
S. D. rbekovote.Oome results of study and oontrol of gumpsis end vt-
.......93
ruses of cotton at Azerbaidjan......
Sidorezato-Influence of amoral species of btu:tells upon yield
of summer wheat and 04tOsiwsiove,40,44,40
A. I.WosInv-rorms for plontinz seeds of mee ow pasture'greseee in .
**
N. N. Uelwnikov et al Wow treatmente foreeede or abeat... :102
Cr. B. N. VAabustin.Formation of soil etruoture and fungus Tri.
? obederma
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? Translated in large part by S. 111. Ronson
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lakovlev, B. rans". 228: Potato.'
Colorado potato beetle and measures to prevent its penetration into USSR -
territory. Sovet. Agron. 8(7): 15-23. July 1950. 205084.'
Only 126 years ago (1824) a yellow beetle with ten bleat elongated
stripes we. discovered by Thomas Say on slopes of the Rocky Kotmtaine in
Borth Ai:erica and described as a new type of insect; it was named beptinotezia
decemlineata say. At that time the beetle fed on a wild plant, the thorny
Solantus, and we. not injuring potatoes. In 1859 this most dangerous enemy
of the valuable potato plant wee first discovered in the State of Colorado;
since that time it has been known as the Colorado Potato Usti*.
Some time passed tmtil it was Melly noticed by farmers; by 1865 it
had propagated to dangerous proportions. moving in continuo s 'asses and
devouring in its path not only plants of solemn: but also cultivated cabbage,
oats, red gooseberry and. others
American farmers, ?aut unawares, proved unprepared to cope with the
pest which also destroyed potato crops all over. There was a time wh
it was believed in worth America that the situation in the country with
regard to potato culture Was hopeless.
The year 1675 struck Americans particularly hard when the Colorado
beetle because of its colossal promotion rate, terrified not only farmers
but eves the urban population.
In October of that year a living me?ss of pests covered the beach at
Coney Island, New York, for several kilometers; railroad tracks were so
piled with insects that trains were unable to run.
The application of poisonous intestinal chemicals reduced partly-the
A
injury caused by the Colorado beetle.
In 1874 the Colorado potato beetle appeared in such quantities at
seaside towns and naval ports of the Nast American seaboard that it we
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Iikovlev, D. ?renal 228 .
necessary to lock the hatches on ships. This proiented already st threat
to its potential importation abroad. Countries of Western Durope, con-
corned over the penetration of the pest into their territories issued .
already in 875 Lame prohibiting the importation into Burope of potatoes
and variout types of plant material Which could act as hosts for the
Colorado beetle.
miring the period of the first Inporialist War, to 1917.19 the
American Upeditionary*raies carried the Colorado beetle into Trance.
BC one in that country used any initiative to prevent the entry?1: of the
Colorado potato beetle. The population was not faailiarised with Its
external appearance and the harm it Mould cause to thoirpotato fields.
potato
This/scourge Mae recognised in Prance only in 1922 When it began causing
considerable damage to potato crops.
? WO tAalUrali mere taken nevertheless,for the immediate ;Ind couplet,
destruction of? foci of the pest; as a result it spread In 1935 throughout
Prance, invading 77 departments out of a total of 88 and penetrated into
AelgAum.
The second Inperialist war prevented countries of Western Iturope from
conducting planned control over agricultural. poets and diseases, theeeby
creating favorable conditions for their development and distribution.
The absence of systonatic regular control and 'agricultural pests in
these countries reflected with particular severity on the development and
destructive activity of the most haraful,potato pest, the Colorado potato
beetle.. Governments 'of countries where it dvells were bUrdenid with the
financial responsibility of controlling the pests. in America 20 to 20
million rubles are spent antmally on the control of the Colorado beetle;
41/ in 1930 the U.S.A. spent 120 million rubles for this purpose.
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liko lev. B.
In adtgion to these expenditures1 losses are suffared in yields. In
1930 U.S.A./lass amounted to 150 million rubles from damage by the
Colorado potato beetle.
According to the foreign press. Yrno. bear's yield losses.
sl. 228
average yearly 10*s amounts to 5250 thaw
potato crop Is Aestroyed.
In order to preserve potato plantings from daeiage causi 7 the Colorado
beetlet 1 essential to be well equipped for its control.
he
toast on same farms 20f of. the
All mrd* 'people of the Soviet Union should be well-a gosintsg with
the external characteristics and living habits of the Colorado beetle is
order to recognise the pest on potato fields in time.
Timely discovery of the Colorado beetle is the basis for its sacessaful
Uqyidation.
XTEMAL ORAPACTSEISTIC3
uvula-wars? (p. 17,21)
EMTBIAL crittritcmisms . -19)(31
LINIffla HABITS (p4 19-21) (not translated
0RGATIMI01101vOrRYMT (p. Z1-Fs)
In order to free our country in tiLe fromdamages caused. by the .
Colorado beetle. the Ministry of Agriculture of USSR, based on decrees o
the gavel-moot' has established a system for conducting all over surveys of
potato plantingo on the territory formerly under teaporary occupation and in
the vicinity of navel and river ports and airports where ,steatehips and
airplanes arrive from abroad.
At collective* state and auxiliary farao farms of scientific research
other institutions and orentations surveys are conducted at the expense
and with the labor provided by these farms.
Potato plantings an adjoining
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-4-. ?
iakov1.*** /Tana. 228
? plots of collectile formers are surveyed b the 'farasra themselves tuider
the supervision of a responsible person as Jelled by the management of the
farm.
On farms of peasantL.indopendent land holders* ledinolichniitio)
workers and airP107nas (in the field and adjoilalli plots) surveys are per-
formed by the owner's of "fields under the supervision' of a responsible person
eelected, by- agricultural sections end in cities by ennicipel or regional
couneile*
Schoel ohil
are also dream into the
their :teachers or ups i trained personnel.
survey's on warm and sunny days 'dm beetles and heir larvae crawl on the
upper side of the foliage.
A daily not* ban been ..t for very surveyor by the Kleist
culture. tor en adult, * working in the field the norm is 04.75 heater**,
on adjoining plots 0.5 tx?; for school children in the field 04.
?on adjoining plots 0.2 h.
After the potato bloom* sad thehills have expanded and become tangled
the norm should be reduced in belt.
above
School children* ne-feunger-thea 12 years of age,are called in for
mo*;brigades of school children should consist of no ion. than 10, tuner..
vised.by- one adult and mell-trained brigade leader.
Surveyor's mak along roma and observe every potato hill in
k under --the supervision of
is recomeended to Maki
*Very rOV??
trpon noticing beetles* larvae or egg leying that resemble the Colorado
beetle, the brigade leader collects these in a labeled bottle; the hill
I. me,rked, insects and narked plants are delivered to the inspector of
plant quarantine..
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4aLuva?ww, Ob ILWIRL.
In addition to
g compulsory special surveys the duty of every ,
working man or Amman who grows potatoes and other crops of the Solarium .
family is to tstcla for the appearance of the Colorado beetle during weeding,
hilling and harvesting:
PIR AL 1BA
Men information in obtained about the location of a focus of the
there is
Colorado bootie txxxoci a suspicion of infestation it is the responsibility
of the agronomist to verify the accuracy of the information in person on
the same _day: Once the presence of the peat is confirmed, the following
measo.res must be undertaken under the supervision of the Inspector of
Government inspection of quarantine of Agricultural Plants.
determined
1. Boundaries of the focus of distribUtion of the COlorado beetle/by
organising on the.infested plot and around it the most careful survey
mtst be
of all Mlle; all beetles, larvae and. egg laying of the pest/collected.
The soil wider infested hills must be examined to a depth of 2,0 cm and
since
siftedalarvac. pupae and beetles may be found underneath. ,All beetles,
larvae, pupae and ,egg laying piles muSt be collected into bottles or
cans filled with a concentrated eolution of soditus chloride. No living
specimen of the insect can be carried outside the boundaries of the
infested plot.
2. The discovery of a focus must be cOwitcated by telegraph to the cection
on plant quarantine of the Ministry of Agriculture of USSR, or krai or
ablest, inspection on plant quarantine.
3. The plot infested by the Colorado beetle and that adjoining it must
them
be placed under quarantine, accession to titt by outsiders prohibited and
a 2441our retch established on the plot.
The administrator of the farm or owner of the field where infestation
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Iakovlov;. B.
occurred must be warned (under his
plot of all outsiders without except
Trend. 228
taxa) against access to 'the
and of the prohibition to
transport plants and soil from that portion of the plot elsewhere.
is '
* brigade/ solected from the population which under the supervision
of a responsible person (inspector or other).,alg nakesregolarly daily
surveys of the quarantined plot and collect beetles. larva. *ad .6g
laying heaps.
Poles carrying signs "lust be set up around the boundary to indicate
that access to the infested plot is prohibited.
A door:scut is coapiled based on data provided by the survey concerning
the appearance of the Colorado Beetle. The Coindssion which establishes
the presence of the Colorado beetle and coapiles the document consists
of the quarantine inspector, the supervisor of the survey and repre-
sentatives of the regional section of agriculture and the particular
fern.
Ligaidation of the focus of the Colorado beetle is conducted by specially
trained personnel of the Oeverneeat domain:ion of quarantine of Agricultural '
Plante
d of article.
TT 10-5-51
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Galakhov, F. N. Trend. 2214 Insecticides
(wadi/Ate of biological sciences, ?U.Union $e. Inst. of Oil Crepe)
tffect of benzine heaschloride on change in dynamics of Aphis piberni
on peanut 711.,-,tin::3. %vet. Agron. 8(12):87-91. Dec. 1950. 20 3284
usinted by 3. N. Monson
Th71 trio? L.1% -.- id tAnhie 1E0507113 is we of the reset mati-polsonons
and wiftely -irr.un, 1 species of agricultural crops in the INS& Among oil
cro,?s it 134...:niclarrly injures peanut Islents Arechlot. In attacking primarily
the lower *tif,-,..ce. of the plAntts Lia1erind ckin their sap, it visibly
reduces th(: 01: seeds of this crop. Youngeotton plants are also severely
injured by?)17oxisi3, are dele d in their growth and frequently
destroyed. : ,L,,-resses the past causes severe injury to alfalfa, espareette
-:i1 goody goody genera the white acacia.
l'Any caltivated plants arc also injured by acacia aphids mkt&
of which
large ouantiti populate various species of weeds and wild plants.
nicotine-soapy solutions or anabssine and nicotine dusts
are used ellz.:14,. to protect erxicultural errs from this pest. We have
person:11y tt the action of the new preparations. 'Tr and hesachloride
to control rx mehids.
factors
rezong -7c.rioue estdlectm connected with TIDT end heracbloride, the problem
of chtrgitv 'mica of the nest under the influence of the above pre-
parations 17, c2 considerable practical interest.
nnosp.rch to establish the reaction of torte dosages of the above pre-
paratione rrneceold the solution of this problem, .44 one of its major parte:
upon
it concerned Oependence from different percentage content, speed end-dura-
tion of reaction linen the pest of the most toxic dosages of nreparattens?
The stn "111 .etre conducted e.t the eeeerimental base of the institute,
at the city 117 FIr7tiriodar. The former problem was itutiled under laboratory
? and field e-2e74.1.:Isns. In laboratories DDT and hessehloride were applied
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(ialakhet
? in the form of dusts and surpass to
ro
twined 3 and -$%. of the active ingredient *11 he..
3, 5, ? and 12% of active principles.
a$ttds.
*ride con
229
CODE.
*We of du t per hectare were
15, 20..30 and kg. Dosages of .suspensione, 0.5 :1 er
1000 liters. per.hectere..
Plants were treated with dust and isp.n.ion 'o 1cni.s of enacts
aphids; *rimy plant was then placed into a small garden, and when the
effect of the 'preparation -wee :Clearly. apparent qntittes of living and
dead specimens of 'aphids were 'counted. Each variant 1.111 treated three
times with use of control, ta obtained from -these laboratory tests-. -
is. presented in Table. 1.-
o preparation and
110 centent of active there. Zxp.ndttiir.
per /tenter*
$% duet hexachloride 15 kg.
0 5% 1111111 of above
1%
2%
12% &It hesachloride
12%
&1St
12$
12%
0.5% suspension of a
duat
1%
to
2%
1.
15 kg.
20 *
30 I
3?.2
153.2
51.3
88.?
94.1
94.6
9.4.6
96.6
94.6
1000 1 . 94.7
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OaLlftwe Tread. aas
The preparstioa ap1tsL in the form of dant and suspeaelia
privet of minor efficacy in the coatrel of acacia sehids sad tests with
this preparation were therefore di semetlawad. loaachlorlds, however,
proved highly effective for the purpose. The application of 12% diet
In cusatities of 15 kg/k, destroyed 88.70 of aphids. Rhea 20 kg/h
wore used the percentage woke 94.1.
Dastiag plants with 1% easpeasioa deetroyed 94.8% of aphids. /a
enbsequent studies of the reaction of wet effeetirs dosages of helm.
chloride on acasia aphids we transferred our experimeats late fields
of peanut plants. Plots were 60 N2 (5 x 10). Repeated throe time
With *tetra.
The reaction of the preparation was *valuated ea the eueatity of
liviag ipeelmeas of aphids ea pleats under test before the experimeate
wore started and after their cespletioa. sad coloPoroa with control Plants.
Phyteacide reactiom of the preparatioa aad moteore1ogica3. eeaditleme,
accompanying the experimeat were taken into coasideratioa. Revolts are
presented in Table 2.
UAL&
Mae of preparation % of dead
eat % of oeatemt of Rapeadlture Be. of tested aphids cow.
active Ingrodiest per hectare pleats on ea.plet pared to Remarks
168011---. .........
12% dust herseeloride 15 kg. 10 86.9 f'sof air . 19.1 ..
21.e. Relative
hamidity 64-72%.
ao 10 98.0 Preelpitaties net
recorded. No harem
lag of pleats
1% waspeselem of dust 1000 liters 10 96.7 observed.
It may he seen frail data In Tolle 2 that ender field ?pedaloes 12%
. dust of heaschIoride proved *pally highly effective is the control of amisia
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T
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aphids. Ills high toxicity of 12% dust besaabloride confirmed laborntorY
test data. 1.4.. expenditure of 20 h; and 1%,,Jinepension of 1000 liters per
h. Destruction of aphids amounted to '98% under field conditions at above
dosage; 1% suspension produced destruction of 96. entire reaction
was not observed on peanut plants from homachloride. The. reaction of 12%
dust of hexacilloride was further verified under industrial conditions.
Dust was laud on one hectare of peanut pleuitings in amounts tested before.
A stellar area was used for control. On tho plot intended for treatment
the number of living specimens of aphide were counted before dusting and
after the complete reaction had taken place: Control was dealt with in
the sane manner. Remits appear la Table 3.
VAILX
Muse of preparation and venditure
of content of nellie of prep.
Por )1101-re
2% duet of hosechloride
nee of
treated To. of
sees la tested
bARISlie 914.10
2o. kap 1 10
% of dead
aphids in
covert sea
to control,
95%
tempi of air
18.e.-25?. Roles.
live humidity
62.76%; preeipl..
Utica not re-
corded; bussing
of plants mot
observed.
? 11411 seen free Table 3. the reaction of the preparation h.ach1ortds upon
acacia ogiside proved squally effective under Indus
reaction of the prostration upon the peanut plant was observed.
rapidity
The smell of aetion(of the preparation)upon the pest was studied la the
one; no negative
following manner.
der field condition peanut plants with colonise, of
phids were dusted or sprayed with suspension of hexachloride and placed in
eolators. Ovary 24 hrs. the number of living end dead aphids was counted.
Dosages of 12% of dust and suspension of 1%. were. taken in 20 kidh, as those
most effective. Results are shoos in Table 4.
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D
Trans/. 239
mai
? Ile.ef ro-
la.* of preparatioa and pUtMl 0 of dead aphids
% of content of active arpeaditure dusted or tij esevarisea to esstrel
tarsediant JIWIT239Ifi .111119114-$510.1 AIM% it)st73hrs?
13% duet bereckleride 2D kg.
119.1 26.6 .66.11
1% waeaessien of dust 1000 liters $ 67L6 944 OSA
It way be observed from this table that the rosettes of hemschleride he the
fora of duet and saspsasisa Is appareat in full raw* 43 hrs. fallouts./ treatment.
The seemed problem was solved by analogs'as method, except for the fact that
new eeleales of aphids were placed upoa isolated plants ea dusted eat sprayed
plots after various hours.
The malts if this 02perlissat are presented. la Table 5.
WILL
10. of
repeatedly
Mae of prop. dusted
ant % oweteat of Impandittuie 4/prayed
&Wye erlaciale per heater* lasts ,
13% dust he. 30 kg. 3
chloride
10 waspeneisa if 1000 liters 31
duet
% of dead aphids in
ggsenhog_tutalutl.....
Alma. 1.43..kus. ALlitas. Ilearks
96.3 69.2 6.6 Temp. of air -
111.10.411.1
relative
114.3 62.6 7.6 hemeldity sa-76%.
As will be use from this table, hemachloride in
fetal preelpi.
tattoo 11.? me.
either dust en maspenstes
fora produces its highest offset under favorable meteorological eentitleas within
144 hrs.
The problem of changing taw dynamics of the seacia aphid under the lafIresee
of heimohloride was solved en the basis of periedical estimate" of their amber
on treated and mon-treated plots of peanut plantings (Table 6). Treatment of
plots with henbehleride was demo during visible 111C1111111118 in number of aphids
2
on peanut plants. The area of plots was 60 n
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? to
Oalakhov
As es
Transl. 229
results prasanted in Table 6 ed with hexacblerida
'hewed a drastic reduction in number of aphida compared to the coatrol. lksch
low quantities of aphids on treated plots remain until th ir disappearance
friar peanut planti 'tattler the influence of external factors. Thus to reduce
the quantities of 'aphids on peanut plants to degrees where they will no
have !monoxide eigelfiennce a single application of, heloichloride dust of 12%
and total .zpanditur. of 20 k9h, or a single spraying with 1% suspen' Sloe of
this dust et an expenditure of 1060' liters of thsi solution per hictare i*
adequate.
Fiexachloride in, the fora of 12% dust and 1 suspension was widely used
? blj.r the sector of pest control Krasnodar krui administration of a'griculture
to control acacia aphids on cotton plants in many regions of this Iasi.
According to report. received from collective farmers and specialists on plan,
protection the high efficacy of the preparation hexachloridm i controlling
this pest
? Zn.
?
cotton PlaMti Was fully confirmed.
Coreamoirs
Ia a a poisonous and widal distributed pe
s. Among oil crop. it primarilyand severely
and nicotine preparations were chiefly used to control acacia
? Remeehloride proved hi effectivein the control of acids aphids on
peanuts. IL single dusting or spraying with kullechloride of populated
peanut plants resulted in various changes in the pest's dynamites and
reduced their quantities to insignificant degrees.
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41,
TAMA 6
Saab*,
Meat of Prep.
% esatent Znpandi-
of fatly. tura per
Ingroditnt MEWL.
Transl. 229
*.of No. of aphids en 10 plaate daring
tested diffortgt periodt ef troting
Asia ..164 Aak Ir.a F-4 2a,21 Marks
la% duet of
bssmehlorido
23 kg.
1.11
2821 11' 15
la
14
21
1% wAspension
12% dust of
hozachloritle
1000 3..
1.0
1.56
363 19 21
23
2?
22
Control
10
139
311 =012243
(2311
,1913
1297
20
543
On 6-16
4 plants were
dusted with
hentehloride
7' on 446
plants wort ,
, sprayed wi
oaspension,
4. To &thieve, the *Iwo effect 20 kirfh of 12% dust of hozochlorido are *speeded
or lit suspmesion of this dust in the amount of 1000 liters.
Aenarke At the 19th nem of the Sector of Plait Protection et the
Union Academy of Mrica1tura3. saltness. basal Lenina. held it the city of
Stalloabad. Tadzhik 65.11 on September 20-24. 1949, the chief of the department
on post control of the Ministry of Agriculture of Tadidak 1111, T. V. Mekutin, in
hie report under?the-ti4le elammarlos on industrial applications of SCIE and
hostehlorido for the control of cotton, alfalfa and orehards pests of Tadzhik
SSIts produced data on the industrial application of hazaohloride to control
acacia aphids. He stressed that tho death rate of aphids Ls 1948 semeated
to 1.00% after 48 hrs.; that in 1949 the death rate was 90%, at an expanditure
of dust of 15 kgfil.
Aiptesetiter in 1949)13.362 hooters. were troate? of which 3222 h. were
dusted ;...r4d 10.142 h. sprayed. The declaim" of the above Plaine (Hal. No., 5.
I). 22. point 19) recommend wider appliottion of the dust hszachlorido and its
aqueous suspension along with other poisons in the control of aphids and thrips?
Mad of article.
10-5-14
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Tranal,2301Plant Protection
Scientific Chronicle of YIZRa,
Leningrad. Inst. 2ashoh. Rest. Sbornik Is 5-101. 1932. 4044 1442
Translated in part (excerpts and headings) by S. N enson
We shall In tits erection provide (furbish) brief information on thir,courso
of work of all institutions ofPlant Protection based on reports and communi-
cations we receive from them.
In the first piece se publ th here news on the eituation of work At
sectors and laboratories of VI2Ra for the first 6 months of 1932.
Considering this information to be of great significance, primarily
for the staff marking on plant protection, the editors of teZborflikw
(Collection) 0010, all institutions and Individual scientific :collaboratori
to. send to the Planning Sector of VXZRa information on their respeotive
course of the work, describing i4rief and condensed fora and indicating;
1. the work they do; 2. where, under what conditions and accordingto which
ADMethods 3. who Is personally engaged An the work; 4. thot most character-
istic facts and factors noted in the process of the work, and if possible,
note tentative preliminary conclusions for the future development of the
mark says and forms leading to the realisation of achievements.
One need not consider the date published below as an imperative .
sample of writing. .It is an approsiemte typwexposition from which there
may be deviations called for by the substance of the work and the course
It will take.
?
MORIN SECTOR (p. 66-66)
Following the final confirmation of the plan for 1932, the pr
eipal
attention of the collective (group) or scientific personnel of firiZRa was di-
rected upon the compilation of a PLAN OF SCIENTIFIC.RESRARCH WORK ON PLANT
PROTECTION DURING THE SECOND 6.YEAR PLAN.
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?
Zborniks
YO
1.230:Plant Protedtion
GT(P?6-73)
Section of Ecology
Section of Anatopy-hysto Ogy
Section of Systematics
Section of Parasitic Inset
Section of Locusts
Section Of Sugar fleet Mtbsorm (Loxostege ctioalis )
Section of European 6orn Borer.(pyraueta ubilalis)(Rbk)
Section of Cutmorm IOUS is a.
Section of Xmmunity
'6SCCR OF GENER
1. SectiO,?fut and rust
tion of seeds
2. Section of certf
nd chewin r2?tha.
P CHO Y
3. Section of wilt
4. 'Section of systematic*
S. Section of fusarium of cereals ?
6. S.oton of Bacterium
7. Section of Immunity
S. Section of Injurious
9. Section of establishment of pro
SECTOR OW
SECTOR OF QU
. 7
Iigs (p. 78-79).
T NE? (P. so.pi)
SECTOR OF CRENIZATION (p. 8145)
SECTOR ON REVD CONTROL (p. 89-90)
? SECTOR OF FORESTRY (p. 90.92)
SECTOR OF LIVESTOCK PESTS (p. 93-94)
ECOR Y DIM VT RIAL-TSCiINICAL PROPAGANDA (p.
97)
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a
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Zbornikii.
PUBLIOATIORS (that had appeared in 1932 on Plant Protection and are about
to appear)(p. 94-97)
Btbiiograpbic and Library Section (p. 974.90)
IICRANIZATIOV PLAgTPVOUCTIONH(p. 90-99)
Otdslenie mekhaniratsii -roes:quahog? institute Z. 12.jONVIZR1 is
the direct descendant of VAPOUR& (Machine apparatus of finale or
1I)flZRa) vtieh existed in Xiev in 1930.
Tranel.230tPIent Protection
MARNIZRe changed into OUVI2P i.e. obtained an allA:Un
in Eareh, 1932, when the mctor of mechanization of VI
was liquidated.
0MVI2Pe in 1932 han the tOk of taking cars of Lnedia
r e
at Lenin
probleiw of
a.
mechanising the work of Piant Protection. 011V ZR, es or today, *enetots
other
of 20 engineers, 1 physicist, 1 entomologist, 1 agronemisto/Oranobei
about to be established
(filiale) eratTmodbilmet Tashkent, Rostov., Saratov.
The oollection of apparatus availabto at present and at -the disposal
of 011VIZB, amounts to over 30 different machines of Soviet end foreign
makes.
BR= (under _MV/ZR)Brtgade Inst. of Plant Protection.
Article
fl?tes from following articles
Osras Reviews of work of section breach, dept. institUtes.p. 414
Otd?iy Z R. Specialisirovennykh institutov-depts. of Pl. p et.
or epeoieitzed tos#tutes.
/294.Inetitute of Plant Protectien? (others, aside from anal, p. 102.
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Chesilin, G. A.
as
Amk riandolit't a into
sp. E(3):118-124. Mar. 1947. 20 S064.
Translation from t
sures in controlling
eds.
- is consumed yearly for both t
California
thousande of miles along
mount?
Ideal substance
grieultural andloon?agrieultural
inc to the detaProf. Robbini(4) (U
sity of
,
.the restert States of MA in order to control weeds,
sprayed .ye arly :with argent
sodium oxide, and along hi vmsrs with diesel naphtha. Large !rtIuiturai
fields. in-Xotthern America,and in urope are treated with various
herbicides and with dry mineral fe
institutions 'extensive work in carr
new, more_promisingterbitidos.
Zn scientific.researc
?di covering and applying
hirers carried Out in rceut tt nd1cate tha
ie substances a
of ot.
In order
In controlling we
1e'vorthe?l?, before
ve should study them
the organ
than other. herb lecti -
ldsrme must apply clam c
ously with agr?tacbnicai methods.,
.bstances into'production,
oroughlY, .epsctai1y hose from abroad(i).
s used in control ing mopeds, kbedolit (eon.
pound dinitroorthoores ryes epsoial attntion. In 1946.
ii herbicide of selective
khedolit.
placed into
ffeot, we experimented
mpound Is:* powder of orange
mound
color 1Oh, when being
onns suspension. The oompo,und c?xiiet8 ofi $6.00
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Chosen
04 A.
Trans1.251;florbieides
percent dinitroorthoeresol, 10.27 percent of sodii hydroxide 20.00
percent of anydrous odium sulPha
the rest,--water
As a pander, thedolit octoes fire easily. Thee
causef30 tea corrosion and, in comparison with arsenic
It could be easily transported to vnrious distances.
solution a ontroilin& Weeds of the C uolfer
In our experiments we 'worked on the following probie es 1)to
de mine the effect of kbedolit upon reeds during various periods of
0.7 percent
natio splphate ?
ound does not
t is not p?isonouc,
t 18 applied at a
vegetation and to determine the tirae'during
affects the plant; 2)to determine the concentration
khedolit whioh are able to destroy weed sprouts.
iments were carried out in boxes of 0.25 square m. and up on
lets of the field of the All-Union Institute of Vertilixation
he Cal ,co;tpound '
dose of
ultural Soil Production, and under field. conditions-
the field of the Selection Station of Timirifteev AgrioulturalH Academy.
In boxes and upon meter fields were sown Weeds of winter and 'spring
or non-black soil along with the plants.
The experiments were repeated twice in boxes end upon the lntitus
field, and three times-at the Selection Station. ilundred` grains of
the plant and .thirty, seeds of each weed. apecies -were sown in the be
Mon spring wheat reached the deVolopment stage of 24 leaves, .
the weed sprouts had 2.4' loofas',. we aprayed the field -with solution
khedailt of various concentration (0.5; 0.76; 1.0; 1.5 percent with
5; 7.5 10; 12.5; and 15 kg of the compound per hooter).The dose lee
roPe
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Cheealin, 0, A, Tranel.2311Eorblo3des
41" 1000 litre of' the olub&on per heotar., During the experiments the
spraying was carried out wit
by a regular hand sprayer, During the spraying of the rope (200/)
and: afterwards moo hot, sunny weather (26.300). The height of the weeds
reached then 3.7 am. The result f the exerIiunts are shown in table 1.
(Table 1, pa
risator under field conditions-
it in scei In table 1, khodolit has a different effect
-weeds, Ito greatest effect la sho upon the following we des 1)amartmeed,
2)vild radish )pennyorese, 4)blue cornflower,,Ohemp, 6)amaranth,
7)groundepl-plain? Weow thistles, 9)swallouwort stock, And IO)fleld lycopeis.
These weeds were completely destroyed.
The effect ofkhodolit upon goodefoot, field apurry, odorless
camomile (beten 30 to 100 percent destruotion) was weaker, depending
upon the concentration of the solution. Per the destruction of eruelfer
weeds in the stage of 2.4 leaves 0.5.0.76 percent of khodolit solution
ens suffitiont, or 5.7 kg of the compound pei hectar.
The greatest effect of khodolit upon weeds tekes place under the
-concentration of 0.764 percent or 7.101m of the
One percent eolution of khedolit cowed complete destruction ofall wee
r heotar.
411,84i in the experiment. _Higher concentrations (1.25.
burninge of titans wheat ( IO pereent of leaf blades
'Plants sprayed with khedolit acquire a yellow color. The
effect of herbicide is: manifested slowly;
d slight
several hours the ti513u85
lose their turidnoae, the leaves gradually Iciee their creep coloring,
are Covered isith light yellow spots which increase the leaf begins to
roll. After 1-2 dap; the loomeo yellow and dry out, the stet droops
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1,-1-000Z000001-019Z171-0108dCll-V10 CZ/60/?1,0Z 3Se3i3i -10d panaiddv pue Pe!PsseloeCI
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? Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
ghesalin, G. A.
Trans1.251:Herbicidee
and milts completely. Gradual weed transformationliusder the offset of
khedolit are reflected in table 2. (See table 2, page 6.)
The experiment with kbedolit was carried out upon millet on 'a
mai lot. The treatment with the compound vas donadlring the later
phases of veed development. The results khedoiit effect are given
in teble 5.(6ee table 3, Page 7.)
The results of thin exporiviont indicated that with the thermos
of the stage some mods inorease their immunity to the spraying (white
gooeefoot, odorless camomile, eoosefoot).
Gooeefoot sprouts *high have 643 loaves proved to be more resistant
to spraying. This apparently, is explained by the fact that at this
? time they are covered more tightly by filaments with surfeces which are
411 spread spherically *doh protect them against herbioide. The upper part
of the goosefoot stem is not Covered vitt filaments as yet, and when the
? drops of suspension penotrete into that part, the plant peri hes.
Of the sprouts of odorless camomile 70.100 percent perished in the
first experiment (concentration 0.75-1 percent), in the second experiment
(with the same concentration) pol-co percent. Consequently, with the increase
of the age it becomes more resistant to, the spraying. such weeds as
saartueeds,vrild radish, blue cornflower, pennyoress, emaranth, pariehed
completely from khedolit during a later phase of develonnt. Chickweed
vas aimont immune to khodolit. Its /eaves had considerable burninge,
but its entire destruction was rarely observed. ny applying concentration,
1.25 percent, millet received slight burnIngs, but 5-6 days after spraying
its crops recovered completely.
The fields treated by Itedolit, after spraying and up to harvest were
cleared from weds. The millet crops developed loll ard had a strong,
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' Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
Cheeklin, 0. A. Tranel.231:Ferbleities
o2
_
48 hours after spraying
?
'V
0
0 ,0
0
tv ? ?
d 13
iv
ro
0
X Lt ic
S
*0
0
It
0 0
e?
?0 ?-;
4.10
GO PI
. Leaves and 4tAlita hlaokons
drooped, dried out.
*
. Med tpeolos '4ix hours after :4 hours after
spraying spraying
,Smartweed Loaves lost ths . :Leaves yellorod,be-
green color,beeame came dry, friable
I- ' light yellow,drooped stems drooped. ,
Yemp nestle Leaves slightly dar L:evea dark yellaw,
their situati drooped. The stim i
did not change. drooped slightly.,
?
1 ... ?
1 l'
o 0
-o
>1
it
ffi VI
0 0?4e4
tp? ....i.
SI 4.4
e 0
-2 s?
,. ?
t
0
414
1.4
?0 11)
41 PI
.0
C4 0
14 40
.4.2
1-.
44-
fa
o
0
to. 04
0
0 ;.**
.,
4.4
*-4
0-4
0
0
0
1.4
s.
o
r0
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
0.7$
1.0
1.25
iftnath of effect
t tzt attit- ft- z (in twurs)
lenzth of effect
1 IP. ilia ofb 110. 14 AP. It. tit 1,`P?
0, 03 Zt3 a) cos o3 viu,
(lo houro)
a
0
.4
sue ro? P) 0 ' - . ,
' ? ? -
40 4:i 0
Silt VI 1,4 CS 04 0?, ? -,* $.4 14- 6**- bg ? percent of
t 0a it 8', a 8 8 -8 8 - 8 , 8 -5. ? us- ed dootruotion
Tho stage or.
44 43
to 0
ti. 43
0
....
0
'Weed species
wood doroelopsont
durialgA4plying.
4,1
4P l?
a 4.)
0 I.
=
4
,
0.
V
' k
4
4.4
'...*
&art 0 ..,
44 :leavea
100
100
.. 24
11 ld Radloh
$.6 belie s
100
100
48
Illue.00rnflowar,
6 3oave?
100.
100
.48
Field thlaspl
6:10avoe:
100i
' 100
48
Vield spurry
Eenxitng of ste
60
DO:
40
Amaranth '
ftaxismaxameamirk
4.6 loaves
100
100
46
Odorless ?imolai."
gaUgattastesitskiesksikaidiv
, 6.8 loaves
-60
80
48.
Fo1ygonao0ao buOkwhsat
4.6 loaves
78
160
-48
Goosefoot, plg0ood
4-6.8 leaves
50
70
48
CbiolMwood
6.0 loaves
leaf
?onside
.
burials
able) bp
.
Ingot
Ileavea
a
?
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-v-
Chaselin, tl. A. Tratel.23101erbicides
developed panicle. Ueanwhile the iota idlich were not treated by khedolit
were covered with wild growing weeds. The data of millet yield indicate
the effect *f applying the compound khodolit (table 4, page).
The spraying of millet crops with : hedolit compound, by destroying
weeds, increased millet yield by 4-5 times, in eomparison with control
crops.
Ehodolit has the vtron;enteffecb upon seeds which have 4 leaves
and ich iditl reach 3-6 cm in their height. At that very ?time the highest
percentage of destruction of all weed species occurs. Simultaneously the
plants being early freed from 'seeds develop better and yield to beetharvest.
In order to oopnre the effeet of khedolit with other herbicidee,
weed seeds were sown: seartweed end wild radish, 70 pieces each ?pciee,
and *at seede at the amount of 130 pieces (repeated twice.)
Before the treatment by chemical co-:pounds there were 120 pieces
of oatSeproute, field muatard-S0wild radish-48, During epraying the
weeds had 2-4 leaves, oat -3 leaves. The norm of spraying 1.000 liter
" (See table 5, page 9.)
As the data of tahle fl indicate, .sulphuric acid and cupric vitriol
gave worse results than khedolit. The effect of sulphuric acid takes
place quickly, after 2-3 hours, while the effect of khedolit developed
during 1-1.6 days. In comparing the dories of khodolit in various eon-
traticee, we discovered that the donee of 600.and 1000 liter, according
to their effect upon weeds, are similar, the doses of 600 was inapplicable
because its effect was week.
The field experiment upon tho selection station was carried out with
barley in 1046. Barley wee seen after spring wheat which lase been pre-
ceded by plover.
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Cbesalin, O. A. Trans1.231:Herb1oides
Table
Experiment varlet
1UG5,T OF TEE
FROM 1 10
-6).?.1Ti.t---"?woede
RAW S8
(in kg)
Yield of
millet from
1 m4 (in
DIFFERENCE IN COEPARISON
WITH CONTROL
(
(tu o o
Control
0.50
2.40,_.
65
Rbedolit 0.75 percent
2.00
0.25-
274
209
520
1._ percent
240
0.10
290
225
546
1.25 percent
...tic)
0.10
380
315
484
Table -5
!iorbietdee
?neon ratitin of
the eolutions (in
rcent)
Degrease in the
amount of Ivied*.
cent)
Ehedolit.. ... ... .. . ..,;.'.
1
100
Sulphuric Acid........
?.
89.5
Cupric Vitriol
3
85.0
Tab 6
Variations
.
0.
Iv
Amount of wosds upon 1m2
r4
0
4-,
.44
o
.
0
i-1
ri4
.0
v ,
d
u
"0
ri
iti
?
0 .
field spurry
d
e
0
X
0
0
Id 0.0
1
d 4,1
$4C
112
et
Control
Ithedoiit.lc . ..
?" 1.50/6
Calcium cyanamide
"Agrokson%
1
2.
3
4
5
co
SS
62
56
58
6
5
7
6
5
3
4
3
4
4
6
7
8
5.
8
7
10
9
8
9
10.
9
8
8,
8
9
8
7
9
2')
3
2- .
$
2
20
18
16
15
15
121.
117
124
116
114
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?
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Chesslin, G. A. Tranal .251:11e rb !vides
percent of khedolit concentral
d burns u
rope, but five ?days after the experiment they recovered.
to the lots treated with calcIini cynamide a slight Itin of
the loaves of. thipsi and wild radish vas noticed. he barley crops
Upon these lots elite had peculiar burns, but after ten de,ys the barley
recovered. Upon lots treated with "agrokeon" ee did not notice any
chanes in the weeds, due to its effect. Only with individual specimens
of goosefoot the leaf blades began to derma sli htly.
During the entire period, from the moment of spraying until barley
harweet,we observed the effeot of herbicides upon eeeds. lchedolit
d the quiekest toxic effect upon weds, cyartimide calciurn?
bly and !agrokso&I effect -was the slowest. Barley
. con
crept treated With c leiUM cyanam
became conspicuous by their greoe
color and high stalkin so. This is, apparently; explained by the
fertilising effect of calciun amide (feeding).
eetore barley harvest ,we; regia tiered ?the 'count and the tpeciet
age 12)
substances refl.
of loads. (Tab le 7
he treatment with
upon barley harvest. (abio 8 page 32)
As me see from table 0, upon al lots
yield increased by 17-29 percent in compar
Conclusions
olit (con
pound, pea ass
II the
salts) of selective effect
stakes it most perepeetive.
2. The meet appropriate time for the application
on
t
ably
, barley
thocreso,1), being an organic eon-
ualiti a of other herbicides rdner&l
posse
Log any negative effe
des is
ich
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Chas*lino 0.11. Tranal.231:Fterbieides
Tablet 7 and 8
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#r Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1,
Chesalin 0. A. Trouns1.23112erbicides
when the vied sprouts have 2-4 leaves, because ause it causes the highest
percentage of weed destruction.
346Crope vhich are early treed from vseda develop better, producing
bettor yields,
4. Mith the norm of 7-10 tg of the OomPound per heatar, khedolt
destroys oai*pl.tely the following weeds t 1)emart weed il*Ygonum hYdr*I*
piper], 2)vild radish, $)bluecornflor. 4)f1.eld thiaspi (fanweed.
Thlaspi arvensej, 5)hemp nettle (Galoopsiel4umaranth, 7)groundes1
[Senecio), 8 garden thistle (Sonchus), 9)evallovvort [Chelidonluir
majus)..10)field lycopsis, 11)shapherdle purse [.....m.Cas11142EltLEgREi!),
The amount of suspenSico per hootar depends upon the species and
the mount of the weeds,: the degree of weediness. In our experiments the
? optimal doses of khodol t were fluctuating within the limite of 800-1000
liters of solution perhectar. with the eoxentrsticc of 0.7-1 percent.
6.. The spraying of the crops with khedolit represents a radical
measure for controlling weeds. Its application yields the increase of
crepe by 1944 percent in comparison with the control.
It is necessary to organize the production of dinioorthocresol for
controlling weed4 and agricultural pests.
References
1. Sokolov. N. S. Genera Agriculture, 1935
2. Normo B. Weeds in contemporary agriculture, 1933
5. Controlling weeds toriel' of the Sewed All-Union Council for
Controlling %hods 1936.
.4. Robbins W. and otherwAired Control, 1942
5. Lokhnovich, V. S.-Magazine "Nature", No.42 1946
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
? Art.74; urrwpotal OWL'S litaM347111
0 Re litskii, Z. Retarding the spring growth and blossoming of
trees by spraying them with growth substances. Sad I Ogorod.
89,-90. Noe/Deo. 1940. SO Sal3
?
Translated by R. Dembe
Spring frosts often ?destroy completely the ore
large fields.. In connection with the possibility of
upon
sand with the
necessity of ostrying.out:the work for protecting fruit trees, great
sums and much labor-are spent yearly. The eariy blooming cuts down.
it production in some talons. Thus, for instance &prioots sr.
risky in Tashkent Oasis, in the steppe section of Crimea, in dban
duA to its early blooming, although this plant is oultivated it many
more Northern and cool raions-with great success.
For many years attempts were made to cheek the sprin
fruit trees (covering the root circle with snow or spraying with lime),
but these attempts were not successful. More successful was?. G. Shitt
with his experiments of special graftings (cutting).
In recent time the experiments of applying growingsubs es yielded
promising results.
Hitchcock and Zimerman at the Bois-Tomson Plant ResearcJ
(USA) made experiments with summer and fall spraying of fruit
(KNA) d-naphtalenocetate of potassium by means of a hand spraye ? Three
timings were under survey (July 21, August 20 and September. 17) and four
concentrations (200, 400 800 and 1000 mg of the chemical for one liter
of water with the addition of 0.1 percentqaerozol"). The experiment was
carried out with an apple tree (five varieties), cherry (5) peaches (3),
7
pear (2
and plum (2),;,. Various. varlationse the experiments were
Carried out upon the trees (Ift2 branches for one variation)..
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Vetlitskii. Z. !renal, 232 :Growth Substances
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e-,
Observations for the following spring indicated that the Spraying
checked the development of the growing buds. The degree of retarding
fluctuated with various variations from several days to two weeks for
the fruit buds and 19 dap; for the growing buds. July sprayihg.gtwe
best results for all epeeist. The concentration of 200 mg. im JOY
yielded with, the cherries the se results as 400 mg. in August and
SOO mg. in September. During the September *praying only high concentra-
tions Were effective.
The blooming Of fruit bude upon ctrcularaproutinga was'reta
stronger than upon prolongated sprouting*. The development of growing
buds retarded most; as a'result of that, the leaves upon the sprayed
brancee were
considerably :meaner than upon the control ones The ripening
of the fruit 'retarded. as Well? ,but the ripe fruits mere not worse upon
the sprayed ones than upon the control ones.
The results during all the three years of experinenting were similar.
The authors assume that, other 'substances of the growing groups should
yield analogous results. And Gaily, in their experiments with spraying
pot plants of lilac with naphthalin &oldie acid the blooming retarded by
1044 days. They sprayed methyl and ethyl ethers of d-naphthelin acidic -
acid upon loex opaca and Obtained analogous results.
Summarizing their experiments, Hitchcock and Zimmerman express an
Assumption that the retarding of blooming.by means of growth.substsnces
should be of great interest not only for fruit growers., but for florist*
as well, because this method enables them to prolong the blooming or.
decorative flowera in' the ground.
Interesting perspective* of utilizing the retarding of the growth
by spraying growth substances were opened also in nursery practice.
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.1,0?
Iletliskii, Z.
Trans10252:Growth Substances
Earth atalarilende, treating one year roses (is iarieti ), apples,
pears, peaches, nkhurme, cherries, jasmine, maple and winter apple
graf tinge. with growth substances studied the influence of this operation
upon winter storage.
The plants were dugout in fall and were kept .in basement-like places.
The treatment with growth substances was carried out on rarch 27. A-naphthyl-
methylacetate is applied in gaseous form (0.5 g for 1000 cub. feet of
the storage room) . The, temperature of the storage room was 210 C.,
the length of the effectio-16 hours. The growth substance
transformed
into a gas by being placed upon incandescent metallic tablet. A strong
./
ventilator with the diameter of SO cm drove a stream of air from the
vapore.tor to the plants which were lee ted at a distance of 120, 240,
360, and 480 cm from the evaporator
in another variation the plants were sprayed by the emulsion of
? light machine oil (oil concentration 0.25 percent), which contained
(341 percent of the growth substance. The plant revisIon. was done on
ns id erably: the seed
Hay firit. The control p
ta grew at that. tin
plants had 2e1-8.7 average sprouts per one plant, and the stone plants
had 29-52.1 sproute The length of separate sprouts reached 25 cm.
In the experiment varieties by treating with growth substances the
buds did not open at all, with the exception of cherry and maple. Never-
theless, even with these species the number of the opened bude decreased
by 4-5 times in .comparison with the control. The most effective for the
plant was the influence of the gaseous growth substance.
The spraying caused considerable butzing upon cherries and pea? es.
The plants were placed Into the soil on the second of ray. The plants
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?
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ketlitskii? Zo Translo 232:Growth Substances
which were treated with growth subetances retarded with theIr bud growth
by one week, approximately.
With winter graftings the 'delay of the bud opening wats followed by
the improvement in the plant's adaptation (the percentage of plantadepta-
bility-74 in control 80 for those who were sprayed, and 100 which were
treated with ge:seous substances.)
We also should test the retarding influence of the growing substance'.
We are able to obtain a new effective method in controlling early frosts,
to increase sprouts during winter grafting, improve the acclimatization
of trees during transplanting, especially those *doh are bir and in
dry raions (the delay in bud opening and, consequently, transpiration
improves the conditions of restoring the root system).
Tirtiriasev Agricultural Academy Department of Fruit Production pro-
weeded already with the preparation for the appropriate experiment ?
References
Zimmerman, P. W. end Hitohoock, A. E. Experiments with vapors and
Solution of growth substances. Contrib. Boyoe-Thompson Inst. 1939.
Hitchcock A. B. and Zimmerman, PJ. ? SUMMer sprays with a- phtelcnacetate.
? Retard opening of buds on fruit trees.
Earth P., Effect of growth-regulating aubtances on shoot developnent
of roses during COMM storage. Dot. Gaz. 104;26-41 1942.
Marth P., Retardetion of shoot development on roses during eammon
storage by treatment with growth regulating sub atone" s . Proc.
M. Soc. Bert. 8?i., v.42, 1943.
End of Article
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23.: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
liatveenko, V. Rice culture in Eursk Region.
8(2)05.96. Feb. 1950,20 So84 The author is
t, Agron.
agrotom
!'ranzlato from the Galan by a?-G. Daub?
1949, the Ministers Couneil of USSR, rtGede a de.
on 'Conoernin the deve,
quire little irrigation -and the shift it into new r
The practice
under the conditions of K
It 1941 already e
whereby the sowing,
The work of the expe
planted rice upon 12 hectare,
sk oblent,
stitutions and the
Ice Indic te, that it possible to shift
ovidtg is done by s.
machine into dry cheuld follow
The All-Union Rxperimental 1ico tetion came to the cone
periedleal irrigatiott which le d out as follow*:
water, end seven days without wate
days without water
irrigation..
Ai) far .a
favorable for
The first three months wtth
istic for Kursk *blast! create best coMitions for
that a
utings..
n days with
nine days with water and nine
old in comparison with rmonen
k ?blast' are
? ther development and ac ate the maturing e
Rice harvest has been rding to years
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lfatvcenko; V. V
Tranel. 233:Eice
in 1938, I rov collective farm etsk raionp.harvested14.
In 1939, the collective farm "VeerWorld" of 014.0skollsk raion harveited
31.6 /ha, and the collective farm "New Road", or Newd*Oekol sk ralon-32.9
Oa. At the Kirov collective farm atreletsk raion the rice yield
fluctuated from 12 to 17 e/ha, depending upon the variety.
In 1940 the
ellective far.
'ftPravda
f Ura ovsk raion, planted
? rice upon a field of 2M hectare. The preceding plant was sugar beets.
,The plowing was 00110 at the depth up to 30 cm. The tilling before sowing
consisted of early sPring double harrowing and of introducing fertilizers
with a deep tilling* The field has been divided into parts by tractor
train* Around the'field and within it, small banks of ground were con-
structed. For the elucidation or the influence of fertilization kinds
and doses upon the crops of rice, the collective farm carried out an
experiment whom, results are given In table 1 (Page 3)
As the table indicates, the rice crops depend in considerable me
sure upon the amount and the type of fertilizer, anwollas upon the so n
term
Rice responds Well to organic fertiliseres with the decrease 0
their dose especially of manure) the crops'decrease considerably.
Hence, for
rice cultivation in Kursk oblast* it is necessary to
carry Out the sowing early, introdcc.manure under the baelc plowing,
to feed by mineral fertilizers and to supply Water during the entire
'vegetating period.
Vorthernrborder of rice mowing in Kurak obles
uld be established
along the line from. Xrupets to Ryi!sk B.Soldatskoe, Rzhava and Old OskOl.
In these talons and in raions located uthward, we may recommend towing
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1,-1-000Z000001-019Z171-0108dCll-V10 CZ/60/?1,0Z eSeeiei -10d panaiddv pue Pe!PsseloeCI
aoIll=nriOtnin -at( 041190A13311
000Z00000 I- 0 19Z17 I- 0 108d CI -V10 CZ/60/?1,0Z aseala -10d panaiddv pue Pe!PsseloeCI
L.?"
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Matveenko, V. R.
:Trans'. 23Saice
of rice,varie end2e; this variety ripens ear y, it requires for its
,
normi&developlime
d aturing 110415 -days with the average daily tem-
pe-ratura not lower than 16.547? C.
For rice sowing it is necessary to select land whieh is located
near n irrigated field or tear some well.
At the collective farms of South-Eastern Southern and South-
Western Oblast's it is necessary to utiiizemeadoss of low productivity'
which are located near irrigated fields.
-Experimental work should he 'carried out order to promote the
shifting of this most important food product towards the North.
ADV.,10.40.41
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ruizai a ? 401ir; Alibi:1M L53.1.1JVIII
Ivanova-Aleksendrovav Z. V. and Uikiforas, A. Et, _
Hexochloranet a survey of experiments- for controlling-agricultural fesis
Sovet. Agron..S(1)476.00.- July 1947. 208004.
Translated from the Ruselan by R. G. Do
In recent years in the USSR and abroad the experiments in dis-
covering new synthetic organic compounds for controlling agricultural
pests are widely extended-.
Among the new compounds lohexane. C6 is ofigreat
interest.
This compond, name4 hexo lorane, has been prepared by the Insti
tute of fertilization and insecticides of the Einisterium of Chemical
Industry in the form of a 7 percent talcum-dust.
In 1940 the Moscow Division of the A11.4Jnion Zntitute of P1
Protection (Hosetarsa) carried 'out an
pound in various tones--of he Soviet Union testing its effect upon var.
1114111 loos agricultural pests (soil, locust, storage pests, pests of vegetableo.
fruit-berries, technical plants etc.). During the experiments-with bexo.
chlorane in controlling soil pests, we- dedicated consigkerable attention
&tended experiment with the tom.
-AP
to the wire-worms- which are multi.poisonous pest
to agricultural crops.
The experiments which re carried
in
d cause great harm
by Z. V. /vanovn and
E. A. EolikaS indicated that hexochioran In a veryeffeetive compound
against vire moms. In 1940 hexochlorane was tested at four points of
roicow oblast* upon the fields of oats and rye at the Dolgoprud Ex.
perimental Field of the Institute of Fertilization and Insectofungicidea:
(Z. V. Ivanova, S. A. Xopkov and 3. V. Ghoherba)vat the experimental
field of the Oblast' Rouse of the agronomist-with oats (A. L. Cull); upon
the fields ofkok.sagyz at the experimental bass Gorki -.Lenin All-Union
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Academy of Agr cultural Science (L. T. 'spina); with ho he Republic
Scientifio-Research Hops Station (Visillkov)
Hexochlorane was introduced upon the lots of Dolgopru ny Ex
mental Field by two measures-by regular introduction of 7 percent talcum
dust mixed with
cede at the proportion of one part of the compound to
five and ten parts of the seeds 1.e. 40 and 20 kg dust per hectare
In counting pure compoUnd it would mean 2.8
oats sowing sould.be 2 q/ba.
table 1
1,4 kgfhui. The nom of
?
xperiment
2
worms upon I mit_
* harvest
Introduction of 7 percent Hex
chlorane dust with seeds lt5..
The same. 1t10......
'I 50/6 Aust -DDT 125".
Introduction into the soils
40 'kg Hexachlerane plus
superphosphate 3
flettoohlorane 80 kg plus
centner superphosphate...
30 kg Hexodhlorane plus 3
centners of air.dry soil.
89 kg Rexachlorane plus
air-dry ?.
5.2
12.6
0.6
0.6
Aocordin?o the second method, hextochlo ane was Mixed with
superphosphate andair-dry soil oounting for one hectar 40 and 80 kg of
hexochlorane and .3 centners of superphosphate or soil. On day before
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.14ranov,A1eksandrova.,.. 'Trans143341Insecticides
sewing oats, the mixture waa thrown along the
by the harrow "Zigzag'.
The best effect was obtained during oomplete introduction into the
? 'soil of 40 k It iSnecessary to Observe that h xoehlorane yielded
good results, When introduced as 7 percent dust along with the seeds at
. the proportion 10 i.e. 2.8 k.g., With the introduetion of DDT minor
results were noticed (table 1).
The soil treated by hexoohlotane, proved to be toxic for e
worn after four months,. Into sudh soil under laboratory condition
wire worms wereplaced. Already on the third day 26 percent of them
died, and the rest was in a ondition of depression; fifty percent per-
ished on the wentioth day, and the rest showed hardly 'any sign of life.
Table 2
barrowed.
;Experiment vane ties
Field taken
for analysis
The amount of
hexaehlorane and
registration upon
1t2.
66
Contra
404.440 Sa 4.44404,04 004.
Bexoehlerane 8 kg plus 3 o superphospha
The
8 arne ? 4 41.14 4 4 S? 5 0 ***** 0 *****
100
100
100
Chemical analyses.
6.7 r
auch soil indicated that hexechloranecouid
be preserved during the entire; vegetating period in a soil with mineral
ashes and with a slight acid reaction..
These data and theoretical basea indicate thathexochlorane affects;
the wire morm for several yeafa and thus aeists in preserving the drops
against wire worms and other soil pests.
The registration of oats yield indicated that, by, introducing into
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?
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Ivanov-Aleksandrov
? ??.? Trans1.234: Insecticides
the soil maximal doses of hexochlorane (80 kg) per.1 hectar, by mixing
It with the seeds did not; produce any yield decrease, in comparison
with control.. The dynamics of the feeding regime did not. change either.
During t :experiMOoto of 1946 with minter rye (2. V. Ivanova, E. A.
KoPkov,and S. V. Shcherbe) the methods were the same as vith spring crop
but hextehlorane was introduced into fallow field during plowing twelve
days before sowing which has been carried out on August 24. In table
3 wo give the results of the experiments. (See page 4a)
The table indicates that the greatest amount of perished t ops-
in the control field was 44 percent due to the harm caused by mire worms,
while upon the fields. vilere hexechlorana vas introduced at the 'doses of
60 k ha, only 0.6 percent of the crops. perished.
? then seven percent dust vas mixed with the s eds '(the dose
ochlorane4.6 kg/ha), 6,2 percent of the plants vere damaged.
At the experimental -field of the Moscow OblastI Agronomist House
hexochlorane as introduced before the oat e sowing with a harrowing with the
? amount of 60 kr n percent of taleUm dust which means 4.2
?
kg of
he t ohn
. al compound of. howeehlorane. Upon control fields the
......
amount of vire worms reached, 46 pieces, and the 'plants were conepicuouely
cut; upon,the.experimental fields the amount or vire worms decreased.
considerably, and at the end of the vegetating period was not noticed
at all. The density of plants
ormal. The data of Dr. Thomason and
0, Jameson (England) indicated that by introducing technical mixture of
isomers or hexochlorooyelohexane in the amount of9,6 kg/ha the amount of
the vire memo decreases b6 66 percent; by introducing 3.2 kg of the
- compound with seede-90 percept,
In, 19460 upon the experimental' base VASERNII, (
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Voriationo of exper1mena
Control .. 4
rntroduotion into the soil of 40
kg EChCH* 0 plus 3 centner super..
phosphate upon 1-ha
Date when hex
chlorane was
introduced
The same* 80 kg HVIICH* plus
superphosphate
Mixing 7 peroent dust or liChCH* with
seodso?i .... 440?1110 ... * ... *4
Milting g percent dust of DDT with selde
1'506 . . 0 .... !
I =ti
1..wo a
0 centago or m
m. m
ercen age of deadperiehod plants o D
p CL.
e warms upon 1 duo to wiz.' worm o
o, >
21-22/V111 upon one ruaning 1 -0
meter.
? al
a
416?14.
44
0.9
?

0
n.)
0
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-IF-
? Ivsnov-Aleksandrova...
Union Lenin Agricultural-Scientific Ins
Trans1.234:Insecticides
tube, at Gorky-Lenin
gent; were carried out (L. T. Iatsin) with kok-segyz vhich it heavily
damaged by vire worms.
Upon a field where hexochiorane waS introduced in proportion to
seeds 1:1, no living vire worms were ditoetered. Rek-sagys was not
damaged in comparison with control.
? A preliminary introduction of hoxochlorane into the sol- yields.
high effect and could be utilized as a method of controllingwir
upon kolo-eagyz.
?
Another variant was the pollination of kek-sagya grafts. The ex-
periment started 23. It became clear after seven days that the polli-
nated grafting. are not damaged and the vir
worms perish almost entirely
if they hapyen to fall into the poisoned sone, while in the control the
vire worms remain alive (density-20 pieces for one m2) and damage the
graftings. We would not recommend the pollination of grafting* as a
method for
controlling vire worms, because hexochlorane affects negatively
the growth and the density of the plante.
At the Hope Producing Station ( Vasilikov) laboratory experiments
of 7 percent of hexoohiorane
the calculation of 100
with, hops were carried: out. A-nes: introdUctio
dust is auffi
lent for the destruction of vire-
kg of dust for 1 heaters i.e. 71c
of isomer mixture.
N.`
In connection with high effectiveness of hexochl rane upon soil
pests-vire worms, the influence of the compound upon soil microflora
has been clarified. The work has been carried out by the Moscow division
of the institute of microbiology of VASKHN L(
Agricultural Scientific Institute (Dr. P. I.
) The All-tinion Lenin
ov). The exp3rimente
proved that even by introducing high doses-1 g. of 7 percent dust of
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ivanova..Alem d
Trensl 2341Insecticides
hexochlorane for 100 g. of soil re s no depress ng effect upon
Asotbacter and upon fficrof1ora.
Woerve are able already to question the necessity of mixing super-
phosphate with hexochlorane o that, by introdueing.a mineral fertiliser,
we would simultaneously introduce into the soil the desinfestating cam*
pound. It is not necessary to introduce hexochlorane intqf the soil
yearly, because ita toxicity is preserved for a long times'and the?a
cumulation of wire worms in the eoil tkec place during a corparatively
long period.
During the treatment of seed grains, five percent duct of hexochlo ane-
.
was tested in controlling storage weevil legume pest and mites.
The experiments indicated that the mixing of wheat seeds with five
percent hexoohlerafte dust with the dose of 1 g. per one kg. of seeds
causes already 100 percent mortality of the weevil on the fifth day.
In calculating as the pure compound...the technical mixture of isomers,
this would mean one part of hexochiorene to 20,000 parts of grain i.e.
SO g. per grain tonne.
The subsequent experiments indicated that the of wheat
seeds by one percent dust in minimal dcee--0.Sg. per one kg. grain..
one part of technical mixture of isomers for 200,000 parts of seeds, five
for one tonne, causes hundred pe tent mortality of storage weevil on-
.
the thirtieth day.
The toxic effect of hexochioraner upon the insects is noticeable.
from the very first days. They ,becOme, inactive and are unable to harm,
the insects.
Positive results were Obtained also in controlling u066
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Ivanove-Aleksnndrova** Transl*Mtinse
cidee
pisorum). With the dose of 0.5 g* of five percent'hexodhlorand dust for
1 kg* of peas we noticed 100 percent pea weevil mortality on the twentieth
day. Only IS percent of the bugs succeeded to leave the pea (they died
immediately) and the rest of 8:50/0 died within t the peas. This indicates
the fumigating quality of hexochlorane*
More resistant* ?
nexoehl
rain mites (Tyroglyphus farina
dee? not have any harmful effect upon the sprouting
end yield of cereals* The positive quality of hexochlorane is the duration
of its effect* Seven months after the
wheat se
were
by
klewochlorane at the indicated closes* weevils were troduced into the seeds*
The registration of the inseet mortality indicated that even after such
long time the effect of the compoundmas the 8vn5 as if the eeeds would
be treated Iodtately after
In distinction from the proviously applied hexochiorane
could be utilized upon grain with increased moisture without any harm to
the sprouting energy.
Of considerable interest are the results of the .iperiment of seven
percent dust of hezochlorane upon pests of fruit.berriee*,
chino& station of subtropical plants, during
dust of hexochlorane of tangerine trees in contrail
At the
seven percent
e fOecCodea),
tea trees.incontrolling npulvinaria*, and lemon trees-controlling bromn
scale, the infestation decreased twice or three times, aocording to the
data of Bogdanova These, results are far from ideal, but they enable
us: to carry out further. experiments 4ot only by
1181110114 Which method: could- be more effective*
' The-Institle of Conserve Industry and. the koscow Frult.Ber
but by sprayingr,
Station
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carried out experiments b gooseberry with seven percent due
in controlling gooaeberry moth rinckfnellaj for the control of
which no effective chemical measures were worked out as yet.
According to the data of Uehatinsk (the Institute of Conserve In
dustry), after
heater, 28 pereen
priate tim
with hexochlorane at the dose of 30 kg, per one
festeition decrease has been achieved. The most appro-
..
for gooseberr
in controlling this pest is the
period when the plant begins to bloom which ctiincides with moth flight and
with the laying of eggs. According to the data of Ii, P. Popov& (Moscow
?
Frit-Berry Station) a triple treatment with '7 percent hexochlorane dust
with, the dose, of 60 kg.. per I heetar caused 35 percent decrease of
berry infestation in comparison With control. Gooseberry yield capac
increased by 7t/ha (in control-Bt, and upon
ield-15 t).
As a negative' factor, we should mention the. unpleasant odor which
stayed in the herr
a until their full ripen
of Such berries carried out b
the candidate
he chemical
f chemical science, A. A.
Pote.shnik. did not indicate the presence of hexoohlorane toxic.tty, end
the odor was
By
ausod by other.substances
onneoted with this compound.
wild strawberry in controlling raspberry-Wild straw-
berry weevil and wild strawberry leaf consumer, 67-69 percent infestation
decrease'has been achieved. In iis case hexochlorane was more effective
than calcium arsenate.. The same result
obtained by the Institute
f Conserve Industry in controlling raspberry beetle where the infestation
decrease was 71-72 percent at the average with the consumption of '7 percent
hexochlorane dust, 20-25 kilhaf.
Positive results were obtained during the experimente with 7 percent
4110 ohlorane dust in controll
gooseberry saw fly, apple aphid and others.
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Ivanova-Aleksandrov TrAnsl. 234tInteeticides
? Interesting work has been earred out by the chiefscientific worker
of the Institute of Sugar Beet ri ld Production, S. I. Docharova, in
controlling Sugar-beet and gray *cavil and angel...beet aphids* Bowe--
chlorans has been tested upon the indicated pests in the form of &- 'and
7 percent duct and oil emulsions of hesoohlorane.
The highest results were obtained .by the compounds in the form of
oil amnia As Thus, for instance, during the experiments with oil
emulsion lull? imbt 045 percent of hesochlorane the aver
ality of sugar-beet weevil has been achieved*
llexochlorane, in the form .of Oil emuleloAsi?
be utiliged only
for the pdboning of beetles in a len, becauee by spraying.the plants,
it burns considerably the sugar beet leaves*
As to the sugar-beet And
y weevil, he chloran compounds
of a strong intestine effect.,hen the
sugar-beet leaves, the mortality of the indicated Weevil reached 71-75 The same results were obtained by Vironovek Selection Station.
In controlling sugar-beet aphids hesochlorane oompound is similar
to anabasin-sulphate as far as Lte etfeot is concerned, but it affects
somewhat slower.
In Krasnodarsk k Protect were carried out
esperiments in controlling the new pest of sugar-beets-miniring moth. The
polll.riation of infested plants by 7 percent hexochlorane yielded good resull
t Is necessary to mention that chemical methods in controlling the mini-
ring moth were not worked out as yet.
?
Good recu1ts were obtained in lCraenodarsk krai- by the aundidati of
heitosbierane de stropia
biological ocionceS, P. It.. Galakhov-(11I1UX), in controlling Ants by
of dusting peanut seeds before sowing with 7 percent besochlorane dust at
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Ivanova-alekeenerova... " Transi,z5etinsectleices
? ? .
the doee'of 1
nt to the zeed weight. The eeeds
damaged at all.: and the ants by penetrating into the zone of hexochlorane
activity, died soon.
In controlling pests of vegetables. be oehlorane was tested a eim
various experimental points of the Soviet Union in.the form of 7 percent :
talcum dust and obtained everywhere positive eaeults.. At especially high
affect was obtained in controlling flea-beetles by
plants-oabbag and radish. After the treatment of the plants, the flea.
beetles disappeared completely, the damage of the plants was checked.
For 12 days they. did not ppear at all upon the plants,teeated with Nix,.
ochlorane, and during the treatment with other compounds they reappeared
On the third day in great amount and damaged the plants. Control, un..
treated plahte wore considerably damaged by the fleas and died.
In controlling owletegamma hexoohlorane dust was tested by the
?eandidits of agricultural science, l. A. Ger*.ci.mov, under field Conditi
on lettuce, on the third day after
?pillars reached 10 'et.
Positive results ro obtained by,.
he mortality of. eat
chlorine in controlling leaf enawing-oaterpillare
vegetable with hese
-
cabbage and turnip worm
[Pierissajlej, cabbage moth, cabbage owlet of second and third rtagp and
others. Ail the result; were positive.
In controlling cabbage and onion fly,. heochlorane also proved to be
effective. In the experiments of B. A. Ger
Farming) by
ov (Institute of Vegetable
. the basie of cabbage by the dust at the
radius of 2-3 cm. positive results were obtained.
Upon control untreated
fields all plants mere damaged by cabbage fly, flq'percent Of them- at
_high degree. Upon thefields'treatedwithhesoehlo-ane, 33 percent, of the ?
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? Ivaneva.Aleksandrova... T rens 1.234 Insect icicles
?
plants were damaged to a lowdegree.
When hexochlorane vex platted under. the plant in tont
destructor, a small *mount of it tell also upon the leave
sufficiont to protect the plants against Zelf gnawing
g. cabbage
This was
aterpills s.
In controlling onion destructor 0 Oera im. the 'Onion, pre-
pared for planting, was covered with 7.percent hexochlo one-duct.. The
plant infestation in control ems. 40 per ant. after the treatment with
hexochlorane it was 12 percent., and,the onion yield increased by 27 Tmroent.
Of considerable interest ore the experiments-With, the preliminary
introduction of bexochlorane into the soil before planting of onion and
of-cabbate.
This ummary of
ch orane Ln the .ss
arose concerning the necessi
' upon wari blooded animals, including man.
During the dudy of the effect of technical. solutio of isomers
cates which
be 'taken by he xc.
eides. Therefore, the question
he effect of this oomppund
of hexachlortyclogen upon alarm blooded animals,
has been determined
that it possesses iovr toxicity. Aceording to the data f Taredva
(scientific-research Chemical Pharmaceutical Institute). .the Mortal
done for rate When .introduced in to the stomach through the meuth
4 g, per kg. of the living weight.
he dos 1 and O. g. do not stimu ate
toxic phenozena., A daily feeding'of 100 mg. of isors of hexoehlorooyclohexene
during tw nonthc did not shawany harmful effect cOon the rats.
During the Study of the effect of he ochlerane upon the skin done by
Pr. Vashkov (Disinfestation'Institute) it has been determined that'
bexoehlorane Outing a prolonged usage of bandages 'phi& *ere permeated by
10 percent of soltiton of hexechlorcyclohexanc in turpintneor in dichlorethan
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.0446".
4VAN0VA1ALMSAN1)10VA Trans14234:Insect1cides
111 id not cause any cbane of the skin of the raboits, nor any.ahang in
?
' the an ,als's behavior, even if the bandages were on for 160 days(with
some Interruption). Five coworkers,of the aae,Isstitute were wearing
underwear permeated with 0:9 percent of hexochlora e solution for 4 knit they they did not have any harmful effects either.
CO lesions:
kexochlorane ie high1y. toxic for ran harmful insect end is .of low
toxicity for waim blooded animals. -This fact ia conducive for itevalde
apiication in u rioulture in protecting or pt against pests:-
76 don't have as yet. any right to confirm boldlY as some English
-fi xte:dow, whioh are trading heloehIerane for
granary pests that such grain could be used for van's food and for
forage, nevertheles me may state that hexpehlorene is'leas toxic for
:N. .
warm blooded itninais than the majority. of oho lea's, Used lately.
All this requires from the oheti?a1 industry a speedy organization
of the preparation'of this compound of high toxicity and of low cost for
agricultural purposes.
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Vsasgizuyi Nauchno-Issledovateliskii Institut Sakharnoi Promyshisnposti,
SVOIOVOdStin-Tiiiii-Ust Industry) (;-W? . 'tame. 235: 9044r 1401.
T. 3# 392 p? -hwy. 1938 666963 c.1;(712'a21slated in part by 8.1!. &dean
?TAMA Of COMMITS P. 31.6
s
Introduction
Part _Ono
Kit d
Introduction (6. P. vanov)
Ness propation cf auger
thoir appearan
Organization
Chapter I.
(3. t
control
pewits and prognosis or
In
ssa
Physical-nochanic aethods of control
? - Gathering and catching insect* O.); obstacles and
ditches (29); crushing and plowing-in of insects (30
Chs*ical aothods of control
Ictulprzont (38); intestinal inuctictdes (44); contact
? insecticides (AO; principal sothods for ensuring safety
in working with poisons (60)
3iological aothods of control
Recording of results of control
Chapter It. Ingo ts ininring Nazar (biology d control
ostbods)
6
1-18
13
19-61
19
(62-168)
*evil* 62
Common sugar best weevil clothyn trig
I. indemen;.4
v ( Eastern sugar but weevil 0. Arrml 140
Striped smelt but weevil itakamiftorno fasciatng (74);
Whitish sugar test weevil ,hr. deolivis 01.2 (70
Sager boot stalk *star alimo subtilig Sturs.1 (76);
varlealtad fibarid* earis Scales-cocoa Gova.)(77);
Grey auger boot weevil amulmcallaujir.,(77); black
ofgar but wmovil essalidium meglium 7.2(78);
Alfalfa weevil OtiorearaOhu, 3.iptetiql.3(78); ball-like
weevils striped and grey cUtona Onomtm 1.4 el. *rialto'
lirbst.3 itzbuta, (80);
Green weevil cxueolex, ?ovnlup 0ora.3 (80). leverozoab-Znboverli.
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Vsesotamyl
T),BLE OY CO (continued).
? Leaf-eaters - E. V. gvereztot veldt
Soil beetles (81)
saw beet beetle cOhastocnema brevluoula 3a1d.302); co
cre1ticinl3 bottle (83); root-fruit beetle cPsr1110d04
eupreata Buft.3 (83); striped grain beetle cpkvIrotreta-ztaa&
itedt.)(83); flax beetle cbit.,.t.gALL tAntiszTjla. Schranki (84);
Tortoise beetles cCanside. nebulosa 1. 6 C. ?labial, 1.3 (84);
cScarabaeldae) E. V. Zverezosob4lubovskii
.a.ethrus auterei Lame.2 01kravehlko)(88); June beetlee (89);
Hay beetles ckt1agaka_3(90); July beetles cPolIsuhilla3(90);
small beetles (91); Japanese beetles 1lifian?nia Nev.,
(92); ( ovit3)tP.ntador tdiot Brbst
Other beetles injuring sugar beets (93); 7'sugar beet okroshkati
atie.rI Itnes_maz, Stepla.3 (93); B. r. silent; click beetles
cU,....1'.eridae3(95) E. S. Savehenko; Sand 0:Medliek,4? katruzg
le_bautat L.3; black pollen-eater tseeet*t)coaont
pue steam tt.3 (98) ; emertvoed70 c Siluhldae3(98);"shpankifl
c IcahintiLtrahnontlat ra11.1(99); 24-dotted la Obug (100) 14
V. 4vormsomhZubovskil. c coins a vi.. tnt uM eta
Tranel. 235: Sager Be*
R410
BL
re 3. V. 2vere2emb-2)ibovskli
nt moth
.
u3(109); sheet IMITIM
ckeltia nott.3
Stgr.3 (U2) .
2ehiff.3(101); nvosklitoat
9); iss-ypellon creltis
ti L.3,(111
celend moirkA Onmea Islandlca
-
Leaf,!boring moths - B. V. Tveresosib4ubovskii
'Cabbage moth' t rat rl _ra I .cae L.3(112); clover moth
tScoterramrs trtf0111 Rott.3(11.4). ; Slok tukova is ? moth
polls Clara ea L.'3;.-agor,p)*covaipir mothPp)itept
r
3.15);Idonnikovallaii. moth. Crakill nocb
? tomato moth or karadrina matzemzgm,n.3(ti
cMytenOtra gansa L.3( mitMlIM moth akaagLAILLat-t
(11e); agate tooth r mettc 0 L.(119); lOn&Vinge
moth, clIelina exoletk L.3 119 ? arrow mothcankeltztalsb L. ?
(119)1
112
Moth c. cAerotis c nicrun 1.1.7; (120)
Snow beet webwoni cliemostege sticticalis L.)D4. Bel, I ?121
Sacking Insects - It. Y. tveresomb-Zabovskil 138
Maar rest aphid cIhLas Jebel, ..coe.3(138); eshchitkovailagy
aphid gmacapitue corn i Bouche7(144); Sugar beet end other
leaf bugs (144); Isteikadkaftelhlorita03 Cleadansi(leo);
Two-vingedOluterel -B. r. Beliskil
Sagar beet miner t1ei cismi 0?3; growth fleets
topUla ?e . ; injurious pats
odolgenoshka vrednallaucTinula sti&oaa J1eig, (154) .
Ants - 3. V. Zveresomb-atboveikil
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tArr,T=7:-; (eont inue et)
1. 2:75; 2.1.ti;41r .i4cicntr.;
"131.2.a.
clapc,,ntr1/2 (mpxlamo-1:27401) 155
(42xxlmedici4). crickets (155);
(.1tenr,e1 svorthok") (156); araoshoppers crettifoldolise,
(":1.4-1.71.i;;?ii11.19); locusts eihsraisea. (4'saranchorra 3) (1M) .
f;grikettlft, tor.io ( loigztreelv-Al unovertl-s1
(16.
("nixdhld mse%omyen) 71.Y. nverOzolab-ubovakil (143)
roapter it 9f pf Nro.r :leetz,cf Other ApJ.Tral, L'avv.en (bioloa
and puthoZ.s for controlling Ursa) 159.16C
SAtp.r ainatodes tHeteroderu Ichec4tii Whs.) I. I. korab 159
Ned :; lOctr cTstran.vchus altheese 1au.et.3("pautInnyl klestichlki) 164
t-griolne; tweet's 1..3cLipe.okkaoi (galier141)
.7403:tocb-Zubovekil 165
tivalak4)01en.14us loattzdatot Gers.2 (Necogonow.hkin)
Germ. . 7. gilveretomb-st.bovskii 105
Woo- les Lpite1lA412. (ggirignelo) da? Bellekil 165
Chaptte, rykicipips of complex Vetems for the Control of Pesti'
of jr Beett (1.P. Tvanov; X.. Luibonsudrov) 1894.79
Into:1i. aaartaterifetic of princi'pta tone of sug-r beet
plentint; 172
zei.omo of complex systen of mammas
Flrior to ope-nce of inasar beet sprouts (176);
fallowing appearance of sprouts an& prior to thinning (17();
lane of thinning -to and of val. Tubing neasures
directed toward pest control (177); after spring control
(173; ; z-,,fter grainrvesting; f1 nd winter wait (178).
176
Chapter V. 'eble BalLiblishina In/axles qf *Aar 4es 01. V.
Zverezonb-Zubovskii) 179
ilteratare on en/fa' beet pests 185
"..e x lgl
Zee- :?Astan names of insects end other animals referred
Intsn t..1 193
o: mitten of I.Aents referred to In text 196
ter-. Si" nate.? n re ferret to in text 198
1.1.1211.112
iei se tt1,,.4,....k.4.r n 1 en
Introetacti Itaraviev end N. I. atItme:elia 203-212
In1.1w4ice t Jigeevr,a upon !liar beets w3
ezused by diseases 204
-&rinn'tU aeaseo Of mew beets according to type of spread 205
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.. CO
Vesenoluzni
TAW.: or COMMITS (continued)
Transl. 235; Sager Beets
Claslification of diseases 206
Inflame? of external conditions upon diseave development 206
Influence of moisture upon disearie development (207); influence
-of temperature Upon development of diocesan (205); influence of
nutrition upon devnlopeont of dinesoce(208); influence of coil
reaction (210)..
Signifimmmosof varieties resisttxit to disease 210
2aStz of phstopethology in serving engar beet induotrY 211
-Principles for estebliehing measure* to protect auger beets
? from diocese?
ei,ter I. Tegitis pied-apes, 213-261
Osnerml enrecteristics - V. P. Mureviiov
A. r4rota
trcron9mora, (215); tRrvoinbaceael (218); Ru at (219);
V. Eureviev; tporcosooral 3./. &lune:alio (221).
cPqL3losr, (236); cpboeksi,s, (237); reocochzle3 (240);
monism:4i, (241); derisOorlecee.47 fungi produce achern"
V. V. rural?, ev); tmasks of sugar beet roots (242)
S. V. rerochkovakii; tEhAlo2bn_q* (243) IT. I. Salaoskaile;
av_slug3 of roots (247); Broen rot of roots (249)0. V.
:2orochlmvokii.
213
215
clIctertam, and cectin (V. P. Mbreviev) 2E1
otcrlal last spot 241); streak of petioles and ve1m3(253);
Optemonasentetaaltr4 et Jam. .
jacterial stalk stripe (253); leaf canker (253); root canker
(363); cnifikentiLc?(B. *Mk).
1.70ot tuborculosis i7hytomonasbetico1a2 (Smith)(256); gummodie
(250; Boat tacierian (547),; inhplertqq Scabies, (252);
cActinomscessoabiosi (256).;
rloeer paratites P. kturev'ev
enneutecene,
Chapter U. Dmo4jmfaa - V. r. puny ev
General chareeteristice of virus diseases (268); Mosaic (254);
? fling spot (259); Curly top (AURA liorracosans1(257); leaf crinkle
(258);E-11imitaft (2696.290)4
Chepter III. tcoloxical Diseases - U. I. Saluneksiia
271-284
General craitortettcg of ecological disease*
271
Diseases caused by obstructed nutrition
291
Vitrauo deficiency
272
ehlorosets and *brewing" of leaves
292-273
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Vosesoluzni
Transit. 235: Sugar lasts
continued)
Potassins doficiency and ear sis
Pho sphoric de ficisncy
Moron deficiency (dry rot)
Dissates occurring under the influence of obetziction of
oe?tor balance of plants or overheating of in ividail ports
of their tissues
Dry leaf *pot (280); Silvery leaf spot (280)* Boot burn (280
Crusty vartinoss of leaves (280;
Siamese caused by inadsqts aeration
Blackening of oyes and root stifling 2
Obstruction in correlation of growth of inn
parts 281.284
Zbot splitting (281); Hollowing of root top (282)? central
hollowing of root (282-280.
laza
273
274
274-279
79
'Chaptert.
1W. Itcoloetc-microblel_ Disease,
oral characteristic of ecologic-microbial disease (black
mead. (noreedion?)(885); Store rot in storing of roots
); teetPing of seedlings (frying off);(306); Necrosis of
vascular root bundles (308)5 rit an IV. v.bstas3,
black sold (1510); seed sold (311).
285.312
Y. Albication (313); wfasciation0(314); Sterility of seedlings
(314); root crust (316).
Chapto lrl.
? P. av7-3sa
?zlnctples in establiitng aystea ofmeasures 317
Scheae of noasuret 319
A. Measures undertaken for the protection of industrial eu? ga
bsets frva diseases ?
Preparatory period to planting (320; Protection of Oulter
bests from diseases during planting- (323); protection of
sugar boots from diseases during vegetation (324); protection
of swab beets fros diseases during harvesting and transport
? (329); _protection of ',sugar boots- from diseases during storing
(333).
? Measure* for the protection otsother auger bests and amid.
lingo froa diseases .
? Protection of mother beets fess diseasse (338);
protection of 'seedlings Iron diseases (349).
Tan-0 for PeterePlattx PieesPes 9f fultar 30404 -
P. Muravlov
320
353-366
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0
Vesesoiurni
Appendix.
oi*iogicpbdoicgiCt characteristics of
beeteria mauling die s of gager beets -V.
F. Amy, sr
Principal literature (bibilogleePh.7) a 41eaa1 01
sUaST beets
SubSect in ic&tor ofBaselan names end terms aPp
lug in text
Eabject Indicatorin names e.nd foreign
appearing in text
(End of Table of Contents)
Oct. II, 10El
367
389
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LLUL mr="017,4 gimmilmmucios
Bazumovskii,
Growing Substandesi ry. Priroda.
Translated b L Deals)
? It has bsen noticed for a long time that the
appears in the air in some concentrat
Reg tell indicated that -carbon onoxS4e. is the active Agent of the
ustinat mos in influencing plant 'growth. Later on the stimulating
influenee- of ethelene, aceteiesie, and of propelene -upon plant growth ha
been determined.
Z. toegi ',elated. theplant ? abet/nice te
compound and, deteratued its construction'. It became evident tha
indelelacetie 'told iathegowthsubi
(struoturai
Zhitchkok, after ha
with their effeetive action upon the plant growth influence
of betai.indolelpropionic, phenlipionic end Thanylbutyri
dolylacetie acids upon root 'formations (structural formula
? Soon new *ramie compound* which offect?plant growth were discover
Thizgroup of compronde which is found in the molecule of naphthalin,
?
une 1943.
Eating gAs
influences plant growth.
an ttracens and indolo (alpha-naph
acid, beta-inde171 oil Acid, sntbrceneactic acid are effectively influenc-
ing the growth of plant roots.
The adding of one of these substances Into the'soil is sufficient
root transformation of the plant. Further it ha been diacovered that the
complex ethers of atharahthal.ne, phenylscetic,bete-indrayladettclbets..
acetic acid, beta-naphthalinacetic
indolyipropionic and beta-Inds:4.71?11 acids belong to growth substances.
Sodium 'Ales of alpha-nephtheleneacetic end beta.naphthetene acetic
acids appear to be active substances for initiating the 'grit vth plant roe
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liartosovskii, TJ. Trottel. .2361 Growth *Asti:Ices
Tt is a quite interesting factor that the growth inibstan es which
stimulate the development of the stem, of the petiole and the formtion
of the roots, under the sate concentratton, as the above-mentioned acids,
also check the growth of the plant -roots.,
There exists alw.i a eerie. of other growth .ubctances herbicidee
which check or accelerate plantgrowth.' The possibility of their wide
application in the. future is stipulated for various reasons, by the
following:
?trot these growth Olbetantle$ may be appited for e removal of lever-
!lama, flowers end fruits,
locond.,?herhicides could be utili2ed
Third, they could be successfully utilised for retarding development Of
bud*, wereo and leaves of trees and buttes which bloom early,
Th e application of. herbicides helps in preventing the harm eaueed to
plants by early frosts, end on the othe hen& to extend the period of blooming
and, fruit iseturing (ripening).
lierbicides also permit extending the time for pring.planttng of bushes.
Growth substances are utili.sed for preventing early development of buds in
thi potato tubers.
Of special interest is the differential herbicide. This herbic.ide
stimulates 0 speedy ProPaGation of wide lea pleats, up to their complete
nt in controlUngVisas*
destructiott. Along with that the effect of the given herbicide does tot
spread:it:TM. of;rse_
The anlieetien of growth eubstencee is lidely. 4ised in orchIr& for
irrigation of fruit trees,
&lett growth substances as b?ts.4ndol3rlac.tic acid and methyl ether ?
f elpha-naphthalinaCAtic *cid,. retard the development of buds upon fruit tr.
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Baru "'skit, V.V. Traflel. 236 Growth Substances
In order to prevent the harmful effect- f late frosts and the prolonga-
tion of the period of fruit ripening upon trees, the latter are treated by
the vapors of alpha-naphthalinacetic acid. .(structural formula)
Alpha-naplIthalinacetic acid prevents dropping of apples before its ?
ripening and retards the blooming of trees,
Bete-naphthalinseetic acid and its pota9h and sodium ebloridee are
strongly e ffect Ivo growth substance*.
During a short period of time ineignif cant c?ncentrations of beta-
naphthalin acetic acid.have a harmful effect upon the plants.
A still more effective growth substance is the 2,4 diehlo
etie
acid - 2,4 D. This organic compound destroys all plants ithldh grow upon
without destroying grasses.
taneoUsly, 2,4-dichlorphenosiacetic acid accelerate.: the r
of apples,pears and bananas. SisruItaneously tomatoes and pepper are en irely
indifferent to the effect of 2,4 dichlorlobenexyacetic acid.
Betaind.oly1 oil. acid. (structural formula) stimulates plant propagation.
In particular, it causes the_ foraation,of tomato fruits1
lIaphtholy compowids (betenaphtozy acetic acid) transforms the plant
organs. The most effective growth, substances are the derivatives of phenosy
acetic acid: 2.4 dichlrophenosy acetic acid and 2,4.5 - trichlorephenory
acetic acid. They retard the development of plant bud*, assist in producing
fruits without seeds and prevent the felling of fruits before ripening.
13ensoic acid is physiologicallY inactive. Bensoic acid replaced. by
2,3,5 triiodobeneoic acid (1) and 2-bromide-3- trobensoio acid (2): (structural
formulae) are physiologically active.
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Bikswacrtekti? V.V. Trans.1., 236: Growth Substances
Acid (1) is the regulator of plant growth. Acid (a) intlii.ncee the
lengthening of the plant cells and, especially, upon the modificatton of
their organs.
The methods of treating plants with growth bet*ncss varye
in order to prevent the falling of apple" before ripening* a water
volution which contains 10 to 50 mg. of alpha-naphthalene acetic acid
upon 1. liter is sprayed along the eitire tree/
For retarding the development of buds upon tubers',
a
trees, and
bushes, the plants* or its parte* are treated by vapor* either are placed
into the solution or are sprayed by the powder of alphe-naphthaleute acetic
comPound''
The wet .ffectiv. r.t*rding of the plant growth cottld be achieved
by treatment with Vapors of net
acetic acids.
Seedless tomatoes are bt*tnett by various methods.
The regular method consists in spraying the dying blossoms by water
eid ethy
ethers of beta-naphthalene
solutions or emulsions of?beta-indolel oil, betai.naphthov: acetic* -beta-
naphtozipropionic or 2.4-4ichlorphenoxyprop
acetic acids.
The method of treating meadows by 2,4-dic
controlling weeds is right flow (p_olverisations
VT
t
o 1951
Lc or 2,,4.4iehlorphenoxy
rophsnoq acetic acid in
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Wand,. 2374 Moe
On crouing rice with irrigntion at certain lieriods. Sovet Agron. vos
40 69.79. &nu 1949. (S2he author is a Cond. of Agricultural Science,
Union Lica Thsperimental Station.)
Translated by E. Dee
the tanka which were placed by the Pive.Year Man and by the
l'ebrtmr7 rlonum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communiot Partg(b),
aecoraing to the development of agriculture during the pent.uer period Tice
should occupy an important place amongcereali. It lea plant *thigh and
resistant fruittainees, of .good prodnetion and -which possesses greet poe-
sibilitiou to extendingrannt
Cho 'plan Intends to tocroaee the trr1ted fields by 656 thousand.
hectares during the rive-Near Plan. Considerable flaide will be need for
rice in i:rasnodarsk krai the velleYs of 47r-Darsia, in the Ukraine cad in
Pastor O1-Its and also in: Stalingrad. and -Astrakhans ?blast's by irricatbag
the VOlcp..Lkhtdbinak flood-lamls. Besides, in a series of salons which
lack Imfacient and resistant irrtgtion, special irrigation fields are
creatod upon Whtoh it 10 most advisable to distribute rice in crop rotation
with vorptables. At the present time. In the Southern parts of rurat ana
Veroneeh oWste irrigated fields are constructed Ohich are provided with
aaaa PuPp stations; to many collentive fares there are constructione for.
rain suoly.. hccordingto the Michnrin methods of plant cultivntion... rice
will am= marmot only to Southera, but in the ilerthern miensof the40
oblaste am woll.
Tho *mating of planting fields of rice, In new? as well as in old
raioneo2'vrIn. is connected with the distribution of this plant in various
=ton, ao gnu, as their natural conditions are concerned, upon avid? =lace
between Vi cad. 510 of Phrthern Latitude. This requires a crest divorett7
-1111P In rico vnvieties.md an introduction of a new agrotechnio.
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shnlai
The asthod
pr?ducthjg rice by peiimrient ftoo4th of the rice ft
abich ties sotall shed for cantL.. le no ptae ir all redone of rice
production sixich differ by their soil, hydraulic and climatic conditions.
This netbod ot Tie* growing does not satisfy the contemporary requiresecte
of sscieliot production.
In Insnodarsk kral upon Petrovek-Anaitesiov and. Lab
teratov ablest', in the
110
ley of the -river Iris, in many Talons of
thorn Wain an SO and in llostor Mast*, es atl as in Southern Mons
of ?antral Bladt Soil belt, the production of rico with a p*rennent flooding.
is too conplicatod. end in many cases absolutely impossible, due to groat
filtration of the soil ond the inability of the mridez?seoll hellions for
keeping water, supplies. Undor these conditions * cpirplete flooding requires
a gnat contriep ice of irripting weter and the flooding of the nearby
territories.
l'ho shift to the navsetbo4t of purlo teal irrigsti of rice fields
is caused not only by the
di
ed sposteou, bat io of great interest frost
point of view of acquiring a largo asscant of .it difforonces for rice crowing,
the decrease of coneueption of capital for irrieation construction. The
introduction of rice production vitt: periodical irrigatite ease* the crop
rotation, destroy* the nests of malaria mosquito and create': conditions for
the application of high agrotechnic boiled upon mechanisation.
The crop rotatione which were worked out at the present tine
aid not acquire the necessary development in connection with the fact
that the irrigetion We e& doos not p?rnit the regulating of tho surfaco
and ground water*, which flood all crop rotation plants and fallow lends.
end 1,hich do not till then correctly. The practice indicates that it is
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impossible to remove the permanent flooding
capital investment for drainage and pump stat
waters.
By producing rice with periodical trriga
Trantil. 237
n larg fiel&s Without large
ne for evacuation of the
rotation .eport rice fields will not encounter anY-Obs
various plants- could be included into crop -rotation
product ivitik:
During the ries produetton with period
rice field will not be neceeary any 11#1
cut by a ridier :simultaneously with .the sowing Of -rice. - ate
stechine.
By ebifting t hie method of Irrition, there La no ed for paring.
XICOd by industry for .
economy cinild be utilised without any iMpor'tent olpiasnt for ;ice
troductio f crop
A. Thereby many
th would increase I
ke upon the
d by stripe
t for agricultural sachines.
ea
economy with full production. The 'r
labor the harvest of rice - i412. be successfully soIved, since the appllea-
tion of harvesting ,cachines is facilitated by the constrtiction of the itriza-
tion network, but all the-rice varietiee cultivated by means of periodical
irrieption are not lodging at the yield of 50 or more centners per hectare.
41A:cording to he research of The candidate of biological tiCiences. P
317glit various rice varieties during insriout *lases of vegetation react
soiltattm in various aelYa, while this characteristic is espressed in rico
more conspicuously than in other crops: According to his data :pOSmSSS
a double quality:,
a.
) The root systems of the ynmg and matu.re rice pleat
a- great. amount of
adapted to the irripted soil: when the plant is young, ,the roots ea
eatt painfully to irrigltion, but the mature plants are not only able to
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Dzhulai
Trona. 237
endure irritation. but even produce additional roots during the appearance
of stem which phenomenon was not observed vith unirrigated plants;
b) Rice utilizes (for consumption and transpiration) the ,same amount
of water is barley and wheat but rice's requirement for water is different.
For a better development of rice the soil moisture during the sprout4ng
period until the appearance of stete should be not less than 50 per tent,
front the appeaznnte. of stem. until the vat maturity should be 75 per cent,
and from wax maturity up to full maturity not less than 50 per cent of the
full soil moisture.
The production of rice with periodical irrigation is not an innovation
in agronolv. It has been i many hundreds of years in the countries
of the Nouthe-Bast, and is widely spread in the countries of Rest Asia
But during primitive technic and manual labor, the .yield did not increase
above 12.14 dha. But with our modern technic a yield of 35-40 c/ha La
no problem when periodical irrigation is applied.
In our country the problems. of periodical irrigition in rice production
were discussed by the All-Unibu rice experimental station, Azertaidzan.,
Uzbek, lar-Zast, Ukrainian North-Caucasien experimental-meliorating stations
and Southern Institute of Rydrotechnic.and melioration.
The majority of the scientists had as their aim the improvement of
micro-biological processes in the soil by means of changing the water re
of the soil and to direct the chemical and micro-biological pretenses in mith
a manner that. could_ guarantee a more intensive process of mobilizing the
natural soil fertility.
In the regions where the problemomi girritton water wan
acute, the possibility of reducing irrigation nOral. was ensmined. Research
work with rite WS carried out basically with an interrupted irrigation.
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Drhul 1 Tranel 237
Per a few days the field was irritsd and then for a certain period remained
.not only without any water, but the drying of the soil was even :pent MAC
'
Such ratans, are:: the Zaravshen valley of Uzbek Sp the downstream; of
Southern Bug, of he rniepr,_ etc. .liere the filtration of the soil reaches
- great dimensions 14..5 litres per :second upon hectare.
At the Northern Caucasus of the Rice. Itxper mental Station
and at the Northarn-CatkOssue Experiaental-keliorating Station (Ms)., were
carried out experiments with periodical irrigation of rice, the result* of
Whieh are given in Table 1 0 tableJ OW pate
Al these' experiments :a carried out
constant irrigation and the registration of .the yield b*a been c.arr.ied out
upon 5-10 one meter fieldis, according to each experiment variation.'
' erdeption were experinents Which were carried out at the All-Union Rice.
22:peril:renta1 Station, where the registered field was 100 12.,
?Aloost in all. experiments, the rice yield was quite high,. but. ? d cate
the Toll possibility of producing rice with periodical irrigation.
? in 1937, at the. Mosdok 21perimental-bielioritting field the experiments
with periodical irrigation of rice were carried out by the scisu tific. worker
of the All-Union rice Ciperiteental station, comrade 'Perkin S.A., according,
- to -a wide.progra . The field soli was the lerciacasian chestnut light loam.
The soil water during the vegetating period was at. the ?depth of .40 a The
variations of the experiment: ? moistening. by means Of flooding the field.
after 1,, 7, 15 days' , the control with constant flood.- ?
The number of the watering according to variations --tering
and irrigation norms are indicated upon: Table 11)
In the given experiment were studied 14 varieties -0 productive and
selection rice. During vegetation an eesentisil difference was observed
es the control of
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?
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? Dzhulat
in the behavior of the varieties.
Upon fields, where the watering ban been c rrted out after a day,
Traniii. 237
rice plants had a fresh, lijOst green appearance.
Upon -fields Which were
watered after seven days, the rice leaves had a .dit1y different color/re
than in the first -c oe, and during the watering.after. 15 days
dark green.
Towards fall Mils difference intensified: upon the fields with watering
of 15 days rice would improve immediately after the *tering, and at the
end of the watering period, the leaves would turn end becorse dry. Xt ha
been conspicuously expressed with the variety tends?. The following
varieties: Lysogolovri,,Belyi, Oolden sprouts and LICIP which are demanding
less water, reacted to ,the decrease of soli Moisture in less degree. -
? (See page 8, table 3)
? This tableAlzelicates that the yields according to variations are in
direct relation to the degree of soil moistening, i.e. the oftener the water.
lite was, the higher was the yield, although in a senseof cases during the
watering, by skipping one day, the yield was higher than on the contra
during, permanent flooding. Diring the watering after, 15 days, it has beet
2.3 times lower then during permanent flooding. As far ae the quality of
the varietise is concerned
1n comparisonwith control.
It is neceesary:to observe that with th
Golden Sprouts, etc., which require less wets
it is eomeWhat lower with the majority of varieties
under various conditions of the IrrigAilan
a 1 sl . Be pi, ULM
the etrength of the panic
remains without any change and
even increases ?during periodical irrigation. The number of sterile& spikes
varies in some degrees with Tarim!: nethods of irrigation, if the drying
of the soil ie not too great. Naturally, during the watering after 15 days,
under the conditions of a hot climate in the ratan of Hozdok, the drying
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Dishulal
Katona Where and b
whom the experimen
o - led out.
The years
of. the
ire
Transi. 27
Table
Varieties which
in ex-
rert$1111WW1141
prof., Vitte P. A.
P I
19294 a
: 11 1
! 17- :
4".
_.
--
...+ 4,0401
.- 34.2
.. 42.3
.. 51..2'
I with, --
q--1 0.2
, out 1 ?
. sato
rozdok, StOT8
.._ :.
,
790 6$201 24.7
8
0
10 660 8800
41.0
1
.
18 718 10728
1 18 --
32.0
? 24.7
Behind the Kuban lu
1931 .12
430 8160 42.0
SKOLM
.
The. experimental
1937
12 12$8 )$ZO0 48.6 -Sate SiOTS
field of the AII-
44.0 LEM
Union Rice Station
S. Ia. Iarkln
1
Kuban experimental.
1946
3 11641 8020 18.1 WbIt. MOWS
melioratinc etation,
14.1 LKVR
P. Ia. Krechke end
7
6
1743
I0S8 34.0 SKOtS
A. P. Dsbuiai
Kovocherkesk
1948
410
22260 31.0
K. P. Shumakova
-
434
14780 28.9
Tashkent
18.3 ustkhl ahaly
7.1. I. Vklonskala
Carl Van( Collect vs
Farm of' Saawlenek
19447
6
866k
1200
25.1
White SIC03S
mien P.IAjreohko
1948
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Winlai
?noel. 2?
it.rinefter1day
45
888
* 7 days
18
'
1080
3
15 days
11
1192
Sri tek the rtce y1e14 anti the abeolate weight at the
0 ? et the tr rgthe s.ra given In table 3.
Rice varieties
irtug ter-
after .
1
or
_
.?
5
o
04
*
10
40
o
rs
0
..?
?....
Iabsolute),
weight et
the grain
29?4
.1
27.2
6.7
24.4
37.3
25.7
38.2
23.1
24.0
22.1
tr*****584
30.6
38.7
21.2
14.7
24.6
58.4
039. 00**0*
? 3009
48.9
28.3
25.1
26.0
60.9
...??.... 53.3
27.3
50.2
24.0
394
22.9
52.7
Lysogolovyi., ? ? 53.8
28.7
50.7
27.4
44.0
26.2
0c1den sprouts.. 50.4
31.5
48.4
29.8
38.2-
27.7
56.9
1Xra. .. ? ..? ..... 44.0
29.1
44.9
27.4
34.0
25.3
46.7
494
26.0
45.5
24.3
35.5
22.6
57.8
Elite 065...???. 64.2
30.8
474
26.0
22.0
25.1
048. 4, ? 49.8
29.6
42.2
27.8
20.0
25.0
49$
060.. et?01* 6 604.0
30.4
48.4
28.0
21.6
25.6
58.7
001..4 6110 ? 61?3
32.8
47.1
304
32.0
27.0
tazakhi.sba17.,.. 66.7
30.4
49.6
27.4
26.7
25.1
65.3
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ihe eon ?enured 1itte InUnntively.
of the eraln end ud h s
Le forietIon
General enema
spikes in the s
panic'e during vete
sp e_
durin
or sterile
e panEcle
watering
?
E-0020***.**-* ? ? ? ? . i 42.0
Inkts...... ? 4. 4 4 * 4 4 4 33.3
nuts 012... . * .... 36.6
8 639*** ? 51.5
21010,14.4044044
LYeeCelev71.00
* ?
42142
...... 42.8
Golden eprontings.... 38.6
LIMR.................. 43.4
Barylo......?.... ? ? ? ? . 32.8
61.3
46.?
44.2
49.0
41.2
43.5
37.0
254
4302
50?7
35.8
36.4
14.0 11.4 23.0
1209 9.3 19.9 37.9
11.2 64 14.7 46.4
40.? 104 6.8 9.6 23.7
484 10.9 3.1.3 12.2 294
494 7.2 64. 9.9 25.7
41.1 *911 8.2 12.6 3005
57.0 5.1 4.1 9.6 28.9
37.0 9.7 6.7 9.6 2241
Elita 055.... 52.9 -53.666.2 47.1 9.6 7 4.9 8.7 34.6
51.5 56.1 54.7 44.4 ? 0.9 5.2 7.9 41.7
06.7 65.7 64.0 49.884 64 11.3 48.a
38.3 47.4 48.8 40.2 1.5 6.1 8.0 27.6
0
0411...04?11.0....
*
00000...? ? . . ? ? ?
e
0610.?????....?
iteselthl..ah317.....??? 69.3 61.6 50.8.4?.? 74 6.8 7.3 42.8
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' awisla84. 46
My studying the, data about the amount of .pike n besic panicled
we may conclude that with the majority of:Varieties sogelovyi.. Golden
Sprouts, ZIIVR, Mita 061.-Duko, Rely/. Raryi, etc.) duringperiodical-
irrigation the:vaticle is: str4nger than during permanent flooding The:
amount of sterile epikeeduring the watering every second day, after seven
days and during permanent flooding vary slight1.71 Vith all varieties, vith
the wat ring after 15 days the percentage of sterile spikes is very high.
In field and in vegetative experiments: during several rare the verietiet
which domand less water yielded a greater amount of spikes upon the main
panicle during periodical irrigation than.during permanent flooding. The
amount of sterile spikes in vegetative experiments, with, all varieties is
.higherupon.meistened soil than upon flooded soil
Our observations in 1948 indicated that, the percentage of sterile spikes
depends to a considerable extent upon the conditions ofagrotechnic and first
fan. upon the conditions of mil moieture and upon sowing term.
In our experiments during an early sowing, the percentage of sterile
spikes with the variety Belyi SUMS was less then in the experiments oft,. $.
Iarkin and in the vegetative experiments of P.14-21rygie with the same variety
during flooding.
Upon gosdoksk experimentaim liorating field experiments i,ere carried
out vithrice during various net
ds of irrigation;
along the furrows by
means of infiltration and along the strips by means of flood. The All-Union
Rice xperimental $t4tion carried out experiments upon small one and a half ?
meter fields'in lysimeters where rain waters were applied, with keeping soil
moisture at 100.95 per tent of full moisture capacity. Rice yields during
these experiments were quite htith. rftritig the experiments with irrigation,
along the strips and furrows., no basic difference in rice -yield ha a been oboe
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rattact -11.-Trenel. 237
o moats of th experiaents'are prearzted in table 5
Weak
EZ.0:49
-*lion Mos
xperitentol ?
watering
along farrows
Watering
along strips
1939-1940'Periodicz1
leotatening
10 1
40?114,
.0
.2
51.8
4?Q;1i3.4 46.4
30.1.55..4 37.6
50.7
stations 91V-
traorodar
Table 6
Espotitn
c.11)
BU.'
?
0-4
0 g
fg
Pi
0
of
?
tei
0 0
0
to
ard
5
106
2.5
2.5
17.2 57.4
10
60
38.1
28.4
19.3
3
53
104
2.5
2
-17.0 52.4
16.8 51.2
2.0
13.2
11.0
-65.6
62.2
30.8
32.6
23.3
28.1
19.3
19.2
4
106
3
3
17.6 50.8
4
14.8
-65.6
32.0
28.2
19.6
57
2.5
2
16.9 32.6
3
4.5
40.0
31.9
284
2:1.0
/mama,
/01
0.5
2.4
17.1 48.0
1.8
10.8
65.3
32.5
28.2
19.5
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Demist , 32u. Tratel.
Daring the experiaents carried out inMosdok upon the control with
permanent flooding the variety Daryl was sobs, and at the All-Union Rice
Bxperimentra Station - the variety Belyi SONS. Tlie data of the table
indicate that, during all the methods of periodical irrigation the yields
of this variety were higher than durittg permanent flooding.
Vield and vegetative experiments which were carried out in Northern
? &MCA Silt; indicated that rice yield during the periodic irrigation depends
not only upon the amount of wateringe and of the general amount of water,
bat depends mainly upon the time when the waterings were carried out and
which soil moisture has been kept during each phase of plant develoPment.
During the experiments which carried out in 1947 during the inundation
of the river Kuban', upon the irrigated field of the school farm of Pashkoir
Agricultural Tecbnicum? during the vet:native period were given seven watering*
at 680 m3 /ha. The waterings were carried out when the upper soil layer dried
out somerhat and the crust cracked. This corresponded to approximately
55 per cant of moisture capacity of the soil within the sone of the spreading
the basic mass of rice roots.
The level Inf ground waters upon the tteid fluctuated during the vegetating
period from 1.90 a to 1.10 a and during entire period it depended directly
upon the water level in grabens
The towing has been carried
Ut on of Nay by sprouting geode into
a soil Ilbich has been divided unsatisfabtorily and has been plown in spring.
In spite of that, the yield of the variety IXVR was two eentnere higher than
30-43.
the yield harvested from the othmr crops of the school farm with permanent
flooding. The data which characterise the rice yield according to repeated
experiment are given in Table 6. (see table 0 on page 11)
In the table we notice especially the absolute weitgat of the grain and
s filmy-form. The variety LEVE during the best years as far as climatic
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Denial ..13mTrattiII. 237
conditions to concerned, under permanent flooding yielded grains with
?
absolute weight not h dyer then 28g., end under the given conditione it _
yielded 28.2g., which is explained by the nortsal density of grassland
(approximately 300 plants per 1 st2 ) and by the absence of Npodgon* due to
which the absolute grain veight decreaoes and the percentage of tilt/mess
increases.
bo filenees of the grab to not great. If with the variety Kende?
which Wu larger grain then IKVR produced during permanent flooding, the
filmneso en:tunted to 10 per cent hen for UM the fileness of 19 per con
is a good indicator of grain quality.
The results of this experiment confire that during periodical irri ion
it is I:Lovable to obtain not only high rice yields, but grain of high ;patty
as well.The opinion of some specialists that the production of rice vith
? periodical irriattion yields grain of inferior uatIty has no foundation
whateocreer. This point of view has been rejected by deputation, whereby
rice produced by a periodical irrigation often obtained the highest evaluation*
? The rice :plant with periodical irri tion without a water layer, as has
been indicated above. besides other (patties to iscortent for the decrease
of expenses for irrigating water, especially. upon 11t grounds with hie/4
filtration*
Data which characterize water conitraption for rice irrigation lender
permanent flooding and periodical irri tion without any water layer of sore
experiments indicated above are given In able 7. Om raf, 14)
Deuce, the irrigation norm for rice during periodical irrigation without
eater layer is approximately 50 per cent lower than during permanent flooding.
Based on the work which has been carried out, we mey come to the cone
elusion that the potential poosibilities for obtaining hieh yields of rice
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Dshulai
-14- Tranal 237 ?
? are higher under periodical irrigation than under constant flooding. There
is no difficulty in, obtaining the density of 350-400 rice, plants for square meter
?
under periodical irrigation While under permanent flooding. 200 plants for
square meter is considered a good indicator. laturally, it is not easy to
obtain a high yield with such density. Besides, under periodical irrigation
many-varieties form a panicle with a larger amount of grains than under.
permanent flooding.
TARLB
Rogimuct where
the experiments
were carried
out
.4441
,?
rt deseription
of the soil
?
0
Vat.x
s
Rtc yield
c
_
under pnriodicel.
tglojton
Ander permanent
ritiodinz
(in nil-
42
U
0 -
.4
At 0
U k 0
1141
'V
a la 5 '6
:14 0 0 wq
"rt 0 *ow f.4
0 0 . 0 14
6 lip 4.1
It& iri Is 4
a k a 8.14'
unfailing, chest..
aperimrotal- nut 1tt loam...
irrigation field:
13
14178G
32000
37.6 40.0
Kuban Crncked soil
esperimental..? 'feats loan, o
meliorative .moadow-alluvium
station origin.... O . O ....
6
1 6
,
60
i
-.- 43.6 171i.6
4
Carl Mars soil alluvium-meadow
Collective loam* of diverse
Farm of the mechanical content.
Slaviansk
region
6
1
2.6i C6.2
,
lovockerkssk Light upper terrace
collective 1 black 1. .. . ... -..
farm *Lobar of!
1
the vela worlin
er4 I
43
31.0 43.2
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rhulai
al* n that the appl
on vide pro bo present tine
to tho Growth of a great amount ofwee ter Oath
t o wattr layer upo field they co the basit
end time they evlain the noccoolty of permanent flee
? tVedo e?mpear upon a rc ttI under peiodical irri
vith nay irritpted pima
rtholessp
ozt etre of lees valuable piti t -
measures of controlling the weedo e these Crop-o Ar
wetted out end tont& he applied also with rig* proatctiork.
rig producing r
basic against who
ivvo, ottgrd
der the periodical irrigat on re pier
be amlied various sae echni
of the crops soul the field tonditio
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? Devi1114 16 ? 2=01* 257
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Dzhulai 1? .6 Tirana. 23?
According to the data of research along rice agrotechnic and according
to the raodern knowledge about its biol
and biological peculiarities of
? the weeds growing among it, we soy recommend th foUowing.aotecImte by
preducitfg rice with periodical irrigation..
? The filkld should be selected among fertile soil with a gcod structure
and free from weeds. The field should be well leveled out, ,should permit
a good. distribution of water during watering along the stripe and. which
would check the formation of pools during rains: Therefore regardless
of the watering methods-, the field Should be Well planned with a grader.
The plowing of the field. should be Pio= at the depth of 201425 Cm.,
4
?'depending upon the strength of the plowing field. Spring harrowing ehoul4
be carried out With "gvozdeviza,n as the coil toisture would permit.
Rice is a plant which prefers beat and is sown after the temperature
? reaches 10.120C.. i.e. considerably later than the ',seeds of wed.s grew.
Therefore after the field has been p1o41? further field cultivation is
carried out according to the method of spring tilling of black fallow lend.
The last wring plowing should be curried out not deeper than 10-12 cm.
with immediate trailing. Pre-sow ng tilling should assist in destroying
weeds.
In Iurek, Voronezh, Rostov* Uatov and Stet grad. oblasti one or two
pre-sowing tilling should be carried out, and in tratmodarsk
kre,is, in Astrakhan and Oro snen obis-et.* 24 tininess
1'
In
In order to obtain good sprouts of rice in all iione, sowing
sprouting seeds should be carried out under average day temperature of
12?C, For this reason, two to four days before the sowing, depending upon
the air temperature, the seeds sharad be moistened (placed into water for
12 brit.) and then sown upon the floor or upon. bresent with a thin layer for
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Tand. 237
Drhulei 18
d.rying. After that the seeds acquire their former friability end do not.
stick in the sowing machine. As soon apr?ute are shown. the sowing
with a regular sowing machine should be carried out immediately. The
seeds should...be placed at the depth of 4-5 cm..
f the sowing ia done in
a misted soil, the field should be smoothed slightly. If the soil is
dry, then it has to be watered after the towing, but no smoothing is applied.
In IMrsks Voronezh, ?Sars.tov, reibyslie Stalingrad ?blasts s and in the
Northern redone of Rostov, the rice sowing le more dense counting 4.5-5
million seeds per hectare, which means 130-140 kg. of sprouting seeds per
hectare for the. varieties:
Belyi SZOKS LKVR and golden Sprouts., In
these =ions it is imposiine to permit: tt strong ?zutig, because it
ripens not .simultaneously and retards the harvest.
In Southern raions the mowing norm decreases up
4 million grains
which is equal to 110-115 kg. of economically fitted aeed.e perhectare.
Upon oIl which are not ,sufficiently eleaned of the used seeds, a double
lined. sowing should be carried out in the gouthern oblastis, in order to
facilitate the reeding. The distance between the stripe is 45
During the watering along the stripsafter preeowing .tillbg, the lot
is divided into strips of 100-200 m in length end 4.5 to ill width, if the
sowing is done with a hors. sowing machine, and. 3.8 m when a tractor 10 applied,
i.e. in the first case the strip width equals three passages of the horse
sowing machine, and in the second place one passage of tractor sowing
machine.
In case, when the field I? not even, the width of the strip should not
exceed 2m. The soil ridges between the stripier. made by a light ridger
of a tractor or horse draught. The height of freshly filled soil ridges
ovalikis is 18 cm., and the width 35 cm.
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Dzitulai 19 - Transl. 237
For a full utilization of the lot the ridges should be covered with
rice. Thereby during a Atli sowing, the plowed land which reaches the ridge
has to be lifted at 10-12 cm. higher than the others, so that the rice seeds
would be awn not deeper than 5 cm. Daring the wide strip sowing, the
ridges are sown separately after the rice sowing upon the strip's. For this
purpose, sharee,which are to be -sown upon the ridges are elevated at
10-12 cm. higher than the rest where the sowing equipment is covered by
slide bars. After sowing, the ridges should be straightened out in places
where they were destroyed.
Uaterings should be done as soon as the upper layer dries
out and begins to crack. Such condition of the field's surface indicates
that the availability of moisture in the soil at the depth of 7-10 cm. is
about 55 per cent of full moisture capacity.
Such soil moisture is gufficient during the period from sprouting until
the appearance of stems and from wan up ,to Axil ripening of rice. After
the first watering up to the appearance of sproutings a crust might be formed
which retards the sprouting. In such cases a special watering should be
given. he irrigation should be at smaller norms, 'but more often. During
the season seven to eight waterings should be carried out in Northetn regions*
and nine to ten waterings in Southern regions. there is enough rain
the number of waterings should be decreased.
raring the period of the beginning of appearan e of stems and, up to
the wa.xen ripening, the soil .moisture should not be lees than 6540 per cent
of the entire moisture capacity. For this purpose it is necessary to carry
out frequent watering, i.e. after 5-6 daYs; the period between waterings
from the day of sowing up to the appearance of stems and fromivaxen to ran
? ripeness is 7-10 days. Upon poorly structured soil during the watering
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Dzhulai Trans0.? 237
along the strips A crust is termed; in controlling it, the tntervl between
wateringe should. be reduced up to 4..5 days. Practically, between the.
sing and the. sprouting, one or two watering?. should be given, depending
upon the region because during the sowing at optimal periods after the
average day temperature is 12-15? the sprouting of sprouting seeds occurs
,after 7-10 days. With vide istrip. wings, after watering it is necessary
to carry out a loosening of the soil between the rows with a horse cultivator.
Practically, in Southern regions .d.IIrIng the period from full eipronting up
to the appearance of rice two to three between rows tilling are carried
OU
introduced. into the plown land with the calcula.
tion of 25-30 tilts. During the period. of stem appearance feeding with
mineral ter era is carried out counting Za.-45 kg. of nitrogen per hectare
? 30-45 kg.
sphorns and 2S40 tilts Iktring the varied of stem appear-
awe-, feeding With mineral fertilisers i carried out emitting 30.45 kg. of
nitrogen per hectare, 30-45 kg. of phosphorus and 25-30 kg. potassiust.
After the introduction of fertilizers a watering by a algal treal is carried
out immediately: with the aim thet the .fertilieers would not be washed. out,
but would penetrate into the soil along with the water.
The weding should be done at least 2-3 times, approximately, every
2-15 days, i.e. after two alternate loitering.. ft is impossible -to delay
with the weeding, because weeds'grow fast and depress the rice plant considerably.
Rice should be weeded after watering, as soon as the soil would not stick
to the feet of the labor men; the weeding should be carried out often.. every
two-three days, so that the soil would not, dry out. completely.. Ir. the soil.,
Jo dry, then the weeds could. not be torn t a with the roots, but tear off
at the stem and soon grow again. Tee lest weeding is carried out Olen the
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a
or to shorten estetive
tion;
b) soil till at;
4) the predecessors of iee n erop rotation.
In order to produce tce 4th pnriodical Irrigation, it is neceoor
acot all varieties i epoet to thefl rimrPti010/4001 em 0
f lectioz
tion vide
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gratikov, P. Transl. 238: Vend Control
i.lunckcrase and measo.res for
its control. (In Russian.)
Sovet. Agron. 7(6); 47-89.
May 1949. 20 Soft Translated in part from the
Russian by B. O. Denbo
CONCLUSION.
In.order to eliminate' the weeds of fields, it is necessary to intro-
duce plowing by plows with coulters during plow and 'fallow lands tilling.
It is possible to carry out weed control on fallow lan(I, as well
as on pima land, based upon the knowledge of biological peculiarities. The
basic problem should be considered not the removal of roots from the soil,
but the creation of conditions which would check their viability.
21e method of combing out and of burning out %Mob to based upon
the mechnnical removal of roots from the soil and which is connected with
slight plowing should be eliminated from agricultural practice as absolutely
? unfit.
The method of controlling quack-grass on fallow land which hat
been worked out under the supervision of T. D. Lysenko, based upon the
biology of the weeds and verified under productive conditions of collective
farms szd state farms of Omsk obleeti, could be recommended for wide appli-
cation in Siberia. By clarifying the application of this method according
to the soil-climatic and other conditions of the sone and of the specific
collective or state farm it could be applied on the farms of European part
of the Union of SSD.
By controlling weeds based upon the achievements of Soviet agro-
? biological science, it would be possible to free the fields of weeds in a
short time.
The Progressive study of Ilichurin-Williame which has been develop-
ed by the academic T. D. Lysenko, provides us, the workers of agricultural
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Xrotikov
Trail el. 2,38
production4th the know1edg of uature* egolurit,y and exists us in ful?
filling historical probleas which re placed before us by the party and by
the govarnuent during the post?war period.
un 4.641
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Voevedin, A. V.
Powdered preparations of benzene .
hexachloride in locust control.
(In Russian.) Ebvst. Agron. 8(3)1
89.92. Mar. '1950. 20 3o84
Transl. 239: Insecticides
Translated by R. Dembo
Grain dusting on collective farms in Stavropol Region
The author is the candidate
of agricultural science of
All-Vnion Institute of Plant
Protection
The author of this article studied the problems which are connect-
,
Id. with the application of benzene hexadaloride in powdered compounds for
the control of Asiatic locust through the aviomethod. The nature of the cam.
? pound. the concentration and the method of distribution. of the active ageztt
in the .Conpound, the mechanical shifting, the cultivation of, the compound by
the solution liChCB and the heating of the mechanical mixture at 125? C - ell
this has been studied.
? The author analysed the toxicity. adherence and the aerodynamic
qualities of the ccapountl. the wort consisted of a series of laboratory
experiments, of field .experiments and of productivity research.
In field experiments with the application of a maztaal pollinator
which have been carried out in spring of 1947. in Aloha.* raion. of Kazakh
SSB, we determined that the technical .effectiveness of concentrated dusts is
higher than the low percent. provided we applied the same amount of the
active *Lent per one field unit (Table 1).
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Voirrodin
0.26
'f,rsntit. 239
'Datil* 1
1.0 ?2.0
ccmtztion of 11ChCit In
)I?rt2Ut7 of 2arvis of the
*scowl end thIrd stage In
percentaso diming tho fifth
day
96.3
upon rembrii
92.0 93.0 96.7
too
it has
ectal (plant
feldi with
VG
tormined that basin role b teebraci effect 1I2.179
is played tcr the Contact effoo of the compound. Thus the ta1ttj of the
larvae of Asiatic locust of the 4th iind 5th 'stage from the dust doa of
5 kgtha up\on Rembril loam, provided the intestine eftect has been exclude
lo inproecad by the following noires:
of MICE
60.0
locust*
the checlo.sl
igh contact effect of ,achini enablesthe deo .ruction of tb
vent to it nourishment,. and thus p.rr3tts ths spate:Won or
tbo in controlling this pest under varied conditions..
ordor to verifY the obtained data we carried out exter-oive
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lieevodin
productive exper iSnts in
varied conectitration
f ITChC11
of avio..duating. The work ba
krel? 4urtng 1948with the due
and 21 0/0) acco
g to the
been carried out iii the Immdationa o
river Pien,ych against older stages of the'Aeletic locust and upon winter
e-nd spring crops in controlling the larva* of the younger stage
sults of the experiaents 4th the dust WWI are giv*z in table 2.
The. ,gl.ven figures indicate that the dusts of /WM are a highly
t larvae of the older stage.
this rospct0 thea ezuall avsntte i1icb iirapplied.larcur
**Into a% a standard coupound. Maui, froa oiiciuza arsenate at the days of
ffect ea asesu
ib cant
4:5-5.0 1r
he,
heigAt of the reed 0.5-0.7 a,
larvae after 72 hours was 65-70 percent, while from 0C41
ity of the
se of
kgiba at this time practically 1.00 percent of the nsects perished.
The table indicates that the teelutical; effect of the duet E0hal
uPete the height of the grasses. This signifies that if the fttsing
ent is in a high reed, than the dose of KWH should be increased from
1.0 kg/ha ulp to 1.2.1.5 kg/ha.
height of the irgetatian, they dope
a of the influence of the
0
height of the
reed and, consevantly, upon the density of the C pom& upon the povd.ered
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'roman
Traria. 239
L$-3.0
0.5 0.7
21.0
21.0
7.2
4.8
1.5
1.0
50.0
CO3
2.0
99.7
21.0
75.3
0.3
2.5
3.0
21.0
4.8
1.0
?2'7.0
7.3
36.0
16.0
224
2.7
0.5
- 0.7
21.0
3.2
0.65
3.0
27.0
.7.0
32.3
1.0
39.0
0.5
0.7
13.0
7.7
1.0
'4.3
88.7
--
100.0
--
2.6
- 3.0
. 13.0
7.7
1.0
8.7
5.0
10.0
24.0
4.3
39.7
0.5
4- 0.7
7.0
14.3
1.0
4.0
5.3
17.0
21.3
26.0
58.0
tot in graph P are given th aralyelId larvae. in greoh
The data of
tablo tally OM rift
CS ;last concentration influences the t
us
effective
for tuntncos the taortality of locust (daringtentrfour hours) from tho
? dose of 1. (as a 20 oio duet) At the hetgh.t of the reed of 0.5-0.? 13
anomta to 99.7 percent. In cane of treatment with 7 percent duet in similar
conditienn, there appearn 5.32 dead end 4.0 percent paralited lame at the
same period. According to our laboratory everlaente in respect to aero-
dynamic (Earl. ties of the dust. the low mortality in the latter case could
be explained by less adhesiveness. end mainly hi the lees of the low percent
compoundo from the powdered areas. The latter circumstance ban been con
firmed also during the field taper slats of aviopollination. Daring the
treatment t.m caught uesU8 partial* NI of the compound into Karl cape. the data
of the chemical analyses which were carried out according to the -method of
Erunt.i indicated that with a wind speed of I mieec, the loss of compounds
f various concentvatione In percentage is evreesed as follows:
'oven percentage 110.0
thirteen pereentre 65.0
twenty percen4ge 34.5
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Voevodia
fears
E
leg the technical effeetiveness.
plication
of ntrated dust. 20 efo and more) leacis to the decreaoe of oonewmp.
tion by applying the aviation method. Thus, with the increase. Gowen.
tration TIChCH from? to 21 ole the dose of dust during the treatment de.
creases fron 14.2 up to 4.7 ha, and the field treated with one load
(the averaos of 3.80 kg) of the airplane increase's .from 15 to 37.5 ha.
Along with that the beneficial time for the Work cycle direct pollina. ?
tion inereage. from 22.5 percent in the first cage to 40 percent in the
wood one
Ladd*. experiacntiug, we earriod out in the tsing men
treatment with the locust :upon the fields of winter
SPrIng cro
collective fares of taineralovodfic. Apollo and other ratans of Stavropol
krai. Thom treatments secured the yield of cereal upon a lot of appro
? ly 10000 ha end elimizs4ted the locust threat It became clear that besides
? - other confirmative qualities, the dusts of When have a stimulating. effect
upon tho pinata. thus, according to T.- I.Shirt* the leader or Oeorgita
equad on controlling
locust taw supervised these treatments, the yield of
winter and spring wheat on the lots which were treated with the dust RC=
amounted to 10 eihs, while the yield of the fields which ware not treated
with 110hC11 end which were not infested by locust holothurisns amounted to
15 o/ha. The problem of the possibility of combining the insecticide and
stimulating effect of the compound is under study (P. V. Sasonow and A. A.
Bogderin)?
of liehCit
?results of our work on pollinating the crops with the
rder to destroy the locust larvae are given in table 3.
As the data of the table? indicates, in these experiments the hid"
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Toevodin
technical effectiveness of the duets MOEI comparison with c
I. higher than under the conditions of An
eenite at the dose of 4.2
.percent of the larva
agent. Thus, fro* cactus
ha during twenty..feur hours perished
3.7
while frai the minimal dose of liCheil .0.7 kgtbo dortag
? the va130 period peritod 52 percent of locust and 30 percent were paralyse8.
it iv aecessery to notice that calcine areenite? dne to the- dmttger
of burning the plents. wee not applied upon the crops, but hoe been need =17
for the treatment of falIov lends. eto
The advantage of REICH during its a.ppltcattoo upon cropsite
Lghtening effect upon the locust larvae.
the dent-liChell are leavieg the treated
Wit eh are powdered
it tease
feed that:calves.
ne of the experiments ve observed bOw the ? moving from fallow tmdo
et crops, when they reached the belt cooM vIth duet liChina weed
along th etrip end then turned hack to the. fallowend.
ee should underline the fleet that the mortalit of loctLnt larvto
varlet; n respect to large (1.04..) kg/ht) end small (g.7 kg/ha) qmntittes
of MICR. Zn the case of great etwonte of BOOT. we observed a speedy
sortrIlity of locust*, which le meet important daring treetetent of infested
crepe. Two helot; later more than. a half of the larvae are already dead
and a pert in paralysed._ in cage with sill quantities of ItChCli we obsern
a difforont picture. The umberof the paralysed larvae increases constvnta.
Ly; the nuttber of the dead larvae tncrnaeei gradually.
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Toerodin
uclxca. concentration
in percentage ?
.. 7
!rang. M0
Table 3
a.o
? 6.0
1.2
a?o
; 4.8
1.0
124
6.5
2.0.
10.0
Calcium
Arsenite
4.2
158.0 0.6
aa
I
16.0 25.?
1
90.3 to.?.
821.3
.0
.7
9.0
pt.()
35.0
P75.0
30.0
62.0
Do Costhe boner pia]. in
upon the tchMeii1 effect and upon the eConon, by n
they also help * decrease of government's expenses to
locust control.
cocrerison of the expense* by.'n1nj 3.0 tons of flthIB in the term
("be Me 8)
reatment of 10.000 he* (dose of 13ChC3
Tablet 4
of itehOrr
rplene$
mare* in
of duets of varie& concentration* to
3. irdba) is given in table 4.
Ramo of the
er?jonce
Zxpee *pending upon the
concentration* of EChell in ?to
Bequiresamt
for tho for.....
Transport expenses..
Airplane lotding....
Plying hours for '
throwing out the
compound.... ?????
Total expenses
10 ? 0 0 ttri
Total nzionocs for
1 ha
in**
4
43443
10.7?
6.40
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Vermeil%
- 8 Trona. 179
* The cost of liCkell is exmlnded since it is constant et ell
concentratione?
The data given in the table indicate the great significance in
ci-
centratton of dusts for the decrease of expenses during avio-pol3.inut un
By shiftine from 7 percent to 21 percent dust* the cost of lebor de.cmartecI
more taf21 double end with the substitute of 13 percmt con-iceman with. 21.
psregelt ,Jet obtsin more than 30 percent of economy en measures.
into consideration the general volxvie of work, we ma.,:t
thet t (34,01)Cr7 Trd.ght indicate quite a considerable sum.
Ir t ow-election with other elements of the compound construct!
sides -101 till .centration of the sztive agent, let us emu up that the sat=
of thin, influences considerably the tech.nics1 effect of low peref.nt
d-acts.h, for instance, the mortality of isms of the OPCSOTICI it t.b.f.114.
? stel, tLf.:' fifth dP-ky after the Appliention of 5 -jjf7rof 5 percent t-letan
47,7 ,reent, and in the cese of diatomite dust ara percent. it
trIcur. le not 'the only feeder for thie eurpose, because the 01/13t, 117N111 01'1 ..A1
feeders utrIntite, Oolomite, gismmieteA sleg) yield not only le-If e,00t
but F,t tiinc5 even higher effect. With the increase of eoncertretian o7T11.:E
ri,rnro?-.5_-;o,141,* ttr; to 20 percemt the difference in the, effect for the HE:ority
ef the err:11120d feeders (except those ehose specific gravity is f4r1711?)?e19...
aPrOZ'1, Vth indicates also one of the advantages of conceatrateR. c7i!Flt-,3
RR it Ort?I'Afl the posribility of selecting the feeder.
The ?mounds which are distributed on the eurfeee and which were ob-.
V1.ned. the MUT solution as well as by heating the mechanical mixture
(thermic) proved to be more effective at a low (540 percent) concentration
of liChCri than plain neebanical mixtures of the active agent and of the
? feeder. ..,or instance, if from 5 percent nechmicel solution of iiMar.;:l 14th
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Voaclin
.. 9
?rectal. 239
410 Xersbrit loam at .the dose of the compound - 5 kg/hi, 49.7 percent of V'..rv:In
of the second tnd of the third stage perished, then frost 5 percent t
planted compound - 82 percent perished and from thermic - t33 ptircont.
Vae increase of the concentration of EChCH in competztds. ns it hr;
been ob&Iriced by the inbstitution of one kind of poison with the othor, le% is
to the Involing out of the technical effect by various proparations of the
taste.
It la .0Ce *Sari to observe the possibility of poisoning boos vith
dust or if on the pollinated fields are avsilable blooming hone=s
carriers 3t1r..;. teshive is nearby.
urtrore, in order to protect the bees, in case of the nece .1t,_.*
? ROLE tra;.--telaut neer beehives, the latter should be removed at 5-7 Lira: CIVi
1111 the place o.f work. approximetely for 10-15 dews.
cuarising the above, we should -mention that the dust cf ht
annasees c.acinis areenite as far as technical effect is concexneci. tc
the liartles:iness for the plants and due to the complexity of their 4112vet,
they could Jo applied in controlling locust weer such conditions undor
calcium ursentto is difficult to apply, particularly upon crops cld in tirt
ratans. The stimulating effect of EChCH upen the plant is en aaitional
argusumt in favor of applying iiCht41 dusts upon crops.
Concontzsted dusts in coeparison with low percent dusts are of
er techniez-.1 effect. promote the increase of airplane productivity and the
d.ecrmse t,overnmentle expenses for locust control measures.
-4.-lea upon the exposed enteriftl we may detrmaine that in controll-
ing Astn locust of younger stages upon crops and upon virgin soil with 3
? lowicx-9.fi.ci It is sufficient to consume 0.75-1.0 kg/he of technic71 !IthCIT.
On flux rith vegetation of 3.5-3.0 m height for the control of larvae of old-
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Voeirodin
r stezesa the cce e . 1.10bC11 sioud be ill sod .up to 1.23.5 kiaba?
IVA 11.-7.-51
10:?
?mai. 239.
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? chesalin. G. A.
srpertnents in weed control on
the fields of collective fires in
Dnitrovekii District in MOrcow
Region. (t* Dassiso)- soot. Agron
9(2)178-94. Feb. 1950 20 5o94
?
Trans'. 2A0 Weed control.
t by a.Pemba
Table 1
Crops
Perennic1 craeses of the
second jeLr of utiliss-
tion.......... ** .....
Spring wheat............
Fallow lend... ? . ? I Vo ? ? ? ?
Winter ...
Potatoes.... .. .. ? ..
Oats and other spring
crops.. . . ......
Black fallow
Winter r,teat -
Perennial grasses of the
first year
o t of weed seed
upon a field of be [Amount of seeds per 1 w2
i* a laiar in a layer of 0-20 cat
0-10 on I 10-20 cm
6720 13360
7360
6760
9220
7720
9880
9320 ?
10920 4660
7620 6900
14120
16940
/8200
25480
14420
Table 2
Amount of beeds upon 1 132
Perennial Grasse* of the second
year of utilisation
Spring wheat...................
Fallow lend
Winter rye.... .. . ?
Potato? s
Oats 11.0400?00-00,b0,11O4koW .....
Black fe-llow land .........
Winter . * .... 44.*.0
PerenniU m.sses of the first
IDyear of utilisation .......
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Cheallin
Transl. 240
Table 3
? ? . ? ? ? ?? ? ** S.
V1ktmeat0.???????
PO tetit00 Os ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
%Ale 4
Ueste
Umbel! of sprouts o
weeds upon a field;
of shallow plowing
I under ',lute-7 crops
-
per 1 -
Mater of sprouts
t of weeds upon a
field of shallow
Ip1o4nC tinder
sheet per 1 in2
11140-0W.*???
Pinweroao agreed
tPhIart "
BaCkithetlt IN ? Is
SIAM' ? ? ? ? d?
Ptin de ? ? ? ?????????
Odorless encoalle..
thideleinOds ? ? * ? ? ? ?
14
9
11
6
4
a
14
32
24
25
3
40
49.
? ??
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Oheenlin
Tratel.:240
Aye and tinter wheat
lath Crass .
Spring
?
?reason of tho 2nd year....
I 31460 ?sat
llou ..
Ormenoo, of. the First year:
Cropo
Winter theat.
%Etter
Spring trlioat..
,
Average yield A
from the entire from
field of crops fleid o
ln.collective In collective
rm stelae* in ' farm Voddubki
in eihn
able 6
gihei
Oat*. 1111 ,11,11, ft 1,1,0 *
ICIA. 1
25.0
22.8
18.0
220.0
33.5
er
tin C
10.0
15.0
16.0
6.8
9.0
.9.0
170.0
504
IM?s?
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?Mita ads 341 lied 045Aro,.
Utelrhin,
Acroptilon picris and measure
for its control. (In Itueillan?)
Sovet. Agron. 8(4):69-77. Apr.
195.20 8094
Tranilatdpa .24m part ba- U. Demo
Conclusion
Saartweed is one of the moat harmful quarantine veecl9 of the u horn
dry region* of Ukrainian SR. Us euceessful -control could be apcomplished
only by applying the complex of agrotedmic measures upon the field of crop
rotation (incltuling special meamires in tilling the soil which le covered
with acroptilon pier's) and upon other' toll fields tn compliance .with *Dream-.
!rational Tarantino measUree.
In collective and state farms whose fields are covered by eicroptilon
picrte* the introduitian and a fall application of grass crop rotations is of
primary significance. e crop rotations which are introduced. it the regions
',hero acroptilon Was should have at least two fields of bleak
? fall= land up*
ageotechnical measures in controlling ecropt lion.
and. at lentat three fields of winter crops (uheat, rye) which depress
scroptilon the most.
7ho fol2owing*?choieal measures wh
directed to the dee-
traction of acroptilon are Important:tan early shelling of stubble at the
depth of 8-6 cm.; plowing of plow' land and the whirling of fallow land at
the depth of 23-25 cm.. depending upon the power of the piendi layer* by
plows with coulters. The soil with insufficiently powerful plown layer,
the tillins should be carried out Iv gradual deepening.
One of the decisive measures in controlling acroptilot is a deep and
opportune (daring itsgrowth) cut down of'smartweed in the fallow field.
The beet equipment for this purpose is the chisel-cultivator MI with gun=
paws. During chiseling, the cutting of wart weed is carried out at the
depth of 18.20 cm without turning the layer, whereby the soil wauld not dry
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?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1.
Vtek-hin
On
?,
out h
The depth
to 7-10 cm.
ring the cutttng of the enartwe
lag tho fields of. root fragments by manual
which i especially added to the draft.
should be dried out end then burnt.
A &Bop tilling or fallow lan&s shotild
absence of hinle the fallow
ongh-sharee without terraces, a
41
d bo
depth of 12-14 cm.
Ung should be decreased in the second half of the scift-
sha
it is necesenry
s by chisel-cultivator or
complete the work by clear-
thod or by a- root receptacle
collected gmartveed roots
arried out duri he
appearance of the first spronts of staartweed upon the
? out porittt.n& its growth higher than 8-10 cm.
Zogarate spots of CM upon fallow leid
by s*
emrttreed
tivation which is carried out according to
In sunor, during vegetation, it is nec: sosrj to
of cereals in all fields of crop ,rotation at least thr
tween row tilling of Iktrrow plores crops should be done
sarfaco, vtth
be destroyed
ed?
e of
the crops
litte
r and
horse plowing according to' the appearance of smartweed and of other weeds
tinco)* with -senaal 'weeding in the rows .(*prOsaPka
in places where toortweed.appeared at .fir etin separate ts, it
should be destroyed by manual digging out at the depth of at least 40 .cn.
with the subsequent burning of the roots.
Upon waste )And, road curbs and upon other' inconvenient, unutil
e=rtwood should be destroyed by applying chemical Mee
5.
ed
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ittekhin
s noces
to observe
$zspwtlofl of the geed qualitiesat lab
port, or transport of?. wast's hay and of
Trottel. 241
after
ow se
rag into in glens whore
seartweo is absent to ?boric strictly all themites in cleaning end p
servinG seeds.
KU 131051
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Ilabotnnw, T. V.
Ltigovia sondaki i aery bore by $ nut
cliteadnw weeds and. measures for their
emit:4311.. Wein*. Oos. hag-TO
Lit-ry. 1949. 95 p. 79 I112 p.?6-57
Ch measures
Among the seenl of chemical control of
applicable (mainly, chloride). sulphuric acid and
fermis vitriol) zinc sulphate) andiue
organic compounds*
Herbicides are d 'bated either 'alone the entire' ? ct the
meadow or they are i?tr cod. in mall quantities directly into
rand $0. 242 Weed Control
?
vit
1.
acids, a few
ants
which are to be eliminated, usually, after they were cut dole. Herbicides
could be introduced either as solutions or in a dry form.
The introduction of herbicides in controlling major weed.. is mostIY
applied upon saead.ows. In this cane, the weeds are first cut down or trimmed,
11P,
and then the herbicide would- be in.troduced upon a cut tairface. The applica-
tion of herbicides would produce a good. effect,bu.t it re?ree a great con?
sumption of labor en& tisane, hence from economical point of vie it :ie not
expedient.
? Sone fertiltsere, ma nly calcium cyanide ant kainite 41E0 applied
as herbtctd$e. These fertilisers have a 13urning effect upon the leaves
Which are lackingthe wax film or the fibers, upon various grasses, but
doss not have a harmful effett upon the leaves of cereals which are pro-
vide& by a wax file. Th order to obtain a satisfactory result, only well
grounded fertilisers should be used. It is most rational to, introduce them
early in the morning, along the dew or after the rain.( but not during the
rain). Since those fertilizers cause dosage to legumes, it is advisable
410 to apply it upon meadows wher, there are few legumes. Wawa cyanide
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Rabotnov,
i
Trani!. 242
applied in the amount of centnera, d Imitate i the amount of 440
cantner a per heetar. the
!?tjlj$exs cou14 be ?in rodUced
spring when the gras es develope the leaf blades.
Biological thod.e
It has been observed that many weed specie
and bacteria parasites., as well as by some insects.
the*e pests thus1 could cause the decrease of the a
The propagation of
lint or the com-
piste destruction of the weeds. She biological me ds of controlling
eeds in tl$BR are worked out just slightly, although the facts about
damaging weeds by pests are known. At an example, we it mention the
frequent datzge of sorrel, including h6rse sorrel, by sorrel leaf eater.
11-8-51
4111,
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Kott, S. A.
? -Ochiihchenie pochvy ot
so rn Wray: So vet . Agron.
6(1): 78-82. Jan. 1948 20 5o84
Trans].. 243 Weed Control
Translated by R. Lembo
Controlling Weeds
The storage of weed seeds in the soil depends upon the cultivated
crop, upon the ears and the time of harvest and upon the system of field
cultivation. or the majority of old arable land the basic source for weeds
is the storage of weed seeds in the soil itself. Depending upon economic
utilization, there accumulates in the soil from hundred millions to ten
billions of weed seeds Per hectar. With such contamination of the soil
and with a constant natural planting of weeds, the introduction of their
seeds with the sown crops, with manure, compost, by the fresh animal dung
and anemonin (thistles, dandelion, small-petals, etc.) is of secondary sig-
nificance. But even secondary factors of soil contamination should be con-
trolled, especially upon soil, clean from weeds and newly cultivated. VS
must eliminate all the indicated measures of introducing weeds upon the
clean fields by means of sowing the seeds of plants free from weeds, by
introduction of the dung well rotted, etc.
Parallel with the elimination of causes which promote a new mass in-
troduction of weed seeds into the soil. measures Should be undertaken to
clear the soil of weed seeds and of weed organs of vegetative propagation.
Weed seeds, When penetrated into the soil, do not lose 'sprouting capacity.
This capacity of weed seeds has been worked out and strengthened in the pro-
cess of natural selection. This is proven by the fact that the seeds of the
majority of plants and of special weeds preserve their viability in the soil
during one year only. With typical field weeds a good preservation of seeds
in the soil is due to the peculiarities of the film construction.
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!Cott. - 2 - Transl. 243
Under the conditions of the podzolic zone of USSR, the seeds of all
69 species under experiment (including 8 plants and 61 weeds) ooitld be divided,
into the following groups:
1. Seeds which die entirely during eight months of fall-winter-
spring. To this group belong the seeds of winter rye, soya and narrowly
specialized weeds: flax dodder, sand wild oat, amarant hmetelichatyin and
soft campfire.
2. Seeds which die for twenty months. To these belong Mexican
tomato seeds, and of specialized weeds the seeds of field camp fire, plain
kukolf, darnel, wingless rattle, and roofing crept s.
3. Seeds which perish during 32 months. To them belong the seeds
of garden dill, small tubers of forage sugar geets, rye camp fire and plain
dandelion.
4. Seeds which perish during 44 months. - malodorous thorn apple,
double-house nettle, one year meadow grass, tPoLti, deadly nightshade Solanum
firigrum3 sholciia grebenchataian and garden parsley.
5. Seeds which die completely during 56 months - plain xanthium,
field broom, quack grass edgropyron repensl, field violet EViola odoratal
green bristly fox tail grass cSetaria, dove colored bristly fox tail grass.
6. Seeds which die completely during 68 months - amarant "kolosistYi",
blue corn flower, chickweed EStellaria medial* shepherd's purse ECansela
bursa nastorial, European dodder, simple spumy and large epurry.
7. Seeds which die during 80 months - Canada thistle cairc JIM arvensei,
morning glory buckwheat, white goosefoot cChenonodiuml.plain chicory cC1chorium3.
sorrel and curly sorrel.
8. Seeds whichpr eserve their viability over 80 months - oaf-stalk
cikatnyi", snakeweed, hairy peas, wild radish, white sweet clover, red clover,
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Notts
plown clovers field clove
hemp nettle beautiful (1siabras)
field lycops
Trend. 243
web burdock
hop formed .dodders large plaintains
gripping bedstraws and pennyoress rammed tThlapsi arvensev
Besides, the Met sprouting of the seeds after eight months has
been observed with neknolevei seallowwort tehelidonium? majus, gre
likotnikes burning nettle ttorostavniess Canadian small petal plants dye
prIpavkams odorleis camomile,
species. Further exper
rhaindcireasoeranths sown flax
I *gather 9
these seeds has been discontinued.
the end of the seventh year natural dying has been observed with 43 seed
species of 69 species Wilier experiments or 4th 62 percent. In this nue-
ber are included 6 crops
37 weeds. Of the 26 other speciesthe viability
after coven years has been deteitned for 12 obligated weed* aM one crops
or for 19 percent of the ispecies under experiment.
We were unable to observe the dying of these 12
the highest viabiUt7 under the conditions of our exper
tion we took en unrotated black fallow land of the field *
tea tural Academy upon which after 24 years of fallowing* cospt.ete ci.
ing from seeds of al weeds has been found.. Consequently, a complete natural
dying of the most viable seeds occurs duringthe period frost 6 to 24 years.
roe introduction of regular crop rotations with the application of
grass growing and of black fallow lands when each field. will pass through
black fallow land and through.perenniel asseasto and under the condition of
discontinuation of new penetration of weed seeds into the soil will Clear
the soil of then. Each new rotation will decrease the potential storage of
weeds in the soil.
?
emaggerated
g of experimental fields was not carrte& out.
The species was censidered dead when not a single seed in the experiment
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lett,
4 Trans]. 243
? yielded sp r out in g Practically, each species lost it, viability because the
absence of soil tilling conserved living seeds, prolonging its life, at
least up to one year. Under thee* conditions the clearing of the soil
curs only by means of natural death of. the seeds. The tilling of the
? soil replaces the seeds accelerating the end of the rest period and de-
creases the biological resistance of the seeds. Besides, the tilling of
allow land crates the best conditions for mass growth of weed seeds. ma
this put together accelerates double the clearing of the soil. Thus the
caring takes place under the conditions of black fallow land and in plaint
? wedge when the between rows were well tilled.
The viability of the steeds depends upon soil dlve1ittsi! The seeds
die the fastest in slightly podzolic, sandy loan soils slower in medium,
podzolic soil, highly tilled and rich with humus and in degraded black
soil (with sufficient moisture); still slower - In a soil which is highly
podzolie and sltghtl7 cultivated clayey soil.
The preservation of the geed viabilIty in the soil increases with
increase of the depth of their lying in the boundaries of tilled hori
The latter disproves the findings of 8 series of explorers (riselev, Zhura
? concerning accelerated death of reed seeds in deeper layers of the plowing
? horizon. The least conservation of viability is noticed with seeds which
re upon the surface of the ground.
Taking into consideration She biological peculiarities of plants and
of their seeds, we worked out instructions in controlling dodder and ragweeds.
The indicated measures justified themselves in production.
ilex dodder is the only species of the entire dodder featly, which has
190 varieties, which became almost a crop due to mense produative activity.
It has a well expressed one year cycle of development and a fast death after
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Watt,
fertilization. We sn.geet
object by MOUS of
vided onl,yATI fields wh
to tarry
flax
free o
I of this quaran
4, 24$
u.
. The seed lots Should be pro-
dodders. The individual rieSt3 of
the; dodders :should be destroyed in the field: and the. flsx se-eds 'from sect
pi Should be utilized for technical treatment or e
ged for clear
s at the government praparatei7 points. The trenaport. of the seeds from
he *MEW and the rates into other oblas
out only with t o
All other dodder
Zn c rtrAling them,
contamination of the
and miens- ehould be tarried
d the peraledo?. of the uarantirte departmen
able to coital/11mi- dis and the coil
to remove their fertility and their
of terial of Grasses. Dot.tring rase con-
eery to carry mit a low mowing up to the
tamtnation of vasses, it is noes
fertilization of the dodder.
rttoving and burning.
of forage grasee and ofveablee
tho field before the form
The prohibition of transport of con
Worse nest& are to be destroyed by means of
of quarantine department) as
as well.
The btc mass 0
he worker of the polar *
the fteld? contaminated by the
I of dodder which contaminate the field*
up to the destrnation of dadder nests
end the contemination-of the enil.
1 seeds (Without the pi&cn
retains in power in thin instance
eeed dies In the roil -after two years.
tmggosted a two year treatment of
veed. Daring this time the peat soil of the
kw ed seeds. Nevertheless, the two year
pole
else-
gone Acal cleared frost cb
ng of the land. under the condition of
tootnote& by checkweed economical-7 unProf
Worth from the soil Con-
- tO the lack of plow-
seeds, forage and hay
able land. It ig obaigatory to forbid the lope
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lotto
- which
IP
contaminated by cheokweed, to*11
.
&re newly organised upon peat soil.
The sens IISSLInues *mad be applied in controlling field spurry a
farms of the North which are organised upon light loan and sandy loan soil.
The field spurry as well, as checkweed become nest dangerous weeds in agri-
culture of the lier North due to the short vegetative period (about 40 &tic).
Profilactic measures are adviealit.ept ?they will be cheaper than the sub-
event destruction of potential storage of said* of these weeds in the
soil by agrotechnical weenies.
Analogically it le necessary!.
trot of sandy fin
(ovsiug). Sandi oat, as a special spring weaci, contaminates
7 oat*
barley and spring wheat. Among the stens of the crops it occupies the
upper stratum being elevated over crops which facilistes the weeding of
seed lots. The Clearing of oat seeds is co
and wheat seeds is possible only by means
bated, and that of barley
ed separators.
The seeds of flax rye genes die in the soil dug One If
inter, cad
those of darnel during one winter and entirely during 20 months. Hence
the affirmation that flax rye grass and darnel propagate by self-seeding
and with the seeds of cereals and of flax become unclear. Both darnel.
species, as specialised weeds, do not fall during ripening, but, when
accidentally penetrated into the soil, sprout quickly or die. Their spread-
ing by solf-seeding is not advisable. because the sowing of the .sane crops
for successive two Years, at the place *ere the mentioned weeds grow, is
not practiced. The existence of both darnels among the crops is possible
by san4s activity who unconsciously collect and sows then together -
with crops.
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Notts
IP
This to his knov
of biol.?
V. R. Williams vas able to eolve the nroblem
roots by the method of scraffooatingt they were placed at the depth of 20
The method of suffocation with reliminary crushing of quack grass roots
es of veed
1. 243 ?
academic
lling quack grass
is carried out during win
clean fallow lend.
Based upon conerete.conditton,and possibilities, the agronotcel
personnel would be able to IAA:* the measures of Controlling bs5e weeds
taking into consideration the biological. peculiarities of the vesde.
The ability f weed, seeds of losing the condition of biological
rest and of growing or perishing under certsi noanditions has to be taken
into consideration when drawing up the syste il cultivation, crop care
and plant rotation.
5the control of potent soil npon the fild, free from
crops and not cultivated (.ts%e land, Crops of perennial farag0 grasses).
should be based, mainly, upon the natural. death of the seeds and absonee
f possibilities of new falling. in order to prevent a new enntaraintttien
of the fields upon waste land, weeds should be cut Attiring the first one or
two years up to seed. matority. In using waste lend for forego, the lin
eaten weeds are cut periodically up to the time of fruit-bearing. The
weeded crops of forage grasses are motet far hay during their blooming. Tho
clean and well weeded crops are to be left for seeds. Upon the fields
occupied by the crops of unplown plants, the control of iltaing oeeds
should begin immediately after the harvest by the maximal checking f
their growth.
The time limit tall only and especially in
r plowing and during the tilling of black and
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Katt, Trenel. 243
spring should require a speci
seise 1
of echelon of soil cttltivation
and of the time of their exec/Alen.
The &telling of stubble is most effective in controlling newly *then
seeds of perennial* .two-year. winter* wintering and narrow epecialieed weeds.
In controlling seeds of typicel spring weed, especially with the rout of
stubble woods, the othelling consiete of the destrection of growing weeds.
Daring stubble shelling* the seeds of perennia1 weeds vow at the
average up to 48 percent, the seeds of two-years, einter and wintering weeds -
akt the average up to 38 percent and spring one-year weeds only up to 21.1
pereent, and for all others together - u to 39.5 percent. Darieg the ;eel's
with a vet fah vialeh follow & hot and dry. iseether, the seeds of recorded
biological weed groups grow more energetic and in greater iaot.tty than dur-
ing the yee.re with both a wet seemer end a wet fall.
if ender &lollies we understand the provoking of grouth of newly fallen
weed seeds, then the depth of th.eilieg 4/oes not have to surpass 3-5 cm. vetich
le the limiting depth iv which the majority of smell weed seeds sprout. With
the absence of weed seed mess eproeting in the fell, the ehellieg depth could
be increased which permite the sprouting of a large amount of seeds of old
soil. storage 'Mid red.dieh hemp nettle, spurry, an.d others).
Melling is especially ezpedient upon fields which are covered with
wild oat, wild hemp and hemp nettle. The seeds of these weeds, when pieced
not deep into the mil, will fully sprout early in the spring and would *teeny
be destroyed by presowing tilling of spring fields and of fallow lands.
suall shelling is required upon lots which are intended for the sowing
of late spring crepe (millet, buckwheat, ik -oat for hay) as well as of the
40 lots intended for fallow lend. On the fields which are shelled, tip to 33.5
percent of weed reeds are able to sprout. In the eprice, dne to a bettor
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zott, fru:Lel. 243
acaratulation of asoisture nd diae
rtaility of the soll? =St favor..
able conditions are created for the sprouting of one-year vitae ng, two-
yesr end perennial weed seeds which were placed in the giround in the ',fall.
In the fat the Sptouting of seeds of weeds a4 of plants (Windfall.
is often limited, by lack of moisture in the soil. Under the condItions of
the dry zone although the shelling does not cause a maae sprouting of seed*
In the fail, but promotes their swelling and dying in the fall and winter.
anti promotes their better sprouting in early spring. Airing the eight fall-
win'tar- spring months approximately 65 'percent of newly falling seeds of I
and II biological weed. grou,ps which we determined perish.. With a non4eep
placing of the seeds in the soil occurs a more intensive:preparation of the
sprouting of the rest of living seeds.
The increase of the depth of fall seed placing does not proIDote their
sprouting. early fall. *specially upon heavy clayey ground. Therefore 4 deep
early spring vlowlx4, by plows with coultere, of the fields which are heavily
covered with weeds and which were previously shelled is obligatory:
in controlling weed weeds whose viFbility in the soil does
not ezceed one year;
b) if in spring the plaint land. Won/4 not be replown at a fill
depth (upon heavy clayey land) or. if the pre-sowing plowing is replaced by
ochizelovenieff.
? e) if, after spring crops, the field is left as fel/ow land.
tze ed seeds, when in the soil, are able to sprout after periods fixed
for each species and which become longer with the increase of the depthof
placing the seeds. Early spring the sprouting of the seeds cows to an end,
usually, for 3-5, more seldom - ten days. Acades2 c V..R indict-.
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tt
110 ed *that when, the l$rer Is turned 'over, the .weeds grow
These biological Charecteritties of weed seeds shoul.d be utilized
dzrtng a short prT-soving early Ivaliag period*
Daring spring plowings weeds sprout from contertinat d soil layers
which are turned over on the surface* iNis explains the olten observed.
contamination of early spring crops L1ong spring plowing. Spring plowing
with, an isrtediate sowing is the most bacirward and incorrect measure of agro-
technic. Attempt' of agegfuting spring plowings herr Wing and sowing
usually caused re at contersina ion of crops and drastic decrease of yield*
The zytern >fPre-sowing tilling of plown lauds besides fulfilling
general agrotechni tasks, should create an upper soil layer free from
weed seeds*
For this purpose the plowing of plow, land holtt be replaced by
chiseling. According to the data of laalichekalat Gdoiekaia and Mozykekaia
of the collectiv 'term experimental stations, theplowing of pIown land in.
,
C Zee the yield Of spring crops* -As far as the contamination of:the crops
is concerned, in some cases it wae htr, and in other cases lower* The
spring re-plowing of plown Xerld of old *Actin contaminated turf of Mask ?
swesup station increased the orop 47: ntemination in ?eal cawes. according
the data of Oro.dshev? the amount of weeds -in the stem-stand of spring
Wheat which followed potatoes illOMMIa, according to thedepth of the
..spring Iv-plowing :of the Soil:- Chiseling, according to thezdata of :the'
experimental station *lied Lightheuseits of Macaw oblastt accor;ding to the
yield is ova to re-plowing Sud prevents contomination of crops* Con-
sequently, the .re-plowing of pima land could very" suecesefull be .ro-
placed by chiseling* A deep re-plowing
f Flown- land in case- f?necessity,
Le possible n3.y undo,: plants of late sowing which permit the intervale
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Ko ti
Trionsl. 243
between replowing and sowing, when the sprouted weed seeds are destroye-d
by additional surface friability.
Lu interruption between re-plowing of the, lend and sowing le es-
partially obligatory during a belated shelling and during a land plowing
without shelling, in such case the weed seeds have no chance of eProut-
? ing in the fall. Being turned into upper layers, during spring re-plow-
ing of plown lend, they will inevitably yield a strong contanination of
the sowing which was carried out immediately after the sewing.. ?
Umally the spring sowing is done with great tension, during short
texts which are dictated by the necessity of storing vicristure. Undoubted-
ly, the spring moisture decides the yield destiny in many cases, but the
sowing upon spring plown land without any interval between plowing and sow-
ing causes the contamination of the crops. Thus a contradiction arises be7
twee* the time of sowing and the struggle for cleaning thesownland fr012
weeds. Thus repeats and will be repeated from year to year up to the time
? when the sowing will be carried out in spring sowing. This contradiction
is solved during plowing of plown land and. during fall shelling which cause
the sprouting of weed seeds in fell and early spring.
new deep raising of plown lend is permissible only after one year.
? Awing this time a considerable part of viable seeds die in the soil. The
rest of the seeds, being replaced closer to the surface will grow in the
fall and early spring.
Atch a tilling of the soil corresponds V. R. Williams' system, of
soil tilling.
When the soil is heavily contam toted by the seeds of wild oat, wild.
heap and by other weeds, the tilling of fellow land should begin in the fall.
The weeds which sprouted in fall and eerily spring will be destroyed during
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tt.
?? the lift or
12 - banal. 243
low land. The weed seeds pxut the best fron a
de thof 3;a1 ca. Therefore, the tilling of the soil itio fallow land should
be carried out in layers with terracing plows with gradual deepening, and
during the years with =sufficient moisture quantity end it the zone of in
sufficient mistiming with gradual decrease of depth - gang Plows; with
reaoved moldboards or still better with the assistance of chiseU4altivat-
ors.'
t. layer of fallow land is Justtfie4 also by the 1ioLogtcai
peculiarities of weed seed sprouting. The seeds of obligated weeds wh ch
Sri physiologicelly prepared in the soil for sprouting early spring do not
lose their ability of sprouting during the entire Summer. Therefore, the
layer tilling of non-blank soil belt with terracing in lows> cleans the
entire gown soil layer at the cost of an intensified sprouting of weeds.
Sinnitanisously the layer tilling intensifies end accelerates the process of
natural. seed death. The layer fallow lend tilling sliould be csin?led out up
to the depth of plowing of ploun land.
in connection with the introduct of correct crap rotattone and
grass sowing., lit ns consider the role of the grass layer in controlling
son contamination. The data of inspection of & eerie. of collective farms
of Moscow end Tula ablest's indicate that the cleanness of clover gross
stand daring the first year of utilisation fluctuated from 52 to 79 percent
(including timofeevka, frost 0 to 28.1 percent), and at the second year of
utilisation - from 28.2 to 29.3 percent (including timofeevka up to 39.1
percent). All the rest. the the grass Mee occupied weedis which constitute
from 31 to 72 percent ..fro* which perennial weeds of first year clover amounted
to 74 percent and of th4 second year - 81 percent. The prevalence of per-
ennial weeds muses a greet contamination of the soil, by roots whose general
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?
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Nott. 13 -
length reaches 37 m. (some places up to 67) upon a lot
Treasl. 243
2
m The amount
of roots from quack grass increases considerably at the second year of
utilization. Sbe sowing of clover should be carried out upon grounds which
are previously cleared from quack grass and from other weeds.
The crowth of clover and timofeevka creates a layer which coreeees
the soil and thus does not permit the sprouting of weed. seeds and. this
causes natural death. If the sprouting weed seeds in the soil under clover
of the first year of utilisation amounted to?..26 percent, then under
Clover of second year utilization free 6 to 18 perCent, and under clover
of third. year of utilization still less. The percentage of the composite
of one year weeds is the followino in the soil layer of 0.6 cm. - 69 per-
cent, 6-10 et) 0" 11 percent and in a layer of 1045 cm. - 16 percent. In a
series of collective farms the contents of seed sprouts in soil under clover
of the second end third years of utilization decreased up to 25-30 million
piecee per hectar. ? Thus, the storage of weed seeds, especially those of'
one year, in soil under clover decreases considerably.
?The system of flail tilling could. not exist without I IX cement with
the typo of tools for soil tilling, with time, succession and plowing depth.
ho te.sic inetrament for soil tilling is a plow with crashing cold-
board and with coulter. The coulter takes off the upper contaminated soil
layer and throws it upon the bottom of the furrow due to which the lower
layers of tho soil which were turned over upon the surface mix less vil.bb
the upper layers and remain cleaner. Depending upon the %ark of the plow,
the weed seods are able to penetrate from the surface into various soil
layers. The distribution of weed seeds in soli layers influences directly
the contamination of the crops. At the present time the plow is in pro-
duction the only tool 4th the aid of which it is possible* At least partly,
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lott,
-14 - Trona. 243
tit) regulate ths stopping of the contaminatod soil layers at a desired depth.
sThe introduction of plowing by a plow with aort3.ters is the most Lrn
portant problem of Soviet revolutionary agronomy? (academic V. E. Wi
According to the five-Aar-plan of the after-war progress in, agriculture1 at
least half of ths tractor plowing of ift$ will be carried out by plows with
Coulters in 1946. and in 1949 all the plowings will be carried out by plows
with coulters..
Zn oontenpot*Xi no eclere of agri tral instruments for soil
tilting westill do not have any which would be able to carry out upon the
? surfaco the lower infested layers of the soil without mixing the layers!
The existing constructions of the she3.1er do not provide a soil tilling in
layers.?
2' in.. ars ctear.ng, heavy loamy soil from weed seedo which Accunza-
toted in them we nemd instruments of special construction, possibly. the
type of a plow constructed, by A,. A.. Vasiletko. For prows/22g, tilling and
partly tilling alto, lands, quite promising i?he chissl-cultivator.
Chisel-
cultivators loosen the soil well without turning the layer which is very im-
portant for dry regions; the tilling of the soil with the chisel could start
considerably earlier than with plowshares. The chifsel-cultivator is more
efficient than limy other tools and proved it efficiency in controlling
pink =hale, one of the most haraful weeds.
Chisel-criltivators (according to Ifokrasovss data) do not nix weed
oeeds.with the *oil of the lower layers Into the 'upper layers. On the lot*
which were tilled by chisel-cultivators, the infestation of oat and spring
wheat was two times Isas in comparioon with crops which were re-plown by
plows:
Underlining the great significance of each method in clearing the
soil from weed seeds avoided conecienciously prescribing suggestions.
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tot .1.4
the ter -
iimensl.- 243-
11ma. methods with
socialistic system
Ito for ili y to
pensenent progrelsive
farm fields.
gricatuze has all the poseihilities of
weeds and to lift
-
111 be achieved. a
and state
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Vaniev, A. D.
Rxperiment in comtrolling agricultural
pests with an insecticide which pene-
trates into the tissues of plants.
(InRussian .) Vacs:A=1. Sel skokhoz.
Ronk is, V. I. Lenina. Dok. 16(3): 43-48.
1951. 20 Ak1
Travel. 244 !aseptic/00s
Translated by R. Denbo
(this report has been presented by the Section of
Plant Protection of the All-Union Lenin.)cedemy
of Agricultural Science of V. I. Lenin Order)
The chemical industry of lit5R became familiar at the present tim
with insecticides of the group of ethers of phosphorous and thlophosphorous
4s whose peculiarities consists partlY of the capacity of penetrating
througa the roots or exterior tisanes into the vascular system of the plants,
be
Whereby !tries teaporerily en insecticide.
The research iihieh is cerried eut in 1950 at the SOseow station of
Plant Protection enabled us to characterize Most completely the compound
intruNaoo (diethyl-n-nitrophenolthlophosphate), which proved to be useful
under both labOratory and field conditions.
Next experimental task was to determine the possibility of control-
Ung wheat pests aphids, grain flies and other insects.
TjleLtoxic_effect of the solution 1111=-100 noon Arabi
( roptera graminna Rend.). The first experiments in testing the toxic
effect of the ,compoond which were carried out upon water plants, during
the first eeriments indicated the effect of the poison upon the insects.
Sven small changes in the coneentration of the solution (0.01 percent)
brought considerable results. it along with that a serious shortcoming
In the effect of the solution upon the plant Ms been disclosed: new roots
did not develop, when the solution was applied, and perished.'
quite indicative were also the experiments in studying the influence
of temperature upon the toxicity of the compound. While under the tempera-
ture of 9_12? for two days the effect of the poison upon Insects almost
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!anis
ent 'unnoticed under the temperature of 25-32?, during
four hours, the plant were freed from aphids couple el
Then experiment* were carried out 4th the soil in pots.
Tran 1. 244
first twenty
-
soil
is that of a nursery, of compost, two I. per pot Before the Introduction
. of the compound inii-100 into the son, the plants were in the phase of a
tube close to spiking. The soil Sas so dried out that the leaves wilted
noticeably during the day. The solution was prepared at the concentrations
of 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 percent. The greatest concentration in theta
experiment's (0.2 percent) surpassed ten times the sate in the experiments
with water plants (0.02 nett). The experiment lets carried out upon a
branchy wheat. BOO cubic ca. of the solution was introduced into the pot.
As we see from table 2, in the variation four, the plants remained
free from aphids. Further, upon all treated plants sore individual speci-
mens were disclosed, but there was no MUSS propagation until the plants
matured, while it control the aphids were in huge colonies. The continuing
effeet, although weakened, of the solution is seemingly connected with
toxic qualities, but depend,* upon the decrease of attracting qualities
of the plants.
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4.16,1
Tantev,
?
Tret,nel. 244
Tatle
Concentra- ?
tion of the
solution
NIUIV-100, Before
o/o experiva
number of living aphids
fter Iafte2r
dar a dare,
at at
5 days
Control. gore than
3.00 speci-i
evens i
0.025 t 41 1 6
0.05 I, 5
0.1 I " i 0
0.2 1 0
0
'.7oottrote; The temperature. was kept
4:
0'
O 0 0,
O 0
,ts of 20-43$?
lb.rther observations indicated that the plants treated with the
solution Mr V14.00 continued their normal development, not lagging behind
? the control ones in their. growth. In their teprearvace they oven .differed
stare advantageoualy from the control ones: they remained green for a longer
time. Itio root system according to its strength did not lag behind the
control specimens. According to the w ight the grain yield with. the plants
under experiment was 20 percent higher than that of the control.
Thus, the negative effect of the compound upon the plant under the
conditions of soil environment which has been observet in experiments with
the water plant of wheat has been eliminated. Ivat the toxic effect upon
the insects uas preserved, which is especially valuable and promising from
the point of view of becoming familiar with the new method of controlling
agricultural pests.
Airing the process of growth, e plant reacts differently to the
presence of the insecticide in the soil. Individual observations it-
ed that vith more mature plants, ready for spiking, the effect of the in-
secticide upon the pests is lesser. for the verification of each a condi-
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tion, pots
Aphids upon
stem. Under the similar tenperature conations, as in the preceding ex-
periments, 200 cubic Cm. of ,the solution of 9.3 percent: concentratitm was
? introduced into one 'vessel, and of 0.8 percent into another vessel
Despite the increased concentration in the first pet no significant
? effect s been obtained, but the second pot, on the third da there
were less aphide. (individual specimene). Later, th toxicf the compound
was weaker and remained low up to the very maturing, of the plants.
alto .based upon these aad.previous experiment*, itie impossible to
determine the regularity which indicates the gradual decrease in the plant's
ability of assimilating the solution 'frost the soil. Such a geeializatiou
? should not be applied to other .compounds, especially EhCL for inetance,
Piatnitskii (Ianalyzing data, obtained during .tho feeding of wheat sprouts
of various maturity Which has been produced by daily watering with a water
solution of EithCB, determined an inverse relationship. According hie
data, dnrirtg the plant's growth, the solution When accurnilates in ita
tissues. As a ratter of facts the curve of toxic effect of the ,poi n in
the plant will have on. or two tops:, in literature we find 0,01fie indica-
tions about the maritEnr3 of observed bres ing whiCh occur at the stages-
TransI 244
which the plants Started to ghiw pikee, were selected.
se plants accumulated upon the spike and the top of the
of appearance of stems and of blooming (2). he plant's activity which
is connected with this is able to provoke a more intensive penetration of
the insecticide into the plant.
'Apparently, it would be advisable to strive a condition der
which the compound would demonstrate i
and afterwards it would lose tttt
destructive effect upon the pests
similar to the one which occurs
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Taniar,
-6..
When: grain ,is di infested by a famigpti ain?t gra
Tana. 244
ry ptete (3) ?
By the exnerimento with the compound smorr?loo has teen die-
covered that the poison loses tt toxic power in the plant, but after-
wards the plant is still unattractive for the insects.
The toxic effect of the solution N11711.100 upon
Swedish fi7 and of the Gra 11 *Green +(rye t
an open ground. The experiments were Carried out nnd.e
conditions, hence the results of the experiments dint
In the firet experiments a hot weather (23.20) was fat rable to
a successbal control of pests, there were no rains, the toil al the sur.
the larvae of the
?
cue weather
face had moisture approximately SO percent of the entire roisture capacity.
In order to find the *meet effect of the solution 1711HY-100 upon the larvae
of the Swedish fly, we took the solution in the concentration of 0.0051
?0.01 and 002. The volution entered the 'soil counting 0.6 litr in one
w for one rannitig meter or counting per one beets.? 0.9.2.5 kg. of the
active agent. The watering has been carried ont directly under the plants
4
of the branchy wheat.
Despite the tempera 7 low concentration of the c?rnponM, the
effect became quite high (table .2). in the latter variation, by anair..
lag the plants from 19 disclosed larvae, 14 were dead.
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Van to!
???
renal. 244
The concentration
of the solution
NMIY-100 percent
Control... .? . 1
0.005(0.6 kg/ha of
0.01(1.2 kg/ha of
the active agent).
the active agent). L.-
the active agent).
0.02(2.4 kg/ha.of
in
In the following series of experimente the n be.r.?f aIetions vac
sed on accennt of the increase of eoncentra ion up to 0.013-0.06 .pccent.
These experiments were carried out later* when the plants were in the
phase of a pipe - the beginning of spike formation; the?moisture of the moil -
approximately 50 percent of fall moisture capacity; the daily temperature in..
creased up to 20-22 percent; the experiments were carried out upon the wheat
*olkovka.
The analysis of the plants as to te infestation by s vh ch was
carried. out at the 5th and 20th day after the soil tilling'Insecticide
indicated that the effec from the compound decreased
into con.
sideration the emirs concentrations of poi son as in the previous experiments
(0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 percent);. under higher concentrations (043-0.06 per.,
cent) it was quite high,re ching in the latter case the full death of the
larvae (table 3).
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Vanier.
Trans1,.
The c
of th
ab
0. ?f .1 or
larvae of, amsil ofrvas of
1
-0 ; Swectisb.. f4.0reen-leye
t
iv- a Pt aiv dso ji.
Control.
??????..1.'
0.01 (1..2 kg/ha of ths
active agent)?.?? .4 ? 1.
0.02 (2..5 kg/ha 'of the
active.agent)... ..
043 (2.7 of the
activp aLent).?.......
0.04 (5.0, ha of the
active &sent
0.06 (6.2. ha of the
active .agon
0.06 (?.6 kpJha of the
active a Is444.*ei.
ct o the c
ntrri It a.....gamt. The research which has been carried out with ore-
percent dust ri1117-100, the vegetative experiments with sand branch: uheat
deserves our sc11 attention. The du t tn these experiaents w ro-
dured before the sowing. The results iere as follows:
In the vessels where the daet wa ddc. the plate de 1ope1 co1i-
eiderab17 better than in control, I. e. it vesseis with the mixture of Incp
without dust, and there were much less aphids (table 4)
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?
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Vaniev,
Amount of dust
7IDIV=100.upsu
h v e
of
!plante On 6th On 7th on 12th On 16th on 34th On 38th
lin the day day day day ? day . day
?rand. 244
e ei
a (2.5 kg/ht of
the active act.. 10
2(2.5 1c/ha of
the active agt). i 9
On 18th? ?
daa11.'
,aphids
-were re?
moved- i
0
4(5.0. kdha of
the active agt). ,
4,(5.0 kg/ha of
the active act). *
6 (7.5 kdha of
the active agt)t. ,
1
6 (7.5 kg/ha of
the active agt).
Control
.1,0 .
.12
3
. 0
0
0
0
8
4
2
8
29
37
8
50 .
50
8
43.
47
10
32
40
? 10-
27
33
' 9
55
,84
21ootnot? 1. Th. sprouts 1176
Into e ova
2. On the 34th day after registratten 20 specimens of
living aphids were plated upon the plants.
'Prom the beginning of the plants' growth, aphids settled rapiely
upon the plants which were placed in control vessels, but they were not
able to remain upon the plants which were grown it the vessels with dust.
By counting the dead aphids eight days after the replanting of piante into
vessels, 53 specimens were disclosed in the plants while in the control
vessels only 2 were disclosed. Observations indicated_ that aphids upon
the plants which contain insecticide, do not remain at that place over
1-2 days. The attempt to carry out an. artif cial settling of aphids upon
0
1
0
' '24
45.
51.
28 ?
62-
57 .
IN
IN
IN
o-
18
0
24
7
29.
25
34 ?
12
10
ao
38
41
irastileam and replanted,
the plants was tmsuccessfUl. in general, for approximately two 'months
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Tanis*, .. 9 transl. 244
aphids were not able to live upon such plants. i
after the living aphids were taken off the plants, after a trair days they
settled upon the plants in masses. It is necessary to note that plants in
vessels which contain duet grew faster than in control (for 20 days- they
eurpassed by 1.5 times the control plants).
yentas., even
Based. upon these experiments it is possible to come to
that poison it able to demonstrate simulteabously a favorable
plantthe and harmful effect Upon the insects.
consequently, it is possible to assume the practical
onclusion
upon
lication of -
the given method in controlling pests. Based upon the fact that in the men-
tioned experiments the toxicity of poison in the plant decreased up to the
limits harmless for the insects, we may assume that the grain shoUld be harm-
less in using it in forage or in food. ./ktt the latter condition should be
? tested.
de
cQvr into the visat'e. tises. A Comparative fast ,pitration of the
solution 11101,400 through the 'root syitem, into the plant'e tissues prompt-
ad us to verify whether this capacity could still be presented by intro.-
tieing the solution into the surface parts of the plants - leaves, and steels,.
The experiment confirmed this assumption. It became evident that a water
solution of the compound. penetrates into the plant both through the leaf
blade of the plant (wheat) and through the stem.
Bach time? when the solution NIUIT-100 treated the basic half of the
leaves with the aphids upon them, next day there were no aphids upon the
rest of the leaves. %tun, however, not the leaf was treataci but the sten
? at Its base, within one or two days not a tingle aphid. was left upon the
pleat. The treatment of the plants in reverse order, the introduction of
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
upon the top of
Trebel 244
he upper artt lower ac*) di a. net
phids
demonstrate during he same in almost any effect up
which were settled in colonies upon the main part of the leaf. boontiary
of toxic effect upon the de cut drastically by the line of Leaf trat-
matt. %i? t indicates that the poison is able unnoticeably to spread
? along the vascular system of the plant by a lifting stream, and. its motion
to be in the direction of decreasing stream?
elusions
? 1. Covpound
issues of plant:
substances anti
de'which penetrates
at) thrcu he root astet slot
Uthe l*aY?and stem
duction of its sant
in plants.* tissues the inocticide N
Ltyi controlling harmful insects (aphids) for
ph
ter the compound lost its toxic effect upon the
plants, treat ed by it for quite a long period (up to 2 month
attract the inBeets (aphids).
4. The smallest dustin
2.4 to 7. kg/ha' ot the Otive
5. The most effee
Is the soil watering under the plant. Therefore e nMuasl
ullisatton of ralo aeem1lings are useful.
6. The compound Ni1J/P-100 is effective controlling
of the compoun
of
roducing the ompod 111117-100
uncle
ng .cereal aphids, lams of Srotliah fly and. larvae
g and the
'7. The tout successful is the application of the Comp nnd NININ-100
Under the condition of high temperature and low soil eleistUre?
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, Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
Vanier,
U.
tors ces
1. G. If.Piatnit kit. The principles of controI1tme ineects i4 ch
worm. XIX p1ns of he Section Of Plant Pro-
t en of the JU-Unton L.nin Academy of Agriculttral Science! 1.949
2. I. I. Zolosor. The fixing of the absorbing root sone* and :tit*
role of root fibers in absorbing 'substances. The Maga sine *Soviet Agro-
S. in the soil:,
none
3 A. D. Vanier. Ohcmic
Magazine. "The Mviet Provider"
The Moscow Station for
Plant Protection
it.31-11.-18-51
1 a
on
Ln by
grs n
e publi
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
Saakaate4 Ve S.
? Peculiarities of *ter admission
into ttsiei of plants affected
with chlorosis and effect of growth
substances on this process. (in
Russian.) A. Rank SOL Bak.
76r 941-944. lab. 21, 1951. 511 P444A
L. 451 Oromth Substances
(presented by academic . J.
Itaximov on xn, 217, 1960)
One of the most drastic ph ysilogical disturbances during chloro els
of es and of other pleats is the change in the water regime of the
diseased plants. It has been proven that, 'despite the fact that the ti estise
of plants affected with chlorosis are richer with water, the diseased
tissues absorb more *ter from the outside. (2,3). The plants affected
with chlorosis absorb a high amount not only of water but of mineral ab-
stanceo,as well. With slight osmotic qualities of the cellular juice, the
high absorbing characteristic of the cells of plants affected with chlorosis
lq.possibly? the result of the transfOreatton of the colloloid-physical
a
qualities of the protoplasm. According, to our research, the infestation
by chlorosie is usually associated with the increased of the permeability
of the plasma.
The studies
a series of authors indicated a rola
onShip between
the process of *ter penetration into the cells and the composition of the
growth stimulators (,1. A. Rekarerskals. indicated that grapes affect-
ed by chloroeie contain in their 'tissues more blos than sound plants (2.3)?
We obtained data by studying lemons affected by chlorosis.
Based upon the fact of the effect of active substances upon the
penetration of water into the cell sad taking into consideration the indica-
tion of a great amount of bios in the plants affected by chlorlsis, we car-
ried out elperiments in explaining the influence of the growth activators
of group A and: B upon the water pumping through the leaf tissues and: upon
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(A4c
Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
Sulakades
-2..Trans'. Mt
the degree of ereetabil of their cells. A$ objects forresearch, vs
took the leaves of grapes (Allots variety) and of 1e1ona. The water ab-
sorption was detoreined by weighing suspending disc
of leaves which were
previously kept in water and in solutions of hoteroauxin at the concentra-
tion of 10-11 and in two percent water extract of beer yeast (the latter
served as the source for bio.). ,The resats of the pxperfatents are given
in tallies one and two.
Table I
content in leaves and the dynamic of atsr entry into
1 lemon and of one affected by chlorott
? the leaf Afii?
ntsnt of mter in the leaves B. of 'dry
So. 1127 205 .146 331, I "201 I ? ? 1., 305 206
Diseased...1263 218 197 258 274 1 362 t 268
! ' -
e in g. per 100 8. of the dry vibstanes during 20 hoara
39 25 43 43. 25 SO ?
39 41 57 76 29 36
Diseasedi?
per40
from no
*1 100 117 '
4 ? 116
17.
30
Aire
6
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Sole?katixe,
ve
3 -
from the data. on table 1, the leave of enons afticted
by roots are 1 1/2-2 tlmot richer with water and, in spite, of that,
when they were placed into water, they absorbed a larger emotint of water
than the sound lemons. , The maxims of water absorption is observed. in
July and August, whereby with the plants affected, with enemata isoonta
to 57-75 g, per 190 g, of dry substance, with ground ones 43 g. The lone
increased ability of water absorption by leaves affected with chlorosis in
comparison with sound leaves has been disclosed with grapes (see tablet 2)
only with the difference that the general amount of absorbed water in this
last case was lowers the maxillae of Water absorption leaves affected with
0a0rosis is 47 g., andsby sound leaves -33 g?
'Maar the effect of weak Solutions of hater* fitr4) the pens-
ion of 'water into the tissues increases, 4iererdtng the condition of
? the plant, i. e. in both affected by chlore s and sound
to the data in table 3, under the influence of h.tsroauz
amount of water absorbed by leaves effected by chlorosis
one lg. According
the absolute
hieier than
with sound leaves, but n relative increase in weight after the water pens.
rated, is higher with the sound ones. The biter effect *each we obtain-
ed in our experiments by treating sound leaves with heteroauxin indicates
a emaller percentage of this-stimulator in the tissues of sound plants than
in plants affected by chlorosie, whereby the relative responsiveness to the
entering of these substances frost the outside is higher. With grapes both
the absolute and the relative increase in weight ie,
plants affected with chlorosis (3), under the influen
of heteroauxin,
a rule, highsr with
of a light solution
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Influence of heteroauxin upon weter entr7 Into'the leaf,
discs of lemons
26 122
53 147 70 179
VI 37 105 46 112
18 VII 44 100 57 1.00
19 VIII 60 139 78 104
?16 1Z $2 110 29 11.6
25 HZ 38 H 126 37 103
In ?rear to clarify the influence of the stimulator of 'the group 3
(bias) ide, dun to the absence of * clean compound* applied ,2 percent of
we or extract of beer yeaet In literature cases are known of a satisfac-
tory application of yeast extract as the source of bios (899)*
itable 4 indicates that under the effect of the extract of beer
least a considerable increase is noticeable in the water entry into the
tissues of the leaves placed into the solution, disregard the condition
of the plant, but with plants affected with chlorosis the meter pumping,
according to all cases indicated above. is higher than with sound ones.
uence of 2 percent extrac
entry into the leaves
Tab a 4
the water
Plant
emon...
Grape...
Date
25 I
1.7 III
9T1
12 VI
21 VII
Affected bychjgroete..
g. per 100 in percen In g. per in perCett?
g. of dry age f 2.00 g.of age from
substance control control
24
168
151
111
108
126
26
65
45
68
46
174
166
109
156
129
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?
dee,
Tranal. 245:
Since we carried out the e eriments with (with the lama
they were one year old) leaves, we may arrive at the conoluslan that the
influence of the growth sari/store reflects not only upon growing and "
young oreans and that this influence is not .located in the cell flm, as
a few authors astramed.: S. V. .s.geftiv and V. Brovtayn Obtained analogical
results in enveriments with horse beans (
the protoplasm hanging its -colloid oalit
in particular. IT. A. lierimov indicate+,
?late& substonces an active putping
Growth stimulators affect
.6
in general. and permeability,
der the Influence of etimu.-
the.protopIams occurs
134, comparing data on the stlisulating influence of the active sub--
twines upon the Permeability of cells with the increased absorption of
water by grape lemon or Other plant , leaves effected by chlorosis, we
arrive at the conclusion that the Chia
increase of the degree of permeability
Systematic measures of 'the discharge of electro
a La followed by the
pia.= of diseased pi
by alectremetric met
od
? indicate that the orgots of plants affected"by chlorosis are specified by
a relatively high permeability of tissues. Data given in tables .5 and. 6
proiside some idea of the characteristic of the permeability of diseased
tissues and of the influence of the growth lett:aka:Ater upon this quality.
Table 5
condition of
plant
Normal ......
affected with
schlorosts
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Sulakadst.
6 245t
Tp.bleft
Resistance of water extract and heteroauxin solution after
lemon leaf disks were placed in them (ohms)
The condition of
plant
Normal.. ......
Alfecta by dbloro
Water
25 IV
125
79
? 81
78 ?
Institute of botam
of the Academy of 8cience of
thergian 611
fieteroauxin
25 IV
Entered
1.11/27, 1950
The data in tables 6 and 6 indicate that the resistance of water
extract of lemon leaves affected with chloro is is lower than the corres-
ponding index for normal leaves, 1.. e. in the first case more energetic
ditcharGe of electrolits takes place. The keeping of leaves!' in a 811.Gbt,
410 solution of heteroauxin promotes a further energetic washing of electrolite
from the tissues, possibly, by the increase of the degree of perneability
of the plasLa, whereby with the plants, affected with clerosis, it Is
higher in both cases.
In their experiments with onio e and. with cabbage, N.A.? tiaksimov
and L. V. iioehaev observed the relationship between the increase of
permeability of the protoplasm and the treatment with stimulating sub-
stances (5).
Zasod upon the obtained. data, we may express an assumption that,
under low osmotic qualities of the cell juice, the intensified water
absorption by plants affected with chlorosis should be the resat of the
increase of protoplasm's permeabilitywhich is conditioned, along with
other factors, also by the accumulation of growth stinelating substances
in the tissues of diseased plants.
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Sulekadze*
RN RN CRS
E. V. Bolicov and N. ? Iskushkin, DAR, 46. (1940
2. R. A. Makaretakaia and V. Sulaicadze, DM* 60, no 4(1948)
Z? LA- Itaketrevekata, L. M. Vasilevolatia and M. D. Che1arhvi1i, Di ? 66,
o:59' (1949).
biology, 22* Jo 2? (1946)
42, No 5 0.941
N. A.
of Conte
Azov and L. V.- Rozbaeva. -
S. V. tZageev told V. L Itrolttna, 11636 60* So 9 (1.94)
? N. 9. ?RholodAyi Ph
rmoneos t, l939:
8. P. Mite, Randbook of Kant Tisane Culture* Po
96 P. Plant Physio]., 96 585 (1939)
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Isitovich, I. I. and Snitko, m. S.
Dynamics of weed quantity in (wheat)
plantings treated with herbicides.
(In Thesian.) Akad. Nat* S. Dok.
77: 449-452. gar. 21, 1951. 53.1 P414A
pre
A seri
. 246: Weed Control
TOM ated by R. Dee
(P sent by the academic N.
on January 25 1951)
. geksimov
f SU 0 11 (1-.4) indicated that chlorphenoacetates de-
the growth and the development of many dicotylefionoue weeds and
cause their death which follows 15430 days after the effect of the poisons
depending upon? the meteorological conditions). Nevertheless, the single
?registration of the weed death which is applied in the study of herbicidee
dose not always provide a real picture of the sensitivity of weed varieties
to the effect of the poison, the dynamics of their amount and, consequently
the effect of the compounds.
The task of this research consisted of the study of the dynamics
of the amount (end death) of weeds emong the cereal crops treated with
eynthetic herbicides of our own production: 2,44X1 (which contains 75 per-
ent of clear 2,4-dichlorphenoxy acetic acid) 2g-4X (containing 76 percent
of clear 2-methyl, 4-chlorphenovacetic acid end. DiNOIE (dinitro-cresol
sodium salt).
As the exper a lot, we used the crops of wheat.. eratnka
08.3 at the experimental belie of the Xrashodarsk ixperimental Station of
Plant Protection which was covered heavily with weed varieties. 2,4-Da
and 2K-4X were tested in the norms of 0.75, 1.0 and 1.5 ha and DiNOX --
7.5 and 10 kg/ba with various norms of water: 1000, 500 and ZOO 1/ha. The
spraying was carried out on May 12th, 1950. The lot of the experimental
field was in each variant 100 ra2, repetition - three times. ttpon each
11 experimental lot were 4 permanent registered fields of 0,5 m
2* The
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Taitovich,
- 2
preliminary registration of the amount and of the conditions of the weeds
was carried out on the eve of the spraying, the succeeding four registration
during the period before wheat harvest. At the moment of treatment with
-herbicides, the wheat was at the stage of the appearance of stems (before
their formation into pipe-form) and the weeds (except the wintering form
of larutk.a which began it blooming) were in the stage of sprouting and
rosettes. A single weeding of the control iota was carried out on nay 30 j90.
txperiments indicated that we will succeed in destroying completely
the one-year weeds which e,re moat sensitive to the effect of 2 4-DU, 2:4-451
and Di110X: Ambrosia tkrtemitliaefolia Xenthium stremarium L. ,]a
bursa pestorts Moettch, Altipsi_ary,enee L., and also planta Which often con-
testinate crops: (Ahutsilon Avdicermae elaertna) arid sunflower (fallen sprouts).
The effect of 214-DU and al-ct (with the consumption of 0.754..5
kg/ha in 500-1000 liters of water) canoed complete death of these weeds
25-30 days after spraying. The d,ynamics of their amount is not of great
into et, since it changes quite slightly depending upon the norm of herb-
icide consumption or upon the amount of solution with the same herbicide
norm. A oingle registration of the amount of these plants 35 days after
spraying indicates a clear picture of their death and the effect of the
herbicides.
Drawing 1. Dynamics of weed quantity. a- in crops treated
with 2,4-M., b- control with weedinc, c- con.
trol without weeding. 1 - simple amaranth
(Amaranthue retroflexus L.) 2 - white marl,
Chen di aibum Lines - the amount of
old plants, mount of new sprouts
This, however, ould not refer to such one year weeda Cheno diust
album L. and. Amaranthus retrpflerus L. despite the indications that new
sprouts of a series of weeds do not appear in the field for two months after
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?
Tsitovich,
Trend.- 246:
the oprayi of the crops with herbicides, we -determined that the checking
of the new sprouts of Chenonodium album and Arnerantb,un is ahort, even with
the absence of rain. The study of the dynatdce of the quantity of mars end.
of amaranth in the crops treated with 2.4-Du(1.5 kg/ha in 1000 1 of water)
enables us to see C see drawing 1), that a single registration of the amount
of these weeds 35..50 days after spraying is able- to give us *ted
picture of the effecti'veness of 2.4-.DU (as well as of 21l.-4X).
onnect on
with the increase of the amount Of new Sprouts, the real offset Irene Se of
herbicide. in contro lin -these weeds decreases, and their -complete eiliaina.-
tiOn from -the ?crops has not been achieved.
On the contrary, a single and early registration of the a unt of
Polieenum_convolvulus L. and PeIzeonum avicy.lare lid& are mere resist-
ant to the effect Of herbicides could yield. high data of effect since they
possess the ability of producing new sprouts inetead of the dry ones. The
Dynamics of their amount in the crop treated with 2K-4X (1.5 k /ha in 1000
I water), le shown in the drawing 2.
Drawing 2 Dynamics of weed. quantity. a - in crops trented. with
2*-4X, b - control with weeding, c - control without
weeding. 1 - Polyeononam convolvt2lei, 2 - POlYgOWCUS
aviculare. Lines indicate the amount of old sprouts.
Dots indicate the amount of new sprouts.
Among
tel root and root-shoot weeds only Cirsium arvenke Scoe.
g biologically ntos t vulnerable, did not restore its surface organseven
two months after the effect of 2.4-LU and 2K-4X. Other perennial., ou the
other hand, - Corenllvue .arvensis. Lathrtus tuberosus, Mortherbia virgata W. X.-
did not perish completely even with the consumptions of 2.4-1U and 2K;-4-X
In 1.5 kg/ha tin 1000 liters of water). A part of plants
species
survived and yielded new sprouts. The registration f their during
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Tsitovich,
- 4 - , Trans)... 246:
the period up to the reetrration of the surface organ aen:mid lead to the ex-
aggeration of the effectiveness of the herbicides.
We should assume that a prolonged and deep depression of the growth
and. development of perennial weeds, as well as. the complete death of one-
year weedo, provides the plant (wheat) with more moisture and food.
DINOK proved to be very effective in controlling the least resistant
one-year weeds, but this insecticide is far behind tb.e 2.4-ZU and 211-4X in
Its effectiveneen in controlling perennial weeds. If (1)2.4-DU and 2M-4X
possess the phytostatie effect, then DiNOX is retber a .herbinide of immediate
phytoncide effect. Its effect which manifest* itself quickly by burning
(after 1-3 days) is local, due to which a part ofone-year plants tolymnum
convulvus, Poliftonum avl,culare, Chenonodium album, and Amaranthns retroflexue)
survive, and all perennials without any exception in some degree restore the
surface organs. :The curves in drawing 4 show that, while the effect of 2.4-DU
(1.5 kg/ha in 1000 litr of water) caused the death of th sties, the effect of
DiROK (10 kg/ha in 1000 ltr of water) caused only the death of old sprouts,
which were replaced. by new ones.
The regalstrities which we discovered assist us in a correct utiliza-
tion of herbicides end of a real registration of their effectiveness.
Krasnodar& Xxperimental Station for Plant Protection Entered 1-25-51
REVERENCES
1. I. Gurar, Reports of Moscow TWA eimiriasev Agricultural Academy
v.5, 84 (1947)
2. E. Xrasttna, Collection of student research wait of Moscow TSKEIA,
e.1, 84 (1848).
3. I. A. Wakaidse. She Bulletin of the A11-Uttipti Scientific Re-
search Institute of tea and subtropical plants-. No 2 (1949)
4. A. M. TeapItenkov, Ambrosia artectisiaefolia and measures in con-
trolling it, (19E0)
K.11..11-18-61
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Wripitsyna, N. 2.
Meet of 2.4-dichlorophenox7acetic
acid on tomatoes during variations
of mineral initritions (In Russian)
Akad. Nauk $SSR. Dok. 75: 457.460.
Nov. 21,1950. I1 P444A -
? 24'?: Growth ,Substance
R. Dersbo
(Presented by the aca4etic 1. A. )4aximo,
ctcttonof growt
f their applicat 0
plant production practice
which are produced age
Our problem wa to. foow the joint
dichlorphenoxyacetic
The soil of the ?ertaental lot lop zo
xperiment was carried out at the Institute of V
of *Bizons variety were,
(VI1/2), at the tageof s
nium nitrate (35 perc
&sawn chloride (58 percent -220)
lag
Upon
ontrol lots (first variation Of
mineral nutrition) no fertilizer, was tatrodnced. Upon the t. lots of . seo oral
variation of mineral nutrition fertilizers were introduced with the estimate
of nitrogen 200 kg/ha phosphorus 100 kg/ha
active .aent. Upon onela
superphosphate, 34.0 g.
variation fertilisors'were
potassium 3.
kdba
the
spent 58.8 g? of ammonium trate, .0 Z-
inn chloride. Upon the lots of the third
duce d by the following, doses: nitrogen
200 kg/ha, phosphorus 200 kg ha, potassium 150 kg/ha of the active agent.
For 1 m2 was spent 58.8g. of potassium nitrate, 100.0 g. sup rphosphate,,
51.0 g. of potaisium chloride. 2/3 dose were introduced as the basic fer-
tilizer, 1/3 dose was introduced into holes during the plantIng. The ex-
periment was carried out in double repetition. The blossoms upon 15 plants
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Skripitsyne., N. E. - 'Tratial., 247:
of each letwere riot treated with compounds, end upon 15 other plants
were treated by the o1it?on of 2..4,4717 of the coneemtration 0.001 percent
(10 mg/1) according to their blossoming ? Awing the spraying of the bles
the tope of the sprouts were coVered wittr a shield for protection against
formative effect. .the first sample (treatment, th 2.4-1X1 II 1Z) was
taken the -day following the treatment.
The sample contained. 60 germs .froza
each of the 15 plente? The Second. Sample (treatment V111/25) was taken on
the third day following the treatment. The eample contained the same amount
of germs. The third, topple (treatment, V11412) was taken on the eighth day
10 germs from all 15 lent ). The fourth sample (triatient V1I/12) was
taken on the 15th day (10 germs from all 15, lants). lifth sample (treat-
nent VIZI/9) was token on the 22nd day ace germs from all 15 plants.)
The.
t re of the gems according to their maturity inoreascs.at
the average of 18 to 9Z percent.? SimUltanetuely a growth of a dry case of
germs is observed,. In the first variation of.iiineral nutrition the ',dry mass
of germs of the first samp e to the last one* withont treatment of 2.4-X,
increased at the average from 2.5.p.to 218 mg., with the treatment -from
2.1 to 260 mg.; in the 99001111 varie.tions without treatment - from 2.4 to to
263 mg.; with' treatment from 2.9 up to Z80 mg.; in the third Variation, with-
Out treatmaxt-- frail 2.9 to 296 tog.; with treatment - from 2.8 w to 621 mg.
In a series of cases the effect of the treatment could be noticed already
fter 24 hours. Pertilisers and 2.4-V0 work in one direction
namely,:
promote additional.accumulation of the dry' subatance. Eavertheless, the
additions which are caused by fertilisers are lower than the additions caused
by .2.4-IXT.
The effect of applying 2.4-41V reetnifeste itself considerably in
the variation of mineral nutrition which surpasses the regular herrn of ter-
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?
?
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skripitwnit,
tilisers for tonatoe
Thio corresponds to the condition disclosed by V. R. Ifiiae that,
.'??. Trend. 247:.
for oht?..ining the most complete ?effect the thange of one measure which com-
posee the complex alto requires change's of other measures composing the com-
plex.
The veigbtng vhich has been carried out during the end of the p-
ment indicated that the weight of the plants withou.t fruit (including the
root system) -which were treated with 2.4-1XT at the end of the experiment as
soment*hat lower than the weight of untreated plants. the introduction of
minerea fertil zers promoted the increase of the average pleat weight. The
wet weight of 15 plante of the first variation of mineral nutrition with-
out treatment with. 2.4-1X1 2.55 kg, with treatment 1% kg; of the second
variation, without treatment - 3.10 kg., with treatment - 2.30 kg.; of the
third variationwithout treatment 4- 2.85 kg. with treatment 2.'70 kg.
The wet Weight of, germs collected at the end of the xperiment from 15
plants of the first variation without treatment of - 0:51 kg.:
th
treatment 1.17 kg.; -the second variation ilithottt tmathent 0.78 kg. jth:
treatment 1.59 kg,; of the third variation without treatment 1.5 kg.
with treatment - 2.08 kg. The wet weight .of the germs increases both dur-
ing the effect of fertiliser mold during treatment with 2.4-311. Thereby
the Mdttionn from the effect of 2.4-11T are greater then the additions of
the fertilizer effect. 2.4-00' yields the greatest effect at .the highest
background. of nem', nutrition. Additional amount of fertilizers cause?
beet development of the entire plant as a whole. 2.4-Va causes also the
redistributiot of the growth timpa of various parts.
The samples underwent analyeee for sugar, nitrogen, phosphortia and
fractions of phoeph XUs.
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Scripltsyna,
- 4 -
The sugcrs ware determined taco
percente.1 content of the cm of su
the drawing 1. The percental content
Trans3.. 247:
to the method of Bertran. The
Is-dry weigbt is presented in
sugar sum in anvariations in-
orsiases from the first sample to the last one. The rtost effectivenese or.
the spraying in relation to the suegariness of germs nos been abtevea under
the highest level of Mineral nutrition.
The content Of the average nitrogen in percentage of the air-dry
weight is presented' in drawing 2 (the general nitrogen was determined ae
co'rdiag to Ziel I da I method). In proportion to ripening, the p
content of the gel:Lena nitrogett in the germs decreases. }levartheless, the
absolute content grows which is connected with the increase of the mass of
the germs' dry substance. The spraying of flowers coined the great de-
Crease of percental content ofgeneral .nitrogen upon the highest background
of mineral nutrition.
The content of general phosphorus in percentage at air- ry hinge is
presented in drawing 3 (general phoephoras
an determined by combined method
applied by II. I. Sokolov (3). According to the ripening of the germs, the
percental content of .phosphorus decreases in ail va lotions, end the ab-
solute one iecreases. The treatment Of flowers Caused the greatest decrease
of the percente." -content of phosphorus under the highest degree of mineral
nutrition.
The analysis of the sofl. indicated thot, even before the ductian
of fertilizers, it containeein,assimilable forms: potassium 400 kg/ha of
the active agent, i. e. an 'amount close to the optimal amount - for tom:toe-in
of nitrogen there was 1.5 times over
and close to
normal for tomatoe
km norm 0 kg/ha of the active agent)
webs phosphorus. (200 kg/ha of
We z*y count approximately that
the active agent) according to data (2)
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Skripitsgina,
Tram, . 247:
?
In the second variation of mineral nutrition, the general ennt of ter...
till:ors increased. 1.5 times in comparison with control, in the third varia-
tion - lees than two times. This circumstance already explains the compara-
tively minor effeet of the fertilisers in comparison with 2;4-1:U. Besides,
? It is well known that, starting with some limit which it considered. optimal
for the given plant, the effect of introducing additional amounts of fer-
tilisers decreases constantly.
The effect of spraying increases in proportion to the increase of
*the fertiliser's dose. Consequentl
est to. the ,optimal variation of mine:
tion.
.case of applying 2.4-/1 the near-
Utrition becomes the third vane-
it well kuOvn, the application of 2.4-111 promotes the growth
of seedless tomatoes. In connection with the fact that various phosphoro-
orpnic solutions play, beyond doubt, an important role in the process of
seeds formation and of fruit growth, we determined various fractions of
phosphorus in the last sample by the combined method applied by A. I.
Kursanov (I) and N. t. Sokolov (3) (see table 1).
Table 1.
Treat men t-
Variatio
to at
1 ed Organic
phosphorus phosphorite
dr.
Sam ofbexo-
sophosphates
llithout treat-
ment
Vith treatment
Ilithout treat-
ment
With treatment
Vithout treat-
sent
With treatment
0.011
0.007
? 0.023
0.013
0.025
0.012
? 0.22
0.09
0.32
0.90
0.195
0.080
0.08
0.06
0.10
0.08
0..11
0.09
0.14
0.03
0.22
0.01
0:08
*ma et found
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?
ri :dr 6 T nal. 247;
The obtained data indicates that inorganic .phosphorus is contained
In fx,iits in an insignificant quantit . The treatment of flowers with 2.4DU
provokes in all variations of mineral nutrition a drastic decrease of the
content of phytin Ife were unable to disclose it in th third variation*
it is kn Am that the seed formation is connected with? the concentration of
ph,ytin in the central part of the fruit Thus,the absence of phytin
dicates the absence of the process of seed formation in tomatoes.
COL
$ 1 0 31 S
1. PertIU sere increase tomato yield and the vegetative mass of
plants by furthering the admission of nutritional substances from the soil.
The application of 2.4-te iricrenieS the tiveness of fertilisers end ,
causes the re-distribution of aesimilators, intensifies its Inflow into
the reproductive organs .n account of the? vegetative ones.
2. One, in proportion to the increase of the eonnt of nutri..
tional substances (over the oPtinal), the difference between the results
of individual variations without treatment with 2.4.3)11 decreases:, with
treatment of 2.4-Ar this difference increases.
? 3. 2.4-at is the most effective under the higheist doses of mineral
mail on.
4. Under the trethose forms of hospborus.
compound (phytitt) which stimu process of seed fortIon do net
occur.
E. The nutritional substances which flowto the germs under the
effect? of 2.4-, in(basicall ) in the form o urs, because seeds
?
Are not formed in the germs. Those seeds would ordinarily use the in-
flowing nutritional ?etanees f9r their formation.
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Skripitsyna,
7 ? Transl. 247;
The high degree of agrotechnizel measures, the creation of the best
nutritional conditions, water supply, the selection of the apnropriate variety,
correct a7,11iesitinn of snytheticp1 Frowitg Pubstances could yield a high
harvest ot: tomatoes.
Lomonosnv :-:oscow state University Sntered May 27, 1950
1. A. L. Kursanov, iiochemistry. 3, v. 4 (1938)
P. Tomatoes, rum, 19ZB
Z. N. I. Sokolov, Chem. aoc. Aricultnre, No 8 (1939), o it (1940) No 6 (1941)
-Irowing 1: gam of sugars. 1?control, 341pP41 g
a? without treatment, b? with treatment
Drawing 2: General nitrogen. Indications am on drawing 1
Drawing Z: General phosphorus. Indications as on drawing 1
MA-11-19-51
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23:
Marina, N. K.
? New means for the control of
spider 3n1te (?etrancirns e
on cacumbere. (In Russian) Sad i
ago rod 2:72 l'eb. 1951. 80 $4.3 Nrunt.1.00
preparation.
CIA-RDP8OR01426R010000020001-1
?Transl. 248: Insecticides
Translated by R. Denbo
The epider.mite is a whip for cucumbers in a protected
is extremely hard to free the nurseries pad consiirvatortes
collective and. state farms from thispest.::
a series of
The recommended compounds tn controlling -spider mi
6111.fato decoction, anabasine sulfate, nikotin sulfate, soil
Ace us
r 410 not en-
sure complete destruetion of the spider mite end under:favorable condttions
It appears amin.
? The scientific institute of fertilise s end. insecticide fungieides
(Nram produced a new effective compound for controlling the spider mite -
N WiF-100.
? The experiments which were carried out in 1950 under the sunervision
of the candidate of agricultural science, comrade Popova in controlling the
spider mite indicated the high effectiveness of this compound.
? The spraying of cucumbers by 0.05 percent solution of 50 percent
concentration of NM/P.100 produces a higher economic effect than all the
poisons which were recommended previously in controlling the mentioned pest.
The compound dote not cause any harm to the plants in any phase of
their development.
According to comrades Popova end Oxreva who carried out the test-
ng of this compound in 19&)? in Moscow blast', in collective farms 1000
tion". In Memory of Iltichff in state farms illComsomolets* and *Oortkiiil
the mortality of the spider mite ?was from 72.6 to 100 percent after spraying.
The compound IIITTIZ-100 does not kill the eggs of the rite, therefore
? the spraying &mild be done 7-9 times: the first 4 times with the interval of
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1PP
ri" Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
? ilkulina,
? 7 days, and t following -4 t
days tetween them.
The compound U.100 could also
- a
Tranal. 248.
r a month with the interval of 10
Icr profilnetic treat.
sent of turf pots, nursery frames, fallow eoil.
3.11U11".100 at the dose of 0.05 percent of the solo. ion of 50 percent
concentration (applying the regular precautional measures in working with
poisons) could be recommended for productive application in all collective
farms which have nursery-conservatory production.
The application of tkie compound 01-01P-100 will enable the complete
destruction of spider mite, prolong the period of cucwaber's fertility
increase the yield of this plant in a protected. ground.
The compound NIUTF-100 could be acquired at the office of Agricul-
Mipply of Krasnodar& k-rai.
IV 11-19.51
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
ialinkovich, A. P. and Lavrovskii* D. O.
41heinica1 Methods of Control of Weeds
on Sowings of trenched Wheat. $ovet
Agr. 9 (4)1 81L9O. April, 1951 20So84
"Mast. 240: Weed Control
T =slated by 11. Dembo
Xalinkevich?Cand. of Agr c. Se nce
?The All-Union Scientific-Resole ch
stitute of Pertili zere, Agrotechnic
and Agro-Soll Production
LaTrolicsi i-?Agrouoini ot of Stet
2amens1oei'? of tioscow ()blast'
sowing of branched wheat at the state
At the expe mental-production
arm Ramenskeen, of Moscow oblast carried out in 1949 and 1950, be-
sides the horse between-rows tilling a double manual weeding.
The average of 120 to 160 labor days have been spent per hectar for
two marmal weedings. The same amount of labor days was spent on weed.ing
plown crops (forage aur beets carrots, onions, etc.)
Besides great expenditure for weeding, a very terse situation with
labor power occurs yearly in the state farm at the end of June and at the
beginning of July. On account of that situation, the sowing fields are
ed too late, they cover with i)eeds, a great loss in yield takes place.
The application of chemical methods in .controlling weeds upon ?sowings
of branched wheat enables us to treat all sowings
.wheat quickly?. in 10-2
days, and requires lose an power. In 3.950 the chemice.1 methods of controlling
weeds were applied in state farms for weeding of branched wheat.
Upan the CentinUoUS sowing of branched Wheat 4.05 hectare and 3..26
" hectare of wheat Liutostsens 62 .. waS carried out an experiment in testing
herbic ide s.
Upon 1.25 hectare of sowings Liutestsens 62
spring wheat no weedings has been done in control.
./5 ha of branthed
lot of 0.14 ha of
branched wheat a double manual weedingwas tarried out. Upon the rest of the
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-
?
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Kaliakavich,
- 2 - Transl. 249:
field - 3.16 ba - were tested doses and time of treatments of the sowings by
the herbicide 2U-4X (paste) and 2.4 DU (powder).
The methods of care, treatment and the introduction of fertilizers
were alike upon all fields, except the method of Weeding. Upon the sowing
of spring wheat Liutestsens 62, no measures in controlling agricultural pests
were carried out.
Herbicides were applied by means of spraying the sowings with solu-
tions calculating 800 litr per hectar.
Upon the field NO 4 the spraying was carried out with the colation
2.4-DU (powder), upon the reit of the fields - with the mixture of eval
amount of 2.4.4U (powder) and 2M-4X (paste).
The harvest of Wheat was carried out by manual labor - sickles with
simultaneous harvesting of spikes (lots 1-4 and 6). Lot 5 was harvested
with a combine. The harvest from each .lot of the productive experiment
with herbicides was threshed on a threshing machine Mo.1100 separately, the
weighing of the grain was done also separately.
The amount of weeds was counted before the harvest of wheat.
The doses and the timing of treatment of branched Wheat sowings
with herbicides. The spraying of branched Wheat sowing was carried out at
the, beginning of the appearance of stems - May 21, during the phase of appear-
ance of stems - May 28, and at the end of the appearance of stems - When it
enters the tube - June 2.
During the treatment of the sowings in early timings - May 21, even
with a small dose of :herbicide - 0.75 kg/ha, a considerable amount of weeds
was destroyed: goose-foot1 thistle, rape and chickweed, but after this treat-
ment, a considerable amount of weeds, especially goose-foot sprouted from
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S
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Kalinkevich.
. 3 . Transl. 249:
the seeds. Ooose-foot harmed. the wheat crops. This lot 4 needed addition-
al treatment with herbicides or with hand. weeding. During the harvest, there
were upon each svare meter approximately 27 pieces of weeds. mostly Goode-
foot.
The treatment of bisnched wheat sowings with the solutions of herbi-
cides at the end of appearance of stems - June 2 with the dose of 1.5 kg/ha
appeared to be more effective. The treatment of the sorting on June 2 des-
troyed eamoet completely all the weeds which epread most widely. The gen-
eral amount of weeds upon lot 6 did not exceed the amount of weeds upon the
lot of double manual weeding.
Under the treatment of crops with herbicides there is an increase in
yield, in coeparison with the yl 14 of Wheat upon Which no weeding was car-
red out. Which amounts to 10.71 ahni and with a double hand weeding - 8.6
c/ha of branched Wheat grain.
Under double manual weeding of Wheat of entire sowing some amount
of plants was traipled and torn out with the weed. Each manual weepng
lasted at least three days, and the treatment with herbicides - several
hours. Under the opreying of Wheat with the herbicide :solutions upon the
field 6 was obtained, a yield of 2 c/ha more than with double hand weeding.
As the result of an early treatment of sowings with herbicide sole-
tione, the weeds: thistle, rape, chickweed and goose-foot were completely
destroyed. Goose-foot Which spresent Oaring the harvest of Wheat grew
from seeds of plants Which grew after the treatment of the sowings with
herbicides. A small amount of weeds was observed during the harvest upon
the lots of manual weeding as well.
411 The treatment of the crops of breeched wheat with herbicides in
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Xalinkevich,
- 4 - Trans'. 249-:
? dry weather destroys weeds. If immediately after the spraying it will
rain, then the weeds will not be destroyed. This happened in our x-
periment on lot 5. The rain. washed. out the herbicide solutien, and the
lot did. not differ almost from the lots where no weeding took place (lots
2,5 and 6) neither in the amount of weeds nor in yield.
praes of' chemical compound.
For chemical weeding of the sowings of branched wheat two compounds
were used.: powder 2.4-11Y and paste 2M-4X as solutions. The testing of those
two compounds did not yield, special advantages of one over the other in des-
troying weeds. The compound. 24-4X (paste) destroyed goose-foot somewhat bet-
ter and. nettle - worse, in comparison with 2.4.M.
Taking into consideration these peculiarities of the compounds in
? the productive testing of herbicides in state farm ullamertskoe% we applied
the mixture of two compounds 211,-XX and 2.4-110 in equal acour.te. Seemingly,
depending upon the type of weeda this ratio should change in favor of one or
the other compound.
?
The application of raanual and chemical weeding on the same
Erne.
The treatment of crops of branchtid wheat with the solutions of herbi-
cides was carried out not only upon the fields of the entire sowing, whose
. experiment's deecription was indicated above, but upon 511 fields as well -
12 ha with between-row, horse treatment and manual weeding.
At the end of June, as a result of abundant rain, weeds started to
grow rapidly and to harm the wheat crops. It was impossible to weed out all
the 12 ha within a few days. Therefore, in order to cheek the further weed
growth, the crops were sprayed with the herbicide celutions, and. then grad,-
wily a manual weeding was carried out and between-row tilling of the sowings
of branched wheat. The combination of chemical and manual weeding justified
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Lalinkovich I
it sal f completely.
Transit. 24?
9;.
raIn with kit-an rite raera of branched. whe
For the treatment of branched wheat with herbicide solutions in
state farm were utilized kit-and horse sprayers.
In applying kit
one prepared the colutions and h
other - carried water
organization of work for eight-hour-day they treated. f
rs, wo pe rafts worked with the .nte:
d in charging the Lntrir?ttts, and the
se at a tanceI of a kilometer. With each
.36 to 0.40
hectare. Factual consumption fortonsumption for the sprayis,g of one heater
amounted tos
?
1. Labor persono with7thepay.C1 c1e,012 4 2 ruble 80 k.-G4
2.. .14abor --claen 3. -10 .mtble ao, K. - ? 54
3. 'florae days, 2.25 with the pay of one horse day-14 r...... .
total 149.50 it
?
Daring the spraying 'with hoz'
Ayer, one'per
horse spreyer, the otherpewn eUieredwaterw1th tiff) bi s. AUifl:g
working &y 6 ha of the ,creps were aprayed. For the prytng of each hector
of the crops 1/3 labor day. and 1/2 horse day were spent. for
spraying under the conditions of state farms amounted to . (Pk.' The
uti1ation of horse epr yers for the treatment Of crops in controilthg weeds,
instead of it sprayers, increased the productivity for each worker thirty
times, decreaeod the ejcnBe by 138 T. 43 k. per each hectar. Besides, by
utilizing horse sprayere under thecondi t ions of Moscow oblast' we reach the
greatest egrotechnical effect because iiishort timings it is po . ible to
check the further growth and. even to destroy the weeds entirely. One horse
sprayer treated in one shift 6 ha, and with two-shift itOrk 4?? from 0 to 12
ha of crops. The weeding of such lot in one day by hand weeding would re-
quire up to seven hundred ?persons.
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? Zalinkovich# nal. 249:
During the work of a horse sprayer the worker ehould watch the volt
of all sprayers and, in case of their clogging, to clean them..
On detours, the supply line with the sprayers touches often the soil
and bends; therefore on detours the _supply line should be lifted.
Conclusions
Needing of crops of branched wheat at the state farm iPaaenkoew
by means of spraying with the solutions of herbicide justified itself con-
pletely and, with a correct treatment of the crops it would not yield a double
manual weeding.
? The application of herbicides at the ate farm Hment?e? for the
weeding of crops of branched. wheat ensured a speedy efficiency - the tre t-
? ment of all crops in one-two dye; each hand weeding lasted 10-12 days.,
Tho treatment of each hectar of crops of branched wheat with the
solution a of herbicides required 1/3 men day and 1/2 bores day. The total
expenditure for the treatment of one heetar of crops, not counting thee
of the herbicide amounted in a state farm to n r. 07 k.# while each manual
weeding required at the average 60 working days, and the, expenditure amount-
ed to at least 700 ruble. Al]. the expenditures in chemicol- weeding, includ-
ing even the cost of the corapowid which i? right now very high), are four-
five times less than during manual weeding.
The fastest and most advantageous is the treatment of crops with the
utiitation. of horse sprayer. The spraying of crops of branched wheat by
manual., kit instruments is very slow. ? The treatment of each hectar of crops
with it instruments required thirty isms more working power in comparison
with the treatment by horse sprayers.
The productive experiment which has been crried out indicated that
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1-'1 ?
?
Nalinkoviche
7- Tranel 2491
? the most correct and safe method is the double tl..ea merit of the ?crops with
herbicide and a combination of manual and chemical weeding .
JJ?i1-.2O-51
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23 : CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
Dmitriev, G. V.
, ?
eicadule, sexnotata dangerous Pest 0
cereals. Sovet. Atm. 9 (4)1 96-92.
AP1?11, i95. 20 $o84
Trans'. 250: Pelt Control .
!translated b
Among a great'weber o
spring (erel-rkin el
ly studied. Their
evplored and mesa in controlling them are
mass
aoot spealesr es
. pts Of winte
omonferu)Jassidae) are riot ouffiCi
logy end their economic: significanee are almost -un-
not worked.out ?either.
prepagation of cicadae sexnotata
ctcanla t 111)
which occured. In 1949* in Zhitomir *blast
observations on the ecology of this
compounds and ItChOli in Controllin
the fact that cicadae serntatfttswt
part of USSR, the data given below are
In nay of 1949 we received. disttrbin
collective farms of Zhitemir raion concernin
barley* vring arid. winter Wheat. AA observation w1ioh has' been carried out
indicated that the canna for the drying are the damages caused by larva
ifr the cicadi1a seraotata In all places of inVestition, the amount
enabled ia to Carr out some
and.toerfi the dusts the
his cleadula, In ronnection with
hly d along the entire European
sense of
of oat,
cicadulas was very great.
get caused. the destrUctien of spring
?le upon fields which were inhabited 117 Cieltdula. The fields of win e
cicadae., differed conspicuously from the
neighboring flei.dj whith ire not inhabited bi the t:
high thinness
? of crops, low size poor 1ahineas, light green drying leaves, or leaves
with neat spots, the stems were covered with white spots, de-
velopment -before the of the spike and, in some ea
of feebly developed plants.
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7 Declassified and Approved For Release 2013/09/23: CIA-RDP80R01426R010000020001-1
Dmitriev, G. V.
The perished f
or wheat which were the
In eentrolling-
de of
Tran el. 250t
cereals were located near winter rye
di fta the sp ..ad.ing of the tioadula seznotata.
c cadula* 5 percent of DIYI end 12 percent of
.heralchloran were applied. Both compounds
tested previouily under lab..
oratory conditions. For this purpose, the cicadulas were placed into glass
jars the walls of wb.ich. were powiered with the dusts of DDT and ItCh011.
The resl ts of the testings were given in table 1
Dust DDT 5 percent ?f%ar.5 min. After
Dast Din 12 percent After 55 rain.
After 2 hour*.
20 Mililltes
.SitrnAteneouajy with 1 bqratori
out by the indicated compounds of two lots
covered with cicadulas.
Upon the lot poll
Control
Aft.
? After 1 b.:10 min.
After 6.t. 15.
fter 2 hours.
35 minutiae
exults pollination wee car
d
the field which were abundantly
ed with the dust (4. the
served after 20 minutes a considerable alraelin Of
and nymphx, as well as individual paralysed specimen
cicadulas perished coerpletely.
Upon a lot which has been pollinated with the dust of the compound
FICh0If the death of the cicadulas wae noted only after 12 hours.
mpound DDT we ob-
ngly moving larvae
four hours the
The exeunt of cicadaas upon. both fields has been characterised by
three heidat curve which is explained by the decrease ef the amount due
poisoning, .and then by its growth from he near-by fields whi
hare un-
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Ihnitriew
o
treated. The curve -of the.
the decrease of the amount on h
+Sport the near-by
Tra sl. 250t
indicates
second day, since at rnt time the plants
perished and. the eicathilas grat upon fresh plants; upon the lots t
ed with the dueta there was no death of the plants (drawing).
raying. The dynamics of the amount of emends. seltno
the pollination of crops with the duet of th
'DDT and li0hC11.
Taus, both campoinids proved to
ffective.
1 pollitatio tioade which id by cicadniasand
which are covered by spring crops, checked driroge completely and caused
practically the complete destruction of. the pent.. The .deeth upon the ? fields
which wore treated with DM ovate. in one oaqe after Z hours, in another
case after ?4 hours; upon fields treated to th dtist IrChC11 after 10 and 12.
'hours.
Tionee f the ccn kg/ha.
trt all collective farm which ve,xauIned the of oat and -
barley began from the edge, which was cioe to the s of winter wheat
and rye. Zn case the perished Iota were located in other plates of the
field with spring cereals,. 'then near them.vere deetaminated laede of virgin
soil catcall= With weeded Cereals. field reads, 1. er. the place of winter-
ing of cicadaa sextotata at the stage of ext egg were ?lands which *rare net
replown in fall. Those fields
Crepe*
ere occupIed by cereals and mainly by winter '
I was also cracteiistic bs rve the reaction ticadula to
drthe relief.Even.giiciro-rel ef specified the concentration of the larVan.
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rmitriov.
4 - Trensl. 250:
nymphs, and of mature insects upon the field with spring crops, Upon
Southern slope., upon *burgs* and 'griva, upon the upper parts of the
slopes, there were five-ten times as many eicadulas as there were in
? ravine, upon slight drops upon Northern slopes and upon the lower parts
of the slopes. Upon light sandy soil
light learer land end upon study soil,
there were twice-three times as many c cadulas as upon dark and riot soil.
Upon the fields with winter crops the assonnt of the eicadu.las use
determined by the compactness and height .of the .stem-stand. 'Upon fields with
low bushiness, with a thin grass-land with poorly developed plants* 90 per-
cent of the entire amount of the pests concentrated. Thereby* upon the fields
on elevated lot* there were three-four times more ticadulas than upon the
rest of the field. ? Lots which were situated nearby with powerful and dense
grass stand were inhabited with the cicadula in a sisall anoint
Thus, high agroteohnic of -winter crops is en indespensable condi-
tion in contrlling this pest.
damage caused by eicadulas in se* considereb.y during dry
weather (Sakharov, Snemenskii, Shohegoleva ). Drought increases the
viability. of the posto.embryonic stages* :pro-motes an intensified sucking of
plants by the cicada's. During drought the plants increase the evapora-
tion in places damaged by the prickinge of the pest and they stop in their
growth. ?
The MSS p
opagist of .ctcadnie sernotata is a result of its gradual
accumulation during last three years. The droughts of 1946 and 1947 spring
and fall of 2.948 and, finally, April and Hay of 1949 wer?avorable for
this insect which prefers heat and drought.
?.
?of rr.'
The mass propagation of the cieadula seznotata in the forest raion
shore of the Ukraine requires a serious study of bioecology of
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Dmitzbiev,
Tre.nal 250.:
this steppe pest. A vide testing of DDT and lithC/1in V&rioc utone of
European part of 11SSII will, &Nur, entiy eolve the problem of Us chenicai
control.
It is neceeeary.to mer1in.the fact that the
tature insects,. when they appear in fall Upon winter
ication of
will elmlude
the formation of winter nidi eggs of Cloadulae which winter in leaven.
/t At neteteary to test thoroughly the application of DDT nd
4ChCH Upoti winter crops in fall
A-11-20-51
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Zovda, V. A.
? Hew powerful development of
? irrigated districts of cotton
culture in USSR. Les i Step'
2 (11): 35-41. Nov..1950. 99.8 L565
el. 251: Cotton
ranslitted by R. Denbo
(Translated from the Rassian)
The Construction of the Main Tu.rkmenien Channel Asu-Dassia-Kistsoe..
vodsk is he largest flood-irrigation enterprise of the world. The length
of this channel is 1100 kas., and the power is 600 gisec-. The waters of
this channel irrigate a field of 1300 thousand hectare, ?they will feed 1200
km. of huge irrigation and flood channels, 100 km. of canalisation for water
supply of industrial enterprises and of inhabited points. l'hree hydroelectric
stations will be constructed of the total power of 100 thousand kilowatt.
The irrigation and flooding of Western '1`arkmentia and of Western
part of the desert Rara-tamy is of great national-economic significance.
The waterless Black and Red sands (Rara-ZumY tYaVI-KalnY)
were for
centuries a threat for fields and herds. The 'river amu-Dsti is throuout
centuries slowly moved to*rde the North an North-Bast. dooming Western
Tarkmeniia to drought.
Daring the Ice epoch, the waters of Asa.- is flowed no
Sea, bat into Caspian Sea.
Later on, under the 'influence of processes of
?
Mountain formation; the bed .of AmW-Dariiik moved towards 'North, and in the
place of its ancient channels and of Sarykimysheskoe- Lake, dry eat.. de-.
pressions, dried out beds and accumulations of river ,sands? were 'f? ormed.,
For centuries the Turkmenian people day-dreamed- of the moment when
the waters of Amu-Dartia would turn towards Turtme2ii5 and Could be utilited
for irrigation. ?
For 200 years did the u?5n explorers ? strive to ftnd the key o ?
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2 - 25lt
conquering the nature of the deserts and for irrigating them with the
waters of Aa-Darlial Volip, and epr.
The day dreaming of progressive scientists of Russia came true.
The Stalin plan of transformation of steppes and of deserts, the elinina-
tics of drought - all this became a reality before our very eyes. This
reality is fUlfilled through the decision of the governsent about hydro-
technical constructions which chance the nature of our country and which
alleluias deserts and drought.
The Soviet of the Mintsers of UM deterained to shift to a new
system of irrigation which the advanced collective - and state fares and
scientific research institutions applied with success. According to the
system, permanent irrigators are replace& by tesporary ones.
In the near futures the developsent of irrigated economy of the
Union of SO should be followed by a new powerful progress in cotton pro-
duction. The ostemary production of raw cotton in irrigated aviculture of
the republios of Middle Asia and of Beyond-the-Caucasus will increase 3-4
tithes, and the average yielding capacity of cotton will reach -up to X) cent-
ners from 2. hooter.
The it simile T. D. Lysenko in his article The Agronomical Teaching
of V. B. itilliams* underlined that the grass system% schen* of agriculture
which has been worked out by V. R. Williams could not be applied everywhere
and always, without sole changes, or disregarding the climatic and soil eon-
dittions or the government's plan tasks for agriculture. Such actions not.
only hamper the development of science, but may also become a hindrance in
practice. Based upon the saw theory concerning the transformation of the
soil and the creation of conditions for its fertility, it is necessary to
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lavdal Trans'. 2111.:
work out under variou.l caudit o various agrot thodsin creat-
ing a solid structure of the soil with omen lumps, variousmethods of
tilling it, various methods in applying fertiliser
In our article are indicated elements of gess and systee of agria.
culture in the raions of irrigated cotton production of USSR. 19:145 1.01101iing
Clement! enter into this system; 1) state protective forest belts and. field
protective plantings along the magi tral irrigation channels; 2) cotton-
grassland crop rotations upon the irrigated land; 3) a correct organisation
of the territory which provides an expedient utilization of arable land anti
the distribution of the fields for crop rotation; 4) irrigation; 5) the
system of mechanisation of productive processes and. soil tilling; 6) the
system of soil ohamisation; 7) the astern of hydrotechnical and agrotech-
nical meliorations which would. prevent end eliminate the process of salting
the irrigated soil; 8) covering the forests and consolidating the sandy spaces,
which are near oasis, for the protection of irrigated oasis against approach-
ing broken sandsi 9) covering with forests 11101111tiibiOUS slopes of water accui-
latleg river basins which could be utilised for irrigation.
The establishment of state forest belts and. forest plantings for
field protection is a transformation of the nature of the climate's surface
layer and A protection of plant* against drought. in the irrigated ratans
of Central Asia the analogues to drought - winds? area..,N, Nafatntayos acquire
special power, and therefore the protection of the Irrigated. fields against
these winds by forest belts acquire special significance. Along With that,
the plantings should protect the territory of the irrigated oasis against
moving sanda, against loess dust.
Besides, state forest belts aM field protectingforest plantings
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.4.Tran91. 251:
In the irricated :stone of Central Asia and Beyond the-Cauessue should ful-
fill a serlos of important functions of meliorating and, preventive character.
It is well known, that the high level of ground waters in the irrigstted retorts
causes the decrease of yield in cotton and grasses, and in case of their high
mineralization It causes the formation of salted. soils. The decrease of the
level of Ground waters is therefore the most Important measure which prevents
the possible decrease in soil's fertility*
ForDst plantings which grow under the conditions of Central Asia and
Beyend-the-Caucesus, due to prolonged.vegetatIrn, abundance of light and heat,
with sufficient moisture develop exceptionally powerful. One hectar of weed
plantinto in the nelettborh.00d of insipid ground waters is able to consume
during the vegetative period. up to 10000..20000 m3 water for transpiration.
The consumption of soil-ground waters used for plants' transpiratica weakens
and often excludes the processes of salt accumulation in soils, because salts
which are sadly dissolved do not reach its surface.
TAing the volune of graeitating wator in water carrying horizon
for 100 percent, we may consider that the transpiration during the vegeta-
tive period tiCeteriorates the water carrying layer of ground waters at the
irrigated lots of 10-20 cm. As a result, due to the transpirational volt
of fore3ts, it is possible to keep the level of /round waters upon forest
covered irriatted lots at 1-1.5 m. lower than the surrounding territory.
Usually, along the huge irrigated channels the level of ground waters le
highly lifted, and the latter spread on the side of the channel. In those
cases tion a channel is surrounded by trees*, the level of ground waters is
not on increased, bat ie located at a greater depth than upon the notch.
boring irri?sted territories. Me slope of ground waters is directed not
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?ovde,
oard.s the channel
tree plantings
Along
winds and with the softening of the cliante in the near-soil layer, proteethig
forestsdocrea:se the 1eel of ground boaters and by., that decresiee the'consiimp-
tion of water for transPinition, thut they prevent the processes of salting.
The state- forest belts and field protecting.fore. te .should be trizted on Cotten firms according to the same principles as wider the conU-
tion of unirri ted fartia of Enropban part of USSR, 1. e. perpendicularly
towards the direction of pa's:dominating dry winds:
Zia experiment of the prejection of atate ?rest belts for Oentral
and Beyond-the-Catioasue indiCate that they shtnild be created along
narrow? ve../leys and around 0811041. Sach belts are planned for 31ergOa valley,
for Eure-Areksia lowland for the valley Of the river Vakheli. There ,are also
? planned. forest belts for the Protection Of oases against *Jude CoMing from
sand deserts around Bukharsk Hargabak and Tedrhenek 'oases, as well in Ihsrgen.
The fors/its in the irrigated regions should utilize the water which
is lost in magistral Channels, and therefOre state, forest belts should be
distributed along the chief channels '(along both ?sides), inclading.grooves
and roads. each plantings are now growing along the .Large YergEni Ohannel
w. 5 Tranel. 2513
U. ually happens. nt from the brition twwards
eh transpire ground water.
t the tinction of protecting irriga'ted fielda against drought
and. they are planned alo
Golodno step Channel,
Darin
Jrnrksenian channel and tirovis Chief
ths'years o t Power* irrigated-ease* of S
has been constructed a network of huge state water supplying collectors ?(in
central Fenian, Hungry Steppe, in the valley of the river Veithsh,' in aura-
Arkin lowland).. These ,collectors should be covered. along both sides by
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- Transl? 251:
state forest belts of trees which are it resis
etc..)
olive, tagariek,
Which species should we recommend for the planting of irrigation
network which passes in non-salty or talightly salty soils? The following
species are most suitable from economical point of ?Lein rooulus Bachoreni*
Robinia pseudoacacia, Prazinus oubescens *rue alba. ,
The first three gipecies are planted along reservoirs end along large
and medium _channels, as well as on farm-eteads. ?Morus alba, could be planted
along branch irrigators. Besides, at the large and medium irtigation network
it is possible to plant Poona:us nt?, Acer negendo, Salim 5,1A, australia,
enuoiculata, Gleditsehla triecanthos, Ailanthus glandelose, and also fruit
trees - apple, apricot, walnut, cherry, pear etc.
Upon soils which are laity, with effloreacense of salt and
nearby salty ground waters, the following trees could be planted: Niaeageus
.angustifolia, Arthophytusk ahil1ua,Aalorylon ,Tamarix hisnida etc.
For a correct projecting of field protecting forest planting in
irrigated cotton regions we must solve -many problems,: what is the transpire-
tional zbflty of wood and bash species 'which are: intended for plantingin
these regions* Iti salt resistance and the methods to increase it: the forest
growing ability of soils of Various saltiness and of various physical character-
istics; the sive and the forme. of forests along belts of various tYpse: be.
Ing and restoration of forest!.
.By introducing correct cotton-grass crop rotation* in the irrigated
cotton production the basic problem is to create and support a soil structure
which would be water resistant lump-grainish. Gray soil which ?is the most
widely spread variety of the. soils of ti$SR irrigated sones differ .by poor.
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Kovda,
et rue to.re tater deteriorate e the structure of the irrigated oile, .es.
pecially by flooding.
Le our observations in state farm akhtaAl1N indicated, a e
ful grass cover would be able to transform considerably the over-soil cUtate
due to the shadowing of the soil from above and the increase of moisture of
soil air under the grass. In Central Asia the open surface of the toil warms
up In July-Augast up to 60.70?, and the plown horizon of the soil. under the
grass cover - not mere than 40-45?,. Doe to ehade, decrease of hea*, and in-
crease of relative humidity of the air, there is in the upper layers of the
Trail
soil wider &mos cover 3-5 percent 'lee moisture than upon the neighboring
cotton fields under similar conditions.
Tho development of grasses under the conditions of Centrat Asia,
with =ancient moisture and nutritious substances, provide* a. great amount
of .dry oronic substance. (in a year 200 c. of hay, and 150-200 c. of roots
from one hooter). The -formation of such -great. amounts Of organic substances
is, 'naturally, connectedlitith a high.co sumption of 'soil meieture. In .the
first place the grasses use capillary water which lifts from ground waters
towards the surface taking it. for transpiration.
Grafiste
of the second year of usage, with a good ?dvolopment are able-
to use up to 1000-2000ra of water during the vegetative period. due to which
Level and the regime of ground water transforms considerably. Usually,
upon the fields the level of ground waters during the vegetative period is
100 cm. lower (at the average) than upon the cotton fields (under the same
conditions).
It is known that irrigated soils upon cotton fields with Close
mineralized ground ietters under eo a highly conspicuous saltening which is
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rovda.
Trans'. 251:
followed by the transfer of salts from ground waters into plowe horison of
the soil and by the increase of their content from spring to tali from
8.3-Q.3 percent to 0.14.5 percent.
Upon fields occupied by good grass mixtnree the tmnsptation from
the soil surface decreases,
structure 1roves and the level of ground
waters decreases. As a resat, the season seating upon ouch fields Is ex..
pressed slightly. Under grass cover, with thorough watering, the fas of
salt in upper horizons decreases.
By wide introduction of Ce (mem gras
of irrigeted production
we will have:to overcome a few aft,:
the practice
One of the difficulties is the loss of grasses during
due to the formation of crust upon the field or due to soil 'e eltin,sa.
ibis difficulty could be overcome comparatively easy by the methods of cor-
rect soil tilling, which would eliminate crustation, and by prelimin.ary welsh-
ing of the salt upon salty sails which are prepared for grass saving.
A more serious complication is the loss of cereal component of lucerne..
Cereal grass mixture which Is followed by a gradual elimination of the cemes1
component. Usually such an elimination is noticeable after first or eircond
moving.
The data of the All-Union Scientlfic-Research Institute of Cotton
Production and also the observat ons in the tate farm liPakhta-Aral,in-
dicate that coexistence of various grasses in grass mixture could be achiev-
ed by sowing legume and. cereal components by rotating rows or cross ways. It
could also be achieved by providing the grasses with basic fertilization, by
feeding with nitrogen in summer and, especially, by regulerity of waterings.
In those cases, when after grass mixture mowing the harvest of hay laggs
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? Ira 2513,
and the rotating amterings are delayed, the cereal component transforme. into
rest and. dies. Lucerne which has a powerful deep going root system is able
to overcome the pauses in watering, utilising ground betters for its. develop-
ment. Cereals whose root system is concentrated in the upper 20 em. of the
soil quickly spend the soil moisture m14101621 the watering is delayed, they
die or stop vegetation.
The observations of Azerbaidzhan scienti le-reasalvh institute of
cotton production indicated. that lucerne and orchard grass de elop splendid-
ly daring fall (and not spring) cross 'common sowings.
In order to increase the effect of green mixture in cotton-grass crop
rotations, it is necessary to increase the productivity of the surface end
under soil vegetative mass produced by grasses. The experiment f progressive
farms of the irrigated zone and of experimental stations indicates that the
yield of the surface mass of grass mixture could be lifted up to I5O-200 C.
per hector under the conditions of good agrotechnic and correct wateringe,
and this enables the increase of cotton yield after grass plowing.
In the irrigated production with grass sowing of great significance
are both the production of the sarface rase and the formation of a great
amount of roots.
It is very important hieve the increase of salt resistance of
grasses. were the methods of selection of salt resistant forms among local
plants _is most important or their introduction from other ()blast's. The
mgrophysiological measures for Gait resistance increase should be tested
under production conditions.
Due to hieh moisture produced by artificial irri.tton, and due to
high temperature, the disintegration of organic tgubetances in irrigated
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Itovda,
10 -
soils of Central Asia and Pepind-ther.Caucasu occurs very
in the 3rd or 4th year after the plowing f grass layer, the
filienoe of creases disappears
S *
251:
11Y,
st Jcempletely. It is necessary to strive
constantly for the prolongation of a positive influence Of usenet: after the
plowing of the layer. - This should and could be achieved by a complex of
measures which would be worked out in cooperation with soil producers,*
microbiologists and agrotechnicians.
eased Upon the indicatiote of V. R. wn ams concerningtheostablish-
leant of anaerobic regime in. soil for the conservation of their organic sub-
stance, it is necessary to learn how to direct the disinte tion processes
of orgric- substances in soils. This could be achieved by means of definite
timings, depth and special tilling of grass layer, timing and size of soil
moisture of watering, of influence Upon the content and the activity of
micri3bici1ogical populationetc. ty means f these measures it is possible
to increase the amount of the cozitMit of the organic substance (compost) in
the irrigitod soils and to prolong the positive effect of grasse in crop
rotations up to 6-8 years.
It is also evident that here we must all?play siderite
sYetematicallY, we must fill the soil with an additional organic substance
with the assistence of -Concentrated and repetitive sowings.
1;oet valuable for practice are the...suggestions of the All-tin on
ntific-Research InstItute of Cotton Production to introduce short crop
rotations with two-year 'growth of 'grasses and a short rotation -of cotton.
The cotton yield and its sommrited harvest, according to Dorman is higher
by this method than by prolonged crop rotations.
Artificial irrigation is a basic and powerful ieans 'in reorganizing
-Laatic and soil conditions of the desert.
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lovda
trenel.. 2511
Nevertheless, the predatory utilization of water resources in the
irrited. oases of Central. Asia and. Beyond-the-Caucasus during past yeare,
the primitivity of. the hydrotechnical constructions*
drainage channels end the low level of agrotechnic le
that the irrigated; fielde suffered in the past conid.erably from the sal en-
ing of irrigated soils.
121 previous irri ad 'system* the water for trritiofl used to be
carried upon the fields from the network of cors taut Channels, ,located at
* distance of -80-150 from each other. These channels divide- the field in-,
to =all irrigated. lets (from 1.5-4.0 ha). Agricultural machines could. not
be utilized productively by tilling the soil .upon such irrigated lots; Be-
sides, under constant channels 10 to 12 percent of the lot ia. lost; along
the channels grow weeds which ehift over to the fields. The care for per-
manent irrication channele requires a great amount of labor; labor is requir-
ed in great amount for the cleaning of the channels from accretion. New
irrigators are constructed after sowing, and after- wateriegs it evens out
by groove diggers and levelers which are attached to the tractors. The
application of the. new syetem will enable to enlarge the irrigated lots
and to increase their number upon the irrigated lot and will shorten the
length of permanent irrigation network by two, three times.
The advantages of the new irrigation system are obviou ?Jirat of
rig/Alone,: anti
the situation
ell, 1.1:90n enlarged lots it will be possible to utilize completely
chi es
for the emecution of all agricultural work, introduce progressive agrotechnic
which uill considerably increase the yielding capacity. Besides water losses
upon filtration of channels during the period of watering *111 decrease con-
siderably, for the cleaning of the channels Will be required lees labor power.
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? Kovda* -12-
the next three fonr years the reconstructionof irrt.tion
*yet me will be carried out upon a field over 4.Z 'nail .ion hectare.
In order to create favorable Cc:mations in the development of
agricultural plants Upon heavily salted soils (content of salt over 1.1.5
percent), it is neeessa y to remove the excees of harmful salt `by wane
of special vashings* as well aa drainage of salted termed waters with the
assistance of drain contruCtins of various typee.
? The hydrotechnical measur a in meliorating unity soil of natural
and repetitive selteniug iaLotald b executed with due consideration of the
'natural conditions and proceesec of salt accumlatione.
The Soviet amelioration and agrobiological science ma be proud of
the fact that the problem of melioration of salty soils and of their effec-
tive appropriation has been solved,. !Mae greatest progress along these line-t
wasechieved b Magansk experimentel-mellorating statiou in Azerbaidzhan,
Golodnoetep and Fergat experimental melioratin :5ti.tIofl5 in tiebekieten.
The achievenents of Ilagesnek experimental-seelioritive etstton En Dehafark-
hen ?deserve our special study and popelarieatioe. The malicious sterile
salty soils of Magee' ehich had in the neighborbo d highly minerel ground
waters (40-60 di) are appropriated by meane of a correct complex of teacere
(deep, horizontal drainage, washing, high agrotecheic) and are transformed
into hie)aly fertile soils. The yield, of cotton upon the soils with 1-2
1111!
waterines amounts to approximately 40 centners, and the yield of cereals
reaches c. per hooter.
Seile Which were under treatnent, after 18 years were enriched by
gumus, became structural end. loose. The concentration of soil solution de-
eased in them Up to 2-3 gil,? the ground waters contain. salts not more than
0.5-1.0
1
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13 -? T al. 251:
Similar ac ievements have Uo1odnotep and Tergan *
lio "ting 'stations.
In Ialliamst teaching considerable attention was dedt?ated to the
correct systems of 'oil tilling which provides the restoratIon and preserva-
tion of their favorable $trLmture. The chief eondition in preserving the,
11,s structure is, ae it_ is known its plowing and loosening at the moment
of its physice.I ripeness. when the friability and structuring reeches the
ntal-
best results. In the practice of irrialled econorgir of Erroll imPortric
is
the determination of specific moisture which the soil possesses during its
physical maturity.
!any soils
.ch possess solonets .(darit ?etog alk line soil) of
especially mechanical content, which have a great amount of inine-ral coil
loids
of montorilonite group, have a comparatively narrow oieture 'interval in the
condition of ripeness. Dose soils catch' quickly end'a crust is vickly
formed upon the surface.
A =ion precision ieneces,jary of the nature of the physical soil
maturity, of the optimal moisture he structure formations in various soils
and the search for methods in the Increase of the structure forming effect
dur ng its tilling. ?
V. R. Williams treated & eyatet f plowing ploi land by plown vith
coulters, and a tilling of plows land without repetitive turning over the
layer. This system of tilling irrigated soils was tested under the condi-
tions of the state farm 0Pakhts-Arni* And of other analogous ?alone of
Central Asia and had proven to be quite effective. Such tilling of the
irrigated. soils reduces the cost of labor and of measures instead or 3-4
- one tilling), reduces watering, improvell the structural condition
of the soils and ensures the increase of cotton yielding Capacity.
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Roy
4 fransl 2514
? Nevertheless, not upon all soils and not in aI. rai ris is this
possible. II/16.er some conditions (heavy soflM ainridnce of weeds) this
e:?stem is not advisable. It is necesry to improve the tsystems f soil till-
ing in cotton zone of Oentral Asia, based upon the principles
LL WtUi*ms..
The development of the irrigated cottcon,production requires urgont-
ly the expansion of experimental volt in melioration and in acquisition of
fitolvran based upon the complex improvement of their qualities by means of
deep loosening, the transformation of the raechertical and chemical content
of gtriorzi enriching with an organic sUbst WIC e.
? One of the successful methods in controlling incrustation upon un.
structural loamy soils in irrigated economy i the method discovered by
the Ac3dorisr of ?Scienes of Azerbaidzhan (D. Ouseinyi). The Introduction
of ?Gumbrinft- during basic plowing on the snrface or in the rows of cotton
field, after its sowing, caused great positive changes in the phlsical
condition of the plow/ horizon.
ItOombrin Is a inontmoIlIonite loam which is applIed in petrolium
industry as refining the ground and which ontain?up to 4bpereent of or-
ganic substsnces of petrolium origin.
There are reasons to Usume that the application of gumbrin and of
other analogical refineries, as well as the application of petroliu.re products
ands of taill_ngs of mineral oils in small quantities (upon which we insist
since 1945), and the utilization of bituminous loam, shales, et.nclay will img
prove the structure of incrlistating soils also in other raions of the cotton
sone of Inn.
Shore is no doubt that,, by studying carefnlly the scientific her age
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ovda.
of the lead.e
- 1-
of agronomy and soil science, kuchaev and. Willismd, by
grasping the progressive experience in production -nd by in tro clueing
the achievements of science into the practice of agricature the Soviet?
scientists along with cellective farmer ill achieve a new powerful pro-
gress in Soviet cotton prouct1on
ntL of trt.c1e
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Mynbaev, K.
Method of improved cultivation.
of Tararacum kok enghys. ovet
Agron. 3.940 No 3.1,-120 pp 80
20%84
k-
cta1ist ag
The
In 1
Methods of cultivating Kok-7
order of presenting t
OA*
problem.
Ansi. 252: gok-Nagys
?
Translated from the
Russian by IL. Dembo
r.
? Pro m the wozts of the
All-Union Institute of
Plant Production)
gyt is one of ble proIstng.
culture. .
pet pothutie sovings of h- nt began in coil
M the. present time the?
readyt ten.thoUsands hectare.
dons
deod for
At the present tite
vs farms
ieldswith crops of this plant amount al-
zi for such a growth it the tremen-
r?in our .developing industry (automobile
etc.
Viet Union occupieo the ocond place in the world
and the first place in Varope in rubber consumption.
ffevertheless, this growth-of. 'sore% fields was net a soCiated wIth a
neou progressive increase
stance, for the last to years, th
along one-year plantations: in 1938
two-year plantations in 1939 - 4.2
The poor yields of the kok-aagy:
ing o our opinion, by the following reasons:
1) lack of a systematic care in cultive.ti
creating the best conditions for production:
2) lack of at least improved seeds,
its conditions:
3) the gap be -cm the produe
he productivity of kkyg. or
in-
verage *rope of roots- in TM-SR-amounted
1.7 c and in 1939 - 2.0 cilia. Along
ion appropriat
of
table for
and the scientific
52
gradual reproduction,of the nature of kok.asagys under the conditions of cultivesw.
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?
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. 3 .
Trensli
tion, tit this plant VOuld become in the near future a highly nrorluctive
'03.allt ?
teachos that a skillful cultivation of plants is a guamitee
for imi)roveti -,)lents. In order to Liirect the imgetative ort,nnism into correct
develnysent, it is necessary to create such conditions which would havo great
al iticce for its further growth ani development, taking into con-eiders-
tion Via s.locific biological leculiarities of the pliant.
In a,rery system of meesures one of the links is always the leadinz
and thm soocif/tn. Such a leading link in the vet= of agrotschnic1.rieg
the givoil ata::.4.;e of appropriating kok-sacyr is, according to our point of viow.
the rat1.11,:t1 distribution of roots upon & field unit. This would provi:Iskeks.
sazyz I) enough nouriehtsent. 2) the absorption of tho enera froa. slei
rays,) #.1,a necessary lot for a norml tpowth of the plant. 4) preventim of
s3Irout 3.0s3 an.d weed control.
-7roductive %peptone of kok-sagye, as the swelling of the root,
the for-z: tin and accumulation of rubber, depenti entirely upon these ilv.tors.
Unfortunately, the optima. lots necessary for the m..trition of ko-K-
seas bays not been determined up to now, and this problem is the most coa.
plicate(' in Cie egrotechnio of kok-segye. In the existing agriculturea rules
recomend a norm for sowing kok-eagY7 seeds at least 3 kgthe, with the
width'J..' t.Wb elt rows of 44.5 cm, tinder mob & sowing norm, even with GO pa--
cant of sr: sprouts and 50 percent of sprout loss, the d.enrdty of growth
would rasoh tg:$ million pinata pr hects.r. Such density ha' no theoretical.
basis 1 Li.C) 7eractical advantage. As it is well known, kok-sagyz is a uild
plant. i i, only ten years undnr cultivation. During this very short time
miti witi, unskillful growth, with almost ital lack of selection work. Ile
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gynbsev$ Transl. 2521
.of course, could not expect basic changes in improving it. Therefore the
first task of science is tho transformation of the nature of kok-sagys into
a highly productive Taunt. Por this purpose We have two methods mutually
connected:,
1) the mass iproverient of the qua ties of ko.b.sagYS by Mena of
applying the best conditions in developing it from generation to generation
and. 2) the production of highly productive varieties both in yielding capacity
of the root mass end the rubber outpu.t.
History indicates that the formation of any cultivated plant de-
panda upon the methods and technic of its production. Without any solentif
alLywoxed out e.grotechnic which is based upon the biological peculiarities
of each plant, it would be impossible to change its nature
Unfortunately,. many sciortiste-rubber specialists did not understand
and still do not underetand the close relationship between the conditions of
plant cultivation. These scientists explain the entire complex of the factors
of kok-zaryz yield by a dense sowing, disregArdin
sagyz under corresponding conditions.
it is unnecessary to prove that each breach be
the improvement of kok.
en the conditions and
concrete requirements of the plant biology, and between the process of
proving and the process of production leads to the situation, that, instead. of
improving the natural peauliarities of kok-sagyz (increase in weight, rubber
content, etc.), the plant deteriorates. This was pro's-en by experimntal and
productivo data.
the advoeate of the nyield of he general mast's" of roots forget the
most basic .thing that the yield is not a phenomenon divided from all measures
of production and natural peculiarity of the cultivated plant, but it is a re,
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?
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147niesev
suit of the
010 teal productivity of the given plant and of able cultiva-
tion. Therefore, in our conception the cult/Vatic-al of kok.eagyz under de-
finite conditions of production not only provides a yield during vegetative
period, but creates a definite type of an organism which is
depted to those
conditions. 13y repeating these conditions from generation to generation, the
productivity of the plant increases, ?beeause the factors of these conditiong
become indispensable and provide its maximal productivit ? Table I fully
proves this standpoint of Darvin.
,Conditi no
teation and the productivit
Conditions of
Sowing In 1939
Conditions-
1939
3
Root velgtet Rubber
in g. percentage
Table 3.
of kok-sascre
Absolute
Rubber content
Lot No 40,
Lot No 40
eter1ty
erity
Lot No 40. V 60
(fractional.
due tion)
Seed poste
Lot 40, V 30
R 45 X 60
Nutrition fields
Control. concen-
trated
20 X 20
10 X 10
10 X 10
134
23.0
15.0
37.5
11.0
7.43.
5.53
1.35
4.21 ,
9.52
324
17.0
34.6
10.90
10.79
10.?
rol concentrat-
40 140
10 110
20 X 20
20 X 20
trol concent. 20 X 20
rated
16.0
16.5
19.1
15.4
35.6
19.3
34.6
19,1
13.2
6.80
3.48
3.98 ?
6.80.
6.23
6.74
4.89
7.40
4.92
3.93
0.24
0.32
0.29
0.40
0.42
0.46
0.46
0.93
0.16
043
0.16
0.33
0.21
0.61
0.23
0.64
0.21
0.13
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Kyrtbeev, ?
Transl, 252:
Table 1 indicates that the conditions of cultivating the preceed-
ing generation have great influence upon the biological productivity of
the succeeding generation.
Uthout dwelling upon the analysis of well known factors which prom
vide the yield of kek-sagyz root mass (nourishment, moisture, sowing terns,
care,etc.) we consider it-important to indicate the following moments. It
is well known, that one of the basic problems of ag,rotechnic is control which
deprive the plant of a considerable amount of nutritious eubstaacee, moisture,
etc, under the accepted density of kok-sauz standing, it would be impossible
to execute weed control by weeding along the rows. If we add the elow growth
of kok-eagyz during the first phase of its development (small rosettes,
squeezed to the ground) we obtain a very sad picture.
The plantation of kok-sagyz could be contaminated not only by endemic
field weeds, but also by dandelion which are of the same family ae kok-s.soz,
but do not bear rubber. According to their exterior, the dandelions without
rubber are similar to kok-sagyz, but are much more viable than the regular
weeds.
The dandelions without rubber are considerably lore dangerous for
kok-sagyz than the usual weeds.
The biological struggle for the living factors between close taxonotic
units is stronger, since their selecting ability to thses factors are identical.
Externally the dandelions without rubber look like knk-sagyz, there-
fore unexperienced weeders think it is kok-sagyz and le,ve it in the field.
The danger of leaving the dandelions upon the plantation consititt
of the fact that they contaminate kok-sagyz since it ler very difficult to
differentiate them by their seeds.
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1,-1-000Z000001-019Z171-0108dCll-V10 CZ/60/?1,0Z eSeeiei -10d panaiddv Pue Pe!PsseloeCI
_ .
Amount of
leaves upon
plant
Amotint o
nor& fe
:Z9g tauwi 9 "' mrequeft
- 000 Z00000 I- 0 19Z17 I- 0 108d CI -V10 CZ/60/?1,0Z eSeeiei -10d panaiddv Pue Pe!PsseloeCI
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iiynbaeir,
Theat
Traria. t?
of table 2 was obtained upon a r*guILr deneity of stand-.
ing. Occasional contaminators were discribed plants of plain dandelion,
for whose control was used. kok-sagyz which grew nearby.
This table indicates how much mo
viable is the plain dandelion
in comparison with kok-sagyz. 5111 aizos the fact that the co trol
of weeds in general and of related weed in particular plays a very mpor-
tant role.
The next iiportant moment connected, with correct diatribution of
roots - is the loss of kok-sagyz under the conditions of plantational sow-
ing which is widely spread in the South. Agroteehniciatts and physiolo-
gists are imp:ble to prevent. this. undesirable phenomenon and are unable to
explain why and under which conditions this phenomenon occurs!
Based: upon a series of observations under the conditions of indus-
trial sowing in state farms whicth cultivate kok sagyz, as well as he ex-
perimental registration of plants'loss upon varioue fields of nutrition,
we are inclined to think that the loss of kok..sar is a result of the ex-
treme density of plant standing,e.ecepted for plantatio al sowing.
According to accepted norms of sot,lng and in between rows of 44.6 cm.,
the average distance between plants reaches in a row 0.34.4 em. Under such
conditions the roots Marry on a fight not only for good and moisture, but
for flourishing apace as well. It is superflous to prove that this reflects
h,..rmfully not only upon the growth of the roots but upon the general bio-
logical resistance of kok-sagys, its blooming seed formation, rubber con-
tent, etc.,as well.
The roots of kok-sagYz, under the lack of normal conditions for fur-
ther growth, intermingle shaping distorted forms which hamper the normal
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Marnbsev
growth process. Due to the ar
Trina. 262:
of the growing process and. of the bio,
logical struggle, the roots resist poorly inner and exterior unfavorable
effects before the beginning of the ?so called. uperiod of rest". its it is
well known, during the period of rest the organism ,stop s almost entirely
its growing process, and life?energy is so feeble that it does not permit
any resistance to the unfavorable conditions (high temperature, attrospherie
or soil drought, poor transfer of nUtritional substances And moisture),
and the plants die. The period of rest causes more phenomena than the
ones above indicated, but we are able to prevent the death of the plant
upon the pl an ta t to n a by means of regulating its nourishing field, at least.
The data which we obtained in the proaess of observations from the
sprouts up to harvesting upon various fields of nutrition (even under the
conditions of Leningrad oblast',; where the period.of rest has not been
noticed with a one-year Soloing) confirm our observations (table 3).
Table 3
s standing in relationship to the
p1 ata upon one rtinntng meter
Control
10 X 10
46 X
*Raglet tion was carried out upon a 1 repetiti a of
ing field in three repetit!ons in each exp rtment variation.
ft
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ynbetev,
9
banal: 262i
Table 0 indicatee that in centre% the amount of plants decrease*
twice While upon a nourishin
prose
field of 20x20, 95400 percent plants aro
ad. The same: data were obtane. at Kursk station.
With a uniformed, custrihution of ,plants the surface part of kok,
sagys has a creeping rosette.-like forn With a nourishing field, for in-
stance, of 20 x 20 cm. there would. not be a single cm. of soil surface with..
out tveilig, tavored with leaves. The sun rays will Ian directly upon the
surface of the leaves and will i.itilte them. With 1.5 million plants per
ectar at least 300 plants grow upon I while with a normal nouriehirz
field only S0-60 plants should grow upon 1 in2. Zt is (mite obvious, whore
the ray ealargy which falls upon the same field surface will be utilized..
She sun energy, according to, the direct experiment
? leading factors in the ? formation of rubber. Therefore, we
40
to follow the instructioni of K. A. Timiriasev ta creating
conditions (for kok-sagys) in utilizing fully the energy of
working rface of the Loaf".
The advocatea of a dense sowing consider their basi
height of the general yield. of the
is one of the
ve to tri'
1, cessary
ant the
t mass, without registeringthe loss
of emall roots (net more than 3-5 g.) during digging, *specially during
the droueM under primitive condition* (in granaries, attics, etc.) and
without registering the absolute yield of rubber. nevertheless the yield
of kok.sagyz could be judged according to a,field unit, and this depends
upon the percental content of rubber and upon the increase of the weight
of the root mass; the increase of the general weight of the roots depend.
upon two factors; upon the increase of the individual weight of the root
(achieved by creating normal fields at the expense of rar fled sowing) and
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My:11204v,
- 10 -
Tranel. 262;
? upon the increase, of the general weight of the roots expense of
dense eowings). we brought auffielent armaente concedning the unfitneee
of dense cowing's.
Let us now turn tof
three-year woxt.
The ezperimente were carried out in thecity of PhkIn (1inir1i),
at the experimental etation VXR, upon a light peat.podeol enti with pit" 6.76;
material
tibta
ned during the
the precedents for the 1937 experiment were: in 1936 - winter wheat, in 1935
perennial waste land; for the 1938 experiment: in 1937 winter wheat with
a mineral feeding calculating N46 P60 V50 in 1936 fallow land pins dung
t.: for the experiment of 1939: in 1936 clover* spring wheat
In 1938 - flax plus 40 Ott of dung under deep Plowing (spring of 1939)?
The timings Of the sowings: in 1937 - and in 1938 and 1939 -
1I V. The digging Was Carried. cut during the appearance of 2 and 3 pairs
of leaves. In 1937 the experiment was carried, out without repetitions up-
on the fields of 160 ra2 each; the isi of the field ti 1938 was 100 er2,
double repetition; in 1939 the silo of the field was the same* repetition
four times. The harvest time; in 1937 and 1938 6/X. in 1939 a and 29/1Z.
The registration of the yield was according to the weight of the
roots along the entire field. Netimation of the rubber percentage was
according to the method of Stolbin Koialovich.
The results of the experiments according to -yielei.ng capacity,
root weight and the content of rubber are given in table 4.
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0
(D
0
CD
(D
)
E
(D
(D
(T)
CD
(D
n.)
R3
o)
0
0
-0
co
0
0
n.)
-10
n.)
The yield of tho root masa and
Table 4
content as r he
t vartations
'Amount of Alrerage ? In ad .
plants per weight of .(inciha)
]ha ( in 'the-root
d.
Thibber
.con
percent)
Aboola
rubber
yiela
bber yjela
C012 ral
1.0 X10
I
20 X 20 ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ?
? ?
b
? it ?
1938 r
1. Control . ,.
2. 10 X 10 .
3. 20 X20
4. -30 1.30. A.. ? IV ? .0 %IP ? ? ? *
5'S 46 X40 'ff
1939 r.
Control1. s 1. ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
01 10 X 10 ?!??? ???? ?,* ????
20 y 20 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? '4 ? ? ?
44fr 30 X30
5. 40 Z40 .
8. 45 X 5 .? ? ? ? ? ? ,r
? .? ? ??
11500 ?105.0 0.0? 1054
800 16 80.0 7,7? 0.31 168.0 --
250 ? , 42.5 8.6 0.34 85.0
1000 , 1.0.7
SOO ' 19.1
280 34.6
111 27.3
62.5 35.6
250
111
? 62.5
440
9.3
18.18
21.33
24.23
20.9
17.0
00.30
95.50
8650
30.30-
22.28
? 5.80 0.15 50.0
6420 0.8; 155.0
7.40 0.63 157.5
7.11 0.43 47.73
614.74 - 0.59 36.77
0 .0 4.12 0.09
90.80 5.33 0.24
53.32 a,3?' 0.28
26.89 5.81 0'4?
? 13.06 5.66 0.29
? *14.80 5.2? 0,2?
99.0
20.0,
70.0
41.0
18.32
96,8
?
414
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UPlibli? ? ? 12 .0. *anal. 252;
Table 4 indicates that the root weight tncrs*?s at the average
between 104., and 25 g. The content of the rubbe tee as Well
increasing double,with variations, in Comparison with contra (dense
*owing),
?
The analysis of obtttAed date indicates that. the hi est yield of
rubber is obtained upon a nourishing field of 10 1: 10 and 5 X 46 or approxi-
mately that sits. These nouriehing fields enable us to Carry out the entire
complex of airicultaral measures (loosening feeding, weed control) and
create the necessary condition, for the keprovement of the nature of the
plant itself. With a dense standing the roots become anise tails*. At
the same time good half of the small roots from a dense *owing is lost
during transport from plantations to tarts end from tarts to the fdttory.
Once the famous transformer of nature, Ivan tladimirovich Nichurin,
observed very keenly. *We want from the orchard fruits for food, and not
woods for fueltt. And we must create a kolo-sagYs with large roots and a
600d content of rubber.
Let us now ditouss the problem of the seed quaUty, depending up-
on various nourishing conditions (nourishing fields),
We now know well the
the conditions of production has direct affect not only upon the vSgstatVe
organs in sense of determining the yield, but upon thr seeds as well, whose
formation Is related to the physiological condition ofthe organism,. Our
data confirm that (table 5).
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Yield and quality of kok-eassiLseed? an re1ate to _ncerithint field
Table 5
Xsperiaent 'aria-
time
II
i a, Ali 44
f 7% .8 A.
1 0 14 pi
I i P4
0 a
&
0
Aacynnt of seed
in calathide
Average per-
cent of seeds
fpr calathida
?.12
To 4a
a
0
% 1,11.?
I ?,
8 v
Sprouting
percent)
I
? The blooming
percent (on
$i/1
MIN D
Poo ?
Sound
Poor
14
41:1 ;
Sproutec.
Sara
.
1938 r.
1.Control
26.6
34.0
11.0.
78.2
21.8
410
37.0
80
-
70.3
2 ? 10 X 10
38.9
45.0
3.0
96.38
3.62
470
41.5
76.5
-
98.6
3. 20 X20
51.0
45.0
2.0
96.38
3.62
470
57.5
78.0
-
98.9
4. 50 I50
53.7
59.0
0.9
98.5
1.5
480
54.0
78.0
-
98.3
5. 75 X 75
52.6
45.5
0.4
99.1
0.9
470
47.0
67.0
-
96.8
1939r.
1. Control
31.2
78.0
10.0
88.64
11.36
480
36.0
64.0
30.0
74.2
2. 10 X 10n
47;5
81.2
2.7
96.78
3.22
500
504
77.0
30.0
991,3
3. 20 X 20 .
55.6
79.0
3.0
96.34
3.66
500
72.0
72.0
20.0
99.7
4. SO 110
8r..3
OD.1
1.3
01641.
1?Efig
SW
48.0
90.0
8.0
100
5. 40 X 40 ?.
47.8
75.6
1.6
97.7?
2.21
480
42.3
92.0
6.0
100
6. 45 15
45.3
84.1
1.4
99.53
0?47
440
39.0
55.0
4.0
99.x
?
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Nynbaev,
Table 6 indicates that the basic elements which are characteristic
df the itield and the seed quality very, according to the nourishing lots.
This change depends Upon such elements of vied yield, as the amount of
flowers (receptacles), amount of the seeds in the calathide, the percent.
age of poor *soda, the percentage of sprouting, etc. A series of indexes
(percentage of poor seed., the 'germinating 'ter,sprouting) indicate the
advantage of Moro yids nourishing field!).
1 these physiological qualities of seeds determine not only the
yield, but the further development of the succeeding posterity as well.
The greater ie the germinating energy, the better the sprouts. According
to our three-year observations, during the firs year on e control field
only about '70 percent of plant* V.0111014. But in a nourishing field of
30 X 30 or 40 X 40. 100 percent of the p ants blossom. As we know, under
the condition.* of plantational sowing under various geographical condi-
tions, the blooming during the first year reaches the marinas of 50 percent.
it is not an accident that the former management of rubber producers of
People's Oommieretriat of Agriculture of USSR determined the norm of seed
? harveet from one year plantation -.34 kg/ha and. from two year plantation -
30-40 kg/ha. One of the decisive moments in the increase of the sowing field
under plants which carry rubber (particularly under kok-sagys) is the avail-
ability of the geed tosterjal lt Se known that individual advanced, writers
by means of a skillful production of kok-sagys achieved during the fall sow-
ing the record seed yield of 215 kg/he (A.. A. Parkusina from the collective
farm noll *Levi* of Belopotfek raion, Sum* USSR).
Of great signlftainci 1* the nourishing field for kok.sagys which
out the lection-seed produetion work. The basic and the only method
...3.4 -eran al. 252:
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Kynbaev, VTronsl. 252:
of selection for t p dilation of new ariatiee is the direct ?selec tont
Daring the kokaagys selection we' must tyke into-consider& /021 such sYmP"
toms as the ability of forming rubber* the general strength of the plant
and. its form, the root weight,* resistance to 'various diseases etc. For
a fall manifestat on of Any beneficial symptom we must create op c
conditions upon whose background we could notice* as soon as possible"
? the biological peculiarities of the selected plants. .Bach condition i
first of all the production of kok-eagye under an optimal nourishing field.
With a standing density of 1.5 million plants per hector, it is impossible
select* under field 'conditions. the plants and collect ?seeds from them
in the first year of their life. Due to great density, the we14it of the
circumstance makes it impoesible and
little effective the sslectton, according to this most important symptoM.
But under a normal nourithing field this eymptom root weight) increases
drastically* surpassing some times by 840 times the above indicated figure's.
root is very 0011 (540 g.)
Along with that we mai indicate atso another baeic 'canton
and. the fruit bearing of kok-sagys.
The we may ask; What io the hy do some agrotechniciane
advocate no persistently the dense .*wing? They bring forth two arguments:
1) at the prasent time. we do not haVe oultivated varieties which would be
able to utiltsb fully the larger n addling nelds, and the existing popular
the blooming
material tidos
o the cu.ltural measure of pro8wticn, especially
to the nourishing field; 2) in comparison to a rarified sowing the aence
sowing yields a greater amount of roots.
All the data given above which we obtained tbrout experiments,
? Aite completely all these arguments of narrow approach to the caution of a
great problem the improvement of the wild plant b.: novae of educating it
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itynbeev,
?ond bY .8
eotio
16 T ? 2621.
f the - species In theentire
ions
1. The base for the agrotechaie of kok-sagyz uy'on the emen ctsge of
its ve appropriation is the normal distribution of the voo
means of creating nourishing fields which provide' individual care for the
? plant.
2. The inpease of the no
a drastic positte effiot upon
and loaves), which determines' the proe
up to A ce tutu norm nLfest
velopment of the plant (roots
of rubber formation.
3? Depending upon the Conditions of production, namely depending 'von
the nourishing 'field the root Weight Changes drastically, thus the gen: r
yield of the entire root mass.
op
With the change
S iouriahiit fields all thecharacteristio? and
qualities of the seeds change: the germination energy? sprouting, presence
f ohardn Seeds, bsolute weight, and the
creason. This gives us the right to be co V5.
production are the 'basic and" leading factors
1 of the calathide do-
t the conditions for
he cultivation of kok-
5. A rational dtitribtto
the plantation frail oontaminato
duce rubber.
6. The only tilt
kok-sagy roots enables the '0 aning of
including dendelions'which do not pro-
prodnction of rubber from a
7. Tho problem of
ft
ld unit.
right:1g field ? and
their formation (sowing norms timing for digging, th
ould be only he absolu
nourishing lot) is the meat:aetuai-problem of itoX.issayt 0,ecotschnio.
it indicate that by 4istributing-360-400 thousaiud pleats upon one
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)(pubesvs 1? -
Trend., 252:
heater a highs rtxbbe yield could be achitrred flE atlo eal de-
velopment of the individual plant. Thin noiirtet.ng lot could cretod.
.at the present ttrne in two ways Good ind.exes were obtained in a 1te14
of 45 .x 54 Xt l.a also possible however, to transfer to 4-3 rows sowing
with the diatane between. the rows of 10-15 cra? and 'in the rows (after
'liming) 10 em.; the distance between, 2 and 3 line rows fox, mechanisation
of the sos.gdog, tilling and harvesting - 45 cm.
-,11-27-.51
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IP
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Ovoharow, I. 21., and, Kildmvskatk. E. I.
? rffect of growth bstances on the
trait formation in strawberry (Prager%
tucharica) Akad. Reek SSR 59; 585-$86
Jan. 21. 194S. 511 1.14441b
?retaliated Taos the Rassien
b Denbo
(Presented by the academic
N. A. gektimove 15/X11 1947)
AvaIlable data (42) indicate the tact that. the blossoms of straw-
berries, treated. by the compcunds of growth sabstances are able to yield
seedless berri.s. Along with that was discovered that the treatment of
strawberries .by growth sitbstances leads to the improvement of berries' ger-
mination and to the increase of their else. These factors incited us to carry
out corresponding experiments with wild growing strawberry (Yraeliria bucharica)
which grows in the mountains of Tadzhikistan, along the canyon of Rhodcha-Obi-
Oarm, at the altitude of 2000-2300 ra. over sea level.
it is Thteretlng, that this strawberry, despite a1mdant blooming
nd despite the presence, as it seems, of perfect ?blossom does not form
ny berries. We tried to achieve fruit production with this plant by apply-
ing growth substances.
As growth substaneeS were taken the following ompounde: 2.4
dichlorphonoxy acetic acid, 2.4 dichlorphenosy- -oil acid and a-naphthlace
acid. We decided upon theee substances because they are already knows AS good
activators for fruit formation (2). On May 8. 1947, dLring the period of mass
blossom, the bushes of pagaria bucharica which grow at the altitude of 1100
at the Varsob Mountain Botanical Station, were sprayed by 0.01 percent .solutions
of the indicated compounds.
? Already two weeks later, after the treatasni of the blossoms with
2.4-dicb1orphenoxy-n-oll acid anti a-naphthylacetic acid, we observed fruit
41,?forration, and three weeks later, after treatment, the slice of the berries
.reached 1.1 x 0.9 cm. (drawing 1).
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0733
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ooircharov?
Aft
It ,aeo
Tranel. 2531
g 1. Zn.uence f a.-riapbthIacat1e acid upon fruit forma-
%ion ihviZ& stra4be 4
by m...naVa hyl acetic,
the amount of
ti re
Mount of berriee formed
of th.b1o,om
hout treatment (control.'), 2 - treeted
md. on JUne ?, le dicated in table
Table 1
Wea qit after treatment
h b tonoo
Contra
0.4.dichlorphenox7
acetic acid...
a-naphthyleCetic acid.
2.4-dichlOrpbenov-n-
oil
56
BO
98
15
The table tncltcatee the.t the treatert of rrapearia buc kcai
blossoms by a-naphthyl acetic ac d promotes fruit formation. Neverthelee?.
the most effective of all 'concentrations VAil 2.4.-dieh1Orptlerl0/27-.12.-01.1 acid.
The experiments which we carried out in the canyon of thodzha-Obi..
Carm, namely at the locality where lresaria har grows in wild condi-
tion0 and also rep tea experiments at the Tarrob mountain botmical station
in ;ay. i, e. ?air ng the period of second MSC blooming, also yielded good
results.
even results indi
that ithsuch plants, lr4e pegarie
behasjse., in which under usual contttione function only. pollens (3)
41111r) the help of growing substances we are able to produce fruit formation.
with.
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-gm
? ?
?
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QYC harov*
The Marlazeyr ;netItu of
ph7sic:4(1w of the Academy of ieno
of 11$111 *
2. 1a. V. nak t
U.* 3E4?
3. Z. ie, limit) v. DM* no 4(1.94?).
d
o/c. tartb, Eot. 0a
Appctn of growth
Pres
pleak% prorCt
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Itekitin,X. 11., and Kritskaia, L. 14.
Batardatiori of but burst in fruit
trees with the aid of chemical pre-
parations. .ad. Nauk SE01. Dok. 76:
295-297. Jan, 11. 1951. 511 1'444A
!
\i
.1*nsl? 254t Growth Szb
)s
ranslated from the Russian
R. Deist?
I \
Presented tly academic
114 A. Makatea', 17/X1, 1950
;
-
Spring sty often occur during Tsuari u
".sFTr/
fruit trees
#
cause great harm to ochard?. rifling the blossoms and harmil.6 rmination,
spring frosts decrease ithe yield considerably or even destroy 1*, compitsly.
_
( = .
Aiming to prot the blossoms against the truoti effect of
-7-------,
-orotectiv4-meavres-s_are ,., fruit pro-
spring frosts, the fon.
ill
1
ductiong famtgatlon Vhi prey-4014i the Natation :heat bi. so d by
,..---016---
r temperatr de of petroleum
plants; artificial bores
&SI
_ is lo
s retardation
heaters; delay in the beginn v 4. mow
? of soil thawing which tor acMev?by trampling the snow in the root circles
(1.2)? it all these maaesongs d.o net solve the probleex as a whole, since
the2r are hard to be executed on a large sone.
Starting with 1945, we undertook a series of orienting experiments
in retardation of the beginning of vegetation of fruit planta with the
assistance of chemical comounds which affect considerably the growth pro-
Cosies (3,4). After having obtained positive data, as a result of these
?IpertMentat we decided to?stady this problea more eii.cumetantialty.
In this article wS describe our, research which was carriei out with
seed plants. The work waft carried out in the Lenin state farm neox MOscow
during the period froek1948 to 1950 inclusive*.
In this article are circsastantiall escribod erimente
of 48-1949(--dolige 1949.1950 the experiments were re
re analogous to those described in this article.
d and their
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.411i
?
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Ilakit ,
2 - Tren
? 2
? As objects for research wore taken 1 year old trees of three
apple varietie Moscow Orudhevbe, Cinnamon ttiped, Plain Antonovka,
and five-year old trees of two pear varietiee Thinleaf and:Son-acct.
Two compoundewere tented; potassiUm chloride a-naphthyl acetic
ettd (nru) and 2.4-dtchIorphenoxy acetic acid (nu). Both corapouri0 were
applied in the form of ttcr solutions In the following conCentratiene:
000125; 0.025; 0.05; 0.075 and 0.1 percent.
The experimeuts were carried out upon individual hrenche of the
third ardor. Upon each tree wore taken out 6 brenchee?- Ote of thorn eerved
ae control, and the othere were sprayed by be tolutlen of some of the com..
pound, (one branch upon each concentration of the compound.).
The effect Of the compounds wee eompared along -seven terms troit-
sent: 25/IV pin, 20/v10 3/VII, 2 YU, 10/VII1 10/IX. During these tome
of spraying, the experiments were carried out in two repetitione two trees
for each compound.) The epreying was done in the sorting/I, the branch oar-
face wne moistened completely.
The research indicated that,under the Influenceof chemical oom-
pounds, the bud burst is conelderably retarded an that the blooming starts
later. Ue discovered elmaltaneously that the compound Mlles& more re.
ttrding effect than W. But the application of DU caused a series of um,
desirable effeote which makes this compound unfit for our parpoen.
hampering the bud buret, compound DU depressed oonsiderebly the growth of
sprouts, appeared to be more toxia and. ovi$Od formal:Aim trensfOrmattons
with the crowing leaves. It is charneterietio that three formative trans.-
formations manifested themselves not only during the peer of treatment,
but during the succeeding vegetative eeason as sell.
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Dant
Dae to the unfItness of nu for the
dwell -more oircumitantially uPon the &per
Trend 254:
bud burat? we
with this compoun
Tee epraying which was carried out with the solutions PM on 26//V
1948 e. during the first of seven accopted tas for treatment, ife.
little effective. The retardation in bud burst (during the year of treat-
merit) did. not exceed in this ease 1-2 days and could be noticed only with
the highest concentrations of the comporond (0.075 and 0.1 percent). The
treatment during the other terms was more effective.
connection with the term of treatment and with the concentration
of the coripowid in the solution the retardation of bud buret upon apple
trees in spring of 1949 was the following: fruit buds from 2 to 10 days,
eat bud from 6 to 15 days.
As to pear trees, due to the feet that the of these plante,
which were in our Poemesaion, did net enter the stags of fruit bearing, we
ware able to observe upon tbem the time of buret of leaf buds in the given
pear varieti a retarded: in spr
949 for a period of 3
to 20 days.
Observations indicated that with the increase of compound's con-
oentration, the retardation of the fruit and* leaf bad buret increases.
During the treatment of branches in June and at the beginning of July,
solutions which contain 0.0125 and 0.026 percent of the compound, caused
epproxixxtely the same retarding effect as the stronger solutions _during
the succeeding terms of spraying.
During the year of treatment eepeeially by spraying In June and
at the beginning of July, the loaves, und sonet pot young sprouts of treat
ed branches as well, manifestedepinastic bendinge. With two highs con-
centrationa of the compo 0476 and 0.1 c/a) the treatment at the given
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Pakitin*.
?. 4
toms caused aloo the retarding of the sproUts and of the fruits,
in a series of cases caused. burning') of leaves and the tits o
sprouts. During the succeeding terms of treatment* the aolicat on of
the Compound under hies. Concentration* (0.05 04015 and 0.1 percent)
?caused epinnetY and accelerated. the ripening. Of fruits by 7-10 days.
We n'Ust mention els- the factthat both chemical coMpounds
and DV) I by all plied oon ntxti.ons avla by all terms of. treatment* ex-
.
.oneiderably the falling of fruits
the April treatment
in comparinon with control.
We ?discovered that 11th the retard.ing of bad but,by means of
chemical compounds* in: the plant odours et weakening in the process of ze
Spiration and a decreareli/nthe activity of oxidizing fermentatio 0. Con.
seesentlY. this indicates that the retarding in the bud, buret is caused
by the decreaee of the intensity in exchange of Ilaintaneetto
lt we may arrive at the following conclusions;
1) Among the teeted compounda for the retarding of bud burnt the
most ft t io the compound
) The beet tiMe for plantreatment le the period of term1nttcn
of sprouts growth. In our experiments
bud. burst retarding by treating the pl
beet results obtained. in
the 'first or eec nd half of
July, depending upon the specie end the va iety of the plant.
3) The optimal concentration of the compound, depending tom the
plant's erpoo5.oe and vex ety* was incur experiments 260-500 Mg. for one litr
of water.
4) 1.al bud
chemic .mpounds
ret etardatton, achieved
open ge of the intertnttyof exchange
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Bakit
? of?sabitencee.
Timirlasev Institute of p1nt PiaioIogy.
of the Academy of Sciences of US R
4., 2544
pre anted
17 XI. 195o
? Referencet
1. 1..V. 13elolchov1 I. Kurind1 0,. Kerpoy,
Sub* and A. IL Ventlemlnovo ?Alit ?produottoni, 24." t99
2. P. G. Iiitt and Z
L. Met]. ltekl
2r4t produoti
S. In. V. lizik1 In, Application of. growth Kabstemoes
K. 1947
1u. V.
rine I
40
plant pro 1,1c n,
pro-
11 ? ,
14.71... 28, 1961
8
tnd of .rttcie
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,
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40
Memlumov, A. L.
Selection of SUga Beets
Som. Isd.Selkhos
Ka skvat 1950
Table of
nts
Foreword
A short history of the selection of sugar beets
Method a.nd direction
The study of sugar beet on to
Educating sugar beets
Transl. 256: Sugar Beets
SI-3-ao1
Translate from the Blosian
in part, by R. Dembo
eels for the purpose of
selection
der various oonditions-Artixistence
?
Escalating pollination in sugar bep
'?