VETERINARY CONTRIBUTION TO NIS 55, SECTION 45, ETHIOPIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120013-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2013
• Sequence Number: 13
• Publication Date: January 2, 1962
• Content Type: MEMO

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Table of Contents
L
Cyt_a_ec-e.,e
A. General 1
(1) Ethiopia 1
(2) Eritrea and the Somalilands 2
B. Lnvironmental actore 2
2
2
3
3
3
4
14
a. Animal 4
(2) Flies 4
(5) Ticks and mites 4
(a) Ticks 14
(b) Mites 5
(3) Worme 5
(11) Wild animals 5
14. Nutrition 5
b. Food supply and distribution 5
(1) Ethiopia 5
(2) Eritrea and the Sonalilands 6
c. Food sanitation, Itorape and technology 6
(1) Ethivin 6
(2) Eritrea and the Sonalilands 6
C. Diseases 7
2. Diseases of an:mals 7
1. Topography and clinate
(a) Ethiopia
(b) Eritrea and the Somaliland.
2. Socio-economir.! pattern
(a) Ethiopia
(b) Fritrea and the. 1;amalilands
3. Animal and plant life
a. Ahlopda
(a) Prevalent animal disease
(1) Ritriermst
(2) Contarious bovine pleuropnel)nonia
(3) lismosporidis infectiQns
(4) Trypanosomiasis
7
7
7
8
8
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(5) Tuberculosis
(6) Rabies
9
9
(b) Other important di -eases
9
b,
i-,ritrea and thr Somalilanda
10
D.
Vett rinary medical or anisation and administration
10
1.
Ct. ilian
3.0
a.
Orimnisation
1.0
(1) fthlopia
10
(2) Eritrea and the 3omali1: nda
11
b.
Leral controls
12
(a) Ethiopia
(I) Liceneure
(2) Quarant ine
(3) Inapeettin
12
12
12
(b)"..iritrca and the Somaliland'
12
a. Profe sionnl vet.e Angry on-anisaticas
13
(a) Ethiopia
13
(b) ritrea and the 3omi1i1krxis
13
d. Veterinary reetarch
13
(a) Ethiopia
13
(b) Eritrea and ,he 3orta1i1anda
13
f. Frierg0.tcy veterinary services
13
2.
Military vt tart flan* medicine
13
E.
Veterinary manpower
lh
1.
:thiopia
2.
Fritrea an the Sow.alilanda
lii
F.
Veterimry facilities
35
1.
:thiopia
15
2.
..ritrea and the .---cmalilands
0. Vetc-inary supplies and materLea 35
3.. Ethiopia 15
2. ::ritrea and the Somalilanis
if. 'As f'e--ence data 16
I. -,onmenta on prineii:al sources 16
1. Evaluation 16
2. List of 3ources 1r ordi r or importance 16
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Nis 55 - section 16
Ethiopia) Eritrea and the nomalilands
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A. General
-(1) Ethiopia
?' Ethiopia Ls one of the larrer African countries, with vast livestock rbsources
and considerable potential capacity for larre-scale animal production. Hovever,
" technolory and eanagcment are so ill-developed that the people are unable to take
*Aunty* of a major primary source of wealth.'
tnimal diseases take heavy tolls and contra measures are so poorly conducted
that Ethiopia is. unable to capitalise on these resources through the growth of an
,irvortent export trade in livestock products. Furthrmore, primitive. habits and ?
ignorance pre/vent even nsti.,nal effective utilisation of livestock. Animals are
neither used extenoivrly.for meat or tor draft purposes. 'Bence, the chief econould
return in livartodk lies in the eale of poor quality hides.
?tany of the animal diosages in Ethiopia, in addition to the direction., they
cars., are. threats to human heath and .little promells has been made either in
accurately assessing their importance or in control..
The government is continuously Plagued by a lack of trained personnel to .carry
?
out animal health programs that have been recommended by various -international
ageribieso and thr,resppears to be no probability of initiating such prorrass on a
vide scale in the near future.
Despite efforts over a ten-iyear period to train technicians locally and educate
veterinarian, abroad, rthiopia is etill far short of required capable personnel to '
significantly expand animal health prorress Or to materially improve basic requiretents
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CONVVIENTIAL
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for sanitary proluction of livestock products.
(2) Eritrea and the .Somalilands
In Eritrea the stimulating_influence of British adeinistrative 'authority
until Federation with Fthiopia, in 1952? as well as the relatively advanced sanitary
requirements of the larre European. population, have favarablyirdixonned veterinary
public health activities and aniMal htelth,Oontrel in general. Subsequently, the
possibility of premium sales of.animel products to military Installations in the area,
will:at to an export processing plant, have encetraged aniial hcalthprogrems._
However, the continuous weement of diseased animals, from Ethiopia end the lack of
adeouate veterinery supervieion prevent the area from attaining a satisfactory level
in either animal heelth or veterinary publio'-heolth programs..
- The aresoomprising Somalia and the tritieh 8oaalia Protectorate, ienfronted with
conditions eimilar to those of Eritrea, have been provided with a greater degree of
Veterinary .services. Nevertheless =Intl di:ionises raisin ivorteist problems.
?
ircnch Vomolia has relatively little indigenous livestock resourcee but dries servo
by virtaie of its portlabilitits at Djibonti as an outlet for export of animals and
113j W.12.5/ 146/ hy kw 14.1/ 5.9/.
meat 'products
H. rnvirdementel factors
1.. Topegrapkv and climate
(a) Ethiopia -- Ethiopia, a 56,600 Empire mile area Of northeast arid., la a
conntry.vith wide variations in topography nod. climate. The rcat Rift Valley, extending
. from the Rod Sea to the Kenya, border, and th mountain areas on either gide, comprise
the principal grating area of the coaltry and the climate varies with the altitude from
cool and moist at u. per elevations to sub-tropicol and even arid at lower elevations.-
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CONDEVUAL .
The areas bordering Soxeliland are extremely arid and support only nomadic flocks and ?
camel herds. The absence of frost, except at the extrimely high elevations, and the
wide ranee of equitable elimatic conditions for varieus insect pests contribute to
their perpetual grOwth and devilopeent, and aeny'of these pests arc prolific vectors
of seriout animal and human disease's.
Because of poor cOmmunicatims and difficult travel conditions, canorlocalities
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are isolated tram proper veterinary services.
(b) Eritrea and the Somaliland. Virtually all of Eritrea and the romalUands
ere arid or .subarid areas with little potential. for efficient livestock production.
A fei narrow river bed areal and oases provide rater and Treen feed for a limited
number of sedentark livestock. The vast majority of the animala,qtats and Carle
W. ISO
follow a migratory pattern seeking sparse feed and ccant water supplies,
Jig
2. Socio-economic pattern
(a),Ethlopia -- The social and economic barriers to development of sound animal
disease prevention and vetrrinary public health programs are tremendous in Ethiopia.
A%e multiplicity of tribal and relicious cuAoms and reactions to propoeed programs is
as crrat as in any country in Africa and frceuently I normally planned approach is
com,letely unacceptable in certnin areas. Value of anise's in many areas may be so
low that a program tot upported by the central roveroment cannot be sustained and very
often financial aupportfrom'the covCrnmcnt is delayed or irnored, Peapite extensive '
technical traininr programs, after World Uar //, Ethiopia utifl. lacks qualified
personnel in sufficient ntmibers to carry out wey of the ambitious animal health proerama
proposed. In many instances progv-als actually initiated flounder because the covernment
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COMMITTAL
neglects to my or to supply veterinary teams operating awayfrom the immediate
vicinity of the capital. In many instances violent tribal objection or active
banditry encouregel by seporstitioue native "medicine men" thwart operation of
proposed schcmes. its a result of these primitive or superatitious attitudes large
comentratione of livestock remain active reservoirs of infectious or contagious
diseases wIlich continue to infect stock in more enlirhtened areas of the country as
1_6/ 1.6/ 2 / ?
vafl as the animals of contiguous countries.
(b) Eritrea and the ,Icatalilands--? In Eritrea* Britich authorities * under
postwar administration* attempted with i limited budget and some measure of settees&
to train -a nu ber of native tritreans an veterinary -technicians to providea. corp of
civil servants for the localfovernmeet. However* a substantial part or technical
and irofeazionA.sldnm required for animal health and veterinary_publie health programa
are etil] proVided by Europeans or Indians. The aama situation also pertains in the
Le/ 161
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.Comalilands.
3. Animal and plant life
a. Animal
? (2) Flies Various species of .an. flies and biting midges* Culicoides,
are important vectors of Africantarsesickness* bluatoncus and ephemeral fever.
Olossinae* O. pplpelis* O. morsitans* O. longipennis* 21.21111tim* C. tachinoides*
and G. brovipalpis cause trypanosomiasis (nagana) in domestic anistels.
. (5) Ticks and mites
la) Ticks -- The ubiquitous ticks are vectors.of a rOber of diseases. ,
?
Only a fey species have been identified. -The more ieportvnt ones and somc of the
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COVIDENTIAL
diseases they transmit sties Rhipicephelus gevenaiculatuss East Coast fevers piroplasMonis,
anaplasmosis; Rhipicephalus sanguineues anaplasmosie; Amblyomma varlepatus, hcartwaters
anaplasmosis; &acme megYpticui* ponderiosies East Coast fever; Rhipicephalus evertsis
East Coast fevers piroplasmonis.
(b) nitcs ....ampten ecablei, nenge; Psoroptes miss mange.
(8) 7.1orMa Echinococcus granulosus, hydatidosisi 'ramie saginata4.
cysticercosis; Fascia* heeaticas distomatosis.
11.215.116.21.2YLVE.6./
?
(11) Wild animals -- Klaeuidaes rabies; Canis *wrens, rabies.
4. Nutrition
b. toed repay and distribution
(1) Ethiopit -- Ethiopia has vast reservoirs of livestock, --particularly
' cattle, but productivity and reproduction ere by, limiting processing either for export
or internel consumption. Native habits and preservation facilities do not encourage
.are ?
- meat or via. consumption eVen in areas. uhere supplies ere dequate but diets/distinctly
. ? .
lackine in the food elements such commoditise viva Provide.. ladespreed .
diseaze and perasitiam results in berriers to the export of at and meat Paduets to
many areas. Effort, of the technical assistance missions of the Food aftd Agriculture
Organisation of the 'United Nations and the United States have reduced the. incidence of
some important dieeases:but have not yet resulted in effective control.' A United States
government assistance plan involvine.disease controls sanitation end improved I-reeding,
has resulted in the availability of a modest supply of milk to U.S. installations in
the Tritrean area. Weever,, recent recurrent dieetre problems have limited the expansion
of this production program. -
,CONYIDEMIAL
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CalF1DESTIAL
(2) Eritrea and the Somalilande -- Eritrea and the Snmalinieds are sparsely
populated by livestock. Supplies of anim-ls and animal products, adequate but little
? used for local consumption, find their ray to export throngh the shipping and processing
facilities et the major cities, such as Asmara (15-20N - 313-553), Djibouti (11-36N - 43-09S)
ItS WWI 11/ IN MY kV 52/
or Mbgadiscio (2-04N - 16-228).
c. Food :sanitation, storage and technology
(1) Ethiopia -- 'with the exception of a recently constructed vaaughterhouse
in Addis Ababa (902N - 38-412E) adequate facilities for .processing of animal products
do not exist in Itthiopia. In rural areas the complete chin of milk or meat marketing
is conducted under extremely primitive unsanitary conditions and no impection or.
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regulation whateoever.over the process exists.
(2) Eritret and the Samalilands Mille a derree of sanitary supervision\
of mat and datry'products existed in pest-war Fritres, it was not until the construction
of en export meet pleat tlren Israeli !treat the time of rederation (1952) that
adequate facilities for (limitary livestock slaughter existed. .This modern ;lent has
combinedfacilities for processing fresh meat and canned products. Stimulated by a
potential sale of dairy products to 11.3. military and State Departwet-personnel
stationed in the area, an Italian.malrged firm in Asmara has attempted, beginning in
1959, to develop a eanitcry milk supply and a modern procrssing plant.
In the former 1Vitiall Somalia Protectorate reasonable good stand,Irds in (slaughter
and meat handliug h- vsbeen estnblished in the najor cities. Rural facilities remgia.
primitive. Similar conditions pertain in 'Somalia, but a small moacrn slawhter and '
meat processing plant designed to fulfill sanitary requirements for export of meat
pomlucte was built in'Abgadiscio in 1955. .
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rig ob1
!Ja
? ? prirthorrtore, Ethiopia
ear 'contra caripaigno
thotwh
pplicatian hno) rotated'
0
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COWIDERTIAL
normal movement of animals for grazing and transport in certain *fly ird'esteds
belt;. Unlike other part' of Africa, no major effort has been madc in Ethiopia to
control or eliminate the tsetse fly.
(5) Tuberculosis -- Bovine tuberculosis rates es hiph as 60rtereent-
have been recorded in some dairy herds in or around kidis ;:baba. The incidence of the
disease in indigenous antmals elseohare in the country has. never boon investigated.
The reaction of the povernment to the rampant infection in dairy stock Is one of
complacency and only in a few herds has any effort been made to eliminate reactors.
Furthermore, the sanitary measures necessary to prevent reinfection of replacement
stock are inedequate. There appears to be little effort to correlate the epidemiolopical
information relative to bovine tuberculosis with that of blown infection.
(6) Rabies -- Rabies in canines and feral animals is epizootic throuphout
Ethiopia. Virtually no efforts to control the disease exists outaide LWa Ababa,
where only a few of the numarowl uncontrolled doge are vaccinated wash year. Control
through elimination of strays is cursory at best. In rural areas jackals and hyenas
serve to perpetuate the disease. The World Health Oreanissttmm Survey of gables
reports 4,110 humans were treated against rabies in 1959 snd 3,592 in 1960. The
nuMber of boron deaths from rabies is not reported.
(b) Other important diseases Ethiopian livestock is affected by a
preat mother of animal diseases. Only a few are diagnosed and incidence sporting is
very to -owlets. In cattle anthrax, anaplasmosis and brucellosis are known to be
prevalent. Foot-and-mouth disease and wateurellosin are sunpected of causing serious
losses. mom sheep, mAnge, pox and enterotavnle, hi_ve been identified but the
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CONFIDEITIM
incidence is unknown. African horsesicknees is periodically serious in
+Wanes.
lh. Eritrea a31 the SomalilaTsis -- Eritrea and the Somelia livestock are
affect;11 by the smbe serious diseases plagvine Fthiopian animals. However, somewhat
war* rational a:d dedicated preventive programs such as immunitation and restricted
movemnt of efected and exposed animals, except in !reneh omalies reduces losses
consi4eraly over those ex lanced in Ethiopia. Rinder:ests contarions bovine
pleuropneumonia, and trypanceoldasis are the mejor threats to livestock production.
TManosomissis is enrootio in riverine areas. The extnt o. tuberculosis and
brucellosis is not known in any of these areas but infection with either or both
diseases is probably rel.ati ;oly common. In the former Aritish ;Somalia rabies he
been effectiva%y entr011od in urban areas by compulsory vaccination of pets end
elimination of stray dogs. The disease remains a problem in rural areas because of
infected hyenas or jaekkle. As in 7thiiiplas uystieercosis is widespread arr. ii major
by Vi 4_11 la 14S Ey kW kV V/
vete inary public health problem.
D. Veterinary medical ?realisation and administration
1. Civilian
Organisation
(1) Ithiopia Veterinary service:1 over the past tea years rwre been
provided almost entirely by the Food and 'iculture Orranisation of the United
Nations (FA!)) and the U.S. In-ernttional Cooperation Administration (IGA). The .",thiopien
govrrnment has retained s few ,nropean veterinarians who stne.T.Gally have worked with
the FAO veterinary officers on disease prevention prop-rms. The mull troup of foreign
vuterinary peraonnel have been suptorted to an increa,inp extent in the past few
commh3 IAL
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COVIDLITIAL
years by technicians and vaccinators trained under proermis operated by ICA or FAO.
The Ethiopian overnment has established a Vetorintry Department within the
Pinietry of Agriculture under direction of a non-veterinarian. The vetexinarians.
empleyed. by the government and those provided by international organizations have only
advisory ststvs and recommendations made to the Director of '4terinary Services are
often either if:nand or oversculed.
Technicians and vaccinators in tho field are not vol supervised or controlled.
Tho Hinietry of Public Health has no vcterinary prograM and ahowelittle interest in
the serious zooms., problems investicated till reported by the veterinary services. .
.Vaccination prorrams for rinlerpoat and contagious.bevine pleuropneumonia are
supported by the government and are supposed tote free. However, there are frequent
16/ 20/ 2S LW
r(ports of Illicit collection of fees in some areas.
. (2) Eritrea and the Somaliland. -- Veterinary services for fielireograms
in rritrea are provided by.lthiopia sin e Federetion in 1952. "Regular vaccination
teens are statiened in this area of the country but superViaion by qualified veterinarians
occurs at Only irregular intervals, when foreign veterinarian, employed by the
Ethiopian government or internctionally employed veterinary advisors etationed in
Addis Ababa are nt to vritrili oft ahort-term assignments. -
In Somalia, vetcrinary services have been provided by six Italian veterinarians,
who hcve trained and supervised vsecinators an veterinary assistants for various
activities. .0ganization and optrmtion of veteriwry programs have been notably more
efficient than those in rthlopis. ',veterinary leboratory,producing the major
veterinary biolcrical requirements for the country, has been catabliehed at Nerca(1-43N
44-53E).
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CONFIFT.1.1AL
In British Somalia vaerinary services have been provided by tea British
(9-35N - 44-0)4E)
veterinprians in the !::olonial Service, one stati.lned at flergeigsAnd cos it Bargo(9-31N -
45-34E).
I's in 7ona1ia, these veterinarizw have trained end repervised veterinrry teams and
established sever 1 art ulired dimes control prorrems.
Aside from the -..stertmry inspection provided at the Iarz,ell neat procisrine plant,
Wialli.SPA.V4.02/121Y2/5.9/
no veterinery services exist in French :walla.
b. Lcsel controls
(s) Ahiopia
(1) Licensure -- ince Ablopia has n: Attive veterinprians no
licensure is reqaired. European veterinarians eniiloyed by the eavernernt or provided'
by the international oreanications are accepted PS qualifies.
(2) Quarantine -- Veterinary advisors to the Ethiopian povernnent bora
prepred drafts of regtlati!ms for anlmel disease contra, quarantine, and Mod central
to reinforce retmovemdetions for expanded veterinary servi,_-es. Thee, rcgulatinns were
not intended to be put in force until reasonably adeeuate cualifiud personnel require-
ments were awilable, and they have act been enacte67.
(3) Inglection -- There is virtually no inspetion or supervisbn ovine
ISL9/311
meat or milk proxssing and tAstributd-n for local conr;umption.
(b) Eritrea and the Somalilande "larlcus systems of quaraftilnes to
control thr rel;eated inrression of diseases from. Ethiopia, have ban set up in
.L-itrea am! the omalias. Howver, the unaunervised OT clandestine oder:Aim of
liventoA across renerally unrecornired borders makes 1-iirease -ontrol throurh such
system relatively ineffective.
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GONFI I-14TIAL
Vet rin ry inspection of artimal produets or lies animals is carried out only at
the at processing establiahments enmed in export or at the ports of embarkation
.A401.WW11-2/11 e?A1/22/5-9/
of live enineln destined for 4ypt or the Middle ),set.
c. Professional veterinary organisations.
(a) Abiopia -- Since Ethiopia bee no nptive veterinarians no prof'essional
1...6/rY
orrenization exists.
(h) ritroa and the -- No professional veterinary oreanisatioft
litigtte k8i hil gip/
eorirrts critrea or Small*.
d. Watcrinery research
(a) Lthiopia thiopis has neither qualified personnel nor atteqpate
facilities available for significant research in veterinary science. Vorcien
veterinarians employed by ?AO have completed a fe7 animal diseate ineeetiratione tltat
could lead. to research if dam and funds mere slide available.
(h) hritree and the '024ali1ands vet,:riruary research in carri?. out
kv ky kti k5j 16j ty ky gay
in Kritrea or the .or..aliets.
f, Emer,eney veteringry services ..]rAo and /CA mitterireiriani have oresnitat
ttehnician teams in attempts to cope vith merlon* outbreaks of rinderpellt and
contacil,us pleuropneumonia in the past, These unite are drawn from the rerular
27/ V
corps of the Lteeitock eett,n as they 4.re needed.
2. Military veteriatry medicine -- No military veterimry -ervice exists. The
itilitary equine units Pre cared for by IPAO voterinarlane and local tec'nicians as
rec., ired.
CODiliAL
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E. Veterinary manpower
1. Ethiopia -- Vaterirmry manitreer cy,e. the post ten years or more has been
suevlied t7IPAOLor /CA, with the tthiopian Fovernment employiog a *mall group of
European ,Aterinarians. veterinrry force has never been large swath to do more
than supervise vaccine production and act in an advisory capacity in field vaccinatiun
proprams.
Despite continuous recommendations for intensive preparation of Ethiopian students
for eduoati-m in veterinary rcivre.e abroad, nuch prorrams have never developed.
Pithogh a weber of students have been sent abroad none have imaged to maintain grade
overate permitting graduation.
*-lattivtly lcrao noMbers of technicians and vaccinators have been tined locally
by FAO or ICA, but well qualified people to supervise and guide the work in the Mad
are not available.
4thiopla will -matinue for many years to be doiTudent on international or!lanisations
16j20/2SW
for the employaent of foreign veterinAriane to develop animal hcalth programs.
2. Eritrea and the 'iomalilands dim* One /Israeli vetertmcian supervises meat
impeetion inAmara.. Other veterinary services, aside fnma the work re, ularly carried
out by aasiAants, are performed on a transient basis by veUrinarians
dispatched from ddta kbaba.
One Israeli veterinarian carries out meat inspeetirm in Djibouti, French Somalis,
ani other veterinary services are completely ncrlected.-
-eterinary serxviccs in the former British somalia are supervised by two Ilritish
%reterinartane and in fiomalin six Italian veterinarians carry out similar
.g/ 1431 122/ hy w ky
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flOSF/DENELLL
Veterinary facilities
I. Ethiopia -- The only'veterinary facility of major importance is the vaccine
production laboratory near Addis Ababa. This unit is adequate for current vaccine
production requirements but the laboratory animal holding'facilitics *re poor. This
laboratory, equipped principally by FAO, is primarily utilised for rinderpeet vaccine
production, but other vaccines for contagious bovine pleuropniumonia and anthrax are
.also produced. Some laboratory diagnosia. is also accomplished in this laboratory.
The Agricultural school at 41mma (741051 ? 3640E) has a mo.est laboratory
diagnestio unit. utilised principally for training veterinary technicians.
2. Eritrea and the Somalilande Eritrea, the British Somalia area and Front
Somaiia have only modest veterinary diagnostic units in the major cities. These
installations also. serve as distribution centers for biologicals and veterinary
medicaments. In Soaelia, the 'Italian operated veterinary services have orgenieed and
built t small biological production facility at Sem Which, in addition to producing
.the essential animal iimunising products required in the area, also produces a limited
.4/ W k5/ 171 ta/
amount of immen vaccines..
14, Veterinary supplies and. materials
1.. Ethiopia The veterinary laboratory near Addis Ababa proluces sufficient
goat spleen rinderpest vaccine to permit vaccination of up to one million cattle per
.year. Seteral hundred thousand doses of contagious bovine pleuropnrumonia vaccine
can also be produced. Abdo:rats Amounts of other vaccines are prepared as required..
16/2S2712,/
All pharmaceuticals and drugs used in laboratory Or field services are imported.
2.- Eritrea s and the Somalilands ? Eritrea deptnis lari ely on Ethiopia for
veterinary supplies.. Vtecines.for rinderpest or contagious bovine plemmopneumonie
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are generally adequate but other vatic/nisi diagnostic agents, or medicaments ere in
short supply, which hinders'progrocs in dieease control and diagnosis.
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The Sonatas, except for 'French Somalia, are relatively well supplied with
Wis.24.3/4.10g4ShSkii LS&
veterinary materials either from bcal production or imports.
H. Reference data -- NO reference data is included.
I. Commtnts on principal sources
1. ?valuation -- Reliable information regarding animal diseases in Ethiopial,
Eritrea and French Samalia is sketchy. The most useful information in all sections of
this report are pemonal communicatons with FAO and ICA veterinarians who are now or
, ?
who have recently been in the country. Annual reports of the veterinary services in
the Somalia Protectorate and Somalia provide more detailed inforaation on subject:it.
4
in these areas.
2:- List of sources in order of importance.
? (1) Van Donlan, 14A. "Veterinary Medicine in Ethiopia.e Tijdechr. Diergenseskunie,
(Journal of Veterinary Medicine)* vol. 05, Utrecht. latulty of Veterinary
Medicine. June 1960. (Unclassified)
(2) United Mationss?Pood and Agriculture Organisation. Field Reports of
Veterinary Officers 1951-1954& Addis Ababa, 1954. (Unaseulified)
(3) Orood and Agriculture Organization/Office of International
Ipizootios. FAO/OIs Animal Walth Yearbook 1960, Ramo. 1941* (Unclassified).
(h) U.S. International Cooperation Administration. Airgram TOICA ?1062
ftLivestock Survey of Borena/Sidamoss Addis Ababa. 14 3, 1960.
(Unclassified)
(5) Personal communications. United Nations Food and Agriculture veterinarians.
Rome. 1961. (Unclassified)
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