QUARANTINED WEEDS AND DISEASES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS

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STAT
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,
t
ettild011iCh. S4 P. Quarantined weeds and diietses
of agrioulturalorops.. In Iholkhosnala proitivd.i
stvennala entsiklopedlia-rftcyclopsdia of Collective
Farm Production). 19494 v.l, pp. 299-302. 3041 183
Tr slated in part by
$4 N. Monson
WARAUTXNED.WEDS AND :DISEASES OP AGRICULTURAL ROPS
The purpoas of the quarantine of plants introduced in.the Soviet.
Union 'in 1934 let
1) the protectiOn of the :territory of the USSR from brought in and:
distributed ,agricultural and forest parasites, plant diseases a
fukmeede, of the kind absent 44 the USSR(external quarantine);
g). the preventionof a further spread of the parasites, diseases- srefL
harmful weeds having alimited distribution in the. Soviet Union, as well
as their control, (domestic quarantine).
The putting into effect of plant quarantine measures Is the duty of
government quarantine. inspeetion agencies operatAngunderthe Department
of Agriculture of the USSR.'
Among the parasites and disease' of plants under dorestie quarantine"
_
the following are found on Ukrainian fields: Phylloxera, San Jose scale
-potato cancer- and bacterial cancer of tomatoes.
:J1lustration? p4 300 - Phylloxera and damage of.grapevine roots by
phylloxera. ..Phylloxera belong; to the aphid family; It damages the roots
and leaves Of the grapevine. .The young roots develop seellings.at a
result of the sucking of the root form by phylloxerae., *Ill* on More mature
grapevines they form. lumps (nodule),- Bacteria penetrate into the crevices
and sores mtioh produee rot and cause the root* to die? This leads
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2 -
Sendovich, S. P.
Quarantined: seeds and diseases.-...
weentually to the destruction of the European and Asiatic varieties of
vines and of several hybrids or direct producers. The roots of come
stock varieties, resistant to phylloxera, are immune ? The leaf variety
of phylloxera affects only the leavee'of phylloxera-reeistant stook
vu reties and or hybrids of direct producers,'forming a growth of tissue
on the leaves ,(gallae?)
One of the methods of controlling phylloxera in the areas of its ,
sidest'distribution is the grafting of varieties of grapevines to stock
varieties relistant to phylloxera. The territory cultivating grapevines
in the Ukraine is therefore divided into; 1) the sone of "self-rooting"
viniculture, tree from phylloxera; 2) sone of grafted viniculture infected
? . with phylloxera (see viniculture), and the protected tone between the two,
wherein the planting of grapevines in prohibited.
rethods of Control; the prohibition to transfer the sowing material
? of vines from the tons of grafted viniculture into the tope of self-
is
rooted plants. %thin the tones the transfer of sowing material?permitted
once the latter in disinfected with hot water or hydrogen cyanide in
addition to being given a certificate of quarantine inspection. (Illustra-
tion of grapevine leaf infected by the leaf form Of phylloxera, p. 500).
? San Joey; settle belongs to the sucking thecae; the females are Immo-
bile, with round bodies, covered with a brown-grey scale,ef 1.6-2 mm IA
diameter; they are viviparus. The San Jose scale damage* almost all
garden crops; attAoke_the surface parts of the plants.. The damage 004618t6
In the plants appearing depressed which frequently lead? to their perish-
ing, The eeale is distributed by means of sawing material and the fruits
themselves.
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Sandovioh, S. P.
Quarantined weeds and diseases....
I%thods of Oontrolt Prohibition of importation of the sowing and
grafted material from infected areas, as well as of fruits from t
southern orchard regions. The use of agro-t*ohnioal practioes-desi ed
to create favorable conditions for the growth of plants; the spraying of
orchards in early spring, prior to budding with a four percent emulsion
of mineral oils, end in the summer, 'during the mass cleaning of germs,
with it one percent emulsion.
POtato Cancer: the most dangerous of potato diseases:' The typical
charaoteristic of this disease, caused by a fungi, is the appearance of
email lumpy growths on the tubers, on the stolons, and oocasionally on
the stems and leaven of potatoes. The growth may be of various shape;
their size frequently exceede that of the tubers. The color of the growth
on thei leaves is at first green, on the tubers white, later gradually
changing into dark -brown. They rot in the fall, change into a slimy mass
and fall apart infecting the soils with the sports of the fungus. The
spore() remain in the soil from 15-20 years and may infect potatoes *when.
ever planted on an infected lot. Tubers do not form on infected stolonse
(Illustration-Potato tubers suffering from potato cancer).
rethode of Control: the prohibition of the export of potatoes and
root-crops frost infected regions and from those adjoining - into sections
free from potato cancer. The exeunination of potatoes and, ft canoer is
found, the inaccessibility to the foci of infection by outsiders and
animals* The infected tubers and leaves are dug into the soil one mo,
deep and are covered with laiphthe.. Advanced agricultural methods and
the change to varieties resistant to canoer (see Potatoes) are the
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Sandovich, $. P.
Quarantined weedcand dieeases....
principal ii?odn in controlling Potato cancer.
:Bacterial Cancer of Tomatoes (NRT) affects tomatoes in
1
phases
of their' development. Then diseased the young plants fade and frequently
perish. The stems Of mature plants show cores and crevices, and their
fruits brown Spots bordered with white tissue. The souree of infection
is in the infected residue of plants and seeds.
Methode of Control: the prohibition, of sowing seeds gthered from
Infected lots, the treatment of needs with merourio chloride
(1 gr
3 litore otwoter), the destruction of the residue of plants, the diein-
fection of hothouces?
Among the parasites.,. for the control of which- an external quorantiai
has been set up, the most dangeroue is the Colorado Potato Peetle, It is
found in Hungary, Ciechelovakia and Poland. Its length in from 9441 mm,
Its width - 6-7 mm. Color yellow, the upper wings have 10 black.
lengthy, stripes, the breast 11 black spots, one large one on the .bead,
The larvae has a strong, thick red belly, with two rows of black warts -
along the :sides. The larvae of orange-yellow color resembles the beetle
in shape. The beetles and especially their larvae are very greedy; they
feed on the leaves and stems of the potato, weakening them And frequently.
destroying the entire harvest. The beetles disperse, fly from place to
place, and nay also be introduced by various transportation facilities.?
In order to prevent the appearance of the Colorado beetle in the
USSR, it is moss-nary to conform striotly.to quarantine.' neaeures, to
. examine the potato plantings systematically, as wen as those of other
Solememeaew ,MIleo a beetle is discovered, the Quarantine Inspection Agenoy
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Sandovich? S. P.
Quarantined weeds and diseases...,
ha* to be notified immediately, and the handpicking of beetles and
larvae, the spraying and dusting with poisonous chemicals, and the
.fumigation of the soil of tho. infected area are to be organised at
once.
44*** *******
- End of article.
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Taman, A.I.
Agrotekhnika kartofolia
(Culture of potatoes). Peskva,
1945. 58 p. 75 T15A
. Introduction
Translated from the Russian by
8. N. Nonson ?
?ARIZ OF CONTENT
What does the potato require for its development?
Link organifation of labor
Plant potatoes after fertilized winter rye or wheat crops
Fall cultivation of soil
Harrowing of fall plowing and ,repeated *spring plowing of the soil
Fertilization of the soil for potato- planting
Seed material of potatoes
Observe a high agricultural technique on the seed plot
Plant large and healthy potatoes
Preparation and storing of potato tuber tops.
Vernalizatibn of. potatoes
Planting of potatoes
Planting of potatoes on ridges
Introduction of fertilizers in potato plantings
Grow from 40.45 thousand plants per hectare
Summer plantings of potatoes
Caro of potato plants
-rovide additional feeding for potatoes in the period of its growth
Care of potato plants on the seed plot
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Taman, A. I. - 2
Clean the seed plot, ridding it of mixtures of other varieties
and diseased plants.
Select healthy and plants of best yield from your plots
Watering of potatoes
Utilize healthy leaves for silo
Dry and sort potatoes prior to storing
End
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Taman, A.
In Solskokhotiaistvennaia ontsiklopediia
rigriculturalEnoyclopedia). vol. 8
Etekva, 1934.
bed in part by
N. Uonson
SOCIALIST RECONSTRUCTION POTATO GROWING AND TRN
STRUGGLE FOR moan MI= (Pit 23-24)
Planted potato areas in the USSR reached 6.1 million hectares in 1032,
as comparid to 34 million hectare's in 1913. The distribution of sowed
areas of potatoes and the changes that have takon between 1928 and
1938 are presented in Table I (p.- 2
The
world's crop of potatoes (outside of the USSR) amounted in 2.939
to over 1.6 billions of oet;;;;W-61;;;WILWiii;15;W-iiiiiidt-Of-the-League-------
of Rations). Of those 470 million oentners belonged to Germany, 309
million centnore to Poland, 160 million oentners to France, 113 million
centners to the USA, etc. The yields of potato crops in the USSR varied
from 431 to 494 million oentners (for 1930-32). The USSR occuOiii-rirot *
place in Area of potato plantings bilt7E7iciia it stands almost last.
In individual *cations of .the USSR :where all agricultural practice*
with regard to saving and care of,plants are applied, the potato yields
amount to up to 160 to 180 oentnors per hectares The vastneos of the
USSR territory and the variety of ite olimatio conditions also sxert an
innuendo upon the reduction of the ave rage yield of the potato per
hooter.. In order to indrease the potato yield radically it is n000seary
to introduce into practice all available agricultural methods, to increase
the amount Of-fortiliiers (organic and mineral) and to engage in widely
3
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Taman, A
Socialist Reconstruction....
devoloped'vork in seed growing and selection, with the view of replacing
the potato varieties of lesser yield with those of higher yieldsv posses-
sing a larger percentage of starch and a better resistance: to disease*.
An adequate organitttion for protecting potatoes : from dieeame and their
Storage represent importantetheds in increasing the .potential resources
of the potato.
Table I. Sowing
Republics, Territories
tnd Qbleets
Potatoes n thousands of heotaree)
1926 19
Northern Territory
54.2
64.6
Karelian ASR
3.9
5.7
Leningrad Oblast
160.3
198.0
? Western Obltet
465.4
565.0
? Voscow Oblast
560,6
671.0
Ivanov* Oblast
199.6
240.2
Gorki Territory
?301.6
421.3
Ural Oblast
93.4
210.6
Rashkir AM-
60.0
.96.8
'Tartar ASEM
51.8
149.0
Central-Volga Territory
366.0
326.4
TSCHO
026.6
626.7
Lover Volga Territory
140,8
58,6
Northern4aucssitn.Territory
? 132.3
124.6
Crimean ASSR
1.9
4.3
Kazakh ASSR
55.2'
41;.6
Kara-Kalptksk ASSR
0.4
.
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Tamen, A.
Sooiallet Reeonstruotiowc.e.
Tib1e r. Sowin Area-houe d tarots
4.6
703
Weet?Siberleu Territory
203094
24502.
Restagberlen Territory
41.9
MIC (Dalai Voetok?Far East)
39?2
$0.8
Itkutsk ASSR
1.2
Ukreloten SSR
1351.0
796,0
Belo? Ru elan SSR
67700
63002
ZSFSR
32?1
38?8
Central Asietto SovietRepublica
245
9?4
Total in the USSR
5 677?6 5 601.9
*Total for Weet-and East-Siberian Territories.
End of artiole?
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Moso V. P.
Agrotoknnika [Agricultural Practice 3.
Moscow, 194a 351 p. 64 11851
Introduction
Table of Contents
Trans. 39: Agronomy
Trans. in part by
S. N. Monson
i. 2
part I
'r 1JL PPCRLYMS IN AGRICTTITRAL PRAC-ICRS
General conception of the soil 3
Coll-formation processes 4
-cnica1 composition of soil 5
rtysical prol)erties of soil ? 6
Ab7or tive capacity of the soil 8
structure of soil and its significance 8
.?rinci-)7,1 soils in USSR 11
Conditi ns of Growth and lelielopment of Field Crops 14
Light 14
.ter 15
gutritional substances 20
!eat
Air 27
Soil uicroorgenismo 29
Soil Cultivation 33
In soil cultilmtion 33
r,
T'lowing 33
nenth of nlowing 37
')cer!enin of nlowed layer 38
Tale of fore-nlow in soil cultivation 39
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SC110 V? ? ? Trans. 39
nt4king
41
43
45
46
CultivFtion of qclean"
49
ft occut)ied Vela@
52
oti cultivrtion for summer crops
58
Clativ,tion o!
62
rertilition or soil
65
trn c:P21 fertill 7,P w.1
65
Mosllorus fertilizers
67
Potc.sh fort11er9
68
69
?lotho,Th of introduoine ralleTal ferti15rers
71
Loci. fertilizers
71
;,-mnre
71
Co77,-1,!t
73
"eaty
474
rlven t-les .
75
green fertili7crs
75
IlTrY!! [7.7) SO'IND
76
CleFrinz. tnd selds
77
An.1::lin of footle
81
Trer.tmert of ,ic,oas
87
Tnr t1nn.
91
iTatinr of sePds prior to sowing
93
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Eosolov... i Trans. 39
:Inthodm of sowing .. 94
Norms, in sowing . 98
ne-th of seed placement ? 99
CAB! or ?Imp mpg. 4100
Mulching 4.100
Additional feeding.....-.. ? ? .. .. ...... ...... * ? ..... ? w. ? 102
'sed control 106
treutht Control 0.110
practices in controlling d.ront 410
Irrigation 113
Tree Shelter belts 114
Agricultural Practices in crop rotation
Influence of field crone upon fertilization, of soil 119
?lace of field crops in crop rotation ..........
Fertilization th crop rotation 126
'Unher of fields and order Of crops in crop rotation...... 128
Charts on Crop rotation 130
PART I/
? AGRICULTURAL PNACTICIS 07 INDIVIDUAL CROPS
GRAIN mops
Rye 136
,Biological -characteristics ? 437
rives (role) in crop rotation and cultivation of soil 159
rertilizing 139
.eeds and sowing 140
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?
? Trans. 39
Yinter t 142
1 ch cterttiC 142
in ;trap r-A7-...tif.n1 ri i1cultivr-tion 143
-Th.t-.11171.ng 143
eejid sowing 144
Cars of .:iter crops 145
154
-Ater, 155
712. in cron r.,trition . 157
fruitivmtion tztl. fer.til!yis;:z 157
1.tlnd 159
C lit ? 160
Oats .164
.164
711a ce (rol.e) Li crol-) rot7.tion .165
ii.mit t irr.tion ff;rtiI .166
1.67
C. r?
153
170
cs
170
ce (role) in crop rotation end_
cultivrtion
172
.1.111 ILL
173
F;. setting
173
?nt 7
174
TicAr-
-I*, 7 ?c
175
TAtitho s harvo iting
176
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Xosolov... 5 Trans. 39
./
?
?
?
Drying of grf.lin
175
MILLET
.178
Biological charac Le ri st lc s
.179
Placa (role) in crop rotation
.181
Soil cultivtion
181
Tertilizing
....182
C01011
zeds and sowing 183
Cp.re of plantings 186
jarvariting 187
188
3iological characteristics 189
PlExe (role) in crop rotation 190
-zoil cultivation and fertilizing 171
lecjs and sowing 192
Care of plantings 193
Rarvesting 193
.195
Biolojcal characteristics .195
"lace (role) In crop rotation and soil cultivation . .192
rertiiiing
"199
seas and sowing 199
Cre of 'Plantings 01
Tr: n nre citing 204
205
3io1oO.cP1 characteristics 206
i. ce (role) in crop rotation
207
.3431.1 cultivation and fertilizing 207
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Mosolov.?. 6
Trans. 39
Seeds and sowing.
.208
Care of plantings
.210
!larva sting
.211
Lrrin,
.23.3
BoloGica1 characteristics
.213
P1ce (role) in crop rotation
.214
101.1 cultivation and fertilizing
.215
Iceds and saving
.215
07,re of plantings
.217
E,Lrvesting
.218
VEITC11
219
Biological characteristics
23.9
P1ce (role) in cron rotation
221
So 11 crult iva.tion -and fertilizing
223.
Seeds and sowing
221
Care of ri.artinzo
223
r ve sting
223
'Inter (or pilose) veitch
224
POTATOES
Biological characteristics
.226
Place (role) in crop rotation
227
Soil cultivation.
227
Fertilizing
228
Preparation of seed stock
229
Planting
231
Aurane.r rlantings
233
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Mosolov... 7
Care of olantings..
Trans. 38
-1,14
Harve st log ?
.235
Storing
.236
Methods of controlling diseases
.238
CROPS
Sugar Beets
240
Biological characteristics
42
Place (role) in crop rotation
244
Soil cultivation
244
Seeds and sowing
.246
Fart ill zing
,.245
Care of plantings.
248
rIarVe Ina
251
Flax
253
Biological characteristics
254
Place (role) in crop rotation
256
Soil cult ivat ion
257
Tort il z ing
258
Seeds and sowing... ..
0.0'
?
00.0258
C_re of plantings
.263
Harvesting

Initial cultivation
266
Hemp.
267
Diolo deal characteristics..268
'Place (role) in crop rotation
281
Soil cultivation
271
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? Me soloy... B Pr.ns. 39
I.
?
?
Fertilizing
Seeds end sowing
.272
Care of plantings
.273
Harvest ing
275
Initial cultivation
.276
Sunflower
277
Biological characteristics
278
Place (role) in crop rotation
278
Soil cultivation
279
Fertilising
279
Seeds ,!-..nd sowing
280
Care of plantings
282
Harvesting...234
Mustard
286
31.0logical characteristics
.287
",31ace (role) in crop rotation and soil cultivation
238
Fertillsing
284
Seeds and Sowing
289
Cre of plantings
290
Harvesting
290
Kok-sadayz
293.
Mological characteristics
292
Place (role) in crop rotation.
293
Soil cultivation
294
Fertilizing
295
Seeds an sowing
296
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' Mosolov, 9
Trns. 39
Care of plantings
.298
Harvesting
301
italdiozta (Bicotiana Rustics)
303
Bielot,iCal characteristics
303
Place in crop rotation
304
Soil cultivation
304
Fertilizing
305
rrep.ration of seeds for sowing
305
So Ang
306
Growing and transplanting of seedlings
306
0:--re of plantings
308
Harvesting
311
FORAGE CROPS
Forage Foot Crops
.313
Biological characteristics
.314
Place in crop rotation
.315
cultivPtion
.33.5
Fertilizing
.315
leads and sowing.
316
C.re of plEntinge
31?
harvesting
319
Storing
320
PERERRIAL GRA.SSES
Red Clover
.323
Biological characteristics
323
Place in crop rotation
325
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Mosollv... 10
Trans. 39
Snil ..
326
Fertilizing
326
Seede and nowing
327
C.,irn of TaRntings
329
Harvesting
332
Obtaining seeds of clover
333
Alfalfa
.334
Biological characteristics
.335
Place in crop rotation
.336
ryoil cultivation
.336
.337
seeds and mewing
.337
Care of plantings
339
Harvesting
340
Obtaining seeds of alfalfa
Timothy
.312
Biological characteristics
.342
Place in crop rotation and soil cultivation
343
Fertilixing
344
21.ntine
344
of plantings
345
Rarvesting
345
Wheatgrass.
346
Biological characteristics
346
Place in crop rotation and soil cultivation
347
Sowing
348
Care of plantings and harvesting
memo*
349
1.1V July 23, 19E1
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Transl. 40: Sugar Industry.
U.S.S.R. Glavnoe Upravlenie Sakharnoi Promyshlennosti.
Ezhetodnik pa sakharnoi promyshlennosti, proizvodetvo 1937/38 (Yearbook for
the sugar industry, production during 1937/38). roskva, 1940. 467 p.
Foreword.
Translated in part from the Russian by R. G. Dembo.
Table of Contents (p. 463-467)
Part One
Page
3
The list of sugar factories 4.
The description of technical equipment of sugar factories each
factory separately) 20
Granulated sugar factories: 20
(The names of 191 sugar factories omitted in this translation7
Sugar factories which have direct rail-roads 301
111 Sugar factories which don't have direct rail-roads 305
The distribution of factories according to twenty four hours pro-
duction 306
Straw catchers and rock catchers 306
Ways of transporting the sugar beets to the cleaning process 306
Sugar beets cutters $07
Systems of transporting chips 307
Characteristics of diffusioned batteries 307
Removal of squeezer $09
Discharge 309
Saturation 5)0
Sulfitization $10
Filterpresses 310
Vacuum filtres 311
Lime furnaces 311
"Lavery" 311
41)
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Steaming station 312
Vacuum apparatuses I and II of the product 313
Centrifugal machine 321
Mixers II of the product 321
Condensators 321
Characteristics of the kettle basis 322
Squeezers-dryers 328
Part Two
The graph for factory start according to five day week 330
The sugar beet balance 330
The duration of production and of idle standing 342
Twenty four hour production of sugar beets and of sugar 352
Sugar balance 362
Chemical-technical data of the factory work 374
Expenditure of fuel, of man power and of producing materials 396
Part Three
The tynamioa of growth of sugar beets upon experimental fields
(aocording to trusts)
408
Basio.data for the year 1937
420
Basic production:
1) Granulated sugar factories
420
2) Sugar factories
432
3) Squeezers-dryers
433
4) Production of Peotine Glue
434
Subsidiary undertakings
1) Lime and chalk refineries
435
2) Factory lime refineries
435
3) Peat extraotion
436 '
4) Brick factories
437
5) Cattle Podding points
440
6) Raion remodeling mechanical shop s
444
7) Raion rail-roads for loading
445
8) Forestry production
445
9) Lumber factories
445
10) Oxygen production
445
11) Production of gaseous waters
445
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Trans'. 40
Basics forms of production until January 1938
446
Capital investment into production in 1937
450
Limited capital investments in 1937
452
Unlimited capital investments in 1937
456
Labor in the sugar industry in 1937
458
Abbreviations accepted in the yearbook
462
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Suahkov, P.?. Experiment of integrated Transl. 41s Potatoes.
mechanization of potato culture. roskov.
Ordena Lenin& Sel'skokhoz. Akad. im. K. A.
Timiriazevs.. Sok. 12:131-135. 1950. 20 pus
?
Translated from the Russian by S. N. ronson.
The 'scientific staff of the plant manufacturing the agricultural machines
TSKHA conducted an experiment on integrated mechanization of potato crops at
Kashir .region, roscow oblast'. ranual processing served as control in the
experiment. The following production processes were involved: Planting,
harrowing, first and second hilling, and digging of potatoes.
Plowing and introduction of fertilizers were the same in both manual and
mechanized methods.
The preparation of potato seed stock was limited to sorting by hand. The
largest tubers were cut.. ranual planting with horse ploughs was performed by
one brigade, mechanized planting by another. Two .laborers were assigned in the
first brigade to cutting furrows and ten men for planting; two horses and two
single ploughs were used. This brigade managed to plant two hecitares in ten
hours.
The second brigade, using links of two 2-row potato seeders, following the
tractor STZ, was managed by one tractor driver, two men on the linking end and
two to pour seed into the planting machine. The output MSS ten hectares in
ten hours. Harrows on manually planted potato plots went in "zigzag" on a
vehicle driven by two horses. The mechanized method also harrowed in "zigzag"
form using the tractor STZ.
A single-row horse driven hiller was used for the first billing of '
potatoes planted by hand. One man led the horse, another operated the hiller.
During the second hilling, when kkomea horse was no longer needed, only one
worker sas employed.
The daily ,output from manual and horse driven billing amounted to 2.5
hectares in ten hours. On plots operated by mechanized means a 4-row hiller
and the tractor STZ were used. One tractor driver and one worker operating
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Sushkav, P.F. 2 Trans1. 41
the cultivator handled the work. 12 hectares were hilled in the course of ten
hours. On manually operated plots, potatoes were gathered by a digger oper.
ated by WM laborer; the daily output in 10 hours amounted to 2 hectares, for
a yield of 10 tans per hectare. 25 people sorted every hectare of potatoes.
Table 1.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF RESULTS
Methods of Planting
Indicators Manual
achine
Remarks
No.of clumps per 100 p.m.
?
No.of onissions per 100
p.m.(spots free from
256
256
Experiments were conducted at coll.
farm nObraztsovyi True, Baraban- "
ovskii Village Council, Sept. 22-23,
1948
clumps)
33 i
30
Height of foliage in an. 43
40
Yield in tons per hectare 8.6
9.9
Table 2.
EXPENDITURE OF LABOR PER HECTARE
In manual work Mint&nized work
Kind of Work
Nen hours
Horse hours 1 rim hours
Tractor hours
Planting
70
10
15
Harrowing
1
2 0.3
2.5
lit billing
4 1.7
12.5
2nd hilling
4 4 1.7
12.5
Harvesting 255 10 163
28
Total $38 30 171.17
56.5
All mechanized harvesting was performed by the potato digger TEK-2 and
tractor Z. The unit was serviced by one driver and one laborer on linkage.
In 10 hours the unit harvested 5.4 hectares. 16 men harvested one hectare on
yield of 10 tons per hectare.
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d
110
Sushkov, P.V. 3 ?Tama. 41.
This demonstrates the advantages of mechanized work in potato production.
Improved methods are further required, particularly improvements in the
application of potato harvesting machinery.
AMP End of Paper
August 29, 1951.
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raterialy Vseaoiuznege soveshohania nauchnoisaledovatel'skikh uchreadenii po
selitkomu khoziaistvu (1946 G.). Data of the All...Union Conference of Scienti-
fic researott /netitutiona of Agriculture. roekva, 1248. 274 p. 106 Un63.
Translated in part by S. D. Ve?nson.
zraorAucTion (p. 3-4)
Pre-revolutionary agriculture in Russia wee ono of the most outdated branches
of the national eoonomy. It was limited entirely to pr1vate property and operated
at the expense of the labor of my millions of small poaaant tioueeholds. The
methods used were extremely prisaitive, and the implements primarily wooden.
Vanua' labor predominated.
Agriculture in this state could not place serious demands upon agricultural
soleness. Speed of eater:Attie development and speed in production was extremely
slew. It me colleotivization which opened the opportunity for a revolutionary
transformation in agrioulture, ensuring the rapid change from "small, backward
and dispersed peasant households to joined, large communal farms, equipped with
machinery and scientific information and capable ofproducing the greatest amount
of commercial ("tovarny") bread." (I. Stalin).
ith the change to vast agricultural production, provided with modern methods
of operation, the creation of real wealth depended not only upon the time and
expenditure of labor but upon the use of scientific achievements in production.
The introduction of the latter, along with the continued development of
scientific: research in this field represent the most important task confronting -
all sEriefUltui-ctl organizations, inoluding the scientific-research agricultural
insti
The February (1947) Plenum or the Central Committee of the VIP(b) (All-Union
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US ? SpR. Ministerstvo seltskogo khosiaistva
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Communist Party), in dealing with the subject of scientific ressaroh in agriculture
placed the following principal tasks before the All-Union Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, inept V. I. Lenina and other scientific institutions* .
a). the introduction of measures pertaining to individual agricultural
stones of the USSR vihich mould ensure high and resistant yields of grain, oil, tech-
nical and vegetable crops, potatoes and perennial grasses; measures to reconstruct
and inorease the fertility of the soil; the production of varieties of agricultural
crops of high yields, resistant to drought, frosts, diseases and pests; rimouros to
raise the general level of agriculture.
b). the introduction of measures to raise livestock industry, improve races of
domestic animals and increase their productivity.
c). the intensification of scientifio research in the field of economics and
the orGanitation of agriculture with particular reference tomards the development
of ?communal households of collective farms, and the strengthening of the economics
of state farms and YTS (Vachine Tractor Stations)."
The Plenum of the Central Committee of the V1CP(b) also direuted that...
"the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR and the Ministry of State Farms of the
USSR, and local party and soviet organizations arrange for the most rapid intro-
duction of the achievements of agricultural science into production, regarding
this work as the most important condition for raising the general.agricultural
level of the country."
In bringing to the attention of our readers this book 'which lista the results
of the first pOst-wor conference of scientific research institutions and the
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pr rinisterstvo sel'skogo khoziaistva
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achievements of the rinistry of Agriculture of the T'SSBJ our aim is to aid in
solving the above tasks with respect to the development of scientific research
and the introduction of its achievements into product!on.
Frd of Introduction
3/1211;1
Trofessor T. ? Fasiuk
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Science in the Service of Agricultural Production
By?. L. Basiuk. (p. 5-20, in part) oscow, 1948.
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Irausievan in part oy 5e.?,
S. N. ronion.
During the years of Soviet rule a wide network of scientific research insti-
tutions was established for agriculture In the USSR.
The total number of scientific research agricultural institutions operating
in the Soviet Union is 892, of which 101 are institutes, 423 experiment and
seleotion stations and central laboratories, 80 experimental fields and 265 experi-
mental bases. These take in all fields of agricultural activity. 735 scientific
institutions are engaged in the different branches of plant industry; 119 in animal
husbandry, 38 in veterinary studies.
These institutions engage in large scale work of considerable importance.
Even in the war years research was not interrupted for one day, although it is
true that the subject matter experienced significant changes. In 1941 the scien-
tific: research institutions of the Glavi.nauka of the Barkomsem had dealt in 397
subject matters. In 1942, this number was reduced 37 percent, compared to the
preceding years because of the evacuation of many institutes and the draft of
soientifio workers. The content of soientifio work also underwent a radical change.
In connection with the temporary military occupation of many areas several agri-
cultural crops were transferred into eastern regions and the role of food crops in
irrigated agricultural sections given preference. The greater part of the work
of scientific research institutions shifted to developing agricultural techniques
for crops in the new regions of their production. In research the field method
was generally applied, On the other hand, scientific research institutions con-
tinued to introduce formerly obtained scientific data to aid the volume of pro-
duction.
The above referred to curtailment in subject matter was effected primarily at
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U.S.S.R. Pinisteretvo sellekogo khoziaistva.
?
n.?
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the expense of agricultural chemistry, biology, physiology, microbiology and
Itology. Beginning 1943 the scope of scientific research work vas resumed and
in 1945 it reached its pre-war level in the number of subject matter under study.
Our Scientific Research Institutes of Grain Industry reached their vast theo-
retinal and productive goals.
TPE INSTITUTE OP GRAIN INDUSTRY OF Tgs SOUTH-ELS? did not curtail its work on
theoretical subjects during, the war yearns It conducted studies on the climate of
the south-east azid the biology of weede for .the purpose of developing the most
effective methods for the control of the latter.
This Institute succeeded in successfully combining theoretical research with
the development of methods for meeting the prevailing practical needs of the respec-
tive zones. The development of a system of scientific agriculture for the South..
East occupied first place in its research.
The Institute achieved outstanding results in creating new varieties of
ferent agricultural crops of high yields.
TEE INSTITUTE OF GRAIN INDUSTRY OF TEE NON-CHERNOZEM BELT concentrated its
activity on problems of distant hybridization of plants. The outstanding achieve..
manta of the Academician N. V. Teitein, director of this Institute, are indisputable
in this field and their theoretical research has already led to the production of
a series of promising hybrid, of couch grass - wheat
TEE ALLULION SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF OIL CROPS is engaged in increas-
ing the yield of oil plants and improving raw material. It conducts large scale
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experiments On selection, to introduce into production new crops and varieties of
oil plants; develops agricultural techniques and studies meohanisation for proc-
essing oil crops.
Varieties selected by the Institute are supplying seeds for over two million
hectares, i.e. 50 percent of the entire sowing area of oil crops of the Soviet
Union, while Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories and Rostov oblast have their needs
covered 100 percent. The Institute produced varieties of oil bearing sunflower of
an oil content 9 percent above that of available varieties.
r..
?
It contributed to the introduction of new valuable oil crops, such as arachis,
sesame, perilla, etc. Its selection produced varieties of Ricinus communis, that
do not crack(?) and are suitable for harvesting with combines and early varieties
of arachis (peanuts) of high yield, which made it possible to introduce this most
valuable crop into northern regions. It developed the principal agricultural
methods for oil crops. The proposed mechanized burrowing through of sunflower
plants, Ricinus oommunis and corn reduced manual labor 10 to 15 percent, and out
the time for completing the work, and improved the quality. The method of cross-
care(?) of cultivated oil crops developed by the Institute is widely adapted in
production; this method reduces the amount of' manual labor two to three times,
compared to the usual mechanised care.
ALL ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE SOVIET COTTON GROWING INDUSTRY are closely connected
with the work of scientific institutes engaged in the study of the cotton plant.
Our institutes on aeleotion and seed growing of cotton have greatly contributed
to this work.
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Einisterstvo sevatogo ichozlaistva.
o
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The entire cotton area in pre-revolutionary days was planted with non-generic
industrial mixtures of Ansrioan cotton and local %use(?) of unopening bolls.
The cotton wan of poor yield and its fiber quality not high. At present the entire
area Planted with cotton, in irrigated as well as non-irrigated regions, is sowed
with cotton varieties of soviet selection of high quality.
SUUIZ NIFHI refuted the claim concerning the impossibility of producing long
.fiber cotton plants of the Egyptian typo in the irrigated regions of our country.
At present the entire demand of the soviet Union for cotton of long fiber varieties
is net by domestic yields.
8011/2 NMI has produced and forced the propagation of new cotton varieties
of high yield, of still higher quality of fiber, resistant to wilt diseades, such
as the Eon. G-460, 18819, 108-f, eta. It has producod and successfully propagated
varieties of colored fiber and *coarse woolly fiber. /t conducts manifold research
in the field of watered(irrigated) cotton growing and has reached definite prac-
tical results in thin field.
b Important contributions have been made by scientific research institutions
.It l'r '
126 ' o the study of flax, under the leadership of the All-Union Flax Institute. These
are vividly illustrated by the increase in the fiber content of flax- edolgunetsn(?)
in the process of selection. Professor F. D. ratveev in one of his works has sub-
mitted data indicating that the peroentage of fibrous elements of the best selected
numbers was raised from 21.2 in 1928 to 36.2 in 1944. This testifies to the fact
that flax-"dolgunets," an old cultivated plant, has increased its fiber content
within a short period more than one and a half times, as compared with the
?
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fibrousness of the best original epecimens.
A vast amount of work is done by the URAL ZONAL FLAX EXPERIVENT STATIOB in
the field of agricultural practices. It was of particular' value since it con-
ducted complex work designed to increase the fertility of the soil in field 'grass
crop rotation. The Institute of Flax Industry also engages in processing flax in
its primary stages.
The Institute faces the important task of reconstructing its experimental
network and extending the scope of its work to its pre-rear level.
Important scientific work has been done on COARSE STETVED BAST FIBER CROPS.
The ALL-Union Institute of Hemp Industry has studied the different local 'block"(?)
forms of Central Russian hemp, has produced varieties of southern hemp which ripen
for seeding in the central zone of hemp production, and studied the biological
peculiarities of this crop with regard to its demands for water, nutrients, warmth,
and other conditions necessary for its development. The Institute developed
selection and rational agricultural standards essential for high yield hemp pro-
duction.
The All-Union Institute of new bast fiber crops has also imported various
forms of southern hemp from abroad and studied their conduct in the different
zones of the Soviet Union; engaged in seed growing with the view of improving
varieties of southern hemp, developed agricultural practices for high and resist-
ant yields.
Substitutes for. jute, gambo hemp(?), (Hibiscus canstabinus) and the Chinese
bell flower (Abutilon) were introduced into production. Jute and ramie (Boehmeria
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tame's:lima) are in the process of introduction. The Institute produced varie-
ties and studied the biology of these crops, as well as methods to obtain high
yields of good resistance. In April, 1944, the above two institutes were com-
bined into the All-Union Institute of Bast riber Crops. The original two insti-
tutes suffered more than any other in the war. They lost more than one half of
their scientific personnel, their libraries, archives of scientific reports and
drawings, laboratory and production equipment, shops and testing machinery.
At present the Institute of East Fiber Crops is reconstructed and has resumed
scientific research on problems of selection, agricultural practices and tech-
nolof:jr The principal achievement of SUBTROPICAL SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS lies in
_
the introduction of a series of new valuable crops into northern subtropics, i.e.
tung tree, grapefruit, cinchona and the date palm. The possibilities for growing
? subtropical crops in new regions have been extensively studied.
The potentialities of the mountain regions of Krasnodar Territory, several
regions of Azerbaijan and Central Asia have been ascertained and the regions ac-
cepted as new subtropical areas of the Soviet Union. Particularly wide possibil-
ities were opened in subtropical Central Asia, where it was established that olives,
sugar cane, batata, and many subtropical fruit crops, such as pomegranate, per-
simmon and figs may be grown, along with valuable rubber plants, guayule rubber
and kryst-saghyz. Mel work was performed in studying varieties by testing citrus
and other subtropical fruit crops, as a result of which the best among them were
recommended for production. Selection is also done in this connection. Few
varieties of tangerines of high quality are being produced of which the fruits
ripen 10 to 15 days earlier than the Japanese tangerine Unshiu and are distinguished
?
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U004,00no LAU&OW74OUVV OWA'aitqW SUUM1421OUVas
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_7_
by their higher sugar content and vitamin C. A now variety of orange "Pervenets"
of improved taste has been developed, as well as potential hybrids of-the tunga
tree, distinguished by the high yield and oil content of their fruits.
The original and effective method of two-story culture of Citrus crops is in
the process of introduction. it consists in grafting more delicate crops, such as
lemons, grapefruit and
oranges onto the crown of a tangerine, a procedure which
speeds fruit bearing considerably. Plants thus grafted begin to bear fruit in
the second and third year and in the fifth year produce
grafted onto the crown of a tangerine acquire increased
an abundant yield. Lemons
frost resistance and do
not require any covering in the winter. The use of this method results in a con-
siderable saving in the establishment of plantations.
Citrus crops under conditions of northern subtropics are located at the ex-
treme northern boundary of their distribution and are frequently subjected to the
harmful influence of low temperature%
Soviet science has developed effective methods for the protection of delioate
citrue plants from frost. The most effective of these is the method of indi-
vidual (severing of citrus plants with three layers of gause. This simultaneously
ensures a proper light regime the complete preservation of the foliage, buds,
flowers and ovaries. Because of the proper light regime subsequent physiologi-
cal processes proceed normally within the plant. This method of covering is also
least expensive. Important work has been. accomplished by scientific-research
institutions in pomology and viniculture. Based on Bichurin methods a series of
new valuable genera of fruit, berry and grape crops have been produced which
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u.s.13.11. Vintsteratvo sel,skogo khosiaistva.
?
?)(
.was the first to place selection and seed growing of leguminous crops on a scion-
?
tifio basis. 152 varieties were produced and 29 crops are under examination at
present. Agricultural tthode developed by the station are applied throughout
the RSFSR. The station supplies 50 to 70 percent of elite seeds of vegetable
crops used in the RSYSR; seeds are distributed by other farms from varieties pro-
duced at the Gribov Experiment Station.
. 8 -
ensure a considerable inc re ase in standard assortments of these crops and con-
tribute to the introduction of viniculture into new areas.. L'easures have been
developed to acclimatize wild growing fruit and berry crops and to create forest-
gardens in the Caucasus.
The Scientific, Research Institute, imeni V. I. Viohurina, has in addition
to widely distributing richurin varieties, developed measures to restore gardens
that suffered from frosts.
Along with measure a On restoring vineyards, the Institute of Viniculture and
tine Industry developed methods to preserve them from frosts. It constructed
machinery which mechanizes soil cultivation, intra-raw cultivation, winter cover-
ings, the spraying of vineyaria, restores plantings, facilitated the digging of
seedlings.
The achievements of the Gribov Vegetable Solection Station deserve particular
mention in the field of Vegetable Crops. The station was organized in 1920 and
rany scientific institutions developed agricultural methods for field grass
owings which deserve wide introduction. The most important ones are summer
plantings of alfalfa for seed (according to the Lysenko method) for the steppe
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regions of the Ukraine. ()blasts and territories of Eorthern Caucasus and the
right shore of the Lower Volga; fall sowings of perennial grasses, Phleum L.
(*timofeevka"), Festuca L., Agropyrum, American couch grass, etc. Important
work is done by the All-Union Scientific Institute of Forage Crops. In pre-
war years ite work was intended to serve as a guide in production; it proposed
methods for improving the productivity (fertility) of natural pastures and hay.
cutting areas, the cultivation of forage crops and the production and propa-
gation of new and old valuable varieties; contributed to their effective utili-
zation, suggested methods on ensilage and the processing of forage crops. In the
war years the Institute continued its research on the biology of perennial readcrw
grasses. It reached conolusions on material and utilized the experience obtained
in practical production on "driving-pasture keeping of livestock; the introduc-
tion of alfalfa and other forage crops into new regions, and proposed many sug-
gestions on this subject. In the war years the Institute produced new varieties
of Phleum L., clover, alfalfa, northern ensilage sunflower, and other forage crops.
It also developed a simple accessible method for obtaining an albumen vitamin con-
centrate frcrai green plants which proved of great significance to ?livestock. ((mit-
bed 15 lines, p. 12, re - domestic animals).
Among the engineering scientific research institutions the oldest is the
Central Asiatic SCIENTIFIC RESMARCii IVSTITUTE OF IERIGATION, which conducts large
scale work in hydraulic engineering. (Omitted part of. p. 12 and pages 13 and 14.)
/V TiE mu OF PLAIT INDUSTRY
The increase in the yields of all crops by introducing a complex of agricul-
tural measures according to zones.
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U?O.O.A? tespluvarovvo aeL'alcogo xnuzlalava.
10
The development and solidifying of the Williams grass field system appli-
cable to local conditions* The development of the system of soil cultivation in
grass field crop rotation to increase the fertility of the soil and eliminate weeds
in fields* The regionalising. of species and varieties of perennial grasses- accord-
ing to soil-climatic zone** The study of proper correlation between legume* and
perennial grasses in grass mixtures* The development of agricultural methods to
obtain seeds of high yields and hay of perennial grasses in the different areas of
the Union. The development of s system ,of fertilization in grass field crop rota-
tion* Speed in propagating seeds: of lupine and other legumes for use as. green
fertilizers* The introduction within the Soviet Union of new species and beet
varieties of foreign selection and their testing along with the best domestic vari-
eties. (Omitted balance of p* 16, pages 16 0.:19)*
POPULARIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEEENT
Every product is generally tested by the consumer who evaluates Its quality*
Scientific data should be published annually, since this is the most effective
form of social control over the work of scientific institution; and also the best
method of informing wide agricultural circles about scientific achievements,
A system for publishing artioles in newspapers should be devised, concerning
results in scientific research, and scientific news and reviews printed in daily
papers and periodicals*
If planned systematically, this will serve as the main stimulus for spread*
ing scientific knowledge and raising its (theoretical) level*
SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL
In order to improve the Training of new scientific personnel it Is necessary
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U.S.S.R. rinisteretvo seliekogo khoziaistva.
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- 11
to restore the status of probationers and set up stricter requirements in the
selection of candidates, in addition to a systematic control over the training
of candidates.
Particular attention should be devoted to the raising of qualifications of
young scientific laboratory personnel. and technicians of scientific institutions
and experimental field? and stations.
Short term courses for laboratory and technical personnel should be organ-
ized for the purpose. Seminare conducted on problems of agricultural practices,
selection, etc.; provisions made for special assignments to institutes, having
well equipped laboratories and highly qualified scientific personnel.
The directors of scientific research institutes and experiment stations are
required to transform, within the next two or three years, their institutes and
stations into advanced soientifio-production agricultural enterprises which would.
serve the local collective and state farms as examples in advanced agriculture.
3/13/51
End of Article.
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12 - Translated in part by ?
(fr'
?
?
S. R. ronson. AAP
Utilisation of Vorld Vegetative Resources in USSR Aviculture, by I. G. Eikhfel'd,
director, All-Union Institute of Plant Industry. (p. 2340).
The All-Union Institute of Plant Industry suffered extreme hardships during the
siege of Leningrad. Despite enormous difficulties, the world collection of culti-
vated plants maNnevertheless,preserved for the most part. This does not mean that
everything went yell with the collection. Seeds contained in packages and boxes
had been kept for four successive winters in unheated quarters, whioh resulted in
a lose or decrease of their capacity to germinate. It is true that these losses mere
smaller than anticipated. We tyre, nevertheless, faoing a great and urgent task,
that of restoring tke collection by re-seeding, a task which cannot be accomplished
within one year.
The first limited sowings of the collection material were made in the city of
Puehkino in 1944. Lere one was Obliged to deal with neglected soils, over-grown
with weeds, dug up trenches and ground full of holes caused by shells and bombe'.
Part of the collection had also been preserved at our experiment stations.
At the raikop station the records of the collection of vegetable crops were lost
and a considerable part of the collection had, therefore, become valueless.
Plantings of fruits taken from the collection suffered for lack of care during
the period of occupation. Tilb fruit crops at the experiment station "Krasny Pakhar'"
near Leningrad, mere particularly damaged, those at the raikop station to a lesser
degree. The Germans had. moved out a large quantity of valuable hybrid plants of
fruit crops from the experiment station "Kraany Pakhar"; the collection of straw-
berries had been almost totally destroyed. On the plot 'where the world collection
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.13-
of stranberries had been planted, the Germans maintained cavalry exercises. Res-
toration was achieved by painstaking digging for the remainders of cultivated
plants found among weeds, and the bast standard varieties and most valuable hybrids
were thus preserved.
The Institute first restored plants from the collection that were
of major importance to the country and those where loss of Germination was partic-
ularly feared.
Beginning 1942, the Institute and its stations planted over 63,000 specimens
from the world collection for purposes of study and in order to restore their
capacity for Germination.
The blocade put an end to the operations of the main part of the Institute
with respect to supplying our experiment stations with stook material. Some
stations managed to continue the work. From the day the blocade was lifted and
parcel poet cervico restored, selection stations and, other soientifio institutions
were once more eupplied with material from the collection. Stations which had suf-
fered moat from the invasion and other Weatern obit:Lots and republics were supplied
first. During the uar years a total of close to 65,000 packages of specimens were
mailed.
During the blocade of Leningrad every precaution was taken to prevent the loss
of the collection by accident. Seven scientific staff members were left in Lenin-
grad to take charge of laboratory equipment and scientific records. During
the blocade a large assortment of varieties of potatoes was kept on suburban state
farms near Leningrad. In addition, a quantity of seed stock of valuable canker
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Vinisterstvo se 1,skogo khosiaistva (contti.)
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resistant potato varieties was preserved upon the suggestion of the Institute.
Thee* varieties were propagated and used between 1944 and 1945 to establith a
stook of canker resistant potato varieties for the Leningrad oblast.
In addition to preserving the world collection of cultivated plants, the
scientific staff members at Leningrad rendered invaluable aid to suburban agri-
culture, particularly vegetable and totato fields, during the years of the blocade.
the
Under the leadership of/scientific staff members of the Institute, comrades
Voskresenshaia and Lekhnovich, 20 million cuttings of potatoes were planted on
seed plots. This provided the Inhabitants of the city with several thousand tons
in additional production.
TEE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES AND GROWING OF ELITE SEEDS. Considerable atten-
tion was devoted to the selection of best varieties and the propagation of valuable
varietal material, primarily the regionalized varieties. The Institute and its
stations grew 10,900 centners of elite and pure varietal seed stock during the war
years# including particularly valuable crops and those of which there was a short.
age, i.e. legumes, cereal and technical crops, as well as a large quantity of
canker resistant potato varieties, 84 new varieties of different crops were
selected and produced and 118 varieties forwarded to the Government Varietal That
Station. 230 new potential varieties were segregated, which are still in the
stage of testing at experiment stations of the Institute.
The Institute grow elite Seeds from all produced varieties and provided said
'farms and the governMent network of varietal testing within its capacity. The
latter work was poorly organized because of difficult working conditions at some
?
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u.S.U.H. riniaterstvo sei'skogo khoziaistva (cont'd.)
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-15..
stations, inadequate mail service, occasionally a lack of necessary packaging
material (tare). At the experiment farm of "Erasny Pakhar", the northern fruit
station of the Institute, they sucoeeded in 1945, to select new valuable varieties
of fruit crops, especially Prunus avium L. (mateard cherry), which up to that time
did not grow in the Leningrad oblast. This farm also produced hybrid varieties of
plums, strawberries, currants and other crops. Their Vezeard cherries and straw-
berries received a high rating when tasted for quality at the Academy of Science,
imeni Lenina.
=RN OF INSTITUTE OU THE uam.. The conditions and demands of the mar years
compelled the Institute to change its methods radically. Nuch of the work dons
in peace time and then considered valuable lost its appeal under war conditions.
Considerable labor was required to aid the country, and the staff members of the
111 Institute did their utmost to fulfill the tasks required of them.
The oldest staff members of our Institute, Dr. S. r. Bukasov, A. I.
Yordvinkina, V. P. Antropova E. S. Kuenetsova, and others, who had worked in
peace time on the world collection, did not spare their strength in bringing
maximal aid to collective and state farms in war years.
The main part of the Institute operated on the Ural. Prior to the war, Ural
agriculture was dealt with at any steppe cereal farm. Over SO percent of the sow-
in g area was under cereal crops. In order to feed the increased population of the
Ural during the war years with local vegetables and potatoes it was neceseary to
increase sowing plots and raise the yield of these crops.
The main problems facing the institute on the. Ural were the development of
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wy. wmayby o..avapacaauvrm loryulds 40,
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- 16 -
weed potatoes and legumes, the reconstruction of clover seed production, and igtamd
control. The staff of the Institute was small, it consisted only of 20 members.
In addition to the above problems, the staff also sowed specimens from the
collection and grew elite seeds of vegetable crops and potatoes in order to re-
store varietal seed growing in the Leningrad oblast.
The Institute succeeded in obtaining satisfactory results on the Ural and we
attribute our success to the fact that our staff managed to establish close con-
tacts with experienced agricultural workers and local scientific institutione and
enjoyed considerable support from oblast and regional organizations.
The principal achievements of the work of the Institute, on the Ural consisted
in the.following: TIE FIRST PROBLEM which the Institute undertook to solve was
the changing of varieties of potatoes. The knowledge of varietal resources of
potatoes and the conditions of their production in the northern gone contributed
much to this work. Up to that time Early Rose had been chiefly produced in this
oblast, a variety known to be susceptible to phytophthora. There were few other
varieties and-harvests were frequently lost because of diseases. Rominally,
about 11 percent of varietal potato was grown, actually, however, this material
represented a mixture of varieties that rseembled Early Rose and degenerated to
a large extent. Seed plots at collective farrs were not organized. At present
all collective farms of the Sverdlovsk oblast have ticir awn seed plots. If the
collective farms of Sverdlovsk oblaet will succeed in preserving their seed stock,
all potato plots of the oblast will be planted with varietal sowings in the next
year or two.
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U.S.S.R. Ministerstvo seliskogo khoziaistva (cont'd.)
THE SECOND PROBLEM concerned the development of vegetable growing. Before
the war vegetable crop* on the Ural occupied only an insignificant area and dur-
ing the war it became necessary to widen the sowing areas of vegetable crops.
Compared to pre-war years the area under vegetable crops increased three tires in
1944, in spite of a shortage in labor and mechanical implements. The yield of
vegetable crops was also increased considerably and vegetable seed growing del/ l-
oped suocessfully.
THE THIRD PROBLEM was the sowing of clover. In the past years the situation
with regard to clover had been most unsatisfactory on the Ural. The famous Ural
clover was no longer to be found in many regions. The reason was in the wrong
approach to clover seed growing. Clover was treated in the same manner as were
? cereal crops, with respect to methods of selection and seed growing. Na one on
the Ural dealt seriously with the problem.
Staff members of the Institute carefully studied the situation with respect
to clover sowing at the Sverdlovsk and Molotov ()blasts and we believe we suc-
ceeded in paving the way to a proper organization in selection and seed growing
of this crop. (Omitted p* 28, re - clover).
TBE FOURTH PROBLEM that faced the Institute of Plant Industry on the Ural
was weed control. SC= believed that Avant, fetus L. could be controlled only
in fallow field*, while botanical literature cautioned to renounce all attempts
at cultivating cereal crops on heavily infested fields asserting that without
fellows it is impossible to get rid of wild oats. Upon Lyson.ko's direction the
Institute began limited studies in the winter of 1942-4$ on the biology, of
?
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U.0**4.2(4. miniararyvvo mu'airogo invzsamitTa kcon;'a.)
?
?
? 16
Avenae fatua L., with particular attention devoted to the germination of the seed's
seeds. The tests showed that by spring the predominating part of seeds of the
weed had maintained the capacity to germinate. In early spring in tests made under'
field conditions, it was confirmed that by timely and proper breaking up of the
stubble ("lushchevka") in the spring it was possible to destroy the 'peed completely.
In conducting the experiment in the spring in the most weed infested regions of
Sverdlovsk ()blast, we were able to prove that our proposals were right. Towards
the end of 1943 there was no longer any doubt about the truth of the methods pro-
posed by the Institute. In the pact years a pre-sowing "lushchevka" was practiced
in Sverdlovsk oblast on a wide scale to encourage germination of Avenae laths L.
with the view of destroying it. In 1945,dUring a cold and late spring, the weed
developed poorly and it was not possible to eliminate it before the Cerekli were
aelMated. Drooling up the planting was tried and excellent results obtained and
observed in July, 1945 in the Pokrov region of Sverdlovsk ?blast.
UORK OF EXPERILSNT STATIONS OF TEE INSTITUTE
Let us dwell upon several examples of the Institute's work which relate to a
biological foundation .in agricultural technical methods. The most vivid example
may be seen in the tests made at the Kuban Station of the Institute on continuous
raw planting of corn. This work is of great interest since it serves as an
example of the correct solution by plant growers well oriented in biological pro-
blems of an individual problem of a given crop in agricultural practice.
On the other hand, the work of the Kuban Station is indicative of a success-
ful combined effort made jointly by a scientific institution and a practical
organisation to solve now problems. The station could never have succeeded in
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solving this problem as rapidly without the necessary wide experimental plot. or
did it possess adequate mechanical means. Tests vere conducted on a plot of over
1,000 hectares under the oupervis ion of the Supervisor of Euban Station, I. V.
Kozhukhov, aided by the director of state farm ro? 2, D. I. Dimitriev. Comrade
Kozhukhov proved that the Kuban corn yield is determined primarily by conditions
under which the corn plant develops in the first $0 - 40 days after sowing; if in
that time corn is given a normal nutrition area, it will produce a high yield
under subsequent satisfactory care. If, however, during that period corn sowings
are kept in dense plantings, the corn will develop only a short cob and no matter
what other measures may later be attempted the yield will not be adequate. The
accepted method in agricultural practice is to saw corn thickly and then to thin
it. even in peace time the latter procedure vats delayed, but during the war with
a shortage in labor and mechanical implements, this delay became the rule and corn
yields fell catastrophically. Recommended methods used during the war years
proved unsuitable and failed to improve the situation. Planting as usually thick be-
cause at law rates of planting the existing seeding machines did not obtain regular
stands. Kozhakhov and Dmitriev succeeded in introduoing several simple construct-
ive ohanges in the seeder (making the ploughshare penetrate deeply and evenly and
preventing it from jumping in a vertical and horizontal direction), which led to
the placement of seeds at an adequate depth, into moist soil, thereby ensuring the
normal stand of plants. This eliminated the necessity of manual thinning and also
stopped the harmful factor referred to above.
In 1945 the method was improved and the system of furrow, unbroken sowing
proposed. For this purpose small ploughshares were placed in front of the seeder's
discs which made furrows 10-12 cm. deep. In back of the discs were built plan
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411 rollers ("katochkin. With the aid of these improvements a normal density of the
stand of corn vas obtained which eliminated thinning and placed seeds at a depth
where the moisture of the soil ensured their fast germination. The matter of con-
trolling weeds in rove was also lightened. Corn roots were lying deeper as ? re-
sult of this method of sowing, making cultivation possible at a depth of 10-12 an,
which in turn permitted to control weeds and preserve moisture.
During the second loosening of the soil within rows all seeds of meads were
destroyed in the furrow and covered with soil.
As a result, manual labor on corn fields may be drastically reduced. The
authors of this method consider that in observing correctly all recommended methods
work on a hectare of planted corn will not require more than 2 to 3 people. The
supervisor of one of the plots at State Farm No. 2 claimed that he intended to
assign six people to every 400 hectares of planted corn area. It is believed that
the method of furrow, unbroken sowing may be successfully used also for other
plowed crops, particularly millet, sorghum and sunflower.
The effectiveness of the furrow, unbroken sowing method is exceptionally
great. At sessions of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, intent Lenina, it was
frequently remarked that the Institute of Plant Industry should not engage in
agricultural technical problems.
The work referred to above does not represent only an agricultural technical
problem but deals with the biological foundation of proper agricultural practices
and it should be among the tasks of the personnel of the Institute of Plant
Industry. Whenever any method having a biological basis meets difficulty in
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111 actual production, the biologist is called upon to take part in the technical
research. There is hardly a researcher who would refuse to,aid in the reali-
sation of his ideas, even if he would have to shift froM purely biological research
to practical experimentation in order to see his ideas suoceasfully fulfilled.
?
?
Other experiment stations were during the war also, compelled to deal with
complex problems of a technical nature. At the Central Asiatic Station problems
were being developed on introducing teohnical crops on arid soil, specifically
the valuable technical crop lallemantia. At the same Station problems of seise-
tion and practices of etubble crops in conditions of irrigated lands were dealt
in. Satisfactory results were obtained in this connection in the case of
phaseolus, millet, Phaseolus mungo, and vigna (cowpea)e
Mtikop and Kuban Experiment Station have cooperated in growing healthy seed
material of potatoes by means of 'summer planting, 'using the method of growing
seed stock from seeds of varieties which form the Largest number of berries and
produce a relatively uniform .seed progeny. The Mtikop station worked on the pro-
blem of overcoming wilt of solanaceous crops, such as pepper and eggplants, as
well as potatoes. It is true that lately the territorial press published an
article by one of the members of the expedition of the Academy of Science of the
USSR telling that the development of wilt disease in solanaceas is caused by a
small insect, cicada, which by its bites infects the plant and carries the disease
from one plant to another. This appears too simple an explanation for a compli-
cated biological factor.
Experiments and observations proved that wilt diseases are primarily of an
ecological nature. On unified chernosem the soil is strongly packed and when the
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WS 10 %l
41IP.
- 22 .
temperature is high the root system of plants appears to choke and is destroyed.
Then directly infected, healthy plant. did not show the transmission of disease
as easily. On the contrary, vben diseased plants were transplanted into favor-
able conditions with regard to temperature amd soil, they rapidly improved. This
testifies to the fact that infection is not the cause of the disease. A signif-
icant positive effect was also obtained in improving the physical condition of the
soil by the introduction of organic fertilizers. This may equally lead some to
claim that the Institute of Plant Industry shows enthusiasm in technical matters,
there was nevertheless no other may to solve the urgent tasks that confronted pro..
duction. It was necessary to search for. agricultural 'backgrounds* that would aid
in eliminating wilt.
The Institute devoted much attention to legume crops. The Kuban and Central
Asiatic Stations are most active and successful in this field. V. B. Enken, can-
didate in agricultural science, succeeded in producing 4 group of varieties of
chick peas of high yield, among stitch those resistant to ancihitose(t) 'mere of
particular value.. The Problem.of enlarging the area of sowings of chick peas is
getting urgent. The plant does.not present exceseive demands for moisture and
produces high yields in places where peas do not succeed, and leading organizations
should recognize the objectives proposed by the Institute of Plant Industry.
Extensive work of practical significance is conducted at the raikop Expert-
Ment Station on need growing of vegetable crops and pomology. The station in one
of the largest engaged in fruit growing. Here a multitu*p. at species and Tarte.
ties of fruits and berries have been assembled, exceeded only by the largest
station of this kind overseas, that of row York State. The raikop Station
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U.S.S.R. Ministerstvo sel,skogo khoziaistva (cont'd.)
24 -
of the Maikop Experiment Station, a cultivated forst-orchard in the tenth year
of its life may yield 25 to 40 tons of fruits per hectare. I personally have.
been present in 1945 at harvests in these forest-orchards. The yield from .several
outstanding 10 year old trees, subjected to grafting, amounted to 280 kg apples or
200 kg splendid peers per tree.
The creation of forest-orchards In the Vorthern Caucasus is a problem of
major importance and should command our attention in the near future.
The Pre-Aral Experiment Station introduced supplementary agricultural aid to
industrial centers and livestock collective farms in the deserts of the Pre-Aral
and Pre-Caspian areas.
Rare original.methods for producing vegetable crops in trenches were
attempted. This method, permits to utilize the lens(?) of fresh waters in sands
lying at depths of 1 to 1.5m. ?
The station Obtains high yields of vegetables and potatoes by using the
trench method. The Pre-Aral Station worked also on increasing the yield of millet.
The highest yields of this crop in the Soviet Union were obtained in the past year*
at Irghiz region, Aktubinsk oblast, at the collective farm Jean Kurlys Ashembaev
who worked under the direction of the 'chief of Pre-Aral Station, E. A. raluigin*
On well fertilized irrigated plots the unit leader Ashambaev obtained in 1943
204 OA of millet. .
The above facts complete our review of the varied labors of the Institute
and its stations during the war years.
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u.s.s.R. rinisteratvo ael'okogo Ichoziaistva (contld 0)
?
?
25
11OLOGCAL RESEARCU .
The accusation is frequently mads that the Institute of Plant Industry does
not engage in problems of appl ed botany. There existed even a project to create
an institute in applied botany at the Academy of Science of the USSR. 17overthe-
, less, the question- is not whether the Inatitute of Plant Industry engages or does
not engage in studies of applied botany but in what is understood under the term
"Applied botany
If one lists work on general problems of genetics. Oitology and anatomy
under applied botany without pursuing concrete applied aims then the Institute
of .Plant Industry has not been preoccupied with *applied botany. Tlo Inititute
concerned itself, with problems of biology when closely connected ylth the solution
of practical problem: under the difficult conditions of War years and developed
a series of methods pertaining to selection and seed .growing. It is true that
the volume of these works is not large since there both environment and time were
lacking, and only the most necessary tasks were eccomplished. I shall refer to
? several accomplishments in the field of biological researchs
1). research on increasing sowing qualities of seeds 'which contributed to
many hundreds of thousands of centners of seeds suitable for sowing. (F. A.
Euznetsova).
2). study of the biology of weeds which resulted in an increase of harvests
in many regions of the Ural, as well as other research on the biological nature
of agricultural technical methods of controlling weed vegetation. (I. G. Eikhfeld,
V. F. Antropova, S. A. Tott).
? 3). research on the biology of clover which opened remr w4X0 in the field of
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U.S.S.R. Yinisterstvo sellskogo khoziaistva (cont'd.)
?
?
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26 .
selection and seed growing (N. G. Khoroshailov, N. A. Einiaev).
4). biological research in support of technical methods used in corn growing.
V. Kozhukhov).
5). Research of methods of selection of cereal and leguminous crops. .(V. B.
Enken).
6). development of methods of limited pollination of cotton and other crops
which led to the transformation of varieties into populations and the extraction
of new more valuable forms than the original material. The production of distant
hybrids of cotton by utilizing vegetative rapprochement, etc. (D. V. Ter-Avanesian).
7). research in the field of distant hybridization of fruit crops, as a re.
suit of which fertile hybrids were obtained from crossings of almond and the
Vladimir cherry; hybrids from the bird-cherry (Cesarus padus) and mazzard cherry
(Prunus avium L.). (F. K. Toterev)
8). successful research for obtaining forms of apple trees by vegetative
propagation. (K. I. Trebushenko)
9). study of ways to control wilt disease of solanacefte crops in Krasnodar
territory. (S. K. Shilova).
This represents a relatively small amount of work but it should be emphasized
that the conclusions and results on methods of general problems obtained in the
war years are not inferior in sum of total achievements-for a similar peace time
period, while in theoretical and productive significance they far exceed it. The
results obtained continue to find immediate useful application in solving prac-
tical production problems.
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U.S.S.R. rinisterstvo seliskogo khoziaistva (cont'de)
? - 27 -
DIRECTION OF FUTURE scianne RESEARCH WORK
?
?
In such a vast country as ours, a country of exceptionally varied natural
envirormental conditions, there is need for an Institute of Natural resources or
Plant Institute among the group of soientific-researoh institutions. Actually
the institute known ac All-Union Institute of Plant Industry has fulfilled this
role.
Still it devoted inadequate attention to direct problems of plant growing.
In the future, while regarding the work done with the collections of cultivated
plants as a primary object, the Institute should also become more closely related
to production and throw a bridge acros8. to practical agriculture (or agricultural
practice) by means of biological work.
This does not mean that the Institute should engage in,indi*tdual studies of
agricultural technique; but, as a result of an all around study of agricultural
crops, the Institute could provide biological bases for developing proper methods
of producing various crops in the different zones of the Soviet Union. During
the war we had located these bridges. Pany of our oldest associates who never
before had been connected with agricultural production found ways of solving
important production tasks during the war years.
The Institute should restore all destroyed and still not operating, so called
"method laboratories" in the town of Pushkin, devoted to physiology, anatomy,
oitology, etc. These laboratories should turn from abstract university level
work to the development of problems intended to aid our deep knowledge of the
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s?
- 28
? nature of produced plants, i.e. the better utilization of our vegetative resources,
?
The personnel of the Institute proposes also to enlarge its herbarium depart-
ment. From the collection of plants which today occasionally does not include
even all primary varieties and botanical variants, it should be transformed into
a living institution. "he herbarium should accumulate not only specimens of
species and forms of varieties but also facts which aid in properly reflecting
upon the evolution of cultivated plants and the theoretical problems of selection
and seed growing. We should learn much more about the influence of conditions of
production Upon the principal hereditary qualities of varieties and crops. We ,
should therefore not limit ourselves to geographioal tests, as undertaken by the
Institute in the past. The latter led only to the accumulation of empirical
knowledge on the reaction of cultures and varieties upon external conditions in
the court]. of OM generation. We should learn the hereditary changes occurring
as a result of PROIANGED production of cultures and varieties under definite con-
ditions. In prautioe a variety is produced over a period of many years and not
in one year. Without knowing the influence of the PROLONGED reaction of external
factors in a given locality we are unable to form conclusions of practical sig-
nificance from our plantings.
Biochemical research should, also be widely extended. Bore too we should not
limit ourselves to elementary definite contents of any elements in plants, To
should study the PROCESSES OF fOREATION of these elements and find ways of direct-
ing them in order to contribute to the accumulation of useful and the eradication
of harmful elements. We should learn how to distribute crops properly on the ter-
ritory of our country in order to obtain an adequate amount of useful vegetative
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produotion of a definite nature. We should know the ways in 'which we can RAISE
the content of necessary elementi.
Agricultural meteorologioai researoh will also be widened by the Institute
of Plant Industry. Russia has originated agricultural meteorology and this
science should flourith in our country. rot alone should this be so because of
scientific traditions but also because this science is extremely useful to us,
The question has frequently been raised concerning the creation of a special insti-
tute of agricultural meteorology as a scientific center. IN43 support this
initiative. Along with it, however, we point out that under no condition should
the Institute discontinue Its agrownoteOrological research* lb may not study gen-
eral climatic research and cartography, but the Znstitute of Plant Industry should
widen its scope to include the study of the influence of climatic factors upon the
411 development of produced plants and evaluate the climate Of the territories of the
Zoviet Union with regard to the demands pladed by agricultural crops. Methods'
for overcoming unfavorable climatic factors for plant growing should also be
developed.
On the whole, the personnel of the Institute considers it has met the tasks
assigned to it by the Party and the Oovernment honorably and with distinction.
3/14/51
?
End of Chapter
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U. S. S. R. ninisteretvo seltekogo khoziaistva. (cont'd.)
?
?
Translated in part
by 8. U. ronson.
'"I
Selection and Seed Production of Agricultural Crops
in the South of the Ukrainian S.S.R.
by A. P.. OLSHATISKII,
Acting Director of the All-Union Institute of Se-
lection and Genetics, order of red Labor Banner.
(p. 38-50)
The occupation of Odessa and the Ukraine by German-Rumanian invaders brought
enormous damage to the All-Union Institute of Selection and Genetics.
Prior to the war the Institute had gathered a vast amount of experimental
data on the individual development of plants, the biology of fertilized plants,
vegetative hybridization, directed transformation of the nature of plants.
As is known, this material provided the opportunity to make a series of im-
portant theoretical generalizations which changed the views of biologists upon the
nature of many living factors and which permitted a change of methods of work in
many divisions of agro-biology and particularly selection.
?
Interesting material was developed in the selection of winter and summer
wheats, barley, cotton, potatoes and other crops.
Supplementary cross-pollination of hybrids was applied on hundreds of thou-
sands of hectares. By introducing etirftaer plantings the southern oblate of the
Ukraine met their needs for potatoes among the best and earliest varieties.
The use use of chickens in controlling the harmful eurigaster and the sugar
beet pest curoulionidae brought splendid results.
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4.4.M.wwwowwww ww. WiftwWW. .....14.450AMA.VOWVIMO 10~.1.10
?
?
?
- 31 -
The Institute was operating in close association with thousands of colleotive
farmers-experimentors who participated in the development of the majority of theo-
retical problems and thus ensured the introduction of proposals made by the Insti-
tute to production.
The war and invasion interrupted the work of the Institute in many depart-
meats. Experimental data was lost in thm majority of cases; results of years of
work, including data on new agricultural methods which before the war had attained
wide and practical distribution at collective and state farms, were either destroyed
or their application discontinued.
The invaders destroyed the base of the Institute where the material was kept.
The fields of the Institute and those used for growing ?lito seeds were wantonly
used by the invaders, resulting in the violation of crop rotations, and the in-
festation by weeds and pests.
The Institute MS evacuated twioe. First froi Odessa to Stavropol, then from
Stavropol to Kuropatkino, Samarkand oblast, from where it was moved to Yibrai,
Tashkent oblast. The selection material which in part VOA moved out from Odessa,
could not be utilized for purposes of further selection in altogether different
oanditions of work. The material was therefore preserved in part and several of
the potential varieties produced by the Institute propagated. Thus the varieties
of the summer wheat Lucerne 1103 and Odessa 13, the barley Odessa 9, Odessa 14,
the winter wheat Odessa 3 and Odessa 12 were propagated. Small quantities of seeds
of cotton variety OD-1 were propagated in 1942 in Central Asia.
This part of the work prepared material for the development of selection and
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U.S.S.R. Hinisterstvo sel'akogo khosiaistva. (contld.)
- 32 -
? seed growing during the period of evacuation, pending the return of the Institute
to Odessa. The second part of the work of the Institute accomplished in the per-
iod of evacuation, was naturally directed towards solving problems conneeted with
the development of agriculture in the -war years. Among these me note two: summer
plantings of early potato varieties and specifically the development of the method .
of planting potatoes with freshly dug tubers, and summer plantings of sugar beet.
In the los lands of Central Asia early potato varieties are praotically not
planted at all because of their impending rapid degeneration. At the same time
healthy seed stock of these varieties produces high yields under early and late
plantings and could fill the needs of the population for table varieties of
potatoes throughout the entire year.
The use of summer plantings of early varieties in the respective periods
IIIguarantees a supply of healthy seed stock. Seed tubers are, however, stored with
difficulty in preparation for the necessary periods of sumer plantings under con-
dition e prevailing in the hot regions of central Lisle. Sumner plantings with
freshly dug tubers from spring plantings of the same year are consequently the only
possible means for growing at Uzbekistan an annual supply of healthy seed stock of
early potato varieties. The Institute engaged primarily in developing methods of
growing freshly dug tubers of potatoes end obtained some positive results. The
method it developed, while not applicable for large plots, permits every household
to grow annually healthy seed stock of early varieties in amounts adequate for
plantings of seed plots the following year.
Seed stock obtained for summer plantings from freshly dug tubers may be pre-
served successfully by using the trench method of storing until the optimal period
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r.111111Wravvo nel'imuguxnmsIalab-Nue
33
411 of summer planting of seed plots (aecoM half of July)'.
?
?
The Institute also extended constant assistance to he rkomzea of the
Uzbekistan repUblic, state farms, supplementary farms ath individual gardeners
on all matters pertaining to potato graving.
The culture of sugar beet in Central Asia demands for its spring sowings a.
large amount of labor and vast supplies of voter at'. the heavi st rainfall period
(July-August). nigh summer temperatures oontribute to a fractional yield of
beets and irregular moisture and the resulting irregular growth produce a large
percentage of tubers vith-hollow heads. Such roots are affected strongly by
caudal(tail) rot and lose much of their sugar content.
The results of the Institute's experiments conducted together with many col-
leotive farms permitted to for conclusions on the efficacy of sowing sugar beet
under moisture conditions at Uzbekistan durins the second part of.i.unm'as a
secondary crop after harvesting cereals and srain4eguminclua crops. The result
is a high yield of roots similar to the yield obtained from spring crops, comm.
paring vell with the latter in sugar content. It vs* established at the same time
that the roots of yields of summer sowingssixe bettor preserved Wkagated,01,
losing less sugar under those 'conditions. It vas also found' that these roots
produced a higher yield Of seeds of better quality than did roots of spring sow-
ings.
Reconstruction work at Odessa was begun in the spring of 1944 and haa.advanced
considerably to date, compared to the normal standard of work at the Institute.
Below ve mention Its acoomplishments, vhich One may characterize as concrete indi-
cations of practical achievements. Simultaneously vs review plane of development
-
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411? in the corresponding departments.
WM MAT the maincrop in five southern Oblasti Of the Ukreinian
which are served by the Institute; a considerable amount of seeds vas transferred
to regionil seed farms., intluding the varieties Odessa 5 and Odessa 12, produced_
by the Institute. WO shall devote & few words to thes wheat varieties. .
OD-3 vas produced from -the crossing of the variety Kopp* atorka with the
variety Gestianum 0237. It is ft frost and drought-resistant variety, Of good
baking quality; 01).12. obtained from the crossing of the variety Zemke with
GOstianum 0237; hes better frost resistance and is very resistant to lodging. Both
varieties are superior to those formerly plented here, like the varieties Ukrainka
and Gostienum 0237, exceed the two latter considerably in yield,(5 - 4 centners),
are superior to Mkrainke in frost resistance and resistance to smut disease, and
? superior to Gostianum 0237 in ,Tilling and baking qualitie
Considering the availability of new varieties, the Institute found it advis-
able to take more redital steps towards replacing the formerly considered satis-
factory varieties Ukreinka and Ooatianum 0237, and correspondingly plenned:Areas
of new varieties at regional seed farms substituting for those originally imbed.
uled. In 1945 the Institute produced several times more elite seeds: of the
varieties OD-3 and OD-12 than were required by the original plan.
SUMMER MEAT. Bare the. Institute also organised the production of elite seeds,
specifically the production of nevrverietieetutescens 1163 and Odessa 15.
tutescono 1168 is e much earlier maturing variety than the standard tutestene 062,
exceeding the batter in yield by2 - 8 tentners, while Odeesa 13 exceeds the
standard variety in yield b
3 - 5 centners and As resistant to damage caused by
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?
? the reason fly.
?
- 55 -
BARLEY. Seed production was organized and included the new varieties *lees&
9 and Odessa 14 produced by the Institute. These varieties exceed the 'standard
variety in yield by 5 - 6 centnere?
The facts stated above wi_th regard to winter wheat apply equally to maser
wheat and sumer barley. The new varieties should be intensively introduced into
production since they already had been sufficiently tested.
The production of seeds of rye, oats, corn, eunflorer, ptopy? sesame, eto.
The Institute fulfilled already in the first year of its reconstruction the tasks
laid out by the government on seed production by utilizing the seeds propagated
during the evacuation period and by locating sone varietal seed stock within the
oblast.
In 1945 seed' nurseries for super elite seeds of all main varieties were com-
pletely reestablished with the view of ensuring frotn year to year the improvement
in quality of elite seeds on seed areas.
Sinultaneously a vast amount of work was conducted on the reconstruction of
the selection of grain crepes hybrid nurseries of the first, second, third and
fourth generations in winter and summer wheats and barley were set up and so were
control nurseries and preliminary and principal varietial experimentation.
? Among newly developed nethods of selection and seed growing we point to the
rethod of producing seeds of regionalized varietiee of higher yields obtained
through free pollination with a mixture of the pollen of best varieties of domes-
tic and foreign selection.
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- 36 ?
The experiments conducted in pre- years by Dr. Do1 usbin, speolalist of
the grain department of the Institute, on intra-varietal crossing of winter wheats,
by enseoulating plants on the plots devoted to varietal tests, with subsequent .
natural wind pollination by the pollen of closely planted sanUold varieties, pro-
duced satisfactory results. Following the severe winter of 1939/40, as well as
following artificial freezing of plants, it was established that the frost resist+.
*noel of the first and s000nd generations secured as a result of selected fertil-
ization was slightly greater than the frost resistance of the original parents.
In addition, plants obtained from hybrid seeds differed from the parent forms in
their more powerful development. These experiments confirmed once more that the
biological resistance of plants is generally increased by selective fertilization.
? in utilizing this established regularity, special sowings were arranged in
1944 to obtain corresponding hybrid populations. A mixture of 75 varieties of
winter wheat of domestic and foreign selection was taken as pollinators. The
mixture of varietal pollinators /ski sowed with the aid of an eleven raw seeder,
and after each passing of the seeder oneI row of the maternal form was sowed, the'
varieties Odessa 3, Odessa 12, Oostianum 0237 and Ukrainka being selected for the
purpose. The stalks were emasculated on the maternal plants and given the oppor-
tunity to be pollinated freely by the? pollen carried by the wind.
Thus, many hybrid eeeds were obtained which will subsequently be propagated
artificially and studied with the view of planting a second generation at a com-
parative varietal testing, and in the event of a positive economical effort to
be utilized for purposes of seed growing and planting under conditions of pro-
duction.
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,"4,4410444,41.? 4..44.14QUID1OUVW ova sarvEyy aLkowa.mainV.We 10.11JUU-Wo)
?
?
- S7
Seed growing of COTTON deserves particular mention.
It is known that before the war the variety Schrtgder 1306 was planted in the
Ukraine. Eecause of the inadequate yield of seed of this variety preceding frott
("domorozny"), there never was a year in the-history of cotton growing in the
Ukraine when the entire area was planted with seeds of its own yield. Seeds were
annually imported from Central Asia and in some years the entire area was oom.
pletely planted with foreign seeds. Not a group of seeds was grown in the Ukraine
for at least S to 4 years. Under those conditions it was not possible to Use
natural selection in the production of seeds maturing from-year to year and to pro-
vide for a steady supply of seed stock.
In applying the how methods of selection proposed .by Lysenko, the Institute'
produced the cotton variety Odessa'i?whioh ensures a. yearly yield of seed. stock
and exeeeds the var. Schroder 1306 in many other:useful,eponomiq qualities suoh
as: general. resistance-, length of fiber, large else of balls and resistance to -
gummesis. The following characteristic of this variety is interesting. Ls l.940,
a year unfavorable tnootton,,the:pre-frost- yield of raw material from 8,000 -
heetaret.planted with this variety equalled that of a'pre4ro t yield-from 118
'thousand hectares, planted with the var. SchrOder. And if for the planting of
1941 the, seeds of the latter variety Were almost entirely imported from Central
Asia, the area under Odessa I sowed 'with seeds,ofAlomeetic yield was increased
almost four times.
The very fact that the var. 01)-1 will be planted from year to year With
domestic seeds will better adapt it to local conditions. In 'addition, seed 00.4
ing by systematic selection, begun at elite farms under the guidance of the
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wilveyslats Jum.a.www,orwwww ww. .1.42bybya.. wylag V.IWA&M .4 up
- 38 -
411 Institute, mill considerably improve it as time goes on.
?
?
Cotton selection mill be engaged in by the Institute on location, by increas?
tag speed of maturing through selection the size of balls, length of fiber and
other eoonomioally useful traits.
Thus along with the propagation of the variety ap-I. will go its steady
improvement byeeleotion and training.
All this will help the cotton industry'of.thm Ukraine stand on its awn feet.
As was the case before the war, the Institute devoted considerable attention to
solving the POTATO problem in the south.
Before the war the Institute directed summer and spring sowings of potatoes
at collective and state farms of the southern oblasto of the Ukrainian republic
and RSFSR. By setting up summer plantings of regionalized potato varieties as a
standard prooedure, these oblasts solved their potato problem already in 1939 and
provided themselves and their industrial centers with an important food item. '
In 1940 the supervision of the Institute Was extended into the forest steppe
zone of the Pelona'e of the Ukrainian republic. In February 1941 appeared the
decree of tho'SLE of the Ukrainian hePublic and the central Committee of the Com-
munist Party ooncerning "Liam:urea to increase the potato yield on collective and.
state farms of the Ukraine." This decree proposed the organization of adequate
seed growing of potatoes based on the oorrosponding utilization of sucmer plant-
ings as a principal agricultural measure for increasing yield.
Luring the period of occupation the greater part of new agricultural methods,
including those of summer plantings, were not applied, ape result of which the
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V?011441411 rauxcluvrouvu avia-imu6u Liwz4uxtruirso kcon-u'uo)
- 39 --
0 southern oblasts of the Ukraine alnost complet!oly lost their seed stocks of region-
?
alized potato varieties.
The collective andstate farms of the Odessa, Eikolaev, rherson, Zaporozhie,
Stalin, and Voroshilovgrad ?bleats, as vell as the Veldava $SR suffered partic-
ularly in this respect.
The reetitution of potato seed growing in these ()blasts formed the foremost
task of the institute and reasures wire taken to introduce the original stocks. of
regionalized varieties from other oblastt of. the Soviet rnion and rake use of the
available remainders of the Ukrainian varieties.
The Institute itself planted varieties brought in during the spring of 1945
from Yoscow and Voronezh ?blasts. These mere the var. Courier, planted on 50
hectare*, and Lorkh, planted on hectares. The yield from these plots was used
to organize seed ferns at Odessa, rikolaov and Eherson ()blasts.
In addition to the above, the institutestbdied problems of tuber formation
with a view of transferring it to a period suitable for man. A method has already
been found with the aid of which it is possible to force the potato plant to form
tubers 10 to 15 days earlier tram spring sowings, and to postpone tuber formation
to any late period during spring and summer COVingeo
The Institute conducts seleotion by hybridization and training seedlings under
conditions leading to the formation of early maturing, non-degenerated original
material.
LTURNR-ALFALFA is also given considerable attention at the Institute.
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. 40..
During the occupation of the Ukraine the area of. perennial grasses was greatly
reduced, grasses were not p1ante0 and pre-war sowings were not processed and were
plowed over without a system. The remaining plantings of grasses proved of little
use for seed stock and even for straw because of their sparse growth and weed in-
feetetion.
It is known that the yield or Beads is relatively low in other regions of the
USSR as well. The reason for this lies in undevel ped agricultural methods at
seed nurseries producing alfalfa,as a result of which seed nurseries are partly
subjected to drought and on the other hand to a mass propagation of pests whioh
destroy buds, flowers and the ovaries of alfalfa.
Practical experiments conducted by the Institute in 1938, 1939 and 1940 showed
that in the steppe regions of the Ukraine the safest way to eesure high yields of
111 hay and especially alfalfa seeds, was achieved through summer planting.
Beginning with 1938 and up to the time of the wars group of oollective fares
of the Odessa, Likolaev, Eirovograd, Stalin and Rostov-oblasts and Xrasnodar ter-
ritory planted alfalfa during the summer under the supervision of the Institute .
and obtained Good yields of seeds. Thus in 1940, the collective farm "Obervonny
Yaiak", Tsebrikov region Odessa ablest, obtained from a plot of 13 hectares of
summer sowings a yield of 3.3. 0 of seeds; the collective farm, imeni nOtia
Luxemburg of the same region, obtained 3.6 0, from a plot of 1(:) hectares, etc..
Similar examples can be Cited concerning many other regions throughout the Oblast.
Alfalfa planted in the period between July 15 and August 15 on land culti-
vated in the spring is better provided With .seisture, almost not susceptible to ,
pests and less likely to become attacked by weeds since the fields are Cleaned of
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,filie it. inlaseresvo sel..srogo ira10Z1Eas-cva. %cons's)
41
111 weeds by fallow cultivation before planting and weeds appearing at the end of the
summer and in the fall will be destroyed by fall frosts before the seeds have time
to form. edpoed weed infestation of summer, planted areas permits plantings by
broadcast planting and not in wide rows, While the planting of alfalfa nurseries'
on separate lots, away from the old alfalfa grounds is isolating ther from the
focuses of propagated poste:
til this in its entirety ensures a relatively high yield of seeds. This led
Lysenko to propose in the summer of 194 to plant at each collective farm from 3
to 5 hectares of lfalfa seed plots in a fallow winter wedge, a cirolmstanoe which
permitted already in 1946 ,to obtain a large amount of seeds of alfalfa.
? The Institute conducted the necessary work of guiding the summer plantings of
alfalfa. Beginning 1945 the.Institute assumed work on seleCtiOn,and seed growing
of OIL AIm7ECZTA8IE CROPS by organizing the respective department.
Selection of sunflower props will be conducted for the purpose of obtainiag
varieties of higher yield, and the development of methods of. selection of partic-
ular crops. The standard variety Zhdanovskii 8281 it the southern Ukraine wee
planted in 1948 adjacent to other. or or 6 varieties., f satisfactory yield and. high
oil content. In addition to natural'pollination of the Maternal variety 8281, .
artificial pollination was used with the pollen Of the adjacent pollinators.'
The hybrid coeds obtained will be planted in 1947 in families and not isolated
anymore. selection will be made from this planting on the basis of such cherac
terietica as yield and oil content, based on samplee of separate families and.
plants.
plants. rroGenies of the beat plants are planted in the following year and Identi-
cal work performed With them. ft'Te consider. that in this manner the results will
?
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Miniaterstvo eel'akogo khotiaistva. (oont'd.)
42 -
10 lead to higher yields and oil-content of sunflower varieties. In the process of
this work the influence of free repeated pollination (*pereopylenie") of family
plantings of sunflower will be studied with respect to yield and oil content.
with regard to LEO/MMUS crops it is ?entail- plated to produce within the
next 2 to 3 years improved seeds of the early cabbage Kaporka odesskaia and early
maturing varieties of the melon Irrynka odesskaia and Persidskaia.
? In the field of GT.17,TIC research the Institute is working on three subject
matters.
1. tirected transformation of the nature of plants by training.
2. research on biological regularities of fertilization of cultivated plants.
3. Vegetative hybridization of plants.
The problem of directed transformation. of the nature of plants has been exper-
imentally solved in 1936 when Lysenko traneformed the winter wheat Cooperatorka
into a glummer crop. By 1941 the heredity of a series Of varieties of winter wheat
into aumner wheat was already deliberately transformed, of summer into minter
crops, of curer barley into winter barley, etc. Yany hereditary tranaformed forms
proved interesting for use in practice. Thus, for instance, the simmer wheat
Eritrosperm4m.1160, traneformed into winter wheat, wintered well in the severe
colds. of 1039/40. During varietal tests conducted at the Institute in 1940 this
wheat produced a yield of 25 eih, the same ae CoatianUm 0237, and exceeded the
yield of the var. Ukrainka by .3 ?anthers.
The winter fors of barley obtained fraa the summer variety Palladium 032 was
not in any way inferior to the best winter varieties of barley under severe winter
?
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45
conditions. Experiments oonduoted along this line proved that in order to trans-
form the heredity of an organism it is necessary to change the nature of the steps
or processes of its development. To this end it is essential to give the plant
the required conditions for the development it requires at the beginning of a given
stage and towards the end of the process to create such conditions for adjustments
as will necessarily transform the plant at a given stage of development.
It has been established that the progeny of transformed organisms is less per-
sistent in its demands and easily subjected to further transformation in a required
direction (increase of frost resistance, etc.).
In 1945 work proceeded on the reconstruction of pre-war material for trans-
forming soft wheate.and barleys, and new experiments were begun on transforming .
hard summer wheats into minter wheats and summer oats into winter oats. In 1945
the fourth, fifth and sixth generations of 5 varieties of wheats were grown on the
fields of the Institute, transformed from winter into summer wheats, of one variety
of summer wheat transformed into winter wheat, and of one summer barley transformed
into a winter barley. Selection nurseries and stations for testing this material
have already been set up.
Experiments begun on transforming summer hard wheats and oats into winter
forms are of considerable practical interest. It is known that in the south hard
wheats and oats have a somewhat lengthy vegetative period and during drought years
the yield of these crops is considerably reduced. The acceleration of maturing
by one or one week and a half, which one may expect from winter forms, should
reflect upon the yield of them crops.
Biological research on fertilisation of plants proceeds in the direction of
?
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rinisteratvo sel'ekogo khoziaietva (oont id.)
44 -
III. studying selective fertilization, the establishment of the role of the pollen of
the maternal variety when fertilized by the pollen of the other variety, the in-
fluence of Conditions of fertilization and the subsequent development of hybrids
upon the conduct, of the progeny (problem of "directed splitting?").
In vegetative hybridization .pre-mar experimental Work is being restored, the
nature of inheritance and the transformation of economically valuable character-
istios in, vegetative hybrids studied, depending upon the selection of wilding to
scion and their inter-relationship. The aim of this work is to obtain practical
and useful forms.
In this artiole It is not poesible to dwell in detail upon the theoretical
significance of all the questions referred to above. Discussions lasting for days
were devoted to the solution Of these problems, dealing primarily', it is true, to
41/ their arrangement.
rimy researcher-genetieists proclaimed the impossibility of the very fact of
4 transformation of the nature of vegetative organisms under the influence of
external environments. The very possibility of obtaining vegetative hybrids 'was
being challenged. At the present time the Majority of researchers has fully
adopted the position taken by richurin genetics and only a small group of scien-
tists remains upholding the positions maintained by Yonde 1-rorcan genetics, These
scientists deny the presence of the very facts directing the transformation of
vegetative organisms under the influence of an external environment.
They resemble in this respect a certain aceptic whose mind would net adopt
the idea of the existence of such an animal as a giraffe. In visiting a zoological
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u.s.s.n. rinisterstvo sel'skogo khoziaistva (cont id.)
- 45
4110 Garden he accidentally care across a giraffe and cafled out assertatively: This,
this is impossible....and walked away.
I repeat that this group is not numerous; the majority of resoarobers who work
in this field have firmly accepted !lc:burin's. principles.
The Institute continues to develop :methods of pest control of agricultural
crops. It is known that the use of chickens in eradioating the harmful eurigaster
and the beet sugar pest curculionidae has produced astounding results.
Experiments conducted in 1941 and 1945 to eliminate with the aid of young
?bloke this harmful alfalfa pest, the seed eating ttiohius " proved the efficacy
of this method. Thus a plot of alfalfa carrying a density of 2,000 specimens per
1 square m. of pests wee fully cleaned up by chicks within three day*. It was
established that one chick eats 1.500 of these beetles in a day. The 'Institute
contemplates to develop a reguler method for controllinetiohius" with the aid of
chicks and to propose it for mess use in the next few years. The above Method
Will be suggested together* with other measures ensuring the efficacy of controlling
the above harmful pests of alfalfa.
The Institute continues the development of biological methods for controlling
pests of agricultural crops with the aid of Trichogramma and Telenomus.
To draw in farmers of collective and State farms into plans of acient fic
research remain:1 and constitutes., however, the inalienable part -of all the work
of the Institute. The latter directs the systematic training of supervisors of
hut-laboratories, calls upon them for the execution of the subject matter and
jointly with them develops achievements essential to production.
410k
End of Chapter
3/15/51
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U.S.S.R. Vinisterstvo seIaskoso khoziaistva. (cont'd.)
46 Translated in part
by S F. ronson.
AGRICTTLTUPAL PRACTICES ArD SELECT/ON OF FIELD CFOPS TEE SOUTEEAST OF USSR,
by Ift? I. Riaxanov, director
of the Institute of Grain Industry of South-Eastern USSR, order or Red Labor Banner.
(p. 5I-7S)
In the years of the great Patriotic rTar the Institute of Grain Industry of the.
South East of the USSR solved the most important agricultural problems of field
crops in the drought regions of the south east, produced new grain and oil crop
varieties of high yields and gave systematic aid to collective farm production by
introducing agricultural practices under war conditions. SOL
ntifio results or
great importance were achieved in raising crops of high yields throughout the post
war period which proved of benefit to the future development of agronomy.
YROPLEES'OF AGRICULTURAL CLIrATOLOGT (p. 51-R2)
. It is known that in 'regions of the south-east natural conditions for culti-
vating..field crops differ considerably from the greater part' of other regions in
our country. the Main feature. of the climate of these regions, i.e. drought, pre-..
veils here along with an exceptional changeability. in weather conditions, vrhiph
reflects in a specific manner, depending upon the level of agricultural practices,
upon the development of cultivated plants and their productivity. The Institute
uninterruptedly studied therefore the south-eastern climate, in order to find more -
effective ways to overcome the unfavorable meteorological factors and to provide .
for a more correct utillie.tion' of the prevailing favorable climatic, characteristics.
Pased on. the observations conduoted by the candidates in agricultural sciences;
P. G. Xabanov and F. V. Rove, the territory of the south east was regionalised.
into uniform regions according to natural climatic conditions.. At the basis. of
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u.b.u.n. rummerazvo sez?arogo gnozialscva. koonz'o.)
?
?
- 47
this regionalization, aside from general climatic indicators, were placed certain
additional traits of considerable significance for field culture, i.e. the build-
ing up (accumulation) of spring temperatures, etc. Spring and summer droughts of
the south east of former years were studied, beginning 1891, and the territories
of their distribution, their intensity and concurrency ascertained.
The analysis of weather conditions covering the past 80 years, which estab-
lished the most characteristic types of weather for the south east region, presented
radically different conditions for the fall development of winter crops, their
wintering capacity and the spring-stmmer vegetation of winter and summer savings;
the concurrency of the selected types of weather, acoording to the natural climatic
regions of the area, was equally established. The study of types of weather and
their influence upon field crops made more specific the climatic possibilities for
producing individual crops and led to the acceptance of individual agricultural
methods which take into consideration meteorological factors. The differentiated
application of certain agricultural technical methods was determined on the basis
of established weather conditions that continued to prevail.
In this connection an attempt was made to develop a method for the prognosis
of drought. Research conducted in this direction showed that a series of atmos-
pheric factors of the fall-winter period could indicate the possibility of the
occurenoe of spring and sumer droughts. The following observations led us to
these conclusions a total influx of sun energy in the fall and early spring, the
adequate moisture supply in the fall and winter, the temperature regime of the
winter and the movement of air masses observed in the winter. The application of
the entire sum of thee? factors provides the opportunity to give in the spring,
before field work begins, a positive prognosis of 90 percent of the possibility of
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- 48
drought in the coning spring-straner cocoon. Mille not e.dequate for practical use,
this provides preliminary orientation for planning and organizing spring and sum.
mer work. The problem of prognosis on drought remains however unsolved in its
entirety and requires further investigation in agricultural science.
Tim TIATIM REGIME OF TIT SOIL, p. S2-84
Among all factors concerning the growth and development of cultivated plants
in the southeast the leading place belongs to problems concerning moisture of the
soil, its accumulation, preservation and rational utilization, all problems to which
the Institute devotes special scientific research. The work was started back in
1939 and in succeeding years studies of the water regime in fields under grass orop
rotation sere continued uninterruptedly.
The results of these investigations conducted by the candidate of agricultural
sciences A. V. Pelyi, showed that there are radically different fields in grass
crop rotation according to their respective content of moisture.
In fields of fallow-plowed sections the principal deviations in easily acces-
sible water occurs in the layer of soil at from 0 to 100 to 150 am. Moicture of
the soil below 150 an of the surface, brought to the limit of field moisture
capacity, is not being utilized by. crops of this group. In fields of perennial
grasses (alfalfa -agropyrum grass mixture) a progressive drying out from above and
down to 0 to 300 am of the layer of the soil takes place in the first and second
years of use. The seasonal variations of easily accessible water in these fields
affects only 0 to SO cm of the surface. The black fallow which follows the two
summer crops after grasses, does not eliminate fully the drying out of the entire
0 to 300 am surface layer and only in the next half fallow or the second fallow
?
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. rinzaterszvo so vsKogo Knozlaistva. kcont'a.)
- 49
is the water balance of crop rotation in the field restored. On the greater part
of fields under crop rotation unproduotive losses of water in fall swaths repre-
sent under our prevailing agricultural practices more than one half of the entire
amount of precipitation falling in that period,
rinter precipitation is utilized by soils of different fields under crop
rotation in radically different ways. /n the course of four years which differed
from each other in the fall in degree of moiatunt, the flow of melted waters
varied within the following limits : on a surface layer from 7 to 25 percent; on
a plored unit from 15 to 63 percent; on fields occupied by grasses from 20 to 76
percent.
The surface layer of all fields under crop rotation utilizes winter preolp-
itation best of all, but since grass mixture deraands a considerable part of the
? water which is accessible with difficulty, a much larger amount of water is re-
quired hors than on fields following annual orops in order to attain a 150 cm
layer of the soil to the limit of the field's moisture capacity. Pecause of im-
proved nhysical properties of the :mil layers, the tendency of its capacity to
? preserve moisture in the upper layer under spring drought conditions has been
observed, which is of exceptional significance for the normal introduction of sum-
? mer wheat sowed on the stratum (layer). Observations mad? of the water regime of
? fields under grass crop rotation, not completed t for the entire rotation, offer
proof for the following preliminary conclusions:
1. In drought regions under grass crop rotation of the south-east it is.
necessary to introduce active measures to liquidate the drying out of deep layers.
of soil caused by grasses in order to fully utilize the positive effects of grass
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? sowings .
?
?
SO -
2. In order to restore the water :balance in grass crop potation the role of
black fallow has to be intensified as a powerful 'means of accumulating moisture.
in the coil and preserving it for succeeding crops., .
3. Methods or plow cultivation of the stubble and glass layer should be Im-
proved to aim at the maximal utilization of late Summer and fall precipitations.
? 4. The distribution of snow in fields under crop rotation. should meet the
conditions or water provision of each held; the ctronget snow cover should be
created first on the layer, ("pleat").
A. Fethods for retaining melted 'cetera should be utilised widely in the
plowed link of crop rotation and in fields occupied by grasses, -
In Obseauent investigations of the water regime particular attention will be
devoted to studies of the drying-out of the plowed surface layer, with the view of -
developing more effective methods to preserve rmlsture in the Upper horisob of the
soil. Problems of studying the dyn.amios of the 'water regime of fields under crop
rotation in other soil..olimatio regions, aoide from Saratov, will be studied at
several ?blasts* experiment stations of the south-east, i.e. Irrasnokutf*,
Astrakhan, etc.
Along with continual work on the water regime, the Institute organised in
1945 studies of the charaoteristics of individual fields under crop rotation with
respect to other elements of soil fertility nutritional regime, balance or.
organic elements in the soil, weed infestation of soils, some inioro-baotariologioal
processes, and the conditions for the -development of parasites. The results of
these observations will permit to establish scientifically the necessity for We.
ferentiated agricultural practices and the proper application of fertilisers on
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uegoOono AAILLOWJVavliu UVA. 0.34JUU'UOI
? ,
51
111 various fields under grass crop rotation.-
TVE BIOLOGY OF NEEDS AND man CONTROL p. 55.57
. Of great scientific and practical significance are the Institute's studies
directed to the biological characteristics of weeds. It was necessary to establish:
the "dynamics" of supplies of seeds in the *oil and consider their replenishment '
and destruction by various means for the development of agro-technical methods dc-
Signed to clean the soil of seed embryos' of early weeds. The work begun at the
laboratory in weed control conducted under the leadership or Professor L. I. Nose.
kevich, permitted even in the years 1953 to 1938.to establish a series of facts
which were subsequently confirmed by experiments under conditions of production in
the years 1938 to 1941 (M,E. Smireov) and in further more specific (detailed) in-
vestigations conducted. in 1944 and 1945.
It vas established.that seed destruction in the soil, at the cos
of loss in
verminationoroceeds constantly but that its role As relatively small. The prin.
cipal method of cleaning the soil of the seeds of weeds is to force their growths,
prOvided they are steadily destroyed. Simultaneous destruction of all seeds and
fruits of weeds in the soil is hampered, firit of 'all, by different biological
charaetoristice of embryo, of various species with regard to their demands for
warmth and other factors, as
dormancy, storing, oto. The
of weeds, accnnulated in the
well as the age of seeds, conditions of ripening,
duration of dormancy in seeds of different species
soil varies considerably: from several months to
several years. This duration may change on the other hand, depending upon weather
conditions, location, and storing of seeds. It vas established that a delay in
the germination Of seeds, while in the period of dormancy, depends not only upon
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?
?
. 52
their penetration of the respective layers but .(in he beginning) primarily upon .
the condition of the germ itself.
Observations conducted in 1944 to 1946 proved .that among many weeds aaltbush,
(Al:triplex L.), pigweed, knot weed, foxtail ' etc., the factor of heterooarpismia
widely spread, the main charaoteristio of which is the fact that seeds which differ
in their merphological as well at their biological -peculiarities (features) of
growth, are formed On the same .plant. Of major importance is. the fact that
heterocarpism was established in mild oata(Avena fettle). The late blooming upper
small fruits of the treed ripen earlier and fall off first(in 11 to 20 days), con.
taminating mainly the soil. The large lower' fruit e 'leen later but are delayed
In the panicle much longer .then mature and therefore contaminate the grain chiefly
during harvesting. The small and large fruits differ radically in length of dor
mancy: the larger the fruits the briefer is their dormancy.
All these factors ?(dormancy, heterooarpism, etc.) oomplicate the process of
cleaning the soil of stored seed seeds. On the other hand, the new data discovered
by the. Institute concerning seed destruction of weeds in the soil provided agri-
cultural workers with a &trope, fast weapon. 'with which weeds May be destroyed.
Observations made in the fields,. oomplete records of Geed weeds for entire. wedges
under crop rotation and spa ially? eetabliehed testa on crown wild, oats,. foxtail
and, cockle and other weeds permitted the establishment of oonditions under Which
it was possible to bring about an enormous destruction -of. eede of weeds in the ?
soil..
Up to now it was the accepted view to judge the results of cleaning the soil
from stored weed seed by the number of sprouts destroyed by subsequent oultivation.
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?
- 53
The latter should be conducted .in such manner that seeds of weeds aro turned up
closer to the surface to make it possible to reach their stalks. It vas formerly
believed that-seeds that did not come up remained non-growing.
? - the
To oppose this widely spread cenceptiondoleaning of the soil of seeds of
weeds proceeds than entirely different manner. Our studies established that
Goode of weeds may graa after cultivating throughout the entire friable layer,
wherever a favorable combination of the most important necessary factors has been
oreateds moisture, temperature and aeration; within two weeks a mass growth of
seeds and fruits of weeds is observed throughout the entire depth of the culti-
vated soil. In another 2 to three weeks this outbreak in extinguished and entirely
stopped when the Soil hardens and conditions of growth become less favorable. A
part of the developed seeds and fruits, distributed primarily in the upper layer
of the soil, may produce plants but within the deeper layers the "unseen" destruct-
ion of germs which did not come to the surface takes place throughout. On the
whole the destruction of germs in the soil exceeds many timen.the number of sprouts
appearing on the surface (sometimes 10 to 20 times).
?
Cleaning of the coil i3 most effective if the latter is made deeply friable
during the spring season and to a lesser degree in the fall. In the summer mass
growth of seed? of weeds fells off arastioally and stops almost entirely in certain
groups of weeds. In order to provoke the growth of seeds by deep cultivation,
wide-spread machinery of the Chisel(?) type may be used successfully in e.ddition
to plows; the former are particularly effective in drought 'regions.
Established principles-for destroying the accumulation of seeds of weeds per-
mit the development of more efficient methods and systems of cultivation which
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- 55 -
IIItheir seed beds. in irrigated and low lands and by applying the necessary ordinary
methods to preserve plantings from harmful pests. Under this procedure high yields
of seeds, averaging in individual years up to 10 oentners per hectare, are obtained
on entire plots Of irrigated lands. On irrigated and low soils a yield of seeds
is derived not only from a first cutting but also from the second cutting (harvest-
ing) whenever the first harvesting has been used for hay early enough. Data of the
Valuisk Station covering a period of 8 years indicates that the average yields of
seeds obtained from second harvests equal the yields of seeds from the firbt. This
?
?
?
carries considerable significance since in the case of obtaining seeds from a
second cutting a farm derivei an additional harvest of hay; besides, the harvesting
of seed alfalfa takes place during a less hectic period.
Fxperiments of reoett years conducted on the fields of the Institute estab-
lished tne possibility of obtaining greater yields of alfalfa seeds on non-irrigated
soils from entire plantings of alfalfa-agropyrum grass mixtures, in which alfalfa
(plowed at a reduced norm of seeds of 2 to 3 kgAl) has a leas dense grass stand
on
than/Usual, regular sowings of grass mixture.
Plantings of these special grass mixtures, when made in the spring under a
layer of spring crops or at the end of the summer, after rains on a plowed plot
cleaned of weeds relieve the farmer of hoeing.
Investigations have proved that in the planting of the above grass mixtures
the density of alfalfa plants corresponds to the supply of moisture .in the soil.
The presence of agropyrum along with alfalfa does not result in a dwarfing of the
latter by agropyrum which may be explained by the difference in the degree of pene-
tration of the roots of the two indicated crops into the soil, and their claiming
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x.... ../
?
?
- 56 -
.moisture on various horizons. In addition, the poculiarcharacteristic of agro-r
pyrum, as a one-harvest crop, permits alfalfa to utilize entirely the remainder
of moisture from the first cutting and all of the preoipitation following thefirst
harvest.. This account* for yields:of alfalfa seeds not alone from the first but
also the second cutting, whenever the,first harvest was out -early for hay.
In the last four years grass mixtures of alfalfa provided annual yields on
'fields of the Institute from-the'firet as well as the seoOnd nutting in amounts
of 50 to 170 kg.'per:bectare, while on wide-rdwed seed plots alfalfa !cede were
obtained only in 1944 and 1945 in the course Of the lest 5 year.. Thus as a result
of all conducted work it became possible to transfer from methods consuming much
labor in producing alfalfa Acted to Muoh simpler and less labor consuming methods
of obtaining seeds from entire planting areas. The laborsaving factor is of
particular eignifipance for collective farms of this south-east because of their
limited labor force and va.it sowing itrearle
Experiment. eitablished that alfalfa-,agropyrum grass, mixtures sowed by dif-
ferent methods on the fields of the. Institute beginning 1939 under SURMA' wheat
drought
produced, as a rule, satisfactory results. Only'tha / conditions of the spring of -
1945, produced thin shoots of grasses, which required an additional planting of
the same plots in the following spring. The success of the swam fall sowing-of
alfalfa under cover of winter crops depends upon its growth in years when the pre-_
sowing and actual showing periods suffer from droughts. Preliminary conclusions
permit us to claim that early spring sowing. (podsev) of alfalfa by means of -a disc
seeder among winter rye, sowed simultaneously with agropyrum in alternate rove,.
produces better results than sowinga in other periods and by other means. lIkvers-
theless, even this improved method of sowing is hardly satisfactory. Alfalfa plants
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.
40'
- 57 .
discontinue their growth and development at an early stage because of shade under
the dense grass stand of winter crops and many perish during the harvesting of the
cover crop. The Institute continues its search for a more.effeotive method of
sawing alfalfa under cover of winter crops. Diverse periods for sawing alfalfa
prior to the planting of winter crops on stubble, immediately following harvesting
or in the following opting, are under study. In-I445-alfalfa planted on the
stubble of winter rye produced a good grass stand and a yield of 25 (01 of hay in
the year of planting.
The Institute developed and reeommended for the d'rier regions Of the south-
east the alternate raw'(half-oover) method Of sowing grass mixtures, which offers
the opportunity to sow grasses eimultaneously with the cover crop with the aid of
customary treater grain seeders.
In succeeding work with perennial grasses the Institute devoted much atten-
.
tion to the creation of improved alfalfa-agropyrum grass stands and selection and
,
testing of grass mixtures consisting in other components of leguminous and cereal'
grasses.
The most widely spread Specials of perennial grasses, alfalfa and agropyrum,
suffer from considerable shortcomings, i.e. irregular fruit bearing and law yields
of hay.
Other Grasses, such as esparcet, clover, brows, American pouch grass, etc.,
in which the above shortcomings dareexpressed in a lesser degree, are in spite of
this not distributed adequately in the south-east and not sufficiently tested in
compositions of grass mixtures. flot all has also been studied with respect to .
alfalfa -agropyrum grass mixtures. Under existing norms of sowings of seeds of any
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uewouor41. DA.Nacouvauwww cava. onyby saawasamactuymil 10410444 WO/
?
59 -
411 complex hybridization, is distinguished by the rapid tempo of the development of
germ and node roots, rapid ripening and a particular evenness of the grain. In
Government varietal testing in the 2avolzhie regions of Saratov and Stalingrad'
oblate the variety exceeded standard varieties in average yield over R period of
5 years by 2 to 2.5 a/h. The new variety is a candidate for regionalization. in
the most drought ridden regions of the south east. In /945 the variety Albidum
43 was planted on ati'area (stover 500 hectares at many collective farms.
?
?
The author of the above varieties of summer 'beat is the selector of our In-
stitute, doctor of agricultural science(' A. P. Shekhurdin, who in 1942 was awarded
the Stalin premium and in 1945 decorated with the order of Lenin.
At present A. P. Shekhurdin worke-on the production of varieties Which cam.
bine the largest number of valuable economic characteristics. Particular attention
is devoted to the creation of varieties resistant simultaneously to many specie; of
-fungus diastases.
In recent years, several new potential varieties of sunflower have been pro-
the
duced, as a result of the application Of new methods in selection, based on/com-
position of populations from material close in leading characteristics (in selection)
but differing in its origin.
The author of the new Saratov varieties of sunflower is the candidate of
agricultural sciences V. r. Yorozov who was awarded in 1945 the order of the Red
?
Labor Banner. Assistant V. A. Romanov produced a new variety of millet, the
Saratov kremovoe 311, distinguished by. high yield.
In executing government assignments tor providing elite seeds to regional seed
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. ? U.b.U.H. Ulnitimisrauiru isoa'axv6u LiAamxcaLulovuo vwvuu us;
?
?
-6O
farms of the Saratov oblast, the Institute =ducts a vast seed producing campaign
in all regionalized and many potential varieties of grain crops and sunflower.
The plan for delivering varietal elite seeds to the GOSFOFTFOrD was fulfilled in
1943-101 percent, in 1944-150 percent.
DISTRIBUTIOD OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS IR WI SOME EAST p. 68-70
The introduction and full adoption in the south east of proper crop rotation
will be connected with vast changes in the distribution of agrioultural crops.
It is necessary to first anticipate and to establish in a planned order the most
rational ways and tempO'of these changes. The problem arose in this connection
of developing scientifically based proposals on the above. The candidate of agri-
cultural sciences A. E. Faminskaia produced conclusions and made proposals on the
basis of data acquired by, the Institute and other experiment stations, as well as
obtained from her own work, and in addition gathered material on location in the
south east. oblaets, TaMbov, Stalingrad, Pence, Ulianovek, Fuibishev, Saratov,
Stalingrad, Chkalov.
1. The introduction of proper crop rotations on fields of black falloww and
sowings of perennial creases produces favorable potentialities for widening sowing
areas of winter wheat at Tambov, Fenza, Ulianovek ?blasts, the northern regions of
Fuibishev oblast, and the right shore regions of Saratov and Ztalingrad oblasts.
Here minter wheat by occupying one field during crop rotation under limited agri-
cultural practices (black, well cultivated fallow, timely sowing, and early snow
preservation) may ensure a high resistant yield. It is therefore essential to
reinstate in these regions sowings of minter wheat on a pre-mar Beale within the
next 2 years.
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It is also necessary to widen the production of summer wheat at collective
farms of the above zone at the expense of a oertain amount of grain-forage crepe
(oats and barley), the sowing8 of which should be kept there within amounti that
ensured the needs of livestock with concentrated forage.
? 2. In the Zavolzhie regions part of the planting a summer wheat should be
distributed on black fallows_(one field in. rep rotation). These plantings, if
fallow fields are prOperly cultivated, will act under non-irrigated agriculture
as an insurance wedge of dumper wheat in drought years. Sawitge of barley in the
above regions, ea the grain crop of greatest yield should, be enlarged at the cost
of a mere complete utilization of lands adopted for plowing.
3. Sowings of plowed crops (wide-row millet and sunflower), demanding at
maximal mechanization definite expenditures of manual labor, ehOuld Occupy plots
in the south east that match the labor resources of the respective collective
farms. Theae plots should not exceed those occupied in 1940 by the above crops.
(For Chkalev oblast the standard should be the year 1939.)
4. The introduction and application of proper crop rotations is connected
with the re-education of the specific weight of grain crops at the expense ofino;
creasing plantings of perennial grasses. , In order to avoid a radical reduction
of plantings of grain crops, it is necessary to attend to the plowing as planned
and to adapt all lends Suitable for cultivation (plowing). This procedure will
permit an expansion of plowing area at collective farms of south-east ?blasts.
Once proper crop rotations are fully adopted, the total amount of planted areas
will be increased eignifioantly. The specific weight of sowings in the cultivated
plow land mill consist of 85.2 percent as against 78 percent in 1940, while the
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0 specific weight of sowings of perennial grasses will be increased from '3.2 to
22.6 percent.
SEPARATE PROBLEYS p. 70-71
In the past years the Institute engaged in research on many other important.
problems. A vast amount of work ma done in selection, testing, development of
agricultural methods, and the introduction of new drought-resistant crops new to
the south-east,' such as forage and melon fields, African millet, grain sorghum,
etc., into the plantings of collective farms.
The method of early production of potatoes was developed, which permits the '
growing and obtaining of potatoes $0 days ahead of customary dates.
The cluster method in introducing small doses oflocal fertilizers under .
411 potatoes was also developed, ensuring an increase in yield of 15 - 20 percent.
Work on the effectiveness of bacterial fertilizers under south-eastern con-
ditions is being engaged in.
txperiments with green fertilizers on irrigated soil of the Zavolzhie have
established their high efficacy on chestnut and salifereus soils; the most suit-
able plants for the purpose wore assembled, and methods for their production and
plowing developed.
In order to produce the principal agricultural crops more successfully under
conditions of irrigation, the problem of building up proper crop rotations on ir-
rigated soils is being studied, as are a system of fertilization under irrigated
crop rotation, and methods preventing lodging of wheat during irrigation. A system
?
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of the simplest methods to control pests of seed alfalfa was developed, to increase
the resistance of yields of seeds. rethods are studied of cultivating grass layers
in order to lighten plowing and to eliminate the possibility of growing alfalfa in
plantings of layer crops. Experiments have showed that in dry falls exceptional
difficulties are created in plowing a layer, since it requires previout shallow
surface plowing.
? Plantings of sunflowers at reduced rates of - 6 kg of seeds per hectare wore
studied, and their wide application ensured for the immediate post-war years.. Such
plantings reduce the amount of labor spent in thinning sprouts 2 or 3 timea, elim-
inate the work of tractor cultivators, 2rovi4o economies in the use of seeds at ?
8-10 kg per heotare. The Institute obtained yields of 10 to 14.3 c/h from such
plantings for 3 years (1942 1944). rethoda were developed to control the Millet
bosquito; new methods for controlling smut of sumrer wheat are being studied.
AID TO PRODUCTIOI: p. 71-72
ruring the years of the Great Patriotic War the Institute, while engaged in.
scientific research gave practical aid to leading and land organizations, includ-
ing direct aid to collective and etate farms in their struggle to increase bread
production and other agricultural products under difficult war conditions.
Them observations, based on the material obtained from experiment stations
of the South east for the past years, as 11 aa the systematic accutulation of
data fror practical experience and existing weather conditions, the Institute
transmitted to leading and land organisations in the form of concrete proposals
oonoerning necessary practical agricultural measures in south eastern regions. *
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rany of the Institute 'a proposals are reflected in government decrees and
decisions of leading oblast organizations.
In order to give direot aid to collective and state farms On the practical
applioation of agricultural methods, our scientific personnel regularly visited
regions of Saratov and several Other &lasts of thi south east and participated
actively in oblast and regional conferences dealing ulth agricultural problems.
The scientific staff of the Institute conducted a vast propaganda campaign during
the vier, leotured to agronomists, presidents of collective farms, leading regional
laborers, presented reports over the radio, and published vast numbers of articles
in newspapers and magazines.
ALVIVISTEiLTIOr OF EWERIMITTAL 1Z:T. 17ORK p. 72-73
411 Regions of the south east possess a vast network of scientific research insti-
?
tutions. Here, aside frijol our Institute, are located three oblast stations of field
industry (Astrakhan, Penza, Chkalov); nine government selection stations Petrovak,
Chakinak, UezenchUk, Etnel'sk, rovourenak, Eamyshin, Krasnoutsk, Uralsk, Chkalov),
two special stations (Ulianovsk Potato station and the ruznetak VICAA). Three
experiment institutions are under the direct supervision of our Institute; they
are Valuisk Experiment-reiterative Station, talacho* Experiment Field, and Ershav
Irrigational Experiment Plot.
In pre-war years the Institute provided scientific guidance to oblast experi-
ment stations in oonforming to the decree of the Larkomtem of the USSR. This
guidance was extended in the following manner:
1. -Planning and the reports of specific subjects of stations mere reviewed;
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65
2. yearly conferences were called of the personnel of experiment stations to
discuss total achievements and plans of work, as well as problems of methods;
5. Visits were made by the scientific personnel of the Institute to experi-
ment stations to verify the execution of plans and methods of conducting observe.
tions;
4. tans received from staff members of experiment stations at the Institute;
5. consultations by mail on individual problems concerning methods;
6. laboratories of the Institute aseisted in the performance of those
analyses that eould not be made at the experiment etationel ?
7. printed scienttt.i?iterature exchanged; -
S. the Institute's journal:cubit bed,'etc,
During the war years thebond(connection) between the Institute end the ex-
periment stations, and consequently, the former's guidance were considerably weak-
ened and only reestablished beginning 1944 and 194q.
In 1944 leading scientific workers of the Institute v
iment stations.
te
ten ablest exper-
In June 1945, the Institute called a scientific conference of the experiment
institutions of the south east, to direct attention to further research on the
principal problems of drought and to raise the level of scientific standards of
the work. Almost all representatives of experiment inetitutions of the south east
attended the conference, except those of Chkalov and Chakin Govt. selection stations*
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66
It is also of primary importance that the. Stalingrad Oblast Experiment
Station of Field Industry, destroyed by the German invaders be reconstructed.
Collective and state farm production of the south-east ?blasts of the Soviet
Union will absorb on a wide scale the system developed by experiment institutions
and the agro-teohnical methods already established under the growing economic
power(Strength) of our country, and will demand new achievements from science in
the field of agricultural methods, as well as in improved varieties. Fearing this
in mind, the 'experiment institutions of the south-east should intensify their re-
search, concentrating their attention upon the development of the most pressing,
unsolved problems concerning drought.
The Institute of Grain Industry of the South East has during the war years,
in spite of many difficulties, not only reduced but on the contrary widened and
'deepened its scientific research. At present our scientific personnel works with
still greater erergy on problems designed to lead to new discoveries, in order to
advance Soviet agricultural science and aid practical workers in reconstructing
the level of south-eastern agriculture as rapidly as possible.
3/19/S1
rnd of article.
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Translated in part
- 67 4., by S. V. tlonson.
hemote Hybridization of Cultivated Plants,
by Academician N. V. =TUN,
director or Zonal Institute of Grain Industry of Lon.Black Earth Polt.
(p. 93-110)
In our work on plant electionwe are devoting particular attention to problems
of distant hybridisation. In contract to other ordinary work, distant hybridisation
In our particular studies enters new fields', pairw for crossings with cultivated
plants being selected from the inexhaustible resources of nature itself, i.e. wild
growing flora is beim& drawn upon for crossings with cultivated plants.
CROSS/VG OF MPAT MTH mum GRASS (p. 93-99)
"Tit made this decision not by accident.
Meat has always mused and still causes universal admiration among all peoples
of the earth. History tent) us that man has worked for four and a half thousand
years on this crop. This is a long period of time and it would be appropriate to
raise the question whether there is anywhere in the world a variety of wheat,
either minter or summer, that may be called ideal, i.e. of a kind that Would fully
satisfy the demands man expects, of this crop?
Our socialist economy has dire need of such a variety of wheat, one, that may
oombine the sum of eoonomiCally useful Characteristics, i.e. weuld not lodge, pro-
vide a good yield, prove adaptable(elastio) to conditions of the external environ-
ment, and be resistant to drought, frost, fungus diseases.
Is there anywhere a variety that contains even two thirds of the characteristics
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wipepou?n? Via.ughowvalswww vv. ..... I
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411 / just enumerated to you?
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- 68 -
It is kaolin that man has not yet produced such a variety, and it is natural
.
in speaking of hybridization that we bear in mind the aim we wish to achieve by
this most powerful of methods.
Our experience hes showed that in crossings a careful selection of the pair
Is of primary importance in order that a new ideal race of wheat be produced.
While man worked with the same varieties of wheat and engaged in hybridiza-
tion within the limits of one crop, he was able to pick from one variety its good
yield, from the other its high milling and baking qualities, from the third its
resistance to unfavorable conditions of development, etc. In this manner satis-
factory varieties were created which at present occupy the principal areas of our
plantings.
Nevertheless, this represents a complicated method by which an ideal variety'
of wheat may be produced.
Let us turn to 'nature. Nature has many plants which astound man by their
elasticity, resistance, and many other qualities, totally absent in cultivated
plants. All the characteristics available in cultivated plants were produced by
man's will. Van 'wished for the plant to produce what he wanted and cared little
about what the plant wished for itcelf. The result was a cultivated plant created
by man, delicate, spoiled by him, placing rather high demands upon external con-
ditions for its growth.
If we take wild growing plants, we note that they had their own evolutionary
path. They accumulated themselves for thousands of years characteristics and
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- 69 -
011 traits essential to the plant itself, in order that it may better live and propagate.
As a breeder for wheat we decided upon a natural plant, such as couch grass.
Agronomic science teaches us how to grow wheat in order to preserve it from drought,
frosts, various diseases and agricultural pests, etc. All this teaching is de-
signed to obtain good yields from wheat. Science also teaches us, haw and in which
manner such plants as couch grass may be controlled, recommending methods of drying,
freezing, etc. We know how difficult it is to protect our plantings of wheat fraa
dry winds and frosts, and haw difficult it is to destroy couch grass through drying
and freezing.
Wheat likes Good soil, fertile soils. On poor soils it grows poorly. There
are species of couch grase which Grow on solonete soils not any poorer than they do
on chernozem soils. Another example: there are species and varieties of couch
0 grass which are never attacked by fungi diseases, even if artificially infected,
and on the other hand, there are no wheats that are not susceptible to some disease
or other.
Let us take other traits, suoh as yields. If one takes separately a grain of
wheat and another of couch grass, there is naturally no comparison between the two.
One thousand grains of wheat weigh an average of 30 grams while one thousand grains
of couch grass weigh 5 to 6 times less. If one compares however the yield of wheat
and that of couch grass obtained from one clump, in number of grain and weight, we
note that the role of these plants changes. It is caused by the powerful clump of
couch grass and the large number of seeds borne on one stalk.
I shall not cite other comparisons which may prove the many biological advan-
tages possessed by couch grass compared to wheat. The above amply proves that we
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U1,010010As. 01,11A04.47LOUTV OVA P00.8454 AKI.AWZAMAAVVIrMe ?WW1114'M40,
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have actually chosen a peculiar object for hybridization, which radically differs
from the cultivated plant we are concerned with on our fields.
In our mork on hybridizing 'heat with couch grate, we aimed at the following
tasks: to create now forme Of ?aummer Wheat which in their complex of character-
istics would approach the ideal to: which I have Pointed above, To create a form
of winter wheat ota type that would resemble couch grass in frost and minter re-
sistance and that, in any event, mould be superior to all previously known varie
ties of minter wheat; to create a new, perennial wheat never yet seen in the world.
Fifteen years have passed since we produced the first hybrid seeds from cross-
ings Offmheat with 0100 grass and one would
were solved?
justified to ask how these problems
? They were solved in principle. WW secured -Something tangible that may not
alone be touched by hand but that may also be observed at experiment statione and
seen collective farm fields.
What were the varieties of hybrids tested on colleotive farm fields and in
'Mob, manner do they differ from those of existing mheatvarieties?
I shall refer here only to a brief characteristic of several hybrid varie-
ties such as the mumMer type hybrid No. 22650.
This variety does not lodge, even under preponderantly motetconditloas. It
does not shatter, has good threshing qualities and its grain has a high albumen
and gluten content; while its milling. and baking qualities equal those of the best
wheats inthe world. In addition, this wheat is hardly affected by fungus diseases.
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U.b.b.K. ZilliimertvGvo awl-imago Knozlalswm.
- 71 -
411 Its yield is fairly high. In 1944 a 'yield of 54 c/h and in 1945 42 01 of this
wheat was obtained at the collective farm *Red October" of Ruzskil region, Moscow
oblast.
?
Similarly* in another region of Moseow oblaet a yield of 30 01 was gathered
from a field of 6 hectares and another farm produced 20 o/h from a 25 hectare
plot.
In several regions this wheat produced higher yields than did winter crops.
Thus we have a variety of hybrid eummer wheat which possesses characteristics
that are interesting and valuable from an economic standpoint.
In 1944 we transferred to the Government Varietal letwork a new summer variety
FLORA, produced espeoially for the Non-Black Earth Belt.
We have at present forms of winter wheat that do not freeze under eonditions
of northern winters and which keep 100 percent from year to year. We recommend
the new hybrid variety of minter wheat No. 599 for the Non-Blaok Earth Belt in
place of the old varieties, because the former poetesses Characteristics which
show its exceptional potentialities. It is resistant to a group of diseases, such
as smUt, leaf and stem rust, does not rot(eweat) or lodge. The technological fea-
tures of its grain are exceptionally high; the beauty and vigor of the plant caused
it to be named "Beauty* by agronomists and farmers. In 1945 the Wheat-couch grass
hybrid Eo. 599 produced 60 Ot at a collective farm of the RUssk region, MOseOw
oblast. The vigorous stalk of this hybrid averages from 50 to 100 grains.
At one of the special conferences of the Moscow Grain Institute it was observed
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- 72 _
that in practice people who have for years been engaged in determining export
qualities of train have seldom come across such remarkable qualities in flour and
bread as were obtained from our variety No. S99.
Where did this variety get its multi-grainniness and why does eaCh still carry
so many grains? Them, characteristics mere inherited from couch grass. As estab-
lished by us, they are transmitted to new hybrids by couch grass. In individual
cases we were able to find as many as 90 normal grains in one stalk, an amount
never found in an ordinary wheat stalk. And one grain per stalk mill average one-
half centnera per heotare of yield. We consequently may not disregard the number
of grains in a stalk. I shall not (Nell upon the characteristics of other varie-
ties in our collection and shall rather stress the creation of a new cropof
perennial wheat.
In 193S we obtained for the first time a plant which in succeeding years pro-
duced 7 to 8 harvests from each stalk over a period of four years. We achieved
this by "combined groming," ("kombinirovannoo vyrashchivanie") i.e. in the summer
the plants remained in the ground, in the fall they mere dug up and brought into
nurseries. In the following years, in tests of perennial wheat made directly in
the ground, we decided that under Siberian conditions this new form of perennial
wheat, No. 84084, will not be of practical use since it had proved non-resistant
it
to cold and frost. From the beginning/regularly froze in Siberia following
harve st ing
In 1939 work on this perennial 'wheat was transferred to Moscow. Under new
conditions and after 2 to 8 years of testing it was found that this wheat could
be used as an annual but twice-cut crop, i.e. the first harvest produces grain and
?
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73
the eecond hay. Following the grain harvest the wheat grew well for hay under
Foscow conditions but after wintering individual plants were left over.
In 1939 tests of perennial wheat were simultaneously conducted in southern
regions of Central Asia where, as is known, the climatic conditions are charms..
terzed by short and mild winters. The results of the last years' work showed
that under those conditions perennial wheat may produce 2 to 3 and more yields
without additional sowing.
On the basis of our tests and those of advanced collective farms it was estab-
lished that perennial wheat possesses possibilities for producing satisfactory and
high yields. The first form of perennial wheat has naturally many shortcomings
still. Nevertheless, Ito production practically solved the problems disputed by
the majority of scientists and practical workers concerning the possibility of ob-
taining perennial wheat. The appearance of this new cultivated plant represents a
significant event in Soviet soienee. That had been considered impossible until now,
had taken place, a perennial wheat had been ?rested. Much work is still ahead; we
are not stopping at this stage and are persisting in our efforts to create new forms
of wheats and to achieve great successes in this direction. The time is not far off
when our fields will be covered with the new crop, perennial wheat. One may pic-
ture the economic significance offered by perennial wheat once it occupies our
principal areas of production. I. V. Michurin wrote in 1934 in one .of his letters,
when I brought our work on distant hybridization to his attention, that it would
"revolutionize agriculture."
CROSSING OF RYE WITH COUGH GRASS ( rz ? 9 9- to i)
In addition to using couch grass for crossings with wheat, we are also using
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voQ.0.u. miumsuvrouvv UCA'UXU60 xnuzsalcsva? 0012040
- 74 .
it in orossings with rye. What is our purpose here? I noted already that wheat
is the beat bread, unsurpassed because its grain contains a speoial albumen called
gluten. Because of the latter, dough prepared from the flour of wheat does not
spread but instead keeps any desired form before baking.
Let us take as an example another crop, winter rye. As is known, rye also
possesses gluten but in a weaker measure causing the dough not to keep its shape.
Other crops, such as millet, oats, peas, corn, etc. do not poisons any gluten and
their flour may therefore be used only for flat cakes or pancakes.
In studying couch. grass and other wild growing grain crops, we establithed
that they almost Unvariably had a fairly high content of gluten. The highest
gluten content in wheat does not exceed 48 percent, ae a rule in couch grass it
is 75 percent. We further learned that the gluten characteristic is hereditary
and is transmitted to all hybrid generations in principle; Taking this into con-
sideration; we aimed at creating species or'hybrid forms of rye by crossing rye and
couch grass. In this manner we planned to produce a strong competitor for winter
wheat.
By producing a fora of plant possessing entirely new properties we would be
able to change all our conceptions concerning the culture of rye. The creation of
suoh form of winter rye would easily solve the problem of winter orops in the east
and north of our country.
In the process of our studies, we established some remarkable findings which
forced us to give thee serious thought. ler instance, do all barley and rye-like.
forms of wild-grown vegetation possess a high content of gluten, that is lacking
in cultivated forms of barley and rye? At which stage of his labors did man lose
?
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this valuable characteristic? in analyzing this problem, We came upon a not un-
comfortable ponclusion. It seems that selection had never undertaken to search for
the possession of gluten in rye, because, according to established tradition, rye
was supposed to lack gluten- and was .furthermore unable to acquire it.
As to barley, selectore deliberately produced varieties for the beer brewing
Industry-, i.e. varieties having a high content of carbohydrates but not albumen.
closer
Then we began to exemineAhe various speoimene Of barley and rya, our senior staff
member Shibaev soon discovered .the presence of gluten in both crops. This:disoov-
ery is of enormous theoretical And practical significance. It provides selectors
with a new guide in their work with barley, rye, as well as other crops, while the
possibilities of creating forma..of barley of bare Seeds and high gluten content
open up vast theoretical potentialities before selectors.
In this connection the very meaning of the term "gray breads" will lose its
present connotation.
.CROSS NGS OF GRAIN SPIXED CROPS ITh ELDO0i8 p.. 101=103
Thirty years ago we became interested in a plant called Elymus. It has many
species and we collected some 28 species of these. Among them two species,
E. g gantets and E., arenariue commanded our greatest attention and interest.
Elynus is a plant found on aU continents of the world. In our country it
grows on the Iola peninsula and in the southern latitudes of the Soviet Union.
This plant, notwithstanding some of its variants, is interesting in that it serves
as a representative of a atrictly continental climate.
In 193N, while r wea .head of the expedition observing Vorthern azakhetan and
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the south western part of Altai, I discovered places where no plants could seem-
ingly live at all. rothing but tropical heat, burning sand and air around, but
under these conditions grew splendid specimens of Elymus.
Flymua has an enormous etalk which contains up to 1,000 grains. This is a
characteristic of fertility which, as we established, is hereditary in hybrid gen-
erations. If in our future hybrid plant we could obtain not 1,000 but even 200to
300 grains, each grain representing 0.5 centners of yield per hectare, as stated
above, we could Still depend upon obtaining yields of 100460 cA. Thus through
distant hybridization of cultivated with wild growing plants we could raise incal-
culably the yield of cereal crops. In addition to this possibility, re clearly
visualized our ultimate teak, i.e. of securing a form of hybrid produced under
corrfaitions of unoultivated, partly desert-zones of the Soviet Union. To solve
thin problem 3ant to make use of an enormous area of land, lain waste from century
to century and to transform it into flowering cultivated fields, a task exceedingly
tempting, upon which we are presently engaged.
lhat has to-date been produced from the hybridization of Elymus with culti-
vated plants? In 1942 we obtained seeds for the first time in the history of
selection and in 1945 grew out first planta of mheat-Elymus, hybrids. Sybrids from
crossings of eoft wheat with Elyius arenariva were obt4ned by Professor Pisarev
by way of prelimary transplanting of the wheat germ onte the endosperm of ,Elymus,
followed by hybridization between the two. The year 1943 was marked by another
development. Our senior Staff member Bakhteev succeeded in obtaining a new hybrid
from barley and Ciymus giganteus. Another Staff member, Sultie, obtained a
6-genera hybrid from a wheat-couch crass hybrid and Elymus giganteus. A triple
hybrid was also produced by Prof. Pisarev from a crossing of rye-wheat amphidiploid
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0 with Elynus arenarius.
In 1944 our senior Staff member Rogulin obtained a hybrid from the crossing of '
hard wheat and Myr= arenarius. In the same year another senior staff member
Lapohenko secured a hybrid fron a crossing of Elymus and couch grass.
Thus our search and persistence in utilizing Llymus for purposes of hybrid-
ization with cultivated plants resulted in eompleto success.
The fact that genuine hybrids were obtained from crossings of ,Elymus arenariue
and Elymus giganteus, on one hand, and wheat, rye and barley on the other, repre-
sents a new victory achieved by Soviet scientists in the field of biology.
In addition to hybridization with Elymus, we also engaged in work with other
? wild growing plants. Our senior Staff member Vinogradova first obtained new hybrids
? from two wild barleye Gorden= Iodesum and Cretesion ubattsm(?) on one hand, and
the cultivated barleys of sunuaer and winter types, on the other. In spite of the
exceedingly delicate work, since the flowers of the above -endings can hardly be
seen by the bare human eye, Vinogradova succeeded in her task through, sheer persist-
ence and skill. At present we already have two generations of plants and three of
seeds. Thin will permit the production of early maturing forms of barley and what
is more important, of winter forms for the northern zones of the Soviet 'Union.
Such is the situation which prevails with. us at present with reGard to hybrid-
ization of cultivated and wild growing crops.
CROSSING Or GRASSES IITE TAW rums p. 103-106
In addition, we also conduct work in other fields on subjects not engaged in
?
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- 78 _
abroad. It involves selection for purposes of hybridizing plants differing radi-
cally in their manner of living and their evolution.
The number of species of woody plants is constantly growing smaller in the
process of evolution. This may be explained, as stated by Professor Palladio,
by the considerably reduced capacity of woody genera to absorb carbohydrates and
the resulting lack of organic elements, as done by grasses. That this is so is
evident from the facts taught by physiology. We should, however, not bypass these
facts and are able to interfere with the processes of nature. To change the
natural course of evolution from deterioration to enrichment forms one of our
caning problems on which selectors will have to work next.
The first timid steps are made in this direction. We propose to establish
the affinity between woody plants and grasses and plan to create in this manner an
enormous variety of new woody and shrubby forma for both utility and ornamental
use.
This work of indirect hybridization has been in process for a number of years;
we discovered that it was extremely difficult. Despite enormous failures, we did
not discontinue our experiments but decided to make use of the tested 'flichurin
method, that of preliminary vegetative rapprochement. To graft a grass to a woody
plant and vice versa proved at first a complicated task. No results were obtained
for two years. At present, however, we have developed methods with the use of
which grafts produce satisfactory results.
We are at present prepared to demonstrate how grafts of peas, chick peas,
lentils, beans, etc. grow, bloom and fruit on yellow and white acacia and willows.
Pow on a tree-like tomato-cifomandra, ordinary tomatoes, eggplants, beans, peppers,
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black nightshades, etc., bloom and fruit when grafted to it.
What is the purpose of these graftings?
Te know that nutrition is of enormous significance in creating bodies of
organisms. The very chemistry of the plant changes radically depending upon the
food it is given. To make my illUstration simpler and clearer, let me cite an
example. If a cow is kept ona pasture growing Artemisium absinthium, its milk
will be bitter tasting and small of absinthium. It follows that depending upon
what the animal is fed, will correspondingly :transform the chemistry and Construct-
ion of the body of the organism itself,: /11 grafting peas, to ye/law acacia re had
in mind to provide its cells with those principal chemical elements possessed by
acacia, using the latter at the only supplier of nutrition for the pea. We 'wished
to transform the biochemical properties of the flower of the pea, in order that
!II the pollen of the yellow acacia, when placed upon the stigma Of the flower of the
pea, grafted onto the yellow acacia, would grow and produce a fertilized hybrid
seed.
In studying this problem our senior staff member Arnoldi-Poddubnaia estab-
lished that the pollen of yellow acacia grows very weakly on the stigma of the
pea, while the pollen of white acacia grows satisfactorily. The vegetative tube
reached the ovule adequately. Considerable attention was in this connection, given
white acacia in place of yellow acacia. In 1945 the staff of all laboratories of
the Institute produced 30,000 crossings of peas with white acs.cia, which resulted
in a yield of close to one hundred seeds. nether these seeds are genuine hybrids
or whether they were produced as a result of natural cross-pollination presents a
subject for future studies.
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re are in a position to state, however, that the vegetative rapproaohement and
subsequent crossing of cifomandra with tomatoes produced hybrid fruits.
rpen ctudying the embriology of crossings of tomatoes with cifomandra it was
established that the pollen of the latter grows not only on the stigma of the
tomato but that the pollen tubes penetrate into the embryo sac and fertilize it,
thereby forming hybrid embryos and endosperms which are, however, considerably re-
tarded in their development, compared to the Parent plants. While the embryo and
endosperm of a tomato is fully differentiated 58 days following pollination, the
germ and endosperm form a totally non-differentiated cell mass in the hybrid tomato
obtained from oifomandra. Although the number of cases of formations of hybrid germs
and endosperms from crossings of tomatoes onto cifomandra is extremely negligible
and the hybrid embryo and endosperm are non-differentiated, the very fact of the
existence of such cases indicates that distant. crossing of grasses with woody plants
may be accomplished on the primary states of embryonic development.
Since in extremely distant but most interesting crossings we may,. in success-
ful oases, obtain very spindly seeds of weakly expressed and-non-Viable embryos
(germs), the problem naturally arose concerning the necessity of dealing with the
development of a method for cultivating undeveloped germs in an artificial environ-
ment. In order to acquire a method of peculiar training of these embryos in arti-
ficial surroundings, we utilized the well developed available method used for
cereal plants.
Undeveloped hybrid gorme obtained from croesinge of hard wheat and soft wheat
with Elymus, au cell as completely normal and fully differentiated germs of both
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' "inisterstvo sel'skogo khoziaistvs.. (cont.(%)
?
?
-81..
parents in the above combinations were planted without endosperm onto the nutri-
tional environment Jaime. Under ordinary conditions seeds obtained from the above
crossings do not reach the stage of development of normal plants nor do they even
germinate. In the artificial environment, however, 35 seeds from among 107 planted
hybrid embryot started to germinate, and
of the former reached a mature growth.
These si4t hybrid plants acted well and one of them has at present reached the boot-
ing stage.
1!'he method of cultivating undeveloped hybrid embryos in an artificial environ-
ment opens wide possibilities for -genetic-selection work since it permits in a
number of cases to obtain mature plants from these combinationS of crossings which
under ordinary conditions Would not succeed. One could relate much that is of
great interest on the subject of distant hybridization; I shall, however, dwell
only upon one case.
You may ask me what will this eventually lead to and why should we be preoc-
cupied with this now?
Without going into much detail, I shall tell only in general what we expect to
obtain from this work. If we succeed in obtaining even one hybrid grain from a
pollinated graft between grasses and woody plants (and if we secure this we shall
know how to obtain these hybrid seeds), we shall possess plants which will trans-
form our present conception and knowledge of plants .immeasurably. Treat would grow
things we were. used to see growing on grass and vice versa. It seems to me that
the enormous potentialities contained in this field of work are self-evident.
In addition we oonduct preliminary eurveye on intra-family graf tinge. We may
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rinisterstros,Pekogo khoziaistva. (cont'd.)
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IDalso report about successes in this direction. Ve have Zeored a genuine graft
from Gomphocarpue pruotioesus, a plant of the family Aso/epic:daces., and the
Oleander of the Apocinaceae faaily.We believe that selection in the non distant
future will consist in utilizing for purpoies of hybridization plants belonging to
different families. The first stage for the accomplishment of this purpose will be
work connected with the development of intra-faraily graftings.
?
'PRA ICAL RrSELTS lit suacnor AD MT GROWING: p. 107
In suinsaarizing the general results of -work in selection it is possible to
state that during the war years we transferred into the Government Varietal Testing
Letwork the following varieties: of euczner wheat - the wheat-couch grass hybrid
Flora- 5 10E68, 20E68, and the hybrid 48; of winter wheat the wheat couch grass
hybrid 509; of cereals the pea roscow 572 and the pea Remohinov 1451; of grasses
Tim.ofeevka 1480, and of root crops the sugar beet variety Bares and Voseow 1.
Our Institute also engaged in seed growing. The productionof elite seeds of
cereals, cereal-leguminous crops, grasses and root crops. occupied a large placeit
the work of our Institute.
AGRICULTITRAL T?CIi!lQTEC p. 107-108
Here the work of the Institute has not been sufficiently developed. / shall
list the most interesting problems being developed in the corresponding fields.
research is conducted on agricultural techniques in connection with new varieties
of summer and winter wheats (datee of sowings, norms of sowings and the effects
produced by fertilizers).
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rinisterstvo sel'ekoge khoziaistma. (canticle)
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During the mar the .application of green 'fertilizers was studied. It was
established that lupine aa a green fertilizer is not. in any Way inferior in effi-
cacy to manure at a fertilizer,. if applied directly.oein its after-action on the.
ascend crop, provided a definite technique is used on heavy. soils. ? Of particular
interest.is the perennial lupine-which is being teeted simultaneously -end propa-
gated.
Studies of the efficacy of bacterial fertilizers made possible the organiza-
tion of their production. During the war the output of industrial production of
bacterial fertilizers and preparations, supplied an area of 875,000 hectares.
Theoretical founclations for editions' feedings of agricultural plants were
developed. Of particular interest in this conneotion is the work of Professor
IIIAvdonin. The substance of his method consi5ts in the claim that fertilizers,
when granulated according to his method at collectiVe farms or industrially can
be mixed with seeds and coved with ordinary non-combined seeders. Field experi-
ments conducted on different soils showed that the introduction of 7 to 10 kg of
phosphoric acid of super phosphate in granulated form, aMODg planted rows, ensures
a corresponsing increase in yield, equal to 45 to 60 kg of phosphoric acid when
introduced by epreading.
The new method of introducing fertilizer* increases 4 - 5 times the efficacy
of fertilization.
A method 'was developed of "greeting" seed potato after harm tine for per.
poses of better storing.
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anisterstvo seliskogo khosiaietva. (cont'd.)
?
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I shall not dwell upon the publishing activity of the Institute and its work
in lending assistance to collective and state farms and shall mention only that
an enormous amount of work was extended in this respect, particularly in the war
years.
CORTROL OP AGPICULTURAL MT'S p. 108-110
In conclusion I shall refer to our laboratory of vegetative poisons.
? In a brief space of Um the laboratory of vegetative poisons performed a
vast amount of work of popular economic significance. I shall enumerate their
principal activities.
'Control of agricultural pests was effected in 30 regions of the roscow ohlast.
Over 5,000 hectares of cotton crops at Tadzhik 5511 were treated in an experiment
with pyrethrue preparations against spider tick.
At the Dagestan A.S.S.R. over 1,500 sheep were saved from mange by the use of
pyrethrum. At the Tannin poultry farr flocks of chickens were treated with the
sane preparation against different parasites, particularly tick.
At the Lusin hog raising state farm of.emsk ablest 4,000 heads of animals
were treated against lice.
Instructions relative to the manufacture of pyrethrum and the agricultural
techniques for preparing Dalmatian and Caucasian camomile were developed at the
laboratory for the control of parasites of agricultural crops and livestock.
A vast amount of work was performed by the laboratory on anabasine. Thus in
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4
"U1S.S.R. Yinisteretvo sel'ekogo khoziaistva. (cont'd.)
410 the years 19103 the laboratory delivered into production a method for preparing
in the simplest manner preparations of anabasine, providing directions for their
application in controlling agricultural pests, and also developed methods for ap-
plying.anabasine.
In the period of 1941 to 1945 the laboratory sent out expeditions to differ-
ant zones of' the Soviet Union for the purpose of finding now plants to serve as
insecticides. The suburban And half-desert zones Of Tadzhikistan, rzbekistan,
Kirghiz, the desert mountainous regions of Kazakhstan, steppe-and forest-steppe
zones, as well as the valleys of Marian rivers, pre-mountain regions of the Ural,
and individual regions of Trans-eaucesia and Northern Caucasus were thu e explored.
The expeditions collected a vast amount of vegetative material which is being
tested now.
In the years of the Great Patriotic War we also engaged in considerable re..
search and planned for the introduction into the practice of collective-And state
farms new methods to control agricultural pests and external parasites of domes-
tic animals..
A.s a result of this work we produced for the first time in 1943 a new, highly
effective preparation, the co-called woody-tar creolin, developed its fornula and
technical application. /t may be manufactured not only under industrial production
but may as easily be produced at any collective and state farm.
What are the .properties of wood-tar creolin?
1. nithin a short time it completely destroys up to 50 species of agricul-
tural pests which were examined by us. Thus, for instance, the particularly
?
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- 86 -
persistant mange akin tick and its ems are destroyed within one to two minutes.
g. In contrast to other meaoures, mood creolin in entirely non-toxio to ani-
mals. Of the mass of treated animals not one was poisoned by the application* On
the contrary, it wan established that it speeds the healing of wounds by stimulating
the regenerative processes of the skin.
Wood oreolin does not burn plants, nor does it injure wool, it is less
costly than coal tar creolin, produces an excellent emulsion even on hard waters,
etc*
I shall take this opportunity to state that the staff of our Institute has
worked courageously and devotedly throughout the difficult years of our trial, in
a manner expected from Genuine soviet people.
This was bedause our people never loot faith in our final victory. Faith
supported us in heavy battles and unlimited laboring, and our people conquered.
End of Chapter.
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7.
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- 87.-
Translated in part
by S. N. Vonson.
GRASSLAND SYSTEV Or AGRICULTURE IN CHERNOZEV STEPPES OF USSR,
by A. I. Krylov,
director, Institute'of Agriculture of Central Chernozem Belt, 'men' Professor
Dokuohaev. (p. 122-143)
The BOlehevist Party and the Soviet Government aim not only at reconstructing
the agriculture of regions liberated from the German invaders, to erase completely
the wounds inflicted by war, but wish also to exceed the pre-war level of the pro-
ductive agricultural oapaoity of our great country. This historic task may not be
solved by an application of separate agricultural measures; what is needed is a
system of measures.
It is therefore timely to raise the question of a planned introduction into
collective-state farm production of a system of measures known in science as the.
Dokuohaev-rillisms Method, i.e. the grass-field system in agriculture.
then speak of a planned introduction of the Dokuchaev-Williams system, I
have in mind, first of all, the enormous expanses of chernozem steppes which rep-
resent the granary of our country.
Everyone 'is familiar with the works of the great authorities in Russian agri-
cultural science, specifically, the classic works of Izmailekii "Row Our Steppe
Dried Out" and Dokuchaev's "Our Steppes Past and Present." Backed by wide infor-
mation and deep scientific analysis they proved that because of the destruction of
forests and the vigorous grass vegetation covering the virgin steppe, and equally
as a result of the uncivilized, wantonly deitruotion of the steppe in the past,
the steppe soil was progressively losing its structure and fertility. - Erosion
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u.o.u.n. uaniemerauvo scu-siwuo Knuausirucva. 1.conu-a.,
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- 80 -
use accelerated and gully and ravine formations increased steadily. The level of
ground waters was at the same time sharply and persistently lowered.
In other words, the steppe was drying out and the most urgent problem of steppe
agriculture, the supply of water to plants, gradually becoming more critical.
Drought and famine knocked more frequently and ominously at the gates of pre-
revolutionary Eussia, causing enormous destruction in their wake.
I cannot refrain from citing here the tragic words of Ismailakii who, while
not fUlly understanding it, instinctively feared and clearly felt that under con-
ditions of a capitalist regime of economy no planned control of this disastrous
national calamity was possible.
"If we, wrote Igamilskii, shall continue to regard carelessly the progressive
changes of the surface of our steppes, and along with them the progressive drying-
out of steppe waters, there .is no doubt that in a relatively short time our steppes
will be transformed into unfertile deserts."
Socialist agriculture in the steppe belt is faced with the tremendous task of
firmly
regulating and/administering the water regime of this vast area, in order that once
for all and forever one may do away with drought and poor harvests, and create
stable improved conditions that would contribute to a continuous increase in yields.
ruch has already been done in this direction. 'Covernment measures on a limited
scale have been applied in forests for the purpose of eoncerving water and preserv-
ing tonea of rivers. Tree plantings have been introduced, as well proper crop
rotations in grass sowings, designed to improve the physical properties of the soil.
Deep fallow plowing and snow retention are practiced.
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All these and other measures, if applied on high agricultural levels produce
positive effects. Drought is no longer a frequent guest with us and if it cases,
does' not 'bring ouch nation-wide calamities as have occurred in the past in pre-
revolutionary Russia. Neverthelese, not enough has. as yet been accomplished.
In 1937 Williams wrote: "Taking into consideration the entire historical en-
viroilment, appraising carefully and strictly all 'available factors connected with
the developsent of soils, agricultural techniques, the development of vegetation
and condition of climate in different parts of the USSR, se can no longer doubt
that the drying-out process in steppes in the south and the spread of this move-
ment northward is taking place at present."
In our view the time has acme to face the problem concerning the final and
decisive liquidation of the dreadful processes of unfavorable changes taking place
in the steppe, which were fixed' 15 years ago. Our socialist?structure of agricul-
ture provides the opportunity to solve this problem.
11144111****
(Pages 124 - end not translated]
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4 ,.'Auenugnma, I. A. kvirector or vii,R)
lIc must rebuild our work. (in Russian)
2ashoh. Rest. 111-8. 1935 421 P942
Translated by S. V. .ronson
The decisions of the Council of Peoples Commissars of he Soviet Union
(Sovnarkom) concerning the murk and plan of activities of the Academy of Agricul-
tural Sciences, imeni /Amine represent the most important sots determining the
direction of the work of all agricultural science.
The severe evaluation of the shortoamings of the week and the concrete tasks
placed before agricultural science require that all scientific workers immediately
proceed with the reorganization of their work to conform with the decision of the
Sovnarkom.
The All-Union institute of Plant Proteutiot4V12Eal and its network, which
forms a part of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, imeni tonics, equally and
even to a larger degree suffers from the shortcomings stated in the decisions of
the Sovnarkom, with reference to the report of the Academy: VIZRa has not ful-
filled the principal tasks which were expected from it by production; the institute
did not proclaim existing shortcomings in the field of Plant Protection; it did not
deal adequately with probleme of agricultural production; it built its work on the
principle of narrow specialization directed to the study of individual pests and
diseases and methods of controlling them,instead of placing in the foreground the
subject of plant protection in crop rotation; nor did it provide scientific gene-
ralizations of the mass experiments made at advanced state farms, VTS [machine
tractor stations] and collective farms of VIZI.
WERa did not conduct a well defined control against a series of harmful
theories in the field of plant protection (theory of biological balance, vitalis-
tic(?) theories, the reduced role of chemistry, agricultural techniques, and
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/ 0.-....., a. a?
i - 2 -
?
aviation in the field of plant protection). Yoreover, all attempts to criticize
the work of VIIIRa were promptly suppressed and stopped in the most unpermiasable
manner. (see u2bornik VIZRa, Eo. 8, 1934, p. 151, concerning ("Harmful Theories
and Harmful Criticism").
1111 this has led to a situation under which the Institute did not provide plan-
ned and constant leadership and severed its contacts with production and its teriph-
erg." Production at the Institute itself did not respond in either quality or
quantity to the growing domande of agricultural production. The principal course
taken by the Institute in the past year was directed towards ?the study of the
biology and ecology of pests and diseases (particularly multi-poisonous), the de-
velopment of a system of measures intended to control individual multi-poisonous
pests and diseases, a broadening of the use of old fungicides, and construction of
machinery. The development of the theoretical foundation of the principal divi-
sions in plant protection was accorded inadequate attention. Eo study was made
of the theoretical Generalization of their experience and the experience of other
scientific-research institutions under VIERa..
The working plans of the Institute and those of its network were not cor-
related nor directed upon solving the principal teaks: presented by plant protect-
ion; the subject matter of the Institute in its content did not match the subject
matter of the branch institutes; work of individual laboratories and sectors of the
Institute remained un-correlated; the link between the work of experimental labora-
tories and field research was not preserved.
Experimental tests on phytopathology, methods of research, immunity, plant
pathology, the study of biocoenosis (plant assn.), the establishment of biological
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6010UUS.111U, L. no
3
races of rust and smut were all insufficiently conducted.
Along with the lack of a clear aim and unity with regard to subject matter,
the set-up of the Institute did not provide for a normal organization of the 'work,
since up to recently VIZRa bad acted as a mechanical union of diverse institutions,
which previously had formed a part of VIM, such ass the department of entomol-
ogy GIOA, the phyto-laboratory of Iachevekii, the sector of mechanization of UNIZRa,
the Administration of Record Services OBV. These departments still act independ-
ently, are located in separate quarters, have a separate administrative-economic
staff, their own budget, and are not connected among themselves by either work or
subject matter.
This circumstance demands a radical revision on the Part of the Institute,
first of all, in the direction of a genuine intensification and development of
theoretical divisions oovering plant protection in its entirety. Among the funda-
mental problems in the field of plant protection are: regionalization of the
Soviet Union from the ecological standpoint with regard to pests and diseases to
provide a basis for the planning and organization of operative work; studies of
making of
regularity in the development of masses of pests and diseases, the/ long and
engage in
short term prognoees,/atudies pertaining to the activities of insecto-fungicides
upon inseots, fungus and plants and the baste of their resistance to poisons; (this
in order not to act blindly when searching for new poisons); the increase of the
of
efficacy and improvement/techniques of applying fungioides with the view of reducing
their expenditure; technical and economic evaluation and the establishment of types
of machinery for use in various branches of agriculture. The study of virus and
baoterial diseases and non-parasitic diseases of plant; should be undertaken in-.
mediately; along with the study of races of amut and rust; as should the influence
?
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LAVA.W1MADAJA.1.1, ao was,
?
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of high frequency current upon insects, fungus and bacteria; the application of
fungus and bacteria in controlling harmful inseots, etc. The development of methods
of research to ensure proper maintenance of work at VIZRa itself, as well as at
other research institutions on plant protection should be given considerably more
attention than heretofore.
Statements concerning the strengthening of theoretkeldivisione dealing with
plant protection should under no circumstances be treated as before when VIZRa vas
engaged in developing abstract theoretical problems, detached from concrete agri-
cultural tasks of production. On the contrary, the development of all theoretical
problems should be based on concrete practical problems. So long as the develop-
ment of a system Of measures designed to control INDIVIDUAL pests and INDIVIITAL
diseases does not ensure the protection of the culture as a whole, the Institute
SHOULD DIRECT ITS ACTIVITY TO PROV/DIDO HAM AND rrmapIvo SYSTEFS OF YEASUEES
FOR THE PROTECTION OF CROPS rn ROTATION.
This work should proceed in full accord with branch institutes and the lower
network stations of the Institute.
The role and significance of laboratory experimental research at scientific-
research institutions of plant protection should be raised, while the work of
with
laboratories should be Qorrelateqlproduction branch sectors of VIZRa, branch insti-
tutes, and the network of 'stations of plant protection. The eap existing between
laboratories and production sectors, on one hand, end among individual laboratories,
on the other, should be imnediately liquidated.
The entire work of VIZRa and its network requires systematic and direct co-
ordination with state and collective farms, INS and cottage-laboratories.
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/ LyawAsuarvaai, a? v.*
S.
?
- 5 -
Workinc programs of the Institute should inolude problems of experimental
studies made at advanced state and collective farms in the field of plant pro-
tection and of tests performed at the farms themselves, based on methods devel-
oped by the Institute. The Institute should maintain its own group of !ITS and
state farms upon which it could depend in developing methods and solve practical
problems with regard to protecting yields.
The Tnstitute should be required to provide systematic scientific leadership
and scientific control over the work performance of its periphery. In addition,
it should extend methodical assistance to epecialised institutions, particularly
those which are not yet sufficiently etrong ("bkrepli").
Particular attention should be devoted to the improvement of the pereonsel
of scientific-research institutions of plant protection from the standpoint of
soolal composition Osostavn, as well as scientific qualification, so long as
there exists within some units considerable contamination by socially-alien ele-
ments, in addition to law qualifications among groups of workers; at the same time
full assistance should be extended to old Staff itembers (cadres) who devotedly and
honestly lend their knowledge for the benefit of socialist construction. It is
also essential to accelerate the training and advancement of young personnel,
whose work until now has been progressing unsatisfactorily.
The publication division of the Institute should undergo radical transform-
ation. In the past yeare all publication has been practically abolished and the
exchange of experiences between institutions has almost entirely fallen off. It
is important to create a situation under which all scientific papers are published
no later than 5 to t months after the work is put in shape.
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?
The moat serious attention should be accorded to the quality of production
at research inotitutions, particularly from the point of ideological consistency.
nothing is being done in this direction and a considerable part of the literature
on plant protection is very inadequate in quality. The institute should organise
a careful review of literature on plant protection and introduce a proper proced-
ure for reviewing it.
Scientific criticism And self-criticism in all fields of scientific-research
and an increase in literary output on subjects of plant protection should be en-
couraged, with particular emphasis on work and production at VIM, since it, as
the main Institute, should serve as an example to other scientific research insti-
tutes of plant protection. Such disgraceful methods as the suppression of self-
criticism, as was tolerated by the editors of Zbornik Vine with regard to comrades
Derevianchenko and Ivanova in their article "Harmful Theories and Harmful Criticism,"
should be decisively condemned and no longer permitted to take place.
The Central Committee of the Party and the SOvnarkom of the Union devote enor-
mous attention to problems of agricultural science. This places the obligation
upon the personnel engaged in plant protection to review fundamentally the trend
and content of their work, with the view of effecting the maximal rise in its
theoretical level, develop an approach and understanding of the interests and de-
mands placed by agricultural production, and thus reconstruct their entire work,
no that "theoretical work may not only catch up with practical work but be ahead
of it, and our praotiUmers may be armed for their. struggle to achieve socialist
victory." (Stalin's speech at the Conference of Agronomists-Parxists, Dec. 27,
1929, publ. in 'Problems of Leninism," p. 299.)
End of Article.
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Y6soljov.,V4P. Brief summaries,of]At*work:' of the ?
scientffib reiearch, inaltdtes of the Vsesolumai
, Akadekiia.SeriskoAbziaistvennykh Nauk [A11.L.Unioni
Academy ofAgricuiVral:Scienpe] im.
;Vsesoiuzn. ?Aleag Sel'qkokh. Nauk un.
1947(1i):it, A947. '20 Akl 4-A
-
Translated in part by
S. N. Voneon ?
/1/
On June 25, 1929, the Council of Peoples Commissars of the USSR issued a
decree creating the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Science., neuried after the
great teaoher and leader of peoples, Vladimir Il'ioh Lenin, who had originally
planned its establishment. The Academy and its institutes participate most
actively in the development of large scope projects introduced by rinistries of
the Union and Republics. Soviet advanced science does not "set itself apart
from the people, does not shy away from them, but is prepared to render service
willingly and provide our people with the accomplishments of science without com-
pulsion" (Stalin). By working in close cooperation with production and listening
to the voice of experience, USSR agricultural science has advanced in giant strides,
410 In thio brief article, there is naturally no opportunity to d-ell upon the
manifold labors of active members of the Academy, the size of the article necessar-
ily limiting the scope of our desoription; we shall, therefore, touch only briefly
upon the work of various institutes of the Academy.
CENTRAL GlIET IC La ORATORY. MITI I. V. 1ICHtRI1A. (p. 3-4)
In 1918 Lenin signed the decree providing Government support for the nursery
and gardens of the great transformer of nature, I. V. ilichurin? who laid the
foundation of the daring work on inter-species and inter-generic hybridization.
The method of selecting pairs of plant - breeders, geographically distant from
each other, was discovered by nichurin and accepted as a foundation for creating
new improved varieties; the method proved exceptionally valuable and simple and
brought astoundinG results.
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rosolov
It is almost impossible to evaluate the heritage left by riohurin, so great
II/ and manifold were his accomplishments throughout his long and fruitful life.
The Central Genetic Laboratory, imeni Vichurina, continues his work of develop-
ing fruit and berry plants. Since Uichurin's death, 584 new varieties were pro-
duced by using his methods: 227 apple varieties, 11 pear, 6 apricots, 24 cherries,
$ chereshnia (Prunus pumila), 12 grape varieties, etc. rany of these were intro-
duced as standard varieties.
?
The Laboratory .has grown and transmitted to collective and state farms and
experimental institutions hundreds of thousands of seedlings of seed and kernel
species of berry and ornamental plants, cuttings of fruit plants and grape stalks.
(374,000 pieces) etc. T1,0 Laboratory line developed a method permitting the intro-
duction of grape stalks in regions of the central belt by. hybridizing southern
varieties of grape:: with the Vichurin frost-resistant varieties or Anur -and
American species. Distant hybrids were Obtained from crossings between apples
and pears, the American sand cherry (Primus pumila) and apricot, the American
sand cherry (P. pumila) and "felt" cherry, the wild plum tree (Prunus spinosal.)
and peach, plums and peaches, currants and gooseberries, strawberries (Fragaria
veaca L) and F. moschata Luch., etc.
* ?
THE ALL - UNION SELECTION GENETIC INSTITUTE OF THE ORDER OF THE RED BALSER OF
LABOR. (p. 4-5)
The theory of stage development proposed by T. D. Lysenko was accepted as
the basis for a Large pert of work at the institute in the field of selection
and seed growing. By influencing factors of the external environment (temper-
ature, light) upon the growth of seeds, Lysenko succeeded in transforming minter
varieties into summer varieties, late varieties into earlies. Experiments
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roselov -3 -
conducted on a vast world assortment of grain and other crops ;hewed that his
411 method of vernalization offered enormous opportunities to Ruisian selectors.
?
Vany varieties and crops can be transported from southern into northern regi?,
and from wet.to east. Vernalization causes plants to develop early, to eeoape
drought and thus to increase yields-. Lysenko enriched soviet selection by such
new methods as intra-varietal crossinge-of self-pollinating plants, the inter-
varietal crossing during free fertilization, etc.
In hie work "About Heredity and its Adaptation!, Lysenko further developed
richurin's theories concerning heredity.
The Institute has under-the leadership Of T. p. Lysenkoestablished new
methods of selection for field crops which permit the production of varieties
according to plan and in !hart periods. The theory of selecting parental pairs
on the basis of biological analysis is among them. /t led to the production of
new varieties of summer wheat in a short space of time. Among these are
Luteseens 1165, the early maturing Variety Odessa 13 of high yield and resist-
ant to the Ressen fly; the early barley,.0dessi 14, and the cotton. variety
Odetsa 1, The Institute haw also produced new varieties of winter wheat, Odessa 3
and Ode8se. 12, which exceed the variety "Ukrainka it yield and frest, resistance;
the high yield summer barley Odessa 9; the variety sesame (Sesammm indicum?) S39;
the variety Rioinus communis (Luphorblaceae) 273, and the tomato varieties Ms. 19 -
and 71.
The study of "directed" transformation of the heredity of plants by training
and vegetative hybridisation-oodupied an important .place in the work of the Instil.
tuts. The Institute preyed that in training plants at a definite Stage of their
development it is poseible to trapsforT their nature by planning 179r specific
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dosolov
environmental conditions.
4 ..
?
Of sigitifioshoe is the .increase in the yield of corn, sunflower seeds, rye,
buolodieat; and other agricultural Swope derived from the discovery of A. 8.
*Alike whO propolted and developed a? special method of artificial supplemental
pollination of' these crops.
Of enormous importance is Lysenko'a method of summer planting of potatoes.
Southern regions have for the first time in their history been given the oppori.
tunity of growing their awn good, undegenerated seed material of high yield for
-
spring, and summer plantings of the following year.
the war years Lyeenko, realizing the. shortage or almost total lack
of seed pote.toon in rally ?bleats, proposed to increase the available supplies of
seed stook by planting out tops of potato tubers. This method was applied at
(W-7?) collective and state farms and produced hundreds of thousands of tons of addi-
tional potatoes diring years of drastic shortages in production throughout the
country.
SIBERIAN INSTITLTE OP GRAIN INDUSTRY OF TEE. ORDER OP THE RED BANUMR OF LABOR. (p. 5)
This Institute wan transferred under the administration of the All-Union
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, irteni Lenin*, by government decree of 1944,
which stated: "To aid the acientific-researoh work of the Academician T. D.
Lysenko on PrOblems of Winter Crops in.Siberia."
The five-year experience of the Siberian Scientific-Research Institute of
Grain Industry indicates that winter wheat planted according to Lysenko's method,
by using disk tractor stowing machines on stubble on dozens of hextares resulted
in a successful wintering of the crop and high yields, which in sane years amounted
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rosolov - 5 ?
to 27 to 31 Oh. All varieties of the Ilbrld Collection (over. 100 numbers)
wintered satisfactorily without marked distinction between varieties, among them
the summer wheat Pilturum 0321. The Institute engages in important selection of summer
wheat, grain and legume crops, potatoes, grasses and oil crops. It produced the
summit- varieties of wheat Ferrugineum 025843, Cesium 99/14530, Viiturum 290/22821,
(resistant against lodging and rust) the barley varieties camp and Abrek; the
millet Stakhano4skii 0896, romsomolskii 0996, and Omsk 09; the early pea variety
Poliarny (Vulgatwn ,032); and "Shtambovy konservny" (canning). The potato vari-
eties Seedling 36/15 and Sibiriak were produced, the latter exceeding Lorkh in
yield.' Among perennial grasses .the Institute produced Lucerne yellow hybrid
41747, Lucerne variegated hybrid 166003,- Agropyrum, 8ibirskii 4235; American
couch grass ifPS-117, etc. ?Arany of the varieties selected by the Institute were
regionalized.
ALL-UNION INSTITUTE OF RANT INDUSTRY. (p. 5.06)
The Institute began its work in 1924, on a very modest scale. At the time
of this writing, every corner of the Soviet Union has benefitted from its work.
? The Institute has since its inception collected over 160,000 plant specimens from
different parts of the world. On the basis of these collections and the estab-
liehnent of methods of selection and seod growing the personnel of the Institute
has selected and produced 498 varieties of different ()rope, 247 varieties of
which yere regionalized and introduced as standard varieties in many republics
and oblasts of the Soviet Union.
The Institute is engaged in studying possibilities for providing the Soviet
Union with potato varieties of high yield and resistant to canker and phytOphthora.
Eight canker-resistant and other valuable potato varieties produced by the
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Hoselov 6
In.eti,!;q4-.1g7q:41.rPro440140!1,41P111!.ont.adneriertt
- The Institutethas;;anrichedthez,veget!tblf,cfruit and b?rry,titulostrie! of. the
SovietIlnion withinewLvaluableavarietiea.;suitablelfornporthprn;cultivation Prition
marily,andowith.varieties,:adaptedjoeAhe canningaindustry,
`,.:ctrit.inu LA-rr.?1 pkszt.., fin* cannizi; arA t.1* Vrriatal
The Institute of Plant Industry, itself, produced valuable varieties of flax-
tects ro. o r:,&) o:i theev nrCE.
"dolgunetan (D240 and DS-33), oil flax (VIR-1647, 1650, and 1656), which already
I J.41-.1.,r1..::tL Its.vo nifood t_4-41 v14.\;....ati on of 71?,o, rot- Ole p3r4cht:s.
before the war occupied areas of many tens of thousands of hectares, as sell as
t..11.-14c1.1to, PrUnt.s ("....:Lii?k-,hri:e.") cad iL.trt-r.;:;adior;
varieties of arachis and 'Sesame,
theue..o jt whid Qtins, r_1111 thou:taints or L.11o3r:17..-:.
d ff.:.The Ir.s t tute v uncle rnthe leaderehip:oftheraetivetAcademy:.membe LnG. s trial
Bilehfoldr,developedrbanipragricu1tur4l1directionv1forlpref.po1arSoopditions?orItilif:ez,
eeleoted!andtproducedefor th4,zonerApeoialtvarietiesiofi7oatailpotatoes1 carrots
and ...eabbage43.1.The se 0,v!trieti!e% aidedethe:teucae eCililtnortl)ward movement oflagrit...:d ,
culture. The Institute also developed agricultural methOds for the steppe sone
of Western Kazakhstan, for arid soils, irrigation, as well as a special method ?
. 4 ty-rSon (r(7; r.:3ro t-nmert-rod tQrcr";
'Ci
of trench (ditch) agriculture. The latter permits the raising of crops by util-
lrd'iStrI.C. f;,ar ors tmd ;n1111.011,0 of ozrAltntoi (In; .r.713 ittnr,t) crepa
ising ground water found at lam depths in sandy deserts. The institute developed
130,zot2gn.
the method of sowing corn in furrows, which provides a considerable increase in
rAITZ170.71C-121nart :1;41;71/52323,
LWT7.. '00 0 ..-z4 ? u=6.tttl.) '
The Institute has conducted wide-scale tests of plants to determine the
ciontent ofjvitaminerAV D and70-1,-aiidAirni,kadcrocit7.iboif.s14p1ified:iohomicialttnithods
to determine contents. of vitamins.
' rrait toi).
GOVERNLfrwr 1111IT3T.II BOTAITICAL GARDEltriTIMIII VOLOTOVA. (p, 6)
11141:Z Ti10140.::retell (v.. 0 to 9):
. This Botanical Garden engages in both scientific and practical work by intro..
d b.it' Ulu-Liz1t&it tu
ducting southern crops into ornamental horticulture, southern pomology, and. the
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?
canning, perfumery and pharmaceutical industries.
The Garden introduced for the above purpose 300-n w.epecies of woody plants,
produced 225 hybrid seedlings, of Viburnum Philadelphus, eta,; produced 145 specios-
a varieties of flowers and 130 varieties of' roses. In the field of pomology,
.50 varieties of kernel plants -Were selected for canning and table use. Varietal
tests were made on these in nurseries occupying an area of 400 hectares. The
Piohurin methods have aided the production of.3,000,new-hybrid forms of peaches,
apricots, ? plume, Prunus. pumila ("Chereshniel and Antra-species hybrids. Hun-
dreds of thousands of cuttings and seedlings, and thoutands of kilograms?
.different seeds have been distributed among experimental stations and, industrial
nurseries-. The Garden produced 0 varieties of almond plants, 5 varieties Of olives,
&varieties of fig trees. Experimental institutions in Central Asia and Trans.
Caucasia received 520,000 hybrid seedlings of fig trees, and seeds of olives and
almonds.
A series of oil crops were transferred to the perfumery and pharmaceutical "
industries. Over one and a half millions of seedlings and cuttings of these crops
went into production.
THE ALL-UNION SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH =TIT= OF FERTILIZERS, AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES,
AND AGRICULTURAL SOIL STUDY. (p. 6 and 7 omitted.)
THE: ALL-UNION insmun OF AGRICULTURAL FICROBIOLOGL (p?
THE PHYSIO-AGRONMIC INSTITUTE (p. 8 Omitted).
*es..
TEE ALL-UNION INSTITUTE OE PLANT PROTECTION (p.-8 to 9).
and 8, omitted.)
Considerable attention is devoted by this Institute to the determination
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?
rosolov
- 8 ?
of danger zones infested by pests and infected by common diseases of agricultural
crops, to the study of causes of mass appearances and propagation of the latter,
and -the development of methods of prognosis on the propagation of pests and
diseases of agricultural crops. The Institute studies and bio-ecology of basic
parasites and diseases of agricultural crops and develops methods for controlling
such pests like the corn moth(?), meadow moth(?), the beet ourculionidae, locust,
mice like rodents, parasites`, injuring stored supplies and pests, and diseases of
tree shelter belts, emut diseases of grain crops,. snow mold, "pupation"(?) of
oats. etc.
The Institute worked out 'a aerological method for the quick diagnosis of
plant resistance to diseases, which literally reducits the time of producing new
varieties resistant to diseases.
The Institute conducts considerable research on improving new infecticides
for controlling parasites and diseases of agricultural crops and developing en-
tirely new methods for their application. A practical result of these accomplish-
ments has been the wide application of fluoro-containing insecticides in the
Soviet Union (sodium fluoride and sodium silicon fluoride). The introduction of
the
these preparations into production has in large measure contributed to/substi.
tution for the lack in arsenic preparations. The Institute developed pyrethrum
preparations; introduced mineral-oil emulsions for practical use in controlling
pests of fruit crops; it proposed a method of applying insecticides of increased
concentration which represents a saving in the use of poisons.
A method of applying hydrogen sulfide to control storage pests was developed.
In the pact years a large amount of mirk has been devoted to tests and the
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? YosolOv - 9
introduction of the preparation DDT (diohlorophenyl trichlorothWne). At present
studies on a large scale are conducted on potential preparations for the control
of an entire group of agricultural pests, specifically such soil pests as wire-.
worms.
The Institute has developed a method of applying aphicide ("aphelinuel(?))
to control blood aphids, the application of,"cryptolemus"(?) for the control of
scale insects (Coot:lifts); it conducts a vast study of entomophaga (Insoot eaters)
to be used against harmful insects affecting citrus crops.
The Institute has itself constructed and delivered for raass production over
twenty machines intended to mechanize methods of oontrolling insects and diseases
of agricultural crops.
?
IESTITUTE HYBRIDIZATION MID A(CLINITIZATIOR OF Doursuc ANIMALS, INERT 11. F.
IVANOVA (ASKAII/A NOVA) (p. 9 omitted).
ALL-UllION INSTITUre OF LT,CH.ANIZATIO11 AND ELECTRIFICATION OF AnnICULTIZE. (p. 10).
(omitted)
ALL-NVION SCIENTIFIC-ERSDARCH?OST/TUTE OF HYDRO-TECHNIQUES AND LTLIORATION.
(p. 10.12 omitted) ,
5/9/51
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' .e.-a.. Goroimov, an . V. Zarint, jointmithore.).?,..."--- ?..........----
Posobi po bar 'b. s vredite 3Jt1i . bolp2niami sa14skokhoziaistvennykh kul'tur
A gtiIe to t control o. pats and,diseases'of agricultural plants.
!'va1va, 1941T, rd. 5, 496 p., 464.1'C472
o z- \?dt- k 0 V4 Li
pe54-, ," c,ii. Translated in part
by S. N. Vonson
51.o -i6tl.i TI?t,
PLANT WARANTIM IN THE U.S.S.R. p. 160-162
The history of world eoonomy knows many examples when newly introduced
disease or parasite have ccnpletely destroyed harvects. Thus phytophthora of
potatoes has caused enormous damage in the early part of the last century when it
first appeared on the European Continent.
Phylloxera of grapei, introduced in Europe with the American vine, destroyed
in France over 2 million hectares of vineyards.
The most dangerous pests and diseases of foreign origin affecting a variety
4100 of crops arc: downy mildew, oidium and phylloxera of grape, American floury dew
of gooseberry, phytophthimmof potatoes, blood aphid of apple trees, etc.
All these diseases and pests were brought into European countries from
America in the past century. They became widespread here, causing enormous damage
and at present constitute a constant threat to agricultural crops.
Some diseases have appeared only recently, in the past 10 to 15 years.
Among these are the bacterial canker and brown spot of tonatoes, potato
canker, etc. These have to date only a limited area of distribution. Come quar-
antine objects present now, however, a real threat if introduced into the USSE.
Among the most dangerous quarantined poets and diseases are: pink worm, the
Colorado beetle, potato canker, "pasmo" of flax, anthraonose cotton ball rot, etc.
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"., " as S
2
The Government Quarantine Service, organized, in 1934, has the task of intro-
ducing quarantine measures in the USSR under the system of the Vinistry of Agri-
culture of the USSR. The primary duties of this -organisation are: the establishment
(determination) of quarantine objects and regions of their possible distribution,
the issuance of Special regulations :rules and instructions ooncerninc quarantine.
The system of iquarantine measures includes measures of three. categories:
1. Prophylactic measures directed for the preservation (protection) of ter-
ritories from the penetration of quarantine objects. Control and testing of the
freight material originating from infected countries or regions,and In cues of
their entry their extermination. Systematic examination, of crops for purposes of
controlling their condition; the introduotion of resistant varieties In border .
zones among the different -crops,
2, Radical measures of control for the purpose of liquidating focuses of in..
fection.. Ylith the aid of these measures complete cleaning of territories from
quarantined pests and diseases are effected. During the liquidation of focuses
pests and vegetative paraeites are destroyed as mill,as:infeeted plants whenever
needed.
S. Peasures to limit further distribution of quarantined objects. In this
case medical and prophylactic measures are conducted along with methods of destruct-
ion.
The execution of the system of quarantine measures on location is placed upon
quarantine inspectors.
End of Article.
3/0/si
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*2?)9
? Arnautov, V., and Novikov, V. Research
on potatoes oarrAed on at the Nauchno.
Issledovatell!skil Institut Eartofel'nogo
Kheziaistva (Scientific Research Institut,
of the Potato Industry) Eelkhospoye
Proizvodstvo 6(4): 42.43 April 1946.
Arnautov is laureate of the Stalin
protium, director of the Institute of
Potato Industry'. F. Noilkov is acting
director of the Institute's scientific
'department.)
Translated from the Russian- by
S. IL r01213011
444,
The Scientific Researoh Insituto of_PotatoJn4ustry is located
-at the village of Eorenevo of the ilkhtseaski region, Yosoow oblast. It
. ,
was organised 15 years ago at the station of one of our oldest selection
institutes, the Eorenev Potato Experisent Station.
?
The Institute faced the following important probletsv, the production
of new varieties of potatoes; the working out of agro-technical methods ?
for obtaining high and resistant yields, Um control of diseases which
affect potatoes in the fields and in storage.; the construction and
testingof new equipment, etc. In solving these problems in the years
prior to the mar, the Institute aoeomplished -certain aims. The results
. mere demonstrated at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition.
V.. are referring in this artiole to some of the most important tasks
recently accomplished by the scientific personnel of the Institute.
In spite of the fact that during the mar years selection work was
much curtailed, such varieties of potatoes as Nos. 18883,.2086, and 12994
?
mere produced in that time. These varieties have a1ready_12een delivered
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Arnautcrn, V.
to Government varietal experiment stations and will be regionalized
-
according to oblaats in the near future. The two first varieties
.18883 and 2088 - are rapid ripening, comparatively resistant to
phytophthora, and of higher yield than Epicure and Early Rose, and in.
several regione they surpass in _yield even the standard variety torch.
The varioty 12994, of good Aid, high starch content, late ripening is
distinguished by an exceptionally high resistance to phytophthora. In
addition, two American varieties Varba and Chipm_ra_, early ripening and
_
of good yield, as sell no the variety truhboat, the latter also distinguished
by a reeistanoe to canker, wore segregated in the_past years, tested and
passed on to the varietal experirent network. All these new varieties
were propagated on the fields of the Institute and sent out into the
different oblaste of the Union. The variety 2086 produced under "pro-
ductive oonditions" 34 tons per heater?, the variety 3398 - 26 tone, while
the variety 16883 wag among those taking first place at many. experimental
points in 1945.
Considerable work has been recently done with potato seedlings
(senior staff member A. Filippov). !!any numbers of seedlings of the
first year were kept for further propagation. Among the seedlings of the
second year 20 numbers were selected showing resistance to phytophthora
and a 14-16 percent higher ield than Loroh. Selected were also 12 num
bore of
seedlings containing 21.1 to 23.3 percent of starch and pro-
ducing almost twice as high a yield as the variety Lerch.
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Arnautov, V. - $ ?
Selection work at tho Institute is conducted according to Michurin's
principles. Parent pairs are prepared for crossing, young seedlings are
germinated under conditions that aid the formation of their high yields.
Inter-species hybridization is widely used for crossing in connection with
the potato wilding. "amulets" and "eenidemissum". The latter posseei a high
resistance to frost and phytophthora. Our experi?ent institutions were
formerly unable to utilize these wild potato species in seleotion because
of the difficulty they exhibited in crossing with cultivated varieties.
On the fields of the Inzatute elite seeds of the principal potato varieties
are grown yearly. In 1945 the Institute transferred to'colleetive farms
150 tons Of high quality elites of different varieties of potatoes. The -
("collective") staff of the Institute Worked out a series of new acre-techni-
cal methods. Let us mention the eirplified method of vernaliting potatoes
(Iptaff member A. Ruohkina). It is known that pre-seeding germination - the
vernalization of potatoes - represents the most important method of obtaining
early potato crops in suburban regions. It is also known that it constitutes
an active method for increasing the yield of all medium to late potato
varieties, no well as of early varieties which are produced in the northern,
north-eastern and southern regions. The vernalization of potatoes has been
insufficiently inculcated into agricultural practice particularly because
that it required heated and light quarters wherein potato plants may ger-
minate prior to planting within 40 to 45 days.
The Institute recommended that potatoes be germinated in open trenches
in the second half of April when the temperature of the air is favorable as
a rule. At night and during frosts the potatoes are covered with straw or
mats. There is an adequate amount of outdoor heat to warm the tubers during '
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Arnatov, V. 4 -
the day. They graol under these conditions for 20 days, forming strong
green sprouts. Tubers may be placed into trenches in three layers.
In vernalizing potatoes by this new method Vie acquired a considerably
inoreased tuber formation and a certain increase in yield of the early
ripening variety Epicure. Last year in evaluating this vernalization
method it. wan established that this shrplified method accelerated tuber
formation almost' as much as in the case of germinating potatoes in a heated
place, and that, in addition produced a considerable increase in yield;
an compared with tubers vernalized for 45 days. The new method requires
lees labor, no special quarters and no fuel expense. The control of this
method in 1944-45 Performed on the var. Larch at experiment stations and
at collective farms of the Marrow oblast produced excellent results. The
institute recommended therefore that collective farms widely apply the
simplified methods of potato vernalisation in the current year.
In studying methods for obtaining high and resistant yields it was'
established that whenever methods for geminating potatoes were applied
jointly, as a whole, (in "complex") their positive influence was corres-
_
pondingly inoreased.
Thus according to data derived' from many years Of 'experimention and
performed at the Institute the inproved aced 'material (50-60 gram tubers)
produced a yield 7 ailk over that of the sowing with 30-40 gram tubers.
As a result of improved care (second repeated harrowing 'and additional cul-
tivating between rows) an increase Of 23 centners was obtained. It-would
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Arnatov, V. - a -
soils as well. The avera,se yield of tke early variety Fpron, grown on
peaty soil without fertilization, produced 98.5 centners and wi-Azn 40 tons
of manure were used - 280.6 centners. rhen mineral fertilizers were added
to Tenure, capes:daily ashes or potaasium, the result was 361.8 centners.
The tuber yield taken for seed from the harvest of a non-fertilized
peaty plot represented 210.3 centnere and When well fertilized, from the
came plot, 41.2 centners more. Seed tubers taken for planting from a sapdy,
non-fertilized soil produced 204.6 moaners per hectare and froma ferti-
lized plot - 251.6 centners. In. 1944 tubers from a non-fertilized but
irrigated plot produced 208.6 oentairs per hectare, from an irrigated and
fertilized plot - 315.5 centners. In this experiment tubera of identical
size were compared. An these experiments clearly point to the fact that
a good seed potato in one grown in conditions adequately supplied with
nutritional elements. Seed plots should therefore be given 30 to 40 tons
of manure per hectare, preferably together with mineral fertilizers.
Beginning 1941 the possibilities of utilizing the tops of potato
tubers for seed purposes were studied at the Institute. The experiments
were conducted on our own fields as well as at collective farms of the
different oblasts. ? One may positively state today that the tops of large,
healthy tubers produce yields equalling those of customarily used seed
material.
Experiments of the past years indicate that on may expect the tops
of tubers to yield an much as entire, large tubers.
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Arnautov, V. -? ?-?
study of the problem of storinc tuber tops revealed that the
principal cause of losses .ess interference with the temperature ?regimen .
.in Storage. The ops have to be in quarters Maintaining a temperature
of frai 2-5 degrees. of haat.
The Institute 'o staff member D. 2hukovsky worked out a sirple nethod
of drying potatoes which received a wide application atmany collective
farms.
? The .department of meehanitation recently constructed and tested the
potato sawing maohine.= 8-1. ThisequipMent is already produced on a
mats ;male. It ^revidos a saving in labor of from 8-3.5 in sowing potatoes.
The technical staff members engaged in constructing machinery, A. Chirkunov
and D. Glukhikh are now completing the construction of a potato harvesting .
combine which entirely mechanizes harvesting.
At scientific departments .and laboratories of the Institute, as *ell
as on experimental fields a series of theoretical problems are being studied
designed to improve methods of selection, seed-growing and agricultural
technique.
The pereonnel of the aepartment of economics is engaged in the study
of problems connected with the distribution of the production of potatoes
throughout the Unioll.
The staff of the Institute provides direct scientific assistance to
collective farms. Its members frequently call at local territorial and
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Arnautov, V. - C
Oblast azecultural units. ne InstitUte also carries on a vast training
prorram for new cadres of potato growers.
It inculcates new potential potato -varieties. hundreds of parcels of
valuable seed Ma te rial are yearly forwarded b:. the Ynstitute to scientific:
institutions and collective ferns.
3/8/51
!.-.nd of Article
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Cern, AA P. Twenty-five year* of work
with the potato crop. Sad i Ogorod
1948 (9), 10.11. Sept. 1948. 80 SA13
Translated from the Russian by
S. N. Mona=
Twenty-five years have passed since wotk on potatoes was begun at
the Petrovsky Selection Station. Varietal experimenting and seed grow-
ing were organized first. Ae a result, the potato varieties - Early
Rose, Snezhinka, Smislovsky, Larch, and Woltman were regionalized in the
Pante oblast. But while 26 years ago a similar regionalization was
,considered proper, it has become obsolete today. Only torch of all re -
gOnalized varieties continues to have an ever wider distribution, ex.-
oluding all other varieties. The rest of the varieties represent only
. a useless ballast to be disposed of as quickly as possible. '
In 1928 the Bxperilent Station transmitted to the fields of state
and collective farms of the ablest over 25 thousand centners of varietal
potatoes. Between 1930 and 1940 the Station yearly delivered an amount
of 1,677 oentners of varietal potatoes. Beginning 1442 it has delivered
a yearly average of $21 centners of elite potatoes, primarily the vette-
ties Loroh, and. Oktiabrenok. Aside. from the Pensa oblast, the Petrovsky_,
Station supplies Kazakhetan and the Kuibishev, Yosoow, Tula, Rostov,
?
Saratov, Astrakhan and Orlov ?blasts.
Selection work on potatoes was begun in 1929 when the first selection
of seedlings was made. During these first selections Petrovsky Jubilee,
an early and large tuber variety was segregated prior to the ear. This
variety was regionalized in 1943 at eight oblasts,'the South-East terri-
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Oern, A. P. - 2
tortes and the Dorthern Caucasus. Seed growing of this variety as,
,
nevertheless, never organised in any of these areas and consequently
it did not gain wide distribution. The moat significant achievement
performed at the Station was the production of the variety Oktiabrenok.
This is a medium ripening variety, of high starch content, intended for
technical purposes, resistant to canker, and considered to have poten-
tialities for tho Etmetow, Orlov, Priansk, Smolensk, Kalinin, Tula, Penza,
Voronezh, Tambov and Saratov ()blasts and two autonomous republics, the
Eaehkir and Chuvash ssn.
Seed groaing of tho variety Oktiabrenok is primarily conducted at
the Petrovsky Station.
During the war years the Petrovsky Selection Station produced a
series of new varieties which were propagated and in 1947 transferred
for productive testing.
Among the new varieties is the Hybrid-42, a table variety of medium
ripening. This variety has white, large tubers. It's tasting qualities
are higher than those of the variety Lerch; it has good cooking qualities.
According to preliminary investigation the variety proved also resistant
to canker. In the Petrovsky Station region the Hybrid-42 proved equally
resistant to phytophthora.
The Hybrid-42 surpasses Early Rose in speed of ripening and commer-
cial value. According to information secured from the Station's expert-
manta, its yield over a period of 4 years averaged the amount of 161.2
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Gera, A. P.
centnere per hectare, which represents 92 percent of the standard
variety Lerch. In tests made et the Vcsopw. oblast and the Lithuanian
SSR, the Hybrid-42 showed excellent results. In regional testings .the
yield of the Hybrid-42 varied between 85.95 percent, as compared with
the standard variety Lerch.
Of much interest is the new technical variety Promyehlennost,
intended by the Station to replace the variety VOltman. The variety
Promyshlennost is not inferior to the variety torah and frequently
surpasses it.
In starch content Promyshlennoet usually surpasses that of torch
by 7 centners per heotare. In varietal testings performed at the Penza
oblast, Promyshlennost produced a yield of 291.7 centners per hectare,
in starch content - 67.5 On while Veltman produced 206 c/h of tubers
and had a starch content of 45.4 cih at harvesting; the Ost-Poat pro-
duced 254, e/11 of tubers, starch - 52.4 o/b, thus the var. Promyehlennost
produces from 15-22 c/h in starch more than do the rest of the teohni-
cal varieties.
The third variety worth mentioning is the Leningradsky, a variety
of redium ripening, high starch 'content, of pod tasting quality. It
is of slightly later ripening than Early rose but hal a considerably
higher yield.
According to experimental data provided by the Station, covering
a period of 4 years, Leningradsky averaged a yield of 88 percent, the var.
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Gern, A. P.
- 4 -
Epron produced 82 percent of that of the Larch var.. The starch con-
tent of Leningradsky averages 21 percent,. that of Larch - 19 percent.
In teats error=
0
in the
Lithuanian SS1t, the -variety Leningradsky cufpastd Lorch'in yield.
The Potrovsky Experiment Station determined the most favorable
periods for the vernalization and planting of potatoes.
Peder Pens& oblast conditions best results "rem obtained from
early planting, on the third to fifth day after sovring of early summer
crops (during the first ten days in Vay); /f plantings were retarded
the result was loss in yield; thus if planted in June the yield was
50-40 percent lower than that obtained from a ray planting.
The danger of late spring frosts is greatly exaggerated; in ten
years of experimenting late spring frosts reduced the yield of early
plantings only in the case of one year and even then the yield was
still higher than that of late plantings.
In the Noma ?bleat where early fall frosts occur, the planting
with germinated (4) (nproraithohennyen) tubers always increases a yield.
Especially large gains are 'obtained from the planting 9f vernalized
potatoes in droucht years. The vernalization of potatoes should there-
fore be evaluated here as a method of obtaining not only an early but
also a much larger potato yield.
Stumm plantings of potatoes are recommended by the Station for
? seed plots at State and collective farms of the oblast. The most
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favorable periods for summer planting are from June 16 to July S. The
yield from summer pla%ntings is on an average somewhat lower than thut
of spring sowed potatoes, but In years of late spring frosts the yield
from summer plantings is higher than that of spring plantings.
The planting of seed potato of summer reproduction is acoompanied
by%onsiderable additional yields as ooMpared to the plantings of tubers
of spring reproduction.
In the complex of methods essential in summer plantings of potatoes
the guiding link is oultivation. Plots assigned to suimer plantings of
potatoes have to be cultivated as is black fallow.
End of Article
Petrovskaya Selection Station
?--rearnr-otrust
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IIP
Iashchuk, A. P. In Eolkhoznaia Proizvodst-
vennaia entsiklopaTe. [Colleotive Fara Products
Encyclopedia). vol. 1. pe 309..311. Moskva, 1
30.1X83
?
Translated from the Russian by
S. N. Monson
SEED GROWING OF POTATOES
he following system has been established. in seed growing of potatoes
for the Ukrainian SSR. The elite seed potato is grown by experiment seism*,
tion stations and scientific-research inititutes. From-these the elite
seeds go for propagation to the collective regional seed nurseries. From.
the latter the potato is transferred to the improvement nurseries and
seed lots of collective and state farms.
Fifteen to twenty percent of in area
assigned to a seed lot on it
farm, and ten percent of the area of the:teed lot is allocated for the-
improvement nursery. Both the seed lot .and the imProvement nursery are
given the, best part of the potato ficild. If the farm .pos se sees peat bogs,
these have to be utilized for seed lots. It is considered expedient to
lay out seed lots of ee.rly varieties in river valleys, dried peat bogs
and bottom lands.
Organic fertilizers improve the seed qualities of the potato. Manure
? (in the amount of $0.40 in per hectare) is better introduced for the pre-
ceding crop, while peat, peat composts,' and all types of mineral fertiliiers
are used directly for seed potato. Nitrogen mineral fertilizers on seed
? lots are to be used in conservative amounts (30.45 kg of nitrogen per
heater.).Potassium fertilizers containing chlorine (sylvinite, potassium
salts) result in a reduced amount of starch in the potato and spoil its
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lashchuk. A. P..
Seed growing of. potatoes.
seed qualities. In fertilizing seed lots the above fertilizers should
be replaced by potassium sulfate or ashes. Additional feeding is giTen
during budding by introducing manure liquid In the amount of 6-6 m per
hectare, or bird manure - in the proportion of 4-5 oentners per hectares
The potato tubers intended for sawing on the seed lot are Tory
carefully selectedt They must be typical for their variety in shape and
color, and should weigh no less than 50 g. Prior.to sawing they are
germinated and all those tubers are rejected which did not produceelgOots
or only spindling sprouts.
Then the shoots appear on seed lots, the latter are cleaned of.
degenerated and diseased plants and the varietal mixtures and plants
gr.
retarded in growth are also removed. During the blooming period the
111.
cleaning is repeated, and afterward, (if symptoms of ring rot, black leg,
gotiolf, nd other diseases are noticed), a third cleaning is made. The
seed lots are being "approved" during the blooming period This approval
Is a government instituted method serving as a control over the purity
of a variety and attesting to the quality of need grown plantings.
It is essential to arrange for yearly selections at improvement
nurseries. The following technique is used for this purposes In
harvesting the yield of every plant is kept separately. All diseased
plants and those of which the tubers are non-atypical in color are
eliminated. In varieties having pink and red tubers plants are elim-
inated which have a pale pink and whitish color (symptom of degenera?
tion). Next the tubers of plants of highest yield are kept separately.
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11,
3 4111
?
lashchuk, A. P..
Seed. growing of potatoes.
to be planted in the improvement nurseries, while the tubers of the
remaining plants are teken away and kept for seed lots The yield from
the latter is used for sowings on the entire potato field.
In order to stimulate the acceptance of highly productive, canker-
-
resistant varieties by .00llective farm economies measures are taken for.
their speeded propagation. The simplest and most accessible method is
the outting of tubers into parts (on the day of eowing). leaving one or
two eyes- on eaoh part. Prior to the cuttIng the, tubers are vernalized in
the 'light for 25.30 days at a temperature of 12.15. Tim, depth of the
planting of these Parts into the ground is figured at 2.3 cm lets than
? that -of whole tubers. This method calls for an expenditure of 5 to 6
cleaners per hectare..
The best method for speeding ProMPA52.:21112b!?1?21_WIT.All
,
shoots. It coneiate of the ollovingt the tubers are men in e
dark; they are then planted in half-heated nursery beds or roes
of garden beds at a distance of 2.3 cm from each other and are covered
with a layer of soil 3,4 an in height. When the shoots reach 10.15 cm in
length, they are broken off with the tubers and transplanted into the
ground as Is any vegetable planting; next the tubers are again coved for'
a second and third planting. Following the last breaking off, the tubers
are left to germinate, are cut Into as many parts as there are eyes and
are, planted- Into the ground. In this meeeee_lt_le_possIble-to_obtain_
20.25 plants or 25-40 kg. of potatoes, at an expense per hectare of 2.2,5
tentners of seed material.
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- 4 - ?
Xaehchuk, A. P.
Seed growing of potatoes.
REGIONALIZED AND litCOV_YENDED VARIETIES
Only car?er-resietant varieties are regionalized for the lie
V native., Kszvenets-Podolsk, Zhitomir and Chernigov ?blasts. The follow-
te/
lug varieties were selected: "Frumelle% "Cobbler" "Oktialtrenok", "Tuber*
\./
"Parnansia% "Carnet" and "Ostboat The .seme var *tier are recommended
for the reoaining Western ?blasts of the Ukraine. In addition, the
'varieties "Gr nestoaric", andiwZarnitsa" are recommended for the Western
oblasts. Regionalized for the Odessa, thereon, Nikolaevsk and Izmailsk
?blasts are the varieties: "Courier", "Cobbler", "Oktidrenok", and
"Grentemark".
For the Kharkov, Sumsk and Poltova ()blasts the varieties - "Ella",
"Polesski 36", "Wolfson", *Stakhanov:ski " are regionalized; recommended
V
are the leoring varietie "Frumelle% "Oict abrenok*,-"Zarnitsa",
j---"Grentsmark", "Cornea".
For the Kirovograd, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhsk, Stalin and Voro-
shilovgrad oble.sts the following varieties 'were regionalized: REpii(ur",
/
_ ? /
("Epron",, "Early Rose", "Ella", yLorke, "Stakhanovsk", "Courier";
?V
recommended were - "Cobbler", "Oliiiabrenok?, and "Gren?tark". -
From the soon:mile point of view varieties of potatoes are divided
into table, technical and universal varieties.
THE INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DIFFERENT VARIETIES
i/OKTIABRENOKI Early table variety. Yield and starch content are high.
"Lying" (wlezhanis") - good. Flowers pale-red-violet. Tubers-whits.___
Canker-resistant.
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? 5 ?
?
Iashohuk, A. P.
Seed growing of potatoes.
FRUMLLEs Early table variety. Adapted to early growth and occupied
fallovt.Yield\ and tirch content are average. "Lcing" d.
/
Flovirs and tuberne its: Pulp yello4r. Ganker=r.resistant.
;
Early table variety. Yield and starch content are average.
COBBLER*
,
Canker-resistant* Non-resistant to ring rot.\ Flowers- red-violet,;
with white ends. Tub\ers anOulp white,,?
?..-/
Y
Universal variety of medium early growth* Average yield and UUELstarch content. "Lying" i..good. . Canker-resietant. Flowers red-
/ 1 / i.. .
?-?---.
'violet withvrhite ends. Tubers white/
PARNASSIA - dium-latevariety; technical. Yield and starch content
high. Lying" good. Tubers qt/affected\by rust spot. Flowers
Id-violet/Tubers and pillp-Z.te. Canker-rettie .
CARNEAt Late variety, of high yield and starch content. Tutting quality ...
average"Lying"/- good* Flowers id-violet with white-448-s Tubers
red/ Car:icor-Asia tent. "-----7
,
OSTBOATI? High yield and starch content variety, of medium lateness.
, ,
Flowers blue-violet. Tubera oval, white; 'pulp yellow. Cankej_ke/
resistant. "Lying" ' 06 ' g ood .
COURIERs Universal variety, early, of high yield and starch content.
?
?
"Lying" - good. Flowers white, tubers round and white.---lesistant
to canker but affected,ly .phytophthor/
GREETSLTARKs High yield, medium early variety. High starch content.
Good taste,. Yellow tubers. Canker-resistant.
STANBANOVSKI: redium-early variety. High yield; medium starch content.
"Lying" - good. Universal. Flowers and tubers white. Non-resistant
to canker.
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Tashcbuk, A. P.
Seed growing of potatoes.
POLESSIT 36: High yield,--table,
\ ,
;.,,tloweriolhite(tubers pink.
ELLA: Vbdium-ripeping, table-va
Flowers and tubert-wIlite. Von-resistant to ca'nker.
NOLTUAN: Late technical variety of high-yield and starch content. "Lyin
utediumear,ly_7ariety. "Lying", - good.
?
to_panker 0
riety. Iligh yield; tasty. "Lying" - good.
_ .
red-violet. Tube re red.
-
no ...reciatant to canker.;
gusNogrimmt ;ate technical variety of high yield and stareh 'content.
- \
Taste goC Fl re t4ors red,: Olongated. Non sistant
to canker.
EPICURe: Early table variety. Yield and starch content are aveage.'
rt Fin4 tubera white.
Non,-riiiietca-t?t-6-canker.
ARIZ ROSE Early, table variety of high tasting quality.
"Lying"...
average. Flowers white tubers pink. Non-resistant to canker.
Csk,41311410##**
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....J10.1.7, .
04i ;40
/- Itogi sortoispytaniia kartofelia na Leningradskoi stantsii tALA
Besults of potato variety testing at the Leningrad Experiment Station.
6 Sad i Ogorod 1946 (3): 73-74 Mar. 1946, 80 Se 13
Translated by S.N. Monson
:Oteorologioal conditions in 1345 were favorable for the development of one of
the principal diseeses of potatoes, i.e. phytophothora,. This helped selectors to
segregate and evaluate better new phytophothora-resistant seedlings of potatoes.
Tests of early potato varieties were conducted in 1945 at the Leningrad oblast
Fxperiment Station. 58 new seedlings and varieties (chiefly canker and phytopho-
.
- -
thora resistant) were tested and compared with the standard varieties berlichingen
_ _
and Cobbler. One part Of the varieties and seedlings was obtained from the All-
_
rnion Institute of ?lent Industry and the Institute of Potato Industry, the rest
fro'. the Leningrad Potato hxperiment Station. The planting was done on 28,
1945, in paddle form(?) under hills, on a nutritional plot of 80 x 20 cm.
The soil of the experimental field consisted of central podzol, lightly clayey;
the predecessor was rye. !luring repeated plowing done on Vey 15, 1945, the field
was fertilized with manure at the rate of 50 tons per heotare. Varietal testing
was repeated six times.
-
The appearanoe of phytophothorawas noted in the period of August 5 to 10. In
- ?
order to control the disease, sprayinE with the preparation Ar was done on August
20, and on August 24 the foliage of early varieties cut. Parvesting of early var-
ieties took -lace on September 7, 1945, of late varieties on October d to 8, follow-
ing early frosts. During the eunmer there was abundant precipitation. The first
days of July and LI:gust and the lust ben days of August and Septem'Jer had partic-
ularly nuch rain. he vegetati7e period lasted tilree and a half months. The last
snrinL; front occurred on June 7, the first fall frost on September 15.
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Accordirz to data obtained by the experiments the neisophothora---
_-__
resistant seedling 18881 of the Institute of Potato Industry took first place in
yield (c08.3 o.11); _producing; doOle_y_f!jTount of the standard variety Berlichingen
(270.1 o.h).
(391.2 c/').
In second place in yield stood the Fethonian variety_Iogeva 1120
-
reedlinE 18883 also produced tht highest starch content (70.1 c.h).
lf further inportance is the fact that seedling lssas proved phytophntYora-resistant
_
and had good keeping (facility.
Jr
In conditions prevailing at the experiment station it ray be placed in the
group of medium early varieties of early tuber formation. The seedling is consid-
ered potential for hich yieles at early dates.
Second place in starch content (34.0 c/h) and fourth place in yield
_ _ _ _
(374.6 c/h) was taken by the seedling PRA Wo. P/19, which proved pLytophothora and
40 canker-resistant.
3/20/51
?
Ind of Articles
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Novekov, F. A4 Center of researoh work
on potatoes. Sad i Ogorod 1947 (11):
72.77, Nov. 1947. 84 Sal
90
Translated from the Russian tor
S. N. Monson
The rive-Year plan of restoring and developing the economy of the
USSR contemplated the expansion of areae or potato crops in 1930 to
?
tares the increase of their yield to an average of 124 centners
nvieag?d the proper distribution of potato crops in the
-776-Orresponding zones of the country and the organisation of potato-vegeii
per hectare,
- . . .
table and livestock stations cloae to large cities and industrial. centers
_in places where processing:Industries are located*
? The spread of the rational use of agricultural methods in potato
growing, the distribution of the best potato varieties?; the conduct of
a systematic struggle with potato diseases the improvement of the prow .
ceases of mechanization in growing this crop sll these aims were coo.
?sidered essential in solving successfully the tasks set by the new Five.
Year plan and the deeitions of the February ,Plenum of the CC of the VEP
(b). with regard to potato growing. ?
The network of scientific institutions plays a .role of great sig-
nificance in the suocessful development of potato growing,
The Scientific-Research Institute. of Potato Industry is, as Many
other institutes, a product of Soviet times. The Institut* was created
.in 1930 at the Korenev Selection Potato Experiment Station and the
Polushkin Sand-Potato Experiment Field, both organized in the years
1919-1920*
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Novakov. P. A. - 2
The Institute is engaged in producing new varieties of potatoes,
working out agricultural methods and measures of controlling diseases,
studying new ways of potato storing, the constructing and testing of
machinery for potato cultivation, the studying of the economics of po-
tato farming, as well as problems concerning the physiology and bio-
chemistry of potatoes.
. The Institute considers its most important task to be the trans-
mission of scientific achievements and data to production.
The Norenev Experiment Selection Station began its work by collecting
all varietal material available in the country, by identifying and ap-
praising these varieties. This large and painstaking work was completed
with the compilation of a Soviet key to all varieties and diseases of
potatoes. Over 1000 varieties were examined and submitted to tests; the
result was the determination of the best varieties and the beginning of
their propagation. The work of selection was simultaneously begun. The
Institute first used in selection the frost-resistant and phytophthora-
resistant species of the potatoes Solarium acaule and S. semidemissum.
Species and varieties of potatoes, resistant to drought and high tem-
peratures were segregated from the collection of South-American forms,
permitting the widening of selective work for the purpose of obtaining
drought- and heat resistant potato varieties.
In addition to the widely known and distributed varieties Lorkh
and Koreneveki, the Institute produced and transferred to production
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Vovakov, F. A. - 3 -
the following varieties: 8ovietski and Phytophthora -Resistant, and
during the war years - the variety Kolkhozni.
The Inntitute also transferred to the network of Government Experi-
ment Stations the high yielding varieties of potatoes known under the
numbers: 3398, 9729, 226, 12994, 2086, 18883. The last two varieties
are of the early ripening kind and of higher yield than the standard
varieties Epicur and Early Bose, and are distinguished by an exceptionally
high resistance to phythophthora. In 1946 the Institute submitted to
-Government varietal testing the additional new forms known as Nos. 988
and 985. No. 12994 - is another late ripening variety of high yield
and staroh content, exceptionally resistant to phytophthora. All these
will receive varietal names when regionalized and will be widely distrif
?
bdted among collective and state farms.
The potato variety Epron produced- at the Leningrad, Zonal Station
enjoys great popularity. In the war years the following varieties were
regionalized: Voronezhski selected at the Voronezh Zonal Station;
Ulianovski, of the Ulianov Station, etc:: Aside from the newly produced
varieties, the Institute and its network had produced, propagated and
transmitted into production the valuable varieties of foreign selection:
Varba, Chipeva, Fruboat, eta. There are at present many valuable inter.
species hybrids in the Institute's nurseries, outstanding in their yield,
starch content, and their resistance to phytophthora and frost. Many of
them are early ripening, resistant to phytophthora, of good yield in
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rovakov, F. A. - 4
starch content. The staroh content of tubers in some hybrids amounts
,J2._16_pPronnt,_anda_ggle141.4,___911LINO!!!?eds the variety Lorkh
by 12-57 percent.
The Institute has developed and transmitted into production methods
of growing elite potatoes and the system of seed growing a potatoes.
A convenient complex of methods for obtaining high and resistant yields
of potatoes for the podzol soil zones and central-black-earth belt on a
mass scale, has also been developed. It demonstrated that the effective-
ness of applying improved agricultural methods in a complex is greatly
increased, exceeding the SUM of additional yields, as compared to the
.effectiveness of individual methods applied separately. In cases where
there is no complex set-up the effect of even intensive method?, such
as the application of fertilizers. and the use of good seed material may
be insignificant. The use of the entire complex of agricultural methods
at collective farms is likely to increase the potato yield two or three
times. A present "agro-complex" methods are being prepared for other
zones of the Soviet Union.
ruch also has been done in studying methods to obtain early varieties
of potatoes. rost important in this group is the method of the pre-
seeding germination of potatoes, a process that ensures considerable
speed in forming tubers. Besearoh conducted in the past years (begin-
ning 1943) has made possible the recommendation of pre-seeding germination
even in central belt areas, near resew, Yaroslavl, Ulianovsk, Elate,
- - _ _
etc., in open trenches or on platforms protected from northern winds.
- - ? -
At night and on cold dye the potatoes are covered with straw or mats.
This method reduces the period of germination by some 20-25 days. The
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Novakov, F. A.
efficacy of this simple measure, easily adaptable at collective farms,
is naturally extremely valuable.
Norms and typed of manure fertilizers for potatoes have been Os.
tablished for predecessor crop*. During the. war and po.st.war years
methods were studied. to introduce locally organic fertilite.is. The
-system of applying mineral .fertilizers in crop ..rotations with potatoes
under different soil and climatic conditions has been worked out, 0.01.
norms and types- of mineral fertilizers, periods and methods of their
usa etc.).
These methods have found their reflection in agricultural in-
structions. Pethods are studied ooncerning the irrigation of potato
fields in the central zone and the utilization of drainage 'waters.
Dates and amounts of watering have been established, the application
of fertilizers, as well as methods for caring for potatoes on irri-
gated plots have been prescribed. The positive influence of irrigation
on the seed and food qualities of potatoes has been substantiated.
In the pre-war and war years the Institute studied methods for
the rational utilization of seed material (tops, eyes, out parts of
tubers, etc.) These methods permit an economical use of seed material
that will produce yields equalling those derived from whole tubers
"agro-fon"
weighing 50400 g. Even on a high agriculturainbackground" two tops
planted into one hole frequently produoe higher yields than large
whole tubers (100-150 g.).
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411/1 Novakov, F. A.
?
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- 6 -
Potatoes are strongly affected by a variety of diseases which
frequently cause a loss of 25-30 percent in yield. A reduction in
loss from diseases, even one of 1 percent, provides the government
with additional millions of poode of potatoes.
The Institute naturally devotes much attention to the study of
potato disease. The principal diseases of potatoes have been identi-
fied and their distinguishing characteristics determined. So have the
areas of their distribution.
A general system of methods for controlling the most harmful
diseases baa been worked out. kany problems of the etiology of dis-
eases, the biology of the most important "inducers" still remain unex-
plored, however.
Wintering of phytophthora oospores was discovered in pre-war
years, showing haw it was possible for this disease to remain in the
_
soil for several years. The possibility of first infection from dis-
eased plants was proved.
New poisons were experimented upon and it was experimentally es-
tablished that the best results for controlling phytophthora were ob-
tained by using Pordeau mixture and the preparation AB. Technical
agricultural methods for controlling phytophthor&did not prove
ciently efficacious. The safest method in controlling this disease
was to produce resistant varieties.
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Bovakov, P. A.
:::;K...n 1947 the Institute
oisons for
the control of .phytophthora. It was established that garlic possessed .
. ?
? I ? ?
? phyton%cidal qualities. (see article by V. V. Bordiukova in No. 9,
? ?
?
issue of Sad i Ogorod, 1947.) Work-76,4 Oh"76nOides is being continued.
Potato tubers frequently 'perish from-bacterial disease. A MM.
tons of bacterial diseatie ring rot has bmien discovered which develops
from the surface of the, tubers. as -a result of the penetration of bad. _
teria which capes ring rot of potato. The manner in which the disease
spreads hes been eatablished and measures acoessible to collective fanners
haw been found to control .it. ?The elimination of diseased plants from .
the fields and the necessary drying of tubers during harvesting and ?
prior to their 'being stored almost free the 'potato from ring rot disease.
The etiology of the new disease bitten rot was established and measUres
haw been vorked oat to control it.
During the war years the disease *bronze leaf' of potatoes waS
discovered, caused by lack of caloium, and a group of diseases has
been identified, produced by the lack of calcium and magnesium.
The inducers of the common potato scab developing on tubers
growing in calciferous soils were studied and the variable degree of
resistance to this disease among varieties was established.
Methods of evaluating the resistance of varieties and seedlings
to common potato scab more worked out in the past years and the most
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Wovakov,P.A. OP 8 CD
valuable seedlings and varieties of highest yield, resistant to this
disease were segregated.
Considerable losses result from the poor organization of potato
storing. The Institute worked out the principal methods for potato
storing in large special storehouses and mounds. norms of natural
losses were established, the evaluation of various systems of venti-
lating of temperature regimes and the moisture of the air was completed,
the heat-produoing quality of the tubers was studied. So were the
methods of loading potatoes into storehouses, and rational methods were
proposed for the care of potatoes while in storage.
Vethods were developed for the (prolonged) storage of seed potatoes
intended for swmaer sowings, and of food pcitatoes to last until the new
liarvest. It was rem:amended to two the sacriv-in method for potatoes in
the central zone and to place the tubers during the period of pre-spring
thawing into trenohee cooled during the winter. These measures reduce
losses in potato storing at the most important spring period which
usually results in considerable waste. The method of storing potatoes
in frozen trenches was accepted in 1946 for experimental testing.
During the ear years methods of storing the prepared tops of potato
tubers intended for seeding purposes were worked out and recaxamanded.
The significance of the formation of an early periderm for the preser-
vation of the tops was established in this connection and the preliminary
keeping of the latter in warm quarters after cutting for 10-14 days
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Novakov, F. A.
- 9 4.
was recommended. The exceptionally harmful action of the over-cooling
of the tops at close to 00, or any temperature close to it, during
storage was established. An-optimal temperature of plus 2 and plus 4
was recemmended.
Simplified methods, accessible to collective farmers for the drying
of potatoes in Russian ovens and in ordinary drying chambers were worked'
out in 1941 and proposed for productive use in 1942. This method per-
mite the preservation of 2 to 3 times the *Mount of vitamin C in the
drying process, mrhile the produce after drying is 6 to 7 percent over
that of methodi formerly applied. The desoription of the above method
is inoluded in the offioial instructions on potato drying.
Research on conditions of storing of need quality potatoes has .
been conducted in recent years, designed to make more precise the method
of storing seed material. The Institute began the study of methods of
V__ -
the mechanization of the crop as early as 1933. By 1937 a system of
machinery driven by tractors was created with its participation. The
industry's output prior to the war covered potato seeding machinery
- --
KS, cultivators, hiller. (ridgers) K0-41 the harvesting machines TR-2,
and the potato-sorting machines KS-S. This equipment while far from
perfect was widely used in many oblasts and principally on state farms
during pre-mar years and throughout the war.
In 1938 working attachments for the potato sawing machine KS were
constructed and placed into mass production, both for ridge and flat
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novakov, F. A. - 10 -
planting which coffered the opportunity of distributing this equipment
in the southern and south-eastern regions. The machine EP-2 was con-
structed in 1940 for the planting of vernalized potatoes and was put
into mass production. 150 machines of this type were produced before
the beginning of the tor and their performance was highly rated. KP-2
saves 3 to 3-1/2 tines in labor an compared to planting by plowing. It
may, if improved, receive a wide distribution in the south and south-east
where spring and simmer pltuitingshave to be made in close periods with
vernalized tubers
In 1940 the Institute ctonstruoted the potato-harvesting combine.
Work on this ?equipment7iscontinued during the war and only resumed in
1945. An improved sample of the combine gave good results in tests in
1946 and was recommended for series production. In 1947 another, even
more i'lproved model of the combine was prepared for testing. The potato
combine gathers the potatoes into the tare (container) and saves con-
siderably in labor force, relieving the most difficuperiod in the
harvesting process. The output of the machine is 3%5 per day.
Aside from constructive work, the Institute engages in yearly inter-
departmental tests of machinery for potato growing which is received
from many inventors and institutions. In 1946 the Institute segregated
from among the submitted samples of machines and equipment the horse-
driven cultivator KOK, whicoh was recommended for mass production. This
equipment is of simple construction, light in weight, and requires
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Kovakov, P. A. - 11 -
1-1/2 to 2 times less metal, as compared to the existing machines
designed for the purpose., The cultivator KOK has already been pro-
duced in 1947 in large quantities at 'Moscow factories.
In 1945 the Institute worked on problem* of planning and the distri-
bution of potato Production throughout the areas of the USSR.
In pre-war year. the Institute worked out a method for the selection
of varieties and seedling* of potatoes, resistant to drought and high
temperatures. The initial material was segregated for selection pur-
poses frau South-American collections, i.e. the potato varieties -
Solanum leptostigna, roline Emmet (?), James and the species Solanum
tuberosun, Elegans latun, Villa Royal, Palmetto,.
The direction of chemical-physiological change in potato tubers
was established in connection with the conditions of growth, which later
determines their seed qualities. The complex factor of the "deceneration
of the potato" was analyzed into its composing parts. The various forms
SPIP.
of potato degeneration which depended upon the physioloeical disturbances
resulting from the influence of external temperatures (spindling sprouts)
were established, which may be easily controlled by using summer plantings
and forms having the external appearance of mosaic, dwarf growth, leaf
roll, etc. The manner of controlling the latter forms of degeneration
is more complicated and connected with the segregation of more resistant
varieties, the introduction of cleanings on seed lots and the use of late
summer plantings. The principal indicators of potato immunity to phytophthora
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Novakov, A. - 12-
and the chances in the resistance of plants to diseases, depending
upon the conditions of their growth (variability in soils, ferti-
lizers, water regime, etc.) were established before and during the War
years. The results of these investigations are used in selection
practice, seed growing and in growing elite seeds, as well as in
potato storing, Considerable work has been done in the study of
methods coaserning the violation of periods of rests of the freshly
gathered potato tubers for use as seed material during summer months.
The Institute has propagated and been.responsible for the intro-
duction into production of new varieties .of potatoes of high resistance
to canker and of good yield. Over 10.000 tons of 'seed varieital potato
material .(stook) hs.ve been transferred into production from the fields.
or the Institute, . ?
A large amount of work has been performed in introducing methods
of accelerating the propagation of "deficit? (,7) varieties of potatoes
(such as tho" propagation of the phytophthora-resistant seedling 8670
and the oanker.resistant variety Berlichingen ) PhYt Or a?P
resistant seedling 8670 was obtained in 1953 in the amount of 20 tubers..
In 1954 the Institute obtained 5.6 centnere from these 20 tubers and
in 1035 derived a'yield of 400 centnere. In 1936 the Institute trans-
ferred the propagating the variety to 33 collective farms in
r----thiee regions of the Moscow oblast where a total yield of 9,616 centnere
was obtained. In 1937 the entire material was sent out to935 collective
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4
Novakov, F. A. - 1.3 -
ferns of eleven oblasts which produced 11.500 centners of potatoes.
Thus in four years each tuber of the new variety produced at the
Institute and at collective farms 575 tons. The Leningrad Station
by using this method propagated in the course of two years.(1936 -1938).
at collective ferns the variety Berlighingen obtaining from 15 centners
to 54,200 oentners. In the year. 1936 to 1939 the Institute performed
a vast amount of work in advocating summer plantings of potatoes, as
?????????????,..0.
proposed by T. D. Lysenko, in the southern oblaatii-of-themWSR (Crimea,
Roatov, Stalingraa (+blasts, the .Krasnodar and
-
The staffs of the Institute and of the network of southern etations
prepared oadree of workers, provided instruction and gathered data on
the results of experimental produotion work in summer plantings.
Tho personnel of the Institute generalited (4) the experiments of
advanced workers pOtato.gromers (Kartavaia, Yutkina, Abramova, etc.),
publiahing the results in seven scientific papers of which four appeared
in pre-war years, two during the war and one in 1949.
During the war particularly much attention vas devoted to problems
of searching for additional sources ("fondov").of seed potatoes, the ?
preparation of the tops of tubers, the planting of potatoes by dividing
.
the plants, etc. This work was performed in the Kuibishev, Ulianavsk.
fasten, Tula, Tambov, Orlov, Gorki oblasta, the Tartar, North-Osetin
_ ? .
'ASSR and others. In the Tambov oblast over 2000 heotaree were planted
with seedlings. The planting of potatoes, by using the division method,
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Vovakov, F. A. - 14 --
was done in 1947 in the Gorki, Orlov, Voronezh, Tula, Tambov, Kuibishev,
Ulianovsk and other ?blasts.
The Institute also prepares cadres of personnel; is engaged in
increasing the agricultural knowledge of seed growers, agricultural
technicians, and the presidents of collective farms. Over 125600
"approbatore" among agronomists were trained in these years; 1.5766 men
in the war years alone, while emong collective farmers thirty thousand
men were trained, of whom 19"661 received their training during the war
years.
The group of scientific workers of the Institute conducts its
systematic agricultural propaganda through the press, by publishing
books, pamphlets, contributing to magazines and newspapers.
Not all scientific achievements are entering sufficiently into
production. It is of the utmost importance that recommendations be
made in the nearest future with regard to the inculcation of the
following me thods s
I. Vethods for the speediest propagation of valuable canker-
resistant, new and early ripening varieties of potatoes;
2. Differentiated methods as:lc:cording to tones of growing seed
potatoes on seed lots.
? 36 rethode for the rational utilization of seed material.
4. The vernalization of the potato in trenches and in open
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cpotatoes rapidly.
of the machineRP-2 for the planting of vernalized potato tubers, as
well aa the produotion of the ?Cabins EUMK on a miss scale forwyrk on
large state farms and zones of the distilling industry. A production _
. seriesof the oombine.would solve the problemof machine harvesting of
Rovakov, P. A. - 15
platforms.
6. The application of a oomplete Nigro-complex" of methods in
growing potatoes.
6. Local methods designed to introduce organic fertilizers.
7. A system of methods to control the principal diseases of
potatoes.
8. Of much importance will bo the resumption of the production
1
Aside tram the inculcation of the above achievements into pro-
duction, it is essential for the purposes of raising the efficacy of
selective work to utilize widely the hybrid material first created at
the Institute which will offer the possibility of producing valuable
varieties resistant to phytophthora and early frosts. It is further
essential to utilize new original material for producing drought and
heat resistant varieties.
The February Plenum of the Central Committee MP (b)) has demanded
? of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of State Farms of the
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Eovakov, F. A. - 16 -
UZSR, the local party and Soviet organs to take measures for the speediest
inculcation into production of the schievtraents of a.gricultural science.
regarding this work as the most important condition for the raising of
Us agricultural level.
The fulfillment of these directions by our party represents the
most irportant task of the Institute of Potato Industry.
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rovakov, F. A. Center of research work
on potatoes. Sad i Ogorod 1947 (11):
72.77. Nov. 1947. 84 Sal
Translated from the Russian by
S. N. Vonson
The rive-Year plan of restoring and developing the economy of the
TISOR contemplated the expansion of areas of potato crops in 1930 to
_ -
7
9.8,,etares, the increase of their yield to an average of 124 centners
per hectare, envisaged the proper distribution of potato crops in the
corresponding zones of the country and the organization of potato-vegeta,
table and livestock stations close to large cities and industrial centers
in places where processing industries are located.
The spread of the rational use of agricultural methods in potato
growing, the distribution of the beat potato varieties, the conduct of
a systematic struggle with potato diseases, the improvement of the prow
cesses of mechanization in growing this crop - all these aims were con.
sidered essential in solving successfully the tasks set by the new Rive-
Year plan and the decisions of the February Plenum of the CC of the IMP
(b) with regard to potato growing.
The network of scientific institutions plays a role of great sig-
nificance in the successful development of potato crowing.
The Scientific-Research Institute of Potato Industry is, as many
other institutes, a product of Soviet times. The Institute was created
in 1930 at the Korenev Selection Potato Experiment Station and the
Polushkin Sand-Potato Experiment Field, both organized in the years
191U-1920.
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Novakov, F. A. - 2
The Institute is engaged in producing new varieties of potatoes,
working out agricultural methods and neasures of controlling diseases,
studying new ways of potato storing, the constructing and testing of
machinery for potato cultivation, the studying of the economics of po-
tato farming, as well as problems concerning the physiology and bio-
chemistry of potatoes.
The Institute considers Its most important task to be the trans-
mission of scientific aohievements and data to production.
The Korenev Experiment Selection Station began its mark by collecting
all varietal material available in the country, by identifying and ap-
praising these varieties. This large and painstaking work was completed
with the compilation of a Soviet key to all varieties and diseases of
potatoes. Over 1000 varieties were examined and submitted to tests: the
nitwit was the determination of the best verietiee and the beginning of
their propagation. The work of selection Was simultaneously begun. The
Institute first used in selection the frost-resistant and phytophthora-
resistant species of the potatoes Solanum acaule and S. semidemissum.
Species and varieties of potatoes, resistant to drought and high tem-
peratures were segregated from the collection of South-American forms,
permitting the widening of selective work for the purpose of obtaining
drought- and heat resistant potato varieties.
In addition to the widely known and distributed varieties Lorkh
and Korenevski, the Institute produced and transferred to production
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Wovakov, F. A. - 3 -
the following varieties: Sovietski and Phytophthora-Resistant, and
during the war years - the variety Koikhozni.
The Institute also transferred to the network of Government Experi-
ment Stations the high yielding varieties of potatoes known under the
numbers: 5398, 9729, 226, 12994, 2086, 18883. The Last two varieties
are of the early ripening kind and of higher yield than the standard
varieties Epiour and Early Roast, and are distinguished by an exceptionally
high resistance to phythophthora. In 1945 the Institute submitted to
Government varietal testing the additional new forms known 'as Nos. 988
and 985. No. 12994 - is another late ripening variety of high yield
and starch content, exceptionally resistant to phytophthora. All thaws
will receive varietal names when regionalized and will be widely distri-
buted among collective and state farms.
The potato variety Epron produced at the Leningrad Zonal Station
enjoys great popularity. In the war years the following varieties were
regionalised: Voronezhaki selected at the Voronezh Zonal Station;
Ulianovski, of the Ulianov Station, etc: Aside from the newly produced
varieties,. the Institute and its network had produced, propagated and
transmitted into production the valuable varieties of foreign selections
Varba, Chipeva, Fruboat, eta. There are at present many valuable inter.
species hybrids in the Institute's nurseries, outstanding in their yield,
starch content, and their resistance to phytophthora and frost. Many of
them are early ripening, resistant to phytophthora, of good yield in
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rovakov, F. A. - 4 -
starch content. The starch content of tubers in some hybrids amounts
t4:_i_p_parcant,_andalLtodad the variety Lorkh
by 12-57 percent.
The Institute has developed and transmitted into production methods
of growing elite potatoes and the system of seed growing of potatoes*
A convenient complex of methods for obtaining high and resistant yields
of potatoes for the podzol soil zones and central-black-earth belt on a
mass scale, has also been developed. It demonstrated that the effective-
ness of applying improved agricultural methods in a complex is greatly
increased, exceeding the 8 UM of additional yields, as compared to the
effectiveness of individual methods applied separately. In eases where
there is no complex set-up the effect of even intensive methods, such
as the application of fertilisers and the use of good seed material may
be insignificant. The use of the entire complex of agricultural methods
at collective farms is likely to increase the potato yield two or three
times. A present "agro-ooraplex" methods are being prepared for other
zones of the Soviet Union.
Mach also has been done in studying methods to obtain early varieties
of potatoes. Most important in this group is the method of the pre-
seeding germination of potatoes, a process that ensures considerable
speed in forming tubers. Besearch conducted in the past years (begin-
ning 1943) has made possible the reoommendation of pre-seeding germination
even in central belt areas, near Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ulianovsk, Blots,
eto., in open trenches or on platforms protected from northern winds.
-
At night and on cold days the potatoes are covered with straw or mate.
This method reduces the period of germination by some 20-25 days. The
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Ilovakov, F. A.
efficacy of this simple measure-, easily adaptable at collective farms,
is naturally extremely valuable.
Vorms and typed of manure fertilizers for potatoes have been e8.
tabliehed for predecessor crops. During the war and post.war years
methods were studied to introduce locally "organic fertilizers. The
system of applying mineral fertilizers in crop rotations with potatoes
under different soil and climatic conditions has been worked out
ee ?
norms and types of mineral fertilizers periods and methods of -their
ues etc.).
These methods have found their reflection in agricultural in-
etructions. rethods are studied concerning the irrigation of potato ?
fields in the central zone and the utilization of drainage waters,
Dates and amounts of watering have been established, the application
of fertilizers, as well as methods for oaring for potatoes on irri-
gated plats have been prescribed. The positive influence of irrigation
on the seed and' food qualities of potatoes has been eubstantiated.
In the pre-lar and mar years the Institute studied methods for
the rational utilization of seed material (tops, eyes, out parts of
tubers, etc.) These methods permit an economical use of seed material
that mill produce yields equalling those derived: from whole tubers
"agr o-f on"
weighing 50.100 g. Even on a high agricultural"backgrounif two tops
planted into one hole frequently produce higher yields that large
whole tubers (100.150 6.).
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Novakov, 1. A. - 6
Potatoes are strongly affected by a variety of diseases which
frequently cause a loss of 26-50 percent in yield. A reduction in
loss froz diseases, even one of 1 percent, provides the government
with additional frillions of goods of potatoes.
The Institute naturally devotes much attention to the study of
potato disease. The principal diseases of potatoes have been identi-
fied and their distinguishing charac!eristics determined. So have the
areas of their distribution.
A general system of methods for controlling the most harmful
diseases has been worked out. Vany problems of the etiology of dis
eases, the biology of the most important "inducers" still remain unex-
plored, however.
Wintering of phytophthors. oospores was discovered in pre-war
yearn, showing how it was possible for this disease to remain in the
soil for several :cars. The possibility of first infection from dis-
eased plants was proved.
New poisons were experimented upon and it was experimentally es-
tablished that the best results for controlling phytophthora %ere ob-
tained by using Pordeau rixture and the preparation AB. Technical
agricultural methods for controlling phytophthoradid not prove Burn-
ciently efficacious. The safest method in controllins this disease
was to produce resistant varieties.
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Novakov,,P. A.
ze,,////:/.1"n 1947 the Metitute
the control of phytophthora.
phyton%oidal qualities. (See article by V. V. Bordiukova in No. 9
7
? * ? '1? ?
41. 4
time pa ons for
It was established that garlio possessed
issue of Sad i Ogorod, 1947.) :Work on phytonaides is being continued. .
Potato tubers frequently perish from baoterial disease. A new
font of baoterial disease - ring rot has been discolored which develops
from the surface of the tubers as a result of the penetration of bac.
torts whioh cause ring rot of potato. The manner in which the disease
spreads has been established and measures accessible to collective farmers
have been found to control it. The elimination of diseased plants from
the fields end the neoessary drying of tubers during harvesting and
prior to their 'being stored almost free the potato from ring rot disease.
The etiology of the new disease - brawn rot was established and measures
have been 'forked out to control it,
During the war years the disease *bronze leaf of potatoes was
disoovered, caused by lack of calolum, and a group of diseases has
been identified, produced by the lack of calcium and magnesium.
The inducers of the common potato scab developing on tubers
growing in calciferous soils were studied and the variable degree of
resistance, to this disease among varieties was established.
liethods of evaluating the resistance of varieties and seedlings
to common potato scab IND r? worked out in the past years and the most
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Novakov, P. A. 8 -
valuable seedlings and varieties of highest yield, resistant to this
disease were segregated.
Considerable losses result from the poor organization of potato
storing. The Institute worked out the principal methods for potato
storing in large special storehouses and mounds. Norms of natural
losses were established, the evaluation of various systems of venti-
lating of temperature regimes and the moisture of the .air was completed,
the heat.produoing quality of the tubers was studied. So were the
methods of loading potatoes into storehouses, and rational methods were
proposed for the care of potatoes while in storage.
111 Yethode were developed for the (prolonged) storage of seed potatoes
intended for summer swinge, and of food potatoes to last until the new
harvest. It was reoommended to use the snow-in method for potatoes in
the central zone and to place the tubers during the period of pre-spring
thawing into trenches cooled during the winter. These measures reduce
losses in potato storing at the most important spring period which
usually results in considerable waste. The method of storing potatoes
in frozen trenches was accepted in 1946 for experimental testing.
During the war years methods of storing the prepared tops of potato
tubers intended for seeding purposes were worked out and reocznmended.
The significance of the formation of an early periderm for the preser-
vation of the tops was established in this connection and the preliminary
keeping of the latter in warm quarters after cutting for 10-14 days
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Novakov, F. A. - 9 4.
was recommended. The exceptionally harmful action of the over.cooling
of the tops at close to 00, or any temperature close to it, during
storage was established. An-optimal temperature of plus 2 and plus 4
was recammended.
Simplified methods, accessible to collective farmers for the drying
of potatoes in Russian ovens and in ordinary drying chambers were worked
out in 1941 and proposed for productive use in 1942. This method per-
mits the preservation of 2 to 3 times the amount of vitamin C in the
drying process, while the produce after drying is 8 to 7 percent over
that of methodi formerly applied. The description of the above method
is included in the offioial instructions on potato drying.
. Research on conditions of storing of seed quality potatoes has
been oonduoted in recent years, designed to make more precise the method
of storing seed material. The Institute began the study of methods of
the mechanization of the crop as early au 1933. By 1937 a system of
_
machinery driven by tractors was created with its participation. The
industry's output prior to the war covered potato seeding machinery
KS, cultivators, hillers (ridgers) KO-41 the harvesting machines TEK-2,
???.....???????
and the potato-sorting machines KS-5. This equipment while far from
perfect was widely used in many ()blasts and principally on state farms
during pre-war years and throughout the war.
In 1938 working attachments for the potato sawing machine IS were
constructed and placed into mass production, both for ridge and flat
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Ilovakov, F. A. - 10 -
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planting whioh offered the opportunity of distributing this equipment
in the southern and south-eastern regions. The machine EP-2 was con-
etruoted in 1940 for the planting of vernalized potatoes and was put
into mass production. 150 machines of this type were produced before
the beginning ,of the war and their performance was highly rated. EP-2
saves 3 to 3-1/2 ties in labor as compared to planting by plowing. It
may, if improved, receive a wide distribution in the south and soutiumaet
where spring and simmer plantings have to be made in close periods with
vernalized tuber*.
In 1940. the Institute constructed the potato-harvesting combine.
Work on this .equipment7iscontinued during the war and only resumed in
1945. An improved sample of the combine gave good results in tests in
1946 and was reocumended for series production. In 1947 another, even
more ilproved model of the combine was prepared for testing. The potato
combine gathers the potatoes into the tare (container) and eaves con-
siderably in labor force, relieving the most difficu*,period in the
harvesting process. The output of the machine is 31,5 per day.
Aside from constructive work, the Institute engages in yearly inter-
departmental tests of machinery for potato growing which is received
from many inventors and institutions. In 1946 the Institute segregated
from among the submitted samples of machines and equipment the horse-
driven cultivator KOK, which vras recommended for macs production. This
equipment is of simple construction, light in weight, and requires
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Kovakbv, F. A. - 11 -
1-0 to 2 tines lest metal, as compared to the existing machines
dee igned for the purpose. The cultivator KOK has already been pro-
duced in 1947 in Large quantities at Moscow factories.
In 1945 the Institute worked on problems of planning and the distri-
baton of potato production throughout the areas Of the USSR.
- in pre-mar years the Institute worked out a method for the selection
of varieties and seedlings of potatoes, resistant to drought and high
temperatures. The initial material was segregated for selection pur-
poses from South?American eolleotions, i.e. the potato varieties -
Solonft leptostigma', Moline Emmet (?) James and the specieS SolOnut
tuberoeum, Elegans latum, Villa Royal, Palmetto.
The direction of chemical-phyeiological change in potatotubers
was established in conneotion with the conditions of growth, which Later
determines their seed qualities. The complex factor of the flegeneration
of the potato" we analyzed into its composing parts. The various forms
of potato degeneration which depended upon the physiolotical disturbances
resulting from the influence of external temperatures (spindling sprouts)
mere established, which may be easily controlled by using summer plantings
and forms having the external appearance of mosaic dwarf growth, leaf
roll, etc. The manner of controlling the latter forms of degeneration.
inmore complicated and connected with the segregation of more resistant
varieties, the introduction of cleanings on seed lots and the Use of late
summer plantings* The principal indicators of potato immunity to phytophthora
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Novakov, F. A. - 12-
and the chances in the resistance of plants to diseases, depending
upon the conditions of their growth (variability in soils, ferti-
lizers, water regime, etc.) were established before and during the war
years. The results of these investigations are used in seleotion
practice, seed growing, and in growing elite seeds, as well as in
potato storing. Considerable work has been done in the study of
methods concerning the violation of periods of rests of the freshly
gathered potato tubers for use as seed material during summer months.
The Institute hap( propagated and been responsible for the intro-
duction into production of' new varieties of potatoes of high resistance ? ?
to canker and of good yield. Over 10.000 tons of seed varietal potato.
material -(stock) have. been transferral& into production from ? the fields.
of the Institute.
A large amount of work has been performed in introducing methods
of accelerating the propagation of "deficit" (?) varieties of potatoes
(such as the propagation of the phytophthora-resistant seedling 8670
and the canker.remistant variety Berlichingen,) The phytophthoraa.
resistant seedling 6670 was obtained in 1933 in
In 1934 the Institute obtained 5.6 centnere from these 20 tubers and
the amount of 20 tubers.
in 1935 derived a ''yield of 400 centners.? In 1936 the Institute trans-
ferred the vror--------VTID ip)age.ting the variety to 33 collective farina in
Thhiiiii7e-ii;71?of the Itosoow oblast where a total yield of 9,616 centre
was obtained. In 1937 the entire material was sent out to905 collective
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Novakov, F. A.
- 13 -
farms of eleven ?blasts which produced 11,500 centners of potatoes.
??????????????????r
Thus in four years each tuber of the new variety produced at the
Institute and at collective farms 575 tons. The Leningrad Station
by using this method propagated in the course of two years (1936-1938).
at collective farms the variety Berliohingen obtaining from 15 oentners
to 54,200 oentners., In the years 1036 to 1939 the Institute performed
a vast amount of work in advocating gunner plantings of potatoes, as
proposed by T. D. Lysenko, in the southern oblaattrbr the-RSFSR (Crimea,
Rostov, Stalingrad ?blasts, the Krasnodar and StiifopOl-territories);--
The staffs of the Institute and of the network of southern stations
prepared cadres of workers, provided instruction and gathered data on
the results of experimental production work in summer plantings.
The personnel of the Institute generalised (?) the experiments of
advanced workers potato.growers (Kartavaia, Yutkina, Abramova, eta.),
publishing the results in seven scientific papers of which four appeared
in pre-war years, two during the war and one in 1940.
During the war particularly much attention vas devoted to problems
of searching for additional sources ("fondov") of seed potatoes, the
preparation of the tops of tubers, the planting of potatoes by dividing
the plants, etc. This work was performed in the Kuibishev, Mani:make
Rieman, Tula, Tambov, Orlov, Gorki oblasts, the Tartar, North-Osetin
_
? ASSR and others. In the Tazabov ?bleat over 2000 hectares were planted
with seedlings. The planting of potatoes, by using the division method,
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Vovakov, F. A. - 14 --
was done in 1947 in the Gorki, Orlov, Voronezh, Tula, Tambov, Kulbishev,
Illianovsk and other ?blasts.
The Institute also prepares cadres of personnel; is engaged in
increasing the agricultural knowledge of seed growers, agricultural
technicians, and the presidents of collective ferns. Over 125600
napprobatoren among agronomists were trained in these years; 1.3766 men
in the var years alone, while among collective farmers thirty thousand
men were trained, of whom 11961 received their training during the war
years.
The group of soiantifio workers of the Institute conducts its
systematic agricultural propaganda through the press, by publishing
books, pamphlets, contributing to magazinee and newspapers.
Not all scientific achievements are entering sufficiently into
production. It is of the utmost importance that recommendations be
made in the nearest future with regard to the inculcation of the
following roe thodss
1. Ifethods for the speediest propagation of valuable canker-
resistant, new and early ripening varieties of potatoes;
2. Differentiated methods according to zones of growing seed
potatoes on seed lots.
? 34 rethods for the 'rational utilization of seed material.
4. The -vernalization of the potato in trenches and in open
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Eovokov, P. A. - 15
platforms.
5. The application of a 'complete negro-complex" of methods in
growing potatoes.
6. Local methods designed to introduce organic fertilizers.
7. A system of methods to control the prinoipal diseases of
potatoes.
S. Of much importance will bo the resumption of the production
c of the maohineKP-2 for the planting of vernalized potato tubers, as
sell as the production of the combine IE on a mass scale for work on
large state farms and zones of, the distilling industry. A production _
? so rise of the combine would solve the problem of machine harvesting of
potatoes much more rapidly.
Aside from the inculcation of the above achievements into pro-
duction, it is essential for the purposes of raising the efficacy of
selective work to utilize widely the hybrid material first created at
the Institute which will offer the poesibility of producing valuable
varieties resistant to phytophthora and early frosts. It is further
essential to utilize new original matcrial for producing drought and
heat resistant varieties.
The February Plenum of the Control Committee PEP (b)] has demanded
of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of State Farms of the
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tovakov, F. A. - 16 -
USSR, the local party and Soviet organs to take measures for the speediest
inculcation into production of the achievessants of agricultural science,
regarding this work as the most important condition for the raising of
the agrioultural. level.
The fulfillment of these directions by ou r party represents the
most irportant task of the Institute of Potato Industry.
End of Article.
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' Extract from the order issued by the Peoples' Commissariat of Agriculture
("Narkomzem") of the USSR, dated April 21, 1935, concerning the plapr ;..
of VIZRa for 1933.
4110 Plant Protection 21 14. 1935. 421 P942. / Translated by by S. N. YonsOn
o
?
1. To confirm the scientific research plan of the Institute of VIZRa for
1955, submitted by its Director, comrade Zelendkhin, and the additional assign-
ments to the plan presented by the Commission for the same year.
2. In order to ensure the performance of the above additional assignments,
to allot additional funds to cover operating costa in the amount of 300,000 rubles
In excess of the allotments extended to VIDA for its original plan of 1935.
Of this, additional amount for pest control to Olavserno (Main Grain Adminis-
tration) 50,000 rubles; Glavkhlopkom (Vain Cotton Adm.) 100,000 rubles; Iesupru
(Forest Administration) 20,000 rubles; the Quarantine Sector 20,000 rubles; and
from the funds of Sell khozsnab (Agricultural Supply Administration) 50,000 rubles;
and the funds of VASELNIL (ALL-Union Agricultural Academy, imeni Lenina) 40,000
rubles.
5. To increase the appropriation on the capital investment for Mita to
200.000 rubles, above the established expenditure for its yearly plan for equip-
ping laboratories and sectors in connection with the execution of additional plans.
4. To require comrade &Orly/ties (Selkhozsnabzhenie) of the Agricultural
Supply Administration to deliver to the order of VIZRa, at the expense of the fund
of Varkomzem of the USSR, (in excess of the plan of the Academy) 3 light auto
machines, 3 half ton automobiles ('Pikop") of the "Piok-up" type.
5. To permit VIZRa to organize a subscription for the monograph on domestic
and world research in the field of plant protection, the publication of which will
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be begun in 1936.
6. From among the candidates ? completing their course at VIZRa in 1935 to
assign (1'xakrepitin) the following to the Institute: .Poliakov, Ralashnikov,
frosmachevskii, gamenskii and 2hilkin.
To dispatch the follosring students of the spring semester of the Leningrad
Agricultural Institute for work at VIZRas Dobretsova and Zaitseva.
7. In connection with the enlargement of the subject matter of VIZRa to
crease the number of state units in the Vint* system to 27 people at the expense
of the norms of the Academy.
The Presidium of the Academy to permit VIZRa to enlarge the staff of temporary
Workers in 1935, within the limits of allotted funds.
9. In connection with the enlargement of the volume of the work of VIZRa and
the opening of a group of new laboratories, to increase the number of candidates
of VISRa in 1935 to 30 people*
9. To require of the directors of branch scientific research Institutes and
the directors of territorial, oblast and republic Stations of Plant Protection to
submit their reports on their work to VIM& for the year 1934 and their pians for
1935 no later than by May 1.
End of Article.
3/27/51
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Loza, 0. (Acting director or Academy TSFliA) (Transl. 52)
Kauchno-iseledcrrateliekaia rebate. Sel'akokhoziaiatvennoi Akademii imeni '
K. A. Timiriaseva, ?
(scientific-research work at the Tiairiazev Agricultural Academy. 7\1
Sotsialist. SePsi:. Khoz. 17(3): 7045. Mar. 1946. 281.8 8073.
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Translated in part by S. W.Itosnon
The oldest agricultural college in the USSR, the 'oscow Agrioultural?Acadisty
imeni K. A. Timirlaseva, of the Order of Lenin, celebrated its 80th anniversary in
December, 1945.
The scientific conference which vas held during the days of the anniversary
celebration proved once more that the Academy is not only an outstanding scientific
institution but also an important center for agricultural science. Over 70 pro-
fessors, 130 candidates, 150 assistants, and a numerous group of scientific person-
nel engaged in diverse research on theoretical problems of agricultural science,
problems of reconstruction and the further expansion of agriculture in our country.
Scientific research at the Academy is centered at the laboratories attached to
the respective chairs, as well as at experiment stations, experiment fields of
state farms of the Academy, and advanced collective farms of the Union. Entire
groups of experiment stations are conneoted with the Academy: Field, seed control,
soil, vegetable, fruit, forest, botanical gardens and introductory nurseries, ex-
perimental apiaries.
In 1944 a station devoted to ornamental floriculture and horticulture was
organized, together with laboratories on the feeding of domestic animals, the
breeding of livestodk, economic research. The museums of soil science and horse
breeding were reconstructed. Beginning 1945 the phytopathological and tmmunity-
biological stations were reconstructed and stations restored for the processing
and storing fruits and vegetables, the station of agricultural chemistry, imeni
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of the Academician D. D. Prianishnikov was reconstructed.
The scientific activity of the Academy wee directed in the past 2 to 3 year's
to the solution of the following main problems.
1. Study of vegetative forms to expand raw vegetative resources essential for.
our country, and creation of now forms of plants for selection.
2. Production of new varieties of agricultural crops of high yielder, frost-
and dieence resistant.
3. Developnont of agricultural teohnioal measures to ensure the increase of
'yields of field and leguminoue drops and fruit and berry orchards.
4e Development of measure? for the increase of the fertility of soils.
5. Physiological research on the metabolism of plants, the influence of
mineral fettilisers upon theqgulity of yields, the influence of permanent and tem-
porary facbbrs upon the development of plants.
6. Development of technical measures for the racial improvement and breeding'
of livestock.
7. Study of physiologic besets for the feeding of livedtock, increase in the
. productivity of animals at a reduced expenditure of concentrated forage.
8. Rationalisation of processing and storing of agricultural products.
9. Vechanization of work in agriculture, the construction of new and the 1M- ,
provement of existing machinery.
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Lout, O.
10. Study and generalization of results of the work of collective farms in
raising crop yields, the produotivity of the livestock imfustry, the organization
of labor and administration of artel management.
11. Reconstruction of agriculture and organization of collective farm pro-
duotion in regions freed from the Gorman invaders.
12. Organization Of agricultural suburban zones, distribution of agricultural
production in the main zones of the USSR.
10***041**10
In the field of study of vegetative forms to increase raw resources, the chair
of botany under the leadership of Professor P. r. Zhtikovaky enenses in extensive
work. Prof. ZhUkovskii delved into the problem of domestic guttaperoha (Isonandra
gutta or Euoommia ulmoides) and developed measures for the use, protection and
organization of the exploitation of Ruonymus, and the culture and utilization of
the plant. Ile also proposed to utilize the Far Eastern lemon ("limonnik") to obtain
preparations fOr stimulating nervous and muscular energy, and organized an expe-
dition to the Par East to secure raw material. Zhnkovskii worked in other problems
by introducing new species of vegetative raw material for national nutrition, vita-
minization, etc.
The ohafr of genetics under Professor A. R. Zhebrak oovers the production of.
new species of wheats by experimentation. In the past years a large number of
amphidiploid types of wheats and their hybrids were obtained. These forms of
amphidiploid wheats were used by the chair and other experiment institutions as
initial material in selection.
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Under the direction of Professor P. /. Lisitain Selection of clover, winter
and summer wheat, rye, summer vetoh, buckwheat was engaged in. Two varieties of
clover, Nos. 216 (Altai) and 257 (Central Flow of Eniesei River) were segregated.
The new variety of clover 216 was transmitted for propagation and varietal test-
ing to plots of the Government C Otani salon on Varietal Testing.
Professor Liaitsin and candidate V. r. frhokhlov are engaged in the selection
of rye. Prof. P. I. Lisitsin produced in 1945 the seventh selection of a new vari-
ety of non-lodginc rye at the Alexandrov experimental base, named "Lieitsin."
V. IT. Khokhlov produced a ceventh selection of a variety of rye called
"Timiriaievka." It is a variety of high yield which yielded in, 1944 30c/h at the
field experiment station.
V. IL P:hokblov also produced a new hybrid variety of winter wheat "0-1" whioh,
according to data submitted by the station of varietal testing, exceeds the stan-
dard variety by 20-25 percent in yield.
V. R. Xhokhlcre also produced a new variety of buckwheat "V-1," of high
yield and early maturing. In studying the causes for non-resistance in buckwheat,
the supposition was confirmed that they were the result of a lack of products of
assimilation in generative elements. reasures are being developed to eliminate
these causes. teginning 1944, work on the selection of oats and barley has been
resured under the guidance of Professor P. F. Eonstantinov, together with selec-
tion of alfalfa, and attempt.s were made to adapt them to northern regions.
rureerioa of initial material were restored and seeds propagated of former yields.
In 1944 seven potential lines of barley were selected, of which five were
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experimented upon in 1945 in varietal testings. The segregated lines of barley
possess a high absolute weight of grain, aro fairly resistant to disease, and
hardly lodge at all. Selection of summer vetch is engaged in by candidate N. V.
rharohenko. Beginning 1943 two varieties, the first and second lines, exceeding
the standard variety in yield of seeds and amount of hay by 11 to 15 percent, were
forwarded for tests to the Government Commission. In addition the 3rd and 4th
lines were being studied. Repeated varietal testing indicated their superiority,
as compared to the standard, in amount of hay at 16 to 20 percent and in grain at
7 to 19 percent.
A collective nursery of alfalfa was also established'. Eigh yield specimens
of this- crop were segregated: Alfalfa Vo. 1036, individual selection of No. 4011,
Krasnokutskii; No. 233 Belotserkov, Shatilov, Leningrad, etc. Individual selection
of best specimens and geographically distant forms was made.
The work of Professor P. ?. 2hUkovikii in the field of applied botany led to
the production of a series of valuable varieties of wheats and barley. A new
variety of wheat called "Bochonkovidnaia" (barrel-shaped) was produced by inter- -
species crossing. Following careful selection of hybrids and dual comparative
varietal testing the milling and baking qualities were ascertained. The variety
was forwarded to the Government varietal Testing station; it exceeds the standard
variety Lutescens 062 in absolute weight of grain and milling and baking charac-
teristics, does not lodge, but is not early maturing.
Inter-species croasing produced a new variety of wheat named "Sharovidnaia"
(ball-shaped). This variety is distinguished by non-lodging. It is superior to
. the standard variety with regard to output of flour, but inferior in period of
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Lora, G.
maturing and yield.
Ily a r3otho4 of complicated synthesis a newvariety of wheat named
"Griboboinala Furtgioidum, has been produced. This wheat is completely resistant
to rust, smut, and mildew, and produces a very large grain rich with vitamins E
and IT, contains a high percentage of gluten and does not lodge. Tiowever, it lacks
good milling characteristics, its grain is puny mad baking quality unsatisfactory.
The wheat in valuable in crossings for immunity to rust and smut.
During the war years two vane tie
and large grain were produced.
early, t-row barley of good tillering.
In the same period Zhukovakii conduct d. experimental Work on tioquired. immunity
in non-resistant wheats... L, new method for vaccinating.. these wheats was 'developed
and the first encouraging results .were obtained .in artificial increase
resist-
ance to ruat and?mildew.in soft wheats.
Professor II. N. 'r imofoov oon4uoted experimental tests in vegetable crops on
selection; varietal tests of domestic and American varieties of legumes were made
under the guidance of Professor V. I. Edelatain. Judging from the suztmaries of
these varietal tests, the best variation of onions were seleoted from American
specimens, one variety of peas, five of beans, 3 varieties of pumpkin, two of to-
matoes and one each of cucumbers, beets and carrots.
Under Professor P. O. Schitt varietal testing of fruit tree; and berry plants
was engaged in, as well as the production of new varieties of berries. About 200
central Russian' and?Yiohurin varieties