CEYLON

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80R01426R009800120004-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2013
• Sequence Number: 4
• Content Type: REPORT

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Table of Contents
Ceylon
1/5
ftt
A.
General
1
B.
knvironmental'actors affecting health
1
1.
Topography and climate
1
2.
Socio-economic pattern
1
4.
Nutrition
2
b. Food supply and distribution
2
c. Food sanitation, storage and technology
2
C.
Diseases
2
2.
Diseases of animals
2
a. Prevalent animal diseases
3
(1) Haemorrhagio septicemia
3
(2) Rabies
3
(3) Helminthiasis
4
(4) Foot-andomouth disease
4
(5) Brucellosis
4
(6) Blood protozoan infections
4
(7) Disease of young animals
5
(8) lbultr7 diseases
5
b. Other important diseases
5
D.
Veterinary organization and administration
5
1.
Civilian
5
a. Orranization
5
b. Legal control
6
(1) Licensure
6
(2) ruarantine
7
(3) inspection
7
c. Professional veturinory medical oil:animation
7
d. Veterinary research
7
f. Mcrrency vetnri.nary sErvioes
8
2.
Military veterinary organization
8
E.
Veterinary manpower
8
F.
Veterinary medical facilities
9
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Ein
0. Veterinary nedical 8wlies and matcrials 9
H. Vetrrimt7 reference data 10
I. Comments on principal sources 10
16 'Valuation 10
2. List of references (in order of Wortance) 10
Pleura is Organisation of Veterinary ierrriees. Ceylon,
Beet ,r Bibliography
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ms - Section h5
Ceylon
A. General
Livestock production occupies an unimportant place in Ceylon's economy. The
farm population is traditionally disinterested in animal raising and ignorant of
proper management or disease control measures. Veterinary services are under.
staffed, poorly organieed anicurrently incapable of coping with moat disease
problems. Religious prejudice among some segments of the population against the
destruction of sick animals is another factor responsible for the low standard of
animal health in Ceylon. Food sanitation and soonoses control are seriously .
hindered by a lack of cooperation between the veterinary and medical services.
Government authorities have recornised the need for development of an efficient
livestock industry and have repeatedly sought the advice of foreign technical
experts. lbwoVer, with the exception of recent improvement in poultry production,'
VW?..9/31..LIVEY
programs have,not progressed beyond the planning stage. . ?
B.
tel factors affecting health
1. Topography and climate -- Luxuriant growth of suitable forage crops, under
proper eanagement, can provide adequate fodder for efficient livestock production.
The hot,trOpical climate favors the raising of buffalo and indigenous herds of
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cattle end goats over the less cliamtically adaptable exotic breeds.
2.. Socio-economic pattern Lack of pastoral tradition among Ceylon's"
agricultural population is en important limiting factor in the development of
y
sound livestock production.
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Nttrition CONFIDENTIAL
b. Food =pay anl distribution -- The inability of Ceylon's livestock
and liciry industry to meet the demnnds for meat and dairy products; coupled with
an inadequate distribution eystem; loaves large parts of the population with a
substandard intake of animal proteins. Ceylon imports goats for slaughter purposes
as well as moat; eggs and dried ndlk to alleviate the shortage of locally-
produced animal supplies.
c. Food sanitation, storage and technology Food sanitation in CAA=
is; in general, inadequate. There is a lack of refrigeration facilities and
unhygienic Conditions prevail in the majority of slaughterhouses; dairies and food
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stores.
C. Diseases
2. Diseases of animals A number of serious animal diseases severely retard
the development of Ceylon's livestock industry. The veterinary services; under-
staffed and poorly organised, are incapable of coping effectively with most disease
problems. Unrestricted movenznt of diseased animat and the religions objection on
the part of certain segments -of the population to the destruction of animals for
any reason; are other factors hindering effective disease control. Government
veterinary authorities have recognized the importance of maintaining healthy live-
stock and have sought the assistance of foreign technical experts in the formulation
of disease control programs; few of these programs, however, have progressed beyond
the planning stage.
Ceylon presently is free from rinderpest; however, the importation of Goats
for slaughter purposes from India; whore rinderpeit is still widespread; presents
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a continuous poshibility of introducing the disease..
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'euNFIliENTIATs
a. Prevalent animal diseases
(1) Haemorrhagic septicemia -- Haemorrhagic septicemia is the most
significant diseaae;of cattle and buffalo in Ceylon. In 1955 and 1956 the disease
-
assumed enzootic proportions; since then the incidence hao declined, but basmorrhagic
septicemia is still a major factor in animal losses.
Recently, veterintry.authoritits have expressed. interest in the intensive bulk
,production of aerated broth culture haemorrhagic septicemia vaccine carried out in
several Southeast Asian countries.- Monomical.vaccine production by this method has
enabled many countries in this area to carry out mast immunisation programs. Ceylon
'could duplicate such programs with currently available technical personnel provided
necessary funds for field operations were appropriated.
Presentlyvvaccination is confined to valuable stock in government and certain
private herds, and to animals in areas of serious outbreaks. This poliey has little
influence on the course of the disease and periodic entootios can be expected
as immunity from natural infections declines and new susceptible cattle populations
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develop.
(2) Rabies -- Rehieein ensootio in Ceylon, the main reservoir being
numerous stray doge in both urban and. rural areal. Mbnkeys, jackals and mongoose -
are also significant uncontrolled reservoirs. '
Rabies causes an estimated average Of 100 human fatalities aznually. Aside
from the ColoMbo (0646H - 79-51E) Hemlth Department, which employs two veterinarians,
rabies control measures are carried out by medical officers and'health inspectors
under direction of the Deputy Director of Public Health Services. The Medical
Research Institute performs diagnostic work and produces vaccine for human post-
exposure treatment.
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Althoegh Goverment authorities are fully aware of the significance of the
disease, eradication or control are unlikely in the near future becaUse of lack
of cooperation between medical and veterinary services, the religious objection of
some parts of the population to the destruction of stray dogs and the inability to
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produce or obtain sufficient quantities of canine. rabies vaccine.
(3) Belminthiales Balminthiases are an omnipresent prebles in Ceylon.
?
Oastrcwintestinel infections es well as verminous bronchitis contribute to widespread
untbriftiness in livestock.
Cerebrospinal rianatodiagia, a mosquito borne Setaria spp, infection, invades the
central nervous system oisoats, cattle end boreal. Losses resulting froa paralysis
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are often severe. ,
'
(b) Foot-'and4auth dieaaae'... Too t4outh disease (types 0, A and C)
? ,-
is entpetie in Ceylon. The disease is .of relatively low virulence for buffalo and
'indigenous Cattle; however, European *tattle and tbei?aims are pore seriously
affected. Aside from the importation 'of vaccine for the protection of government
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and valuable private herd., little effort is made ,to centrel the disease.
(5) Brucellosis -- Bovine brucellosis is widespread in Ceylon. However,
no incidence figures are available except from the government herds which have a
reactor rate of about 20 percent. Control measures are confined to government and
some private farms where calfhood vaccination with "Strain 19" and segregation of
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reactors is practiced.
(6) Blood prototoan infections !tick borne aneplatmoais (A., marginal.),
ganderiosis lantana), and babesiosis (B. bigeraina), are coon among buffalo and
cattle in Ceylon. Native animals do not appear to be seriously affected; however,
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unthriftineen and stunted growth are frequent in cattle of the European breeds.
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caNFIDENTIAL
(7) Diseases of young animals -- Calf pneumonia, ealmonellosie,
colibacillosis and nutritional deficiencies frequently occur in young animals and
seriously hinder the development of Ceylon's livestock industry. Veterinary activities
involving nethode of treatment or development of demonstration programs for sanitary
handling of livestock, common in maw countries, have not been undertaken to any
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great extent in Ceylon.
(8) Peultry diseases -- Newcastle disease (Nsnikhet) is the most
significant of the diseases threatening Ceylon's expanding poultry industry.
Veterinary authorities are conducting an extensive eradication campaign, consinting
of free vaccination of young end adult birds and the dis:emination at publicity
regarding the nature and control of the disease.
Other importeat poultry diseases are leucosis, foe pax, foe plague, chronic
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respiratory dieease and pullorum disease.
t4 Other important diseases -- Cther important animal diseases in Ceylon
are anthrax, blackleg, bovine =Anis/ Johns 's diseases coccidiosis And
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ectoparasitiam.
D. Veterinary organisatien and adminiatrattma
1. Civilian
a. Omani:tett:3n The'Deptity Director of Animal Health and Production
is the principal veterinary authority in Ceylon. He directs the veterinary
dispensaries, the Government Veterinary Hospital and Government Heeearch
Laboratory at ftradeniya (07-06N - 8046E), the 22 artificial insemination centers,
. and also supervises thelrerandagolla (07-30N - 80-27E) poultry station, the dairy
at Uedwgoda (07-08N - 80-22E), as well as the seven government livestock
farms located throughout the country.
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The Deputy Director of Animal Health and Production reports to the Department
of Agriculture, which in turn is responsible to the Ministry of Agriculture and Food.
? The Faculty of Veterinark Science at Peradeniya, which provides professional
training for vvtorinarians, is a part of the autonomous University of Ceylon. The
Faculty maintains liaison with the Deputy Director of Animal Health and Production
and utilises the Government Veterinary Hospital for teaching purposes.
The Deputy Director for Public Health Services, among whose responsibilities are .
the direction of rabid's control measures and the supervision of food sanitation, has
one veterinarian on his staff. The Deputy Director is responsible to the Department ?
of Health which operates under the' Ministry of Health.
Mhnicipal Health Departmsnts in a few of the larger cities employ a veterinarian
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who is primarily concerned with inspection of meat and milk.
b. Legal control
. (1) *censure ?Graduation !ram an approved veterinary school in the
Commonmealth, the United States or the Philippines, is required for licensure as
a veterinirse surgeon..
A. license as veterinary practitiorier may be obtained upon providing proof of
having been engaged in the treatment of animals as principal seine of livelihood
for ten years immediately preceeding the date of application. Licensing authority
is vested in the Veterinary Council of Ceylon, consisting of the Deputy Director
of Animal Health and Production, three veterinarians (elected by the licensed
veterinarians), two members of the Senate of the University and two members of
Parliament.
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" CONPIDENTIAL
(2) Quarantine -- The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Orlinance, No. 25
? of 1909, amended IT the Contagious Diseases (tamale) (Amendnent) Act, no. 13 of
161
1957, contains provision governing the import of domestic and other *tamale.
(3) Inspectien acept in some major cities, such as Colombo,
Nen4 (07,e18N - 804384 and Galls (0642ff - 804.30, the inspection of neat and milk
is in the hands of medical officers and pnblic health inspectors who lack proper
training in thin field.
Many slaughterhouses operate without any inspection, resulting in the
indiscriminate slaughter of animals unfit for human consumption. Veterinary
aUthoritiee as well as foreign technical ansietanes experts have repeatedly urged .
the establighment of a National Meat Board to deal with the present unhygienic
conditions in slaughterhouses and meat markets.
:ith the possible, exception of the Colombo Central Dairy Plant, deleiee in
Ceylon fail to maintain adequate saniterY standards. The National Milk Board, .
.establighed in 19514, has dealt 'mainly with economic problems and has not given
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sufficient attention to the sanitary aspests of milk,productien.
o. Profersional veterinary medical organization -- The Ceylon Veterinary
Asaociaticn hag considerable influence on all phases of veterinary nedicine. The
Association has been particularly active in its drive to remove the Government
Veterinary Services from the, authority of the.Dcpartment of Agriculture by
estahliching a separate Veterinary Department directly under the Ministry of
Agriculture and Food.
d. Veterinary research -- There is no evidende of significant veterinary
research being conducted in Ceylon. Ctaff members of the Government Research
Laboratory and the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University are engaged in
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disease investigation, primarily dealing with halminthic and ,protosoan infections,
but perform little it any original research.
f. Ihergency veterinary services The Ceylonese veterinary eervicts lack
the manpower, equipment and laboratory facilitiei to cop. vith any majorestargendy.
3.9/.2.31
In case of a serious epizootic Ceylon would be dependent on outeide help.
2. Military veterinary organisation -- There is no evidence of sdlitary veterinary
activities in Ceylon.
E. Veterinary manpower
Ceylon's present (March 1960) veterinary manpower, consisting of 109 veterinary
surgeons and one veterinary practitioner, will have to be at least dotbled in order
to render adequate service. There ill little interest in veterinary medicine, despite
the fact that salaries for goverment veterinarians have been greatly improved within
the past years and despite the efforts of the Veterinary Association to induce
qualified men to enter the matession. ?
Approximately 80-voterinarians ate employed by the Government and some
municipalities, about 20 ars engaged in private practice, and 9 veterinarians are
instructors at the Facility of Veterinary Science. A force of 6040 lay .technicians.
assists the veterinarians Assigned to government veterinary dispensaries.
,Molt of the government veterinarians conduct a private practice aside from
their official duties.
The Faculty of Veterinary science at the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, offers
A four-year professional Course leading to the degree of EAchelor of Veterinary
- Samna* (p.mb.). The Faculty is capable of accommodating 20 new applicants each
year; however, only about 30 students are currently enrolled. The standards of
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- CONFIDENTIAL
veterinary education in Ceylon are similar to those in India and Pakistan, but
are Mot comparable to those in 'Ivan, the United States, or the ewe advanced
Ehropean countries.
F. Veterinary medioal facilities
There are approximately 30 veterincry dispensaries throughout the country.
Bach dispenealy is supervised by a government veterinary officer who provides
treatment for livestock and gives advice on matters of animal health and
management.
. .The Government maintains 22 artificial insemination centers, the Pain ones
being located at Peradeniya, regale (07-15N 80.224, and Jaffna (09-40N . 80.00E).
Diegnostic.work as well as disease investigation in conducted at the Government
Veterinary Research Laboratory in Peradenlya. The Laboratory also ;modems a
nuMber of vaccines and other biologicals.
The Government Veterinary Hospital at Peradeniya provides treatment for,
animals requiring hospitalisation or major surgery and furnishes clinical facilities
for the students of the Faculty of-Veterinary Science at the University of
ry 22/
Ceylon,
O. Veterinary medical supplien and materials
Aside from the bioloricals produced by the GoT;ernment Research Laboratory, Ceylon
imArts all of her veterinary medicaernte and materials, Great Britain, rest Germauay
arra. the United States being the main suppliers. The Government Research Laboratory
produces pulloram antigen and vaccines against =three, blackleg, brucellosis,
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calf pnemnonia, haemorrhagic septicemia, fowl pox, and Newcastle disease.
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R. Veterinary reference data -- Not included in this report..
I. Comments on principal sources
1. Evaluation ---lbe availablepublications and reports, while not always
' being sufficiently detailed, provided a reasonably accurate picture of Ceylon's
animal disease problems and veterinary activities. Sources 1 and 2 were useful for
mo sections of this report. Sources 3, 5 and 6 provided data on animal diseases
and source 4 contained information on veterinary facilities and organization of
veterinary services.
2. rapt of references (in order of importance)
The Ceylon Veterinary Journal. Various issues. Department
of Veterinary Science, University of Ceylon. Peradeniya. 1956-1960.
(Unclassified)
(2) . Ceylon Journal of Veterinary Science. Various issues.
Colombo. 19554957. (Unclassified)
(3) United Nations, Food. and Agriculture Organization. Report of the
Fourth Joint FIO/OIE Far East Meetir on Animal'Heelfh, Bald in
W331.1All Philippines 7-12 December 199. Rome. January 1960.
(Unclassified)
(4) Department of Agriculture, Ceylon. Administration Report of the
D.rector of Agriculture fat 1958. Peradenlyas August 1959.
(Unclassified)
(5) United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization/Office of International
Epizootics, FACOIE Animal Yearbook 1959. Rome. 1960. (Unclassified)
(6) Department of Igriculture, Ceylon. "Summaries of Outbreaks of
Scheduled Animal Disease within the Island of Ceylon." Various
summaries. January 1959 to Na1,1960. Office of the Chief Government
Veterinary Surgeon. Peredenlye. 19594960. (Unclassified)
. (7) Personal communications with Ceylonese veterinarians. Manila.
Decetbcr 1959. (Unclassified)
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Municipal
Councils
Municipal
Health Departments
Municipal
Veterinarians
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Sources 16, 20, 21, 22, 230 25
Figure la Organization of Veterinary Services, Ceylon,
Ministry
of
Health
Department
of
Health
Deputy Director
Public Health Services
I
Public Health
Veterinary Officer
J
Ministry
of
Agriculture and Food
Department
of
Agriculture
Deputy Director
Animal Health and
Production
E0m.ttkeinc....Eme..01,110
University
,of
Ceylon
?300:fbliceimszterikaas..a?
?
Faculty
of
Veterinary Science
???MMI c?VIN,.....1.????????.?? 10:Z???
?
Government
Government
Poultry Sta-
Veterinary
Artificial
Veterinary
tion.; Live-,
stock Ferms0
and Dairy
Dispensaries
Insemination
Centers
Research
Laboratory
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1
rme???????meenweensmeemi
Government
Veterinary
Hospital
Z.4=3.67.
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?
MAST HIBLIOAPH!
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Ceylon
1. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organisation/office of International Episootics,
FAO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook 2959. Rome. 1960. (Unclassified)
.2. Personal communications with Ceylonese veterinarians. Manila. December 1559.
(Unclassified)
3. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organisation.
Motif- on Vete Bducation Held in London Uni
rt of the International
I. United Mations, Food and Agriculture Organisation. Report of the Fourth joint
155901E Far East Meeting on Animal Health, Held in Manila, PhIlippines 7-12 December
. Rome. January 1960. (Unclassified)
5. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organisation. Report of the Meeting on
Haemorrhegio Septicaemia, Held in Manila, Philippines 30 Movelber - 5 December 1959.
Ione. January 1960. (Unclassified)
6. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organisation. CAP Report No. 1053. Pinot
to the Government of Ceylon on Livestock ProductilA with pecial Reference to t
Dairy Industry. Rome. 1959. (Unclassified)
7. United Nations, Foeand Agriculture Organisation. ITAP Report No. 867. ort
to the Government of Ceylon on the Colosbo Milk Scheme, Rome. 1958. ( ied)
8. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Orpanisations ITAP Report Mb. 736. !Apart,
to the Government of Ceylon on the Contra of Naemorrhagio Eaptioaemia. Rome.
1557, (Unclassified)
9. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organisation. RAP Report No. 317. Report
to the GoVernment of * -ban on the Control of Animal Diseases. Rams.
?ter tm a
10. United Nati:ne, Food and Agriculture Organisation. ETAP Report No. 255. -szt
to the Government of Ceylon on Poultry Productim. Reme. March 1954. (Unelif4ified)
11,, United Natilns, Food and Agriculture Organisation. ITAP Report No. 127. **Dort
to the Government of Ceylon on Animal Mtsbandry Problems. Rome. July 1953.
(Unclaesified)
12. Department of Agriculture, Ceylon. "Summaries of Outbreaks of NthedUled Animal
Disease within the Island of Ceylon." Various stmmaries. January 1959 to May 1960.
Office of the Chief 0cm-inn:anent Veterinary Surgeon. Peradeniya. 1959-1960.
(Unclassified)
13. U.S. Department of State. Foreign Service Despatch No. 1200. "Mew Price Control '
Order for Hatton." Colombo. May 22, 1958. (Unclassified)
14. U.S. Department of State. Foreign Service Despatch No. 1238. *Control of Deports
of Goats.* ColoWbo. May 21, 1958. (Official Use (64)
15.. U.S. Department of State. Foreign Service Despatch No.484. "Visit of Japanese
Livestock Mission." Colombo. November. 29, 1957.- (Uno1as7sified)
16, U.S. Department of State., Foreign Service Despatch No. 984.- "Amendments to the
Contagious Mimes (Animals) Ordinance." Co/Combo.- May 15, 1957., (Unclassified)
17.. U.S. Department a State.. Foreign Serviee Despatch No. 305., *Meat Processing
Cogpany Established.? Colembo., November 17, 1555.- (Unclassified)
18. U.S. International Cooperation Administration, Airgram TOILIA A 461.- "Antigens
for Brucellosis.v USGM/Coloibo., May 9, 1958, (Unclassified)
19.. U.S. International Cooperation Adminiatration., Airpram TO= A 350.- *Buffalo
Produetivity Project." USCM/oolonbo. March 5, 1957., (Unclassified)
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20. . The Ceylon Veterinary Journal. Various issues. Department Of
Veterinary Science, University of Ceylon. yeradeniya. 1956-1960. (Unclassified)
21. '_ . Ceylon Journal of Veterinary. Science. Various Jostles. Colombo.
1955-1957. (Unclassified) .
22. Depart:ent of Agricultur, Ceylon. Administration Report of the Director of ?
4 Agriculture for 1958. Peradeniya. August 1959. (Unclassified)
23. Kahawital_D.LJ. Administration Rer,ort of the Director. of Health Services for
20.2; Colombo. August 115d, (Unclassified)
24. .Department of Health, Ceylon. Health Topics.. Various issues. ColoAbo.
1955-1956. (Unclaf,sified)
25.Ceylon Yearbook, 1958. Deportment of Census and Statistics.' Colombo.
1959. 11;olassified)
26. Department at Census and Statistic?. Statistical Abstracts of Co:Apo, 1959.
Colombo. 1959. (Unclassified
27. Department of Census and Statistics, Ceylon. fmarterIf 'Bulletin Of Statisitics.
vol. X. no. 3. Colombo. September 1959. (Unclassified)
28. Ceylon. Customs Returns. No. 690. Colombo. Itay 1960. (Unclassified)
29. U.S. Department of Agriculture, roreign Agricultural Service. The Agriculture
of Ceylon. FAS...M-46. U.S. Government Printing Office, Weshington, D. C.
3anuar7 1959. (Unclassified)
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