VENEZUELA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120005-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2013
• Sequence Number: 5
• Content Type: REPORT

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t.144*.(k MmkaiLe.A.A-1$14.4.
B. Environmental factors
1. Topocrapby and climate
2. boeio.economic pattern
4. Nutrition
b. Food supply
c. Food sanitation, storage and technology . . 2
C. Diceases
2. Diseases o
Table of Contents
Venezuela
/5 37
2
2
a. Prevalent animal diseasea
(1) Foot.andiaeaae
()Anthrax
(3) Rabies
(4) Piroplasmosis
(5) Torsola
(6) Internal parasite
(7) Equine .tious anemia
? (8) Newcastle disease
b. Other important diseases
D. Veterinary medical organization and administration
1. Civilian
a. Organization
b. Legal controls
(1) Licensure
(2) Quarantine
(3) Inspection
c. Professional vete inary redical organizati
d. Veterinary research
- f.. Emergency medical services
2. Military veterinary services
E. Veterinary manpower
F. Veterinary facilities
3
3
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14
14
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
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0. Veterinary euppiie
H. Reference ?data
I. Comments on princir1 sources
I. Evaluation -
2. List of sour ord,a
gure Qaiotiou of Veterinary
Master ibiiograp1y
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9
9
9
10
Imes in Venezuela. 195B.
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NIS 37 ? Section 45
Venezuela
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A. Oeneral'
Although Venezuela haa a longer history of veterinary services than most othett
South American countries, little constructive progress has been made in the fields
of animal health protection or veterinary, public health.
. While considerable budget outlays for animal health and veterinary public health
projects have been approved periodically, the number of veterinarians in the country
is fir too small to provide effective-services. Furthermore, the organization,
supervision and conduct of service:0 are inefficient and wasteful. Continuity and
regular support for various veterinary programs are lacking, leading to deterioration
of occasional smell advances in animal health protection. Outside of the major
cities there is little interest in development of veterinary public health:or
veterinary sanitation programs. Aside from considerable interest on the part of
v cattle raisers in foot-and-mouth disease prevention, demand for regular supervised
veterinary animal health projects has not been developed.
Some effort has been made to establish provincial or regional diagnostic service
units but lack of materiel and financial support render these ineffective in
combatting Venezuela's numerous and merlon* animal diseases. Accurate information
on the extent and seriousness of animal diseaese is lacking. An obviously inefficient
veterinary organization is incapable of providing continuing reliable day to day
or year to year services.
Venezuela depended for many years on contact with French veterinary authorities
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?
al?.?
for advice regarding tb organizatio
CONFIDENTIAL
service* but tn recent years
hes requested some, technical ssLetance from the Food andAgriculture Organisation
5/ 2/
of the United t1ations.
TepograP47 and climate -- Host oZ Fenesueles ag
to livestockproducti lies in. the .
? centers. The movement
condition and eoseev
3 /
seldom ezerc
.conordc
individuals,
ket re
onion remote from population
in era loasin ieight and
.to dieeeses against
f,:aution te
generally independent minded
lth tc?hnol?g. A considercble'
proportion of livestock raisers operate in areas remote from readily
veternazy services and, cc equtl, have lo Oh
remedies for onimal ailments.- ?
Nutrition
b. Food supply --Veneuelahas, deficient in .prontion of meat end nilk
oven for he relatIvely low per capita c
impo
lovel where imports airy products are significantly reduced
being placed on increased production of animal prothiete through
tock, expanded extension services, price support, and land ref
supplement local supply.
ptio
p
s been fo
ction
mentation of such programa pset the plan
norsU
e I slow and e
on
hing a
Lt emphasis is
uction of bedin
but imple-
-VW
e.
itation, storage and technology teat sanitation end inspection
nate. grsz for n expanding notwork of upervis a htering
.2.
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fatilities have been deeioped but few of theft/ units are yet effectively operational.
The refrigeration chain from production to consumer ie incomplete in 1130t3t areae and
.
the retail distribution system ie often unsAnita?L W1/251
ry.
Diseases'
?
iseeste of ani
as wide a
livestock and other animals are affected by
diseases and parasites as arcthose of znoat other South
Arericen countries. Control of theae diseases is only
regression ti
A eons iderab
'areae beyond
carried out and
odic instances of epizootic or near epizootic proportion occurs.
art of the cattle population is maintained for extended per
essible vetertnary se
the not infrequent occurrence of
infectious disease() causes extennive rtality and morbidity',
a. Prevalent animal diseaees
(1) Poet-and-mouth disease -- Poot-and-mo th disease broke out in
v, seriously
0' and A, ha
to combat
' Venezuela
:affected
been Identified
- 1950 and cine that time periodic widespread occ
.13
n. Two
tigenitally if
the immuni
on programs. Ear
the disease throegh'purchaae of vaccine bread have been replaced throughdevelopment
of adequate local vaccine production. Periodic interruption
and distribttion along with ineffective supporting sanitary and quarantine policies
preclude effective contrnl of this dieease.. The disease exists in OoloMbia as welll,
and introduction from one Area to the other ?urn continuously as a retult of
unreetrieted movement of animals acmes a wide border area. The cellently equipped
laboratory of t
or Control of Afton*, connected with the facilities of
the Institute for Veterinary Investigations in Maracay (10-15, 67,-37 M), in addition
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, to producing vaccine by the Frenkel method is engaged
tiseue culture vaccine production technquee. &tcceas in this ondearvo
apit 2.8/ Esy
economical Ia es-scale.vaccine production.
Anthrgx in common aim& in gross where u ni
not prctie?d lessee are heavy.
produced locall
from anisls d.
ction, thus exposing an el
3) Rabies -- Both ea
in Venezuela.
by bats are
vi
common in cattle attempts
vaccine,
vaccination has not been
(4) ropiest=
vaccine for use
e rabiet a
population
alytic bovine rabies transdtt
either canine vaccination nor stray dog control
thout
21/
rried out. In . o
ave been made to
offers: considerable- pro
whore bat transmit
the diocese in bovine
2/12/212V
s.
because of economic 11
an blood pr*sito dtaacso
of cattletransmitted by a tick, ,Margaropos auptralis in Venezuela es from
debility n nnt.tve
mortality among
tick control through epra4rig or dipping is
toll, and remains one of the
2/ 191 1/
country..
0.
high. Since
the disease t up ly high
e a con
rtant p tic disea 6
(5) ??ola Toreola, the larvalseof the tly, Dermabaos
celled nuche in Venezuela, canisee
Lye hide and neat damage as it migrates and
through the skin. Secondary infection and other parasitic infes
wounds at the site merging larva cause abs
.addition to local terse
.o?in condit
extensive
CONFIIWAIAL
the
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?
(6) Internal parositee
stook, is probably the grfactor
These 'Infestations include e wide variety of para
to any great extent anywhere within the country.
placed as high as 40 percent
nit ary p act
production system cannot
these
veterinary cont
1./ af
(7) 10ine infectious anemia
major cause of losses amo
Valezue
? practical preventive measures hive been deiel
(8) Iewcastle,disease
development of the pltry uatry in Veneu
towards relit
nd poultry products are
outbreaks because
? b Other important diseases Ot
and eastern equine encephalo lities brc
-scale pc
P-
in young
aosaes in Venezuela.
Ba, most of which are not controfled
tiates of production 10ft have
01
o h
ck
diseace is considered the
t deal of recearth has been
'Idevoted to the study of this disease )*lieved to be caused by aor
71 lo/ 22/
disease hasseriously retarded
for ny- years. Recently the trend
on has made vaccination more practical
?
subject to frequent
mastitis.
Ll/
D* Veterinarymedical organizntt.ou end
a
a. Organi on Venezuela's tereo of 3
in state aervices, is far too small to coPe-
dieaee and veterinary public health, robleme.
,COIDIDEVTIAL
mal diseases a e Venezuelan
paat5ureUois and
erina
h t
largely employed
a a
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qouIDENTIATA
directly involved public health d .
coneiderable. attention in the orgsnieatio
jr empbaete on pet practice in larFe c et.
he flirectorati of t&veetock4 r he )(tnitry of
oeod of three Ufliozs: (1) Animal rodustry, ( ) Veterin
Investi or, (3) Animl Sanittton. Zech division le me up of a number ?
section e 1) therged with apecie repeneibilittee.
to this cent 4 ricultur naintaine
eupervisi
of local be
At the natlo
Agriculture,
h work. recdvee
practice
tic
a?l
e and liveetock sone of fieee, each 4th a n
rd which field ac
facilitie have been eetablished at a n
The major 1boratory, a
e operated.
6 fIeld subs
diagnostic
h and biol.osal pioduct1on headqiar.tcrs of the
Division of Veterinary irivestigatione. a lo4at
quarantine
The overall livestock dev.
-and !Liana
breakdown of expe
b. Legal controls
(1) Licen
Nave _dad Gencral e Venez
"411
OU
by a eec
m t
eion.
pme t prograxs bave received oonsiderthle
budget in reent years, but a tpocific
not availabl
A dogreei Doctor on.Ndio1na Veterinaria m th8
degrees from foreign veterina educe
d for licens
itutions. are reco .
Ouarantine n in required for. entry of animals,
?from fcroign co ti ddition, animals maybe quarantinedat ZwIaluaira
(1 36 N - 66-56 Cabello (1046 N 68,16 ) 8 71-37 'V
.6.
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,
?
Xnspeotton ath quarantine p?ta are
Colombia border into che.
an etto.rt
-) Inspection --
di5tribution are in effect.
blished a
on the
of foot d d nesse.
applying to tnpectiou and. su
e regi3.aU.ons are seldom,
enforced, partictlariy in rural *raaa. Veterinary products are im duty-free
las*
IlljaajW
under the Venezuela. Apt, but must be-approved by the thietz7 of
10/
Health and apeeificall
Vete
control over aemberahip ta not specifically
a s Virtu3l:4r
significance Ia conducted at the.institutode
Vrofession
(A*oceoion. de
organ
Veteri
aa*ciatton o
been establiehed but
The vork at this Institute
research,
io Vett.
11
oh of
Maracay.
cases particularly
high in caitber. however, recent reports indicate progreea is being
culture techniquefor culion of ses, pa
dieeose for arcjne production. With United Nations Food and igriculture
Organization techecal. aoiCtaxice ratherextensive tvdie have been made on the
mia. Clinctooica1 otudies
several years ago have grathally declined.and equient provided
ect of equine i
pro
ct has deteriorated.
studies e
stimulated by German imdgrant veterinarians,
are being conducted at the Vete nary Faculty of the -University in Csrac
21, 2/ PI 18/ 2.g/
(9.-05 - 69-50 W.
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Eme -g
services .At intervals: when faot..anduth disesee
ary units- are
nt of affected
becontee rampant the Department o;
rnobilied to conduct OASS -
or exposed stock. This pr?cedur
outbreaks of the disease occur t
laboratory units
Zveatig?tions at Maracay. Troo
es
k veterinti
on programs
is not (=duo
.or cmergecr.tOot4l8nd1
Vetorinaxy manpower ?
the tetol 36 veter
ervice. 0ne.hu-. red sixty eta
Iv less 30
public health
po8itionn. Fif
private practices
veterxiana are fu114
Pe
aec
roe
n a regular basis.
12/ 1.2/
tt he country.
small military veterinary unit
ding o equine diseases and ailments
rged with 1.he Institute ot Veterinary
in
ci
itary unite are frEqentir
zuelas 260 are employed in f
prinartans *re
LnarLnneno
Most of the 11 zonal agricultural s
ncntly assig
fu
state
igned in tiel4 duties, 20 in
Lees d 1.1.4 other
or laboratory activi
Fe
17 a
veterinarians
he remainder of the field foree Ic despatc
ing to requirements as they occur. The sntj0 of veterinarians
tion is very low by European or No
similarly to that f other
American standards
U/W
can cows
.8.
CONFIDENTIAL
?stock
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about 20
?
ry facult
30. students ?
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traL of Venezuela* Mame ednoateE
and 3OS ddi onal training
12/
Institute for Veterinary Itwatigation or abroad.
P. Veterinary facilitiee
The izietitnte of Veterinary eat ions at Mame y
? biological production, diag avrk
and supply stations have been *eteblis
regions ovor the past ten
veterimry acilities a
G. Veterinarysupplies end
The fleparbent of Prod
the aajor part of Vcnesuelals eteririary biol
pharmaceuticals. A few
ugh agenotes
of .jfl57Investigatione ?ha?acnired adequate Modern
h dise
ried out at the
h. Modest veterinary
on zonee
acilities for
gnostic
ore eceesaible
in VOTIOZUOIS or ntattet thee
A section of e
eqpipmsnt for pr
used in consider.le volume.
fe ence data
Figure it
I. . Cornments on principal cources.?
1. Evaluation Meet of the co
? p
tiOne
.button nntte for their products'
nog in a variatr of products.
deals in gene
cific detail d of
a btiogical required and
LI
n Venezuela,9 8.
vai1able on veterinary subjects
se incidence, investigationa.
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procedures and veterinary field /Jetty es are 1ackirgZnforination on tlie production
of veter1tiiry ale i fairly adequate.
List of so order Of imortanceL
(1) , Boletin del Thetito de ,Vaterineries (Th
of the Institute for Veterinary invcsttgtion4. Various issues.
Division de Investigationei Veterinavia5, M.riieterio de Agriculture
MereceY. -1952 -1955. (Unclassified)
(2) (Farm)c Various issues. Organo oicia1 de le51eda
Rural de Z Maracaibo. 19574958. (Unclassified
and Agriculture Organisation. flport of the iter
e uc on. geld in Lo o
1960. (Uncles
Ti
(5)
r-iria.(Organ
Urentock).
o de Agriculture
f Aerie-
195'.
.0-
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Fip.ure 1: Organization of Veterinary Services in Venezuelas, 1958,
...11.0111.1.13...e.*E.114111
Ministry
of
Agriculture Livestock
11 Zone Offices
Direcclon de Oanaderia
[ (Directorate forLJ__:L_fejc)
'Maracaibo .
San Cristobal
Division d
Industria Animal
Division of Ani-
mal Industries)
1 Seccion de Fomen-
Lit? Lechero (Section
r--.or Dairy 'Develop-
nt)
I--
Division de Investigacion
es Veterinarias (Division
of Veterinary Investigan
tions)
Seccion de Fomento
de Ganado de Came
.ection for Live-
stock and Meat
,caracas
-----11-6rceiona -1
ecc_on de Foment?
Haulm (Section
for Equines
IST-JOion
Itros Ganaderos(Sec,
tion for Cattle ?
RPri.atrY)
luaa-a-2731-Erzia.
an-Pdo, e I 1 acion de Creditos
LePecuarics (SecUon
Credit Proprams
[Livestock De- '-?e-.32-67-a-6711ematozoar3os
. aiLopment) J J (Section for Blood Parar
! i sites)
i
-
Seccion de Investigaciones
Veterinarias (Section for
Veterinary Investigation)
I Oficina de Bacteriologia I
(Office of Bacteriolory)
Oficina de Virologia
d
i (Office of Virology)
1 Oficina de Control de
1 Productos Biologicos(0.1f-
lice of Biological Products
Oficina e lilagnostieo
Scrologico (Office of ,
Serological Diagnosis)
1 Oficina d6--FarasItologla
LSEL22_2f Parasitology)
1
Seccion de Avicul.,
' tUra (Section for
lkivatry
N.0,4
Seccion d-e OgEE--(ect-
ion for Chemistry)
Seccion de Produccion
(Section for Production)
itSeccion de Adminlstrativa
(Section for Administra-
, ticn)
Division de
Sanif.lad Animal
(Division of
Pnimal Health)
colon de Tuberc-
osis Brucelosis
SectionforTutere
osis& Brucelloso
fis).
Seccion de ,cntro
I e la Fiebre Aftasa
(Section for Con-
1 Itrol of Foot-and-
uth Disease
leccion de'Ecto
arasitos (Section
fOrFctoparasites)
Seccion a' me mn?
Sanitaria (Section
or Inspection and
ruerantine)
Source: 2/- .
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MASTER 131BLICOnAP RI
Venezuela
1. Merin, Frank, ed. Agriculture Abroad. vol. XIV, no. 6. Economics Division,
Department of Agriculture. Ottawa, Canada. December 1959. (Unclassified)
2. ? Orraniescion Administrative del Ministerio de Aericulturay Cria
(Orranieation and Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock).
Caracas. 1959. (Unclassified)
3. . Eoletin Manual de Estedistice (Bulletin of Mbnthly Statistics),
vol. XIX, nos.11/12. Ministerio de -Foment? Direccion General de Estadistica.
Caracas. NovembereDeeember 1959. (Dholaceified)
? Mamoriey Cuenta (Record and Census of the Ministry of Agriculture
and Livestock.) Mastro de Agriculture y Cria. Caracas. 1955. (Unclassified)
5. . La Industrie Oetadera on Venezuela (The Cattle Industry in Venezuela).
Minieterio (Declassified) '
6. . . 'La Industriaaanadera de Carne en Venezuela. Problems Economicos y
Perspectives. (The Cattle Moat Industry in Venezuela. Economie'Probletas and
Prospects.) Edioion del Ministerio de Agriculture y Cria. Caracas. 1958.
(Declassified) 4
7. . Boletin del Instito de Investiraciones Veterinerial (Bulletin of the
'Institute for Veterinary Investigation). Various issues. Division de Inresti-
gacianes Veterinerias, Ministerio de tericultura;y'Cria. Maracay. 1952-1955.
(Unclassified)
8. . Anemia Infeccioaa del Cabello (Equine Infection:eta:axle). Servicio
de Informacion Techia, Ministerio de Agriculture g Cris. Caracas. 1948.
(Unclassified)
9. . 'aortae Sobre las Labores Realizadas por el Instituto de Produccion
Animal Durant. el Periodo de eetiembre do 1955 a Diciembre de 1956. (Information
on theLelork of tho-Institute of Animal Iteduciion During the lerBi September 1955
- December 1956.) Universided Central de Venezuela, Facultades de kgronomie y
Medicine Veterinaria Instituto de Produccion. Maracay, 1957. (Unclassified)
10. , I. Revista de Medicine Vetcrinntia y Parasitologia (Review of Veterinary
larar-teand Parasitology). Various issues. Organ?. dela Facultad de Medicine
Veterinaria. Maracay. 1953-19574 (Undlansified)
11. . Cria del Cerdo (Livestock Extension Publications): Various issuee.
Ilinisterio de Aviculture y cries, Direccion de Oanaderia. Caracas. 1957-1959.
(Declassified)
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12,El Apricultor Venesolano (The Venezuela Agriculturalist). Various
Issues. AbaL-W-37761-11d-iti'M-ae Aerie:liturgy Cria. Caracas. 1956.
(Uhclaesifiod)
13: . Campo (Farm). Various issues. Organo Oficial do is Sociedad Rural
del Zuni. IRiFilbo. 1957-1958. (Declassified)
lh. Blood, Benjamin D. ',The Veterinary Medical Profe.sion in the Americas: Its Educational
Program." The journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. vol. 126,
no. 938. dlicago, Illinpis. May 1955. (UnclassifiA)
15. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Recent Developments Affecting
Livestock Production in the Americas. Remo. 1956. (Unclassified)
16. ? ? Venezuela Up-to...Date,. vol. X, no. 2. Embaasy of Venezuela, Information
Service. elachington, D. C. April-May 1960. (Unclarsificd)
17. . Venezuela Dre.to-Date. vol. I, no. 3. Embasey of Venezuela, Informaticn
Service. Vashington, D. C. Juee-July 1960.. (Unclassified)
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18. United.Nations# Food and Agriculture Organization. Ri of the Fourth FAO
Inter.American Meeting on Livestock Production. no ama ca#
Federation of West Indies 22 July . 1 August 1958. Rome. August 1958.
(Unclaeeified)
? 19. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organisation. Boort of the International
Meeting on Veterinary Education. Held in London, United Kingdom 25 to 30 April
1560. apse. APril 1960. (Unclassified) -
: .20. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organisation. ETAP Report No. 1223. Informs al
Gob/ern? di Venezuela Laboratoriosde Voterinaria Con Especial Referencia a la Anemia
re-T-3"1":-Mg-(5F-1,2ortteecoosaeCot Ooverament of Venezuela on Veterinary Labora-
tories with Special Reference to Equine Infectious Anemia). Rome. 1960. -
(Onclaseificd)
21. Vetted Nations, Food and Agriculture Organisation/Office of International Kpizootics.
FAQ/01E Animal Health Yearbook,1959. Rome. 1950.. (Unclassified)
22. United Nations, Food and Agriculture 4leganization. Production Yearbook 1959.
Rome. 1960. (Unclassified)
23. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. AGR 27.
"Venezuela: Land Settlement and Developments" Caracas. September 19, 1960.
(Unclassified)
21i U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. gm 33.
"Venezuela: Agricultural Situation." Caracas. October 15,1.960. (Unclassified)
,
25. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Report AOR 62.
"Venezuela: Agricultural ?nifty." Caracas. March 22, 1960. (Unclassified)
26. U.S. rovartment of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. MI5.
'Venezuela: Livestock." Caracas. August 27, 1960. (Unclassified)
27. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. AOR 43.
"Venezuela: Livestock." Caracas. Decembrr 28, 1959. (Unclassified)
?
28. U.S. Department of Agriculture: Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. AOR 189.
"Venezuela: Outbreak of Bovine Hydrophobia on Guajira Peninsula.* Caracas.
April 15, 1958. (Unclaarified)
29. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. AOR 25.
?Outbreaks, at Foot and NouthDiefase." Caracas. September 30, 1958. (Unclassified)
30. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural'Service Report NO. ma 38.
"Venezuela: Livestock.Ninag Plans National Census of Atrophic Rhinitis."
Caracas. December 18# 1959. (Unclassified)
31. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. Aug 167.
"Venezuela: Same Details of the Livestock Petolopment Program.* Caracus.
February 261 1958. (Unclassified)
32. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Report NO. AOR 45.
"Netibliehment of National Sanitary Stealards Concerning Slaughter, Processing,
Conservation, and Sale of Neat and Fish." Caracas. May 4, 1959. (Unclassified)
33. U.S. De.artment of Agriculture.. Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. AOR 11j7.
"Venezuela: New Animal puarantine Regulations." Caracas. Novetbir 28, 1956.
-(Unclassified)
T.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service Report No. ADR 144.
",Venezuela: New Quarantine Regulations for Meats." November 26, 1956. Caracas.
(Unclassified)
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35, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign tgriculturel Service Report Mb. FOR 17.
*Venezuela: Livestock and Meat?Increasing Interest in Slaughterhouse Operation
and Meat Packing.* Caracas. October 6, 1959. (Unclassified)
36. U.S. Department of AgricUlturei Foreign Agricuitural'Service Report No. NIR 181.
*Venezuela: Ministry of Agriculture Announces Program for Developzent of Net of
Slaughterhouses.* Caracas. April 2, 1958. ( Uncles s if ied )
37. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service 1epart NO. AOR 26.
*Venezuela: Livestock and Meat--Some Information on Mat Packers in Venezuela.*
Caracas. Septedber 17, 1960. (Unclassified)
38. Personal communication. United Nations Food and Arriculture Orranization
personnel. Washington, D. C. 1960. (Unclassified)
50X1.
39. . Pieles Y Cueros(Hides and Skins). Ministerio de Agriculture I Cria.
.
Caracas. 1956. (UncIaccified)
40. United Nations, Food and Arriculture Orranisation. Report of the First Meeting
of the Joint FAO/OI E Expert Pawl on Tick-Borne Dieeeses of Livestock, Held in
London, England 24 - 29 November 1953. Wis. 1959.- (Unclassified)
Iii. U.S. Deuartment of Commerce, (=ice of International Trade. *Veterinary Medicinal,
and Biologicals in Venesuela." World Trade in Commodities. vol. ill, Part 3,
No. h. Washington, D. C. January 1949. (Unclassified)
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North Korea
A. General
D
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115 4/ I SSee-Y-1-s"
North Korea's livestock production falls far short of providing animals ae,t6,3
for draft purposes or livestock products for human consumption. Since the
cessation of the Korean war there has been a considerable effort, abetted
by Chinese and Soviet technicians, to raise the level of production to prewar
levels. In addition to animal health control, management, and fodder crop
development, there has been a significant introduction of breeding animals
from Soviet areas. About half of thect
of Japanese trained veterinary
personnel, comprised mostly of persons trained for short terms at technical
level, in all of Korea remained in North Korea. With these technician level
personnel, Soviet and Chinese veterinary specialists assisted the North Korean
,Ngovernment in setting up formal veterinary training within the country as
well as providing fellowships for training in China and the USSR.
Although evidence of specific progress related to animal health control is
meager, it appears that North Korea has approached the level of progress reported
in South Korea. That is, the major epizootic diseases are relatively well
controlled, but parasitic diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and a few
of the diseases for which there are no effective immunizing agents still take
a considerable toll.
Veterinary p blic2 health and food sanitation standards are probably
no further advanced than those of other countries 'of that area. However, North
Korean customs and traditions are very much the same as those in other oriental
countries. Therefore, the practices of cooking foods well eliminates at least
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a part of the problems related to food-borne diseases and contaminated
2/ 4/ 5/ 8/ 11/ 13/ 14/ 15/
products.
B. Environmental factors
1. Topography and climate -- North Korea's topography and climate are
harsh impediments to effective livestock production. The terrain, available
for production of livestock fodder, is low in fertility, and the relatively
short growing season severely limits the quantity of feeds that can be
8/ 11/ 15/
stored for the long winter months.
2. Socio-economic pattern -- Although a great need exists for expanding
livestock, particularlTlfor draft purposes, little of the available land
resources can be taken out of food crop production to support great increases
in animal numbers. Small domestic animals exist in North Korea, principally
as scavengers, and there is little hope for significant increases in numbers
8/ 13/ 14/ 15/
over the prewar level.
3. Animal and plant life
(1) Mosquitoes --Calexzpipiens and C. tritaeniorhynchus are believed to
vector Japanese B encephalitis in Korea. Anopheles hyreanus var. sinensis is
a vector of Plasmodium vivax and Setaria digitata. Aedes koreicus is the most
common of this species.
(2) Flies -- Several species of culicoides have been noted but not
identified. Stomoxys calcitrans is common and believed to carry Setaria
labiatopapilosa, a filarial worm of cattle. Oestrus ovis is a common parasite
in Korean sheep. Other filth flies known in Korea are Musca domestica, M. vicina,
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Muscina stabuloris, Fannia canicularis, Calliphora erythrocephala, C. iiomitoria,
Lucitia sericate, and Sarcophaga spp.
(3) Lice
(4) Fleas -- The most common fleas in order of apparent numerical
occurrence are:
Xenopsylla cheopis
Monopsyllus anisus
Ctenopsyllus seguis
Ceratophyllus fasciatus
(5) Ticks and mites -- Only a few ticks are known in Korea.
Haemaphysalus bispinosa is quite common. Several Dermacentor spp. have been
reported. Trombicula spp. have been reported in Korea. Cimex lectularius
and C. hemipterus are common.
(6) Other arachnids and insect pests.
(7) Mollusks -- Several species of mollusks are the first intermediate
hosts of Paragonimus westermanii, which is ;videspreadAruKorewt :Limnaeaperva:
rirEheariteTmediate host of Fasciola hepatica, which is common in domestic
animals in Korea.
(8) Worms -- Paragonimus westermanii affect man and animals. Taenia
saginata is the most common human cestode in Korea. Taenia solium is seen
rarely. Strongyloides stercaralis has been reported frequently. Ascatid
lumbricoides is common in every region. Ancylostoma duodenale is found in
most parts of Korea. Setaria spp. are common in animals and Setaria digitata
is important in lumbar paralysis of goats and equines. Trichocephalus trichiurus
is common.
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(9) Reptiles
Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi (Mamushi)
Natrix vibakari ruthveni
(10) Rodents
Rattus norvegicus norvegicus
R. norvegicus hibernicus
2/ 4/ 9/ 10/ II/ 13/ 14/ 15/
4. Nuttition
a. Dietary level -- Koreans fondness for raw shellfish and fish,
one of the few uncooked types of food favored, leads to relatively high
incidence of paragonimiasis and clonorchiasis.
b. Food supply and distribution -- North Korean agriculture officials
report expected food crop production increases during the three year period
(1956-1958), ranging from 22.4 percent to more than 100 percent for some
crops over the 195331955 averages. Despite the "paper increases" in post-war
years, North Korea continues to depend on grain and other food imports to
satisfy domestic requirements. In respect to livestock, a considerable
effort has been made to increase production through expanded animal
4/ 13/ 14/ 15/
health control, breeding and management programs:- ?
c. Food sanitation, storage, technology -- Food sanitation and
inspection is primitive in North Korea compared with western standards.
Techniques for and supervision over production probably closely paralled those
of most other oriental cultures, which other than those in force in Japan,
would be consider0. unacceptable for insuring healthful distribution and
4/ 13/ 14/ 15/
marketing of food.
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,
C. Diseases
4.L.
2. Diseases of animals -- The animal disease problems of North Korea are
essentially the same as those of the Republic of Korea. Progress in over-
coming problems resulting from war disruption of animal health and animal
husbandry programs apparently parallels that of the Republic. The major efforts
have been, in both cases, control and elimination of the major epizootic
diseases and providing adequate feeds and fodder for a relatively fast
post-war expansion in livestock numbers.
(1) Distomiasis Trematode infestation throughout Korea has been
and remains one of the greatest sources of livestock production losses.
Because of the widespread dispersion of snails, the intermediate hosts, for ,
various flukes, the husbandry methods and the natural obstacles to snail
control, this disease will continue to be one of the chief causes of lowered
production for some time to come.
Fasciola hepatica is the most common fluke affecting Korean livestock
but Fasciola gigantica is not uncommon. Dicrocoelium lanceatrum has been
identified also. Eurytrema pancreaticum is quite frequently found in the
pancreatic ducts in sheep, goats and cattle.
(2) Hog cholera -- Hog cholera has, for many years, been a major
threat to Korea's pig production. After the war North Korea expanded
biological production and organized significant anti-epidemic measures.
According to North Korean official reports, losses as a result of vaccination
declined by 36 percent in 1956 in comparison to losses recorded in 1955.
p
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The standard vaccines employed in North Korea are the crystal violet type
and an aluminum hydroxide tissue vaccine, but there is some evidence that
the newer modifed attenuated vaccines have been used to a limited extent.
(3) Fowl plague -- Fowl plague is the most serious poultry disease
in Korea, and it may be complicated by the concurrent occurrence of Newcastle
disease. The emphasis placed on production of biologics to combat this
disease in comparison to that applied to other diseases is indicative of
its economic importance. Since immunity is relatively short-term and the
virus survives from season to season, this disease will continue to be a
limiting influence on poultry production in Korea for some time to come.
(4) Naemosporidiosis -- The specific blood protozoan parasites affecting
North Korean livestock are not known. However, babesiae, anaplasma, and
possibly other forms are known to be present. Babesiae cause huge losses
in cattle and horses. Native cattle are naturally premunized against
anaplasms and, consequently, losses from this parasitic disease are less
significant. Tick and other vector control are very difficult under Korean
husbandry conditions where animals are kept individually to a large extent.
Hence, these diseases will continue to take a heavy toll.
(5) Equine encephalitis -- Japanese B encephalitis is prevalent in
Korea and its affect on horses is serious. The virus is transmitted by
mosquitoes; birds and swine are reservoirs of the virus. Although death losses
in horses may not be great, infection often results in rather serieud
after effects. Cattle, sheep and goats are also affected. In swine the
disease may cause severe losses in young pigs and cause pregnant sows to abort.
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(6). Pasteurellosis -- The scope of pasteurellosis in Korea is
obscure. Certainly it is a significant disease entity, but the particular
pasteurellae species responsible for reported livestock lmssed is not known.
Inrcattle a composit strain formalizeddvaccine iseused extensively. Results
from attempts to immunize animals against multiple strains elsewhere have not
resulted in the success claimed in North Korea, and the claim for successful
prevention is further tempered by statements that imMutity:Asc,dt.thott
duration and effective inlonly 50 to 60 percent of vaccinates.
(7) Other diseases -- Sheep pox, anthrax, brucellosis, malignant
catarrhal fever, blackleg, leptodpirosis, rabies, and swine erysipelas, are
other important diseases in North Korea. Vatious parasitic infestations,
including mange, echinococcosis, filariasis and gastro-intestinal
nematodiasis, are also important.
2/ 4/ 11/ 12/ 13/ 14/ 15/
D. Medical organization and administration (Veterinary)
1. Civilian -- After the separation of North Korea, in 1953, the Korean
Labor Party (KNDR) organizedf,a network of Government Veterinary Services, an
Agricultural Institute with a Veterinary Faculty and Scientific Research
Veterinary Institute.
In 1956, reorganization took place and a Veterinary Administration was
formed in the Department of Agriculture. veterinary Branches were established
in each of the provinces. The Zooveterinary Institute was separated from the
Agricultural Institute. At the same time, the Agricultural Academy was
formed and three sections, (1) Vetetinary, (2) zootechnical, (3) feed
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procurement were formed under the Assistant Academy Director, a veterinarian/.
The Scientific Veterinary Institute is located at Wonsan and is composed
of six departments, and includes units for the production of 10 medical
sera, 14 vaccines and 12 diagnostic preparations.
A modern vetetinary laboratory was reported constructed in Pyongyang in
1955. Its functions and direction are not revealed.
Pharmaceuticals and antibiotics for veterinary use probably originate from
the chemical and fermentation plants located chiefly in Pyongyang.
(1 orth Korea, reports a vastmetwork of veterinary medical institutes and
anir&health stations at provincial and district level were established during
the Three-Year Plan. These units are credited with an important part;in the
reported elimination of several diseases, such as rinderpest, contagious
bovine pleuropneumonia and glanders.
b. Legal controls
(1) Licensure -- Virtually all of the veterinary trained personnel
1
in Korea at the outset of the war were trained at technical level (two years
was
or less) by the Japanese. At the end of the conflict there/an influx of
Soviet and Chinese veterinarians who assisted in the organization of veterinary
services and training. Presumably the training for qualified veterinarians
follows a five-year college course and the Soviet or Chinese advisors aided in
selection of the best qualified personnel with previous veterinary training
4/ 13/ 14/ 15/
for further work and qualification in the bloc countries.
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(2) Quarantine -- Quarantine regulations for import of livestock
4/ 13/ 14/ 15/
and livestock products exist, but details are not available.
(3) Inspection -- Little is known regarding specific aspects of
sanitary regulations and food inspection. The Central Sanitation Laboratory
of the Ministry of Public Health, located in Pyongyang, undoubtedly has a
4/ 13/ 14/ 15/
responsibility in this field.
c. Professional medical organization (Veterinary) -- No information
regarding vet6rinary professional organizations is available.
d. Medical research (Veterinary) -- Information relative to veterinary
research is meager and superficial. From the evidence available there is no
Indication of original research. The little work reported as research is
more in the nattre of investigation of indigenous diseases and application
of control methods developed elsewhere; in the Soviet Union, China or Japan.
Several laboratories for the study of animal diseases have been established
2/ 4/ 13/ 14/ 15/ 17/ 20/
In the post-war p-Oriod.
f. Emergency medical services (Veterinary) -- No specialized
veterinary medical emergency services are known to exist.
2. Military (Veterinary) -- No information regarding military veterinary
units is available. Such units undoubtedly exist to care for draft animals
utilized by the military services.
E. Medical manpower (Veterinary) -- Personnel engaged in animal health and
related activities with varying levels of technical training in prewar
Korea numbered approximately 2500. Most of these were trained by the Japanese
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4.
for approximately two years as technicians. About half of this number remained
in the Republic of Korea at the end of hostilities, and presumably the other
half remained in North Korea and are utilized in veterinary functions. Selected
individuals have received training by Chinese or Soviet advisors in the
country and some few have been sent to institutions in the Soviet bloc areas.
A veterinary school associated with the Agricultural College of Wonsan City was
established near the end of the war and, in 1955, the school was transferred as
the Veterinary College to Kanggye. The Veterinary Cbllege operates under
a five-year curricular system, apparently patterned after similar institutions
2/ 4/ 5/ 13/ 14/
in the Soviet bloc countries.
F. Veterinary facilities
In addition to the veterinary research, biological production and
education institutions, a network of veterinary hospitals reportedly exists
in every county of North Korea. These installations are designed to provide
care for sick animals and to serve as diagnostic stations. Reports indicate
laboratory equipment necessary for diagnostic procedures is lacking in many
4/ 11/ 13/ 14/ 15/ 17/ 18/ 20/
of them.
G. Veterinary medical supplies and materials
Production of a wide range of biologics to cure or prevent animal diseases
has been reported. Reports regarding the efficiency of animal disease control
are contradictory, but if the reported increases in livestock production are
valid considerable progress has been made in the control of infectious and
contagious diseases of animals.
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Antibiotics and pharmaceuticals are evidently available to the veterinary
services from industrial sources supplying medical services. However,
the use of such medicaments is limited for economic reasons and as a result
of the tendency toward preventive rather than curative medicine in respect
4/ 13/ 14/ 15/ 17/ 18/ 20/
to animals.
H. Reference data -- Not included in this report.
I. Comments on principal sources
1. Evaluation -- Current reports andlinformation on veterinary medical data
are very meager and fragmentary. In some cases, particularly in respect to
those emanating from North Korean political propaganda sources, references
are often conflicting and misleading. A number of excellent sources prepared
prior to World War II provide factual material on diseases, livestock conditions
related to environment and pests and parasites. Relating these to current
known conditions in the Republic of Korea, it is possible to judge reasonably
accurately,-the significance of animal disease problems currently confronting
the veterinary services.
2. List of sources (in order of importance)
(1) Sysoev, A. A. 1957. Veterinary science in the Korean People's
Democratic Republic. Trans. V1333. Veterinariia 34(4):83-86.
(2) U.S. Department of State. 1959. Animal diseases in South Korea.
Foreign Service Desp. 623. Seoul. 6 p. (Unclassified)
Kobayashi, H. 1945. Parasites and parasitic diseases of Korea.
Seoul. 21 p. (Unclassified)
(4) U. S. Joint Publications Research Service. 1958. Agriculture in
North Korea. JPRS 230. Washington, D. C. 25 p. (Unclassified)
(3)
(5)
U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. 1958. Agriculture in
North Korea. JPRS 757. Washington, D. C. 152 p. (Unclassified)
(6) U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. 1958. Agrarian reforms
in the Asiatic People's Dumocratic countries. JPRS/DC-376.
Washington, D. C. (Unclassified)
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