BRIEFING NOTES ON THE DDI AND OSI/DD/S&T (JANUARY 1964)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80B01676R000500160051-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 50
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 18, 2004
• Sequence Number: 51
• Publication Date: February 12, 1964
• Content Type: MF

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1' February .1964
MEMORANDUM FOR: Executive Director-Comptroller
SUBJECT Briefing Notes on the DDI and
O8I/DD/ oT (January 1964)
1. The attached compilation of notes on various MDI
programs (supplemented by OSI) supersede the preliminary
write-ups provided as material suitable for use by Mr. McCone
in briefing the President on Agency activities.
2. We have arranged one copy in looseleaf form for the
Director's convenience. Except for perhaps {'!CI coverage,
which highlights the services provided to the White Rouse,
the notes may be found useful for other purposes without
change.
3. Under separate cover, I am forwarding a supplement
expad -ng on certain activities of NPIC and the ILLEC*1
Resseah program of ORR.
. r.
Attachments
1. Briefing Notes
2. Supplement (USC)
cc: D/DCI/NIPS
IADs
C/CGS
Distribution:
O&1 - Addse
1 - DDI Chrono
1 - PAB Chrono
ADDI/M/PABorel: tit(j
PAUL A. BOREL
Assistant Deputy Director
Intelligence/Management
ILLEGIB
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BRIEFING NOTES ON
THE INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORATE
AND OSI/DD/S&T
January 1964
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I. Functions of the Directorate of Intelligence
II. National Intelligence: The End Products
1. Early Warning, the NIC, and the CRITIC System
2. Current Intelligence
3. The National Estimate(s)
4. NPIC
5. Economic Analysis and ORR
7. S&T Analysis and OSI/DD/S&T
B. CGS
IV. Other Services
A. Info processing and OCR
B. Cartography and satellite mapping
C. Research in depth
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I. Functions and Products of the Directorate of
Intelligence
1. The Directorate of Intelligence is the Agency's arm for
the evaluation, analysis, and dissemination of all finished
intelligence at the national levell
It is
responsible for preparing, and getting into the right hands,
issuances in the fields of current intelligence, national estimates,
photographic interpretation, economic analysis,
and for conducting a number of
other supporting services essential to an adequate national
intelligence effort.
2. The Directorate's personnel engage in a wide variety of
ad hoc intelligence support to the White House, the NSC, and
other policy-making consumers -- in written form, participation
in task forces and committees, and in less formal ways.
3. The following brief notes are designed to present a
picture of the main functions of the Intelligence Directorate.
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STAT
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:L. Early Warning
The first line of intelligence defense of national security
is the earliest possible warning of impending trouble -- or
sudden opportunity. This requires not only the speediest possible
communications, but also the most systematic coverage of possible
sources of danger or opportunity, to make as sure as humans and
machines can that nothing is overlooked, that analytical skills
are brought to bear on evidence as rapidly as possible, and that
all offices of the government having responsibility for national
security matters are kept fully aware of impending developments,
and contribute to assessments of the meaning of these for the
nation.
2. The early warning functions of the DD/i are, of course,
implicit in a number of current intelligence and other issuances;
certain special mechanisms have, however, been established to
meet particular needs in this field -- the Critic system of rapid
communication and the National Indications Center (NIC).
3. Critic. As a result of difficulties encountered in
getting critical intelligence to Washington during the Turkish-
Syrian crisis in the fall of 1957, the Intelligence Community
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has devised a special handling and communications system for the
transmission of all critical intelligence to Washington. It has
been the goal of the Intelligence Community to get all informa-
tion that might need the immediate attention of the President
into the hands of responsible intelligence analysts within ten
minutes of the preparation of the original report anywhere in the
world. As a result of the operations of the Critic system, as the
special system is called, approximately 61% of such messages
transmitted during FY 1963 were actually received in Washington
in 10 minutes or less. Nearly all of the remaining 39% were
originated at reporting posts that do not have immediate access
to the main communications nets designed to provide this rapid
service. Despite the fears of scene of the founders, the Critic
System has rarely been misused for lower priority transmissions
and remains after 5 years of use a remarkably efficient high-
speed system.
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2. Current Intelligence: OCI
The President's Intelligence Checklist
The Bulletin
A. In fulfillment of its responsibilities for monitoring
developments throughout the world, and ensuring that the
President and other government officials are notified of critical
developments at once, the Agency has set up the Office of
Current Intelligence -- organized to receive the massive flow of
daily reports from all over the world on an all-source basis,
and to select significant matters from this flow for prompt
evaluation, analysis, and dissemination.
B. The President's Intelligence Checklist is this office's
most important product. The Checklist is prepared by a small
group of highly trained. intelligence officers who, of course,
have the assets of the entire office at their disposal in selecting
and analyzing reports which, in their judgment, warrant Presidential
attention. The Checklist -- to ensure that it is current -- is
held for printing until just before its morning delivery to the
White House.
C. A key element in the current intelligence operation
is the CIA Watch Office. This group of experienced men maintains
a clock-around. watch, monitoring incoming reports received by
courier, teletype, and telephone from all sources. It is
connected by secure communications lines with the White House
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and. with all other member departments and agencies of the
intelligence community. The Watch Office furnishes those
preparing the Checklist with pertinent information as it is
received. It also assists by consulting appropriate experts
and other agencies to obtain their evaluation of current
developments.
D. The chief of OCI early each morning briefs the Director
of Central Intelligence on new developments which occurred
overnight and. on changes in continuing important situations
such as Cuba and the Berlin access issue. As developments
warrant during the day, the OCI chief, of course, keeps the
DCI informed.
E. Apart from the Checklist, OCI produces daily and
weekly publications for a wider circle of recipients. The
Central Intelligence Bulletin is the publication for current
intelligence service to the National Security Council. It is
coordinated, to the degree that time permits in daily meetings
at CIA headquarters where drafts of proposed articles prepared
by CIA analysts are reviewed. in consultation with representatives
of the USIB agencies. The Current Intelligence Weekly Review is
a roundup of the week's important developments throughout the
world. Disseminated along with the Review are Special Reports,
articles which examine matters of great current interest in
greater depth. Both the daily Bulletin and the weekly Review
include material derived from communications intelligence and
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other highly sensitive sources. The office also prepared daily
and weekly publications based on less sensitive materials
for distribution to wider audiences.
F. Almost daily, the President's Checklist and some of
the other current publications generate requests for back-
ground information, additional facts, briefings or answers
to specific questions. The current intelligence staff is almost
continuously engaged in responding to such requests, usually
on short notice.
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3. National Intelligence Estimates
A. National Intelligence Estimates (NIE's) present the views
on the big questions of the Director of Central Intelligence and
his colleagues, the intelligence chiefs of the Departments and
Agencies who compose the United States Intelligence Board (USIB).
These estimates are brief documents, having as their essence
judgments about unknown or unknowable aspects of present situa-
tions and future trends. They are not detailed reports or factual
studies in depth. They seek to take up where hard and clear facts
leave off.
B. The subject matter of National Estimates is selective,
depending on national policy needs. It ranges from regular,
annual papers like the two on which the NSC was recently briefed --
"Soviet Bloc Air and Missile Defense Capabilities Through Mid-1967"
(NIE 11-3-63), and "Soviet Capabilities for Long Range Attack"
(NIE 11-8-63) -- to less technical problems which may or may not
receive annual consideration. Recent examples of the latter are
"The Malaysian-Indonesian Conflict" (NIE 5+/55-63), "Algeria"
(NIE 62-63), and "Problems and Prospects in Communist China"
(NIE 13-63).
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C. In a normal year, between fifty and eighty National
Intelligence Estimates are undertaken and approved by the USIB.
Most of them are scheduled well in advance in order to permit
adequate research, analysis, and coordination. When required,
however, special national estimates can be (and have been) called
for and completed in a matter of a few hours. Selection of
problems and procedures for preparing the estimates reflect the
following criteria:
(1) Subject matter is of practical interest
and importance to policy-making at the national
level. The schedule of projected NIE`s is cleared
quarterly with the White House staff and other
interested agencies.
(2) Subject matter is of the kind on which a
coordinated, national view is considered useful.
Many problems are more properly dealt with through
departmental intelligence issuances and procedures.
(3) Preparation of the estimate involves
contributions from all intelligence agencies having
a concern and a competence in the subject. The final
product, however, is the responsibility of the Director
of Central Intelligence. Where a significant difference
of opinion persists, however, it is not papered over
but defined in a footnote of dissent.
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D. The Director's executive agent for preparing NIE's is
the Board of National Estimates, a group now numbering twelve
senior officers of varied academic, legal, military or Foreign
Service experience. The Board is supported by a small staff of
professional estimators, which together with the Board, make up
the Office of National Estimates. The Office has been in
existence since 1950, when it was established by General Smith,
then DCI, and it has subsequently presided over preparation of
more than 700 National Intelligence Estimates. The Board is a
unique institution in that no other intelligence service in the
world maintains a body of high-level officers, relieved of
administrative concerns, whose professional lives are entirely
devoted to studying and trying to provide answers to the gut
questions of national security.
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4. The National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC)
I. Background and Mission
NPIC was established to serve as a single, national level center
for exploitation of photography acquired in the various reconnaissance
collection programs in support of the national intelligence effort.
The Center functions under the executive direction of CIA and is jointly
manned by CIA and DOD personnel.
Organized photographic intelligence activities have been in oper-
ation in the Agency for more than 10 years, and became big business
in the mid-fifties, with the receipt of large volumes of high altitude
photography. By 1958, the need of the entire US intelligence effort
for rapid study and interpretation of the large volume of photography
covering previously denied areas in the Soviet Bloc led to further
expansion of the Agency's photographic intelligence organization. It
was designated the CIA Photographic Intelligence Center, with elements
of Army, Navy and Air Force intelligence jointly participating. In
1961, by action of the President at the request of the DCI, and as a
result of earlier recommendations of the Joint Study Group on US
Intelligence Activities, the NPIC was formally established in its
present form.
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II. Activities and Accomplishments
Primary emphasis is placed on the immediate readout, analysis, and
reporting of reconnaissance photography. This first phase reporting is
accomplished on an around-the-clock basis, and covers priority national
intelligence objectives. Second and third phase photographic interpre-
tation follows in order to provide a complete index of the mission
coverage and detailed photographic analysis of targets of priority
national interest. In all these efforts, extensive use is made of col-
lateral information from other intelligence sources.
In addition, NPIC conducts a wide range of other photographic
intelligence services in support of the national intelligence effort,
including photographic laboratory services, preparation of briefing
boards and other graphic services, printing and publication of the highly
classified photographic interpretation reports prepared in the Center,
photographic measurement and photogrammetric support, maintenance of a
computer facility to support the photographic measurement program as
well as the document storage, retrieval and rapid printout of photographic
intelligence reports, and a complete range of collateral research and
library reference services. It is responsible for promoting an integrated
and interdepartmental effort in the exploitation of photography for
intelligence purposes, including the exchange of photographs and photo-
graphic data with other collection components in the intelligence community,
coordination of compatible codes, indexes, and mechanized systems for the
efficient recovery, collation, and collection of photographic data throughout
the intelligence community; and maintenance of a consolidated central file
of photographic data.
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NPIC is actively engaged in the technical development of specialized
equipment, techniques and materials primarily through R&D contractual
arrangements with commercial concerns, with the current level of active
These technical development
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programs are engaged in or sponsored jointly with the military services
and have resulted in significant savings for the US Government. In the
interests of economy, the Center provides information about its specialized
equipment to interested elements of the intelligence community for their
own use, and sponsors interagency exchanges of technical information of
this kind.
Beginning in the summer of 1956, photographic analysis began to
provide urgently needed information on foreign missile test sites,
production programs, the size and deployment of enemy military resources,
detailed studies on industrial production complexes, and other items of
priority national intelligence interest. As a result of the highly
valuable information being derived from photographic interpretation,
heavy emphasis has been placed on the development of new collection
programs which deliver to the Center mounting volumes of high quality
photography.
One of NPIC's most significant accomplishments was in connection
with the Cuban crisis. It was in NPIC that the original Soviet missile
threat in Cuba was discovered and the word first flashed to the Director
of Central Intelligence and the White House. The stepped-up reconnaissance
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program of Cuba., which continues today, had resulted by December 1963 in
of photographic inputs to the Center which were
rapidly analysed and photographic interpretation reports produced for
the daily consumption of US Government officials. For its outstanding
achievements during the Cuban Crisis NPIC was awarded a Presidential
Unit Citation by President Kennedy.
Throughout its history the Center has carried on an extensive
briefing program to provide the top echelon of US Government officials
with the latest information derived from the photographic interpretation
effort .
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5. Economic Intelligence and the Office of Research
and Reports
Underlying our efforts to learn the intentions and capabilities
must be a sophisticated
appreciation of foreign economies. Economic intelligence is
defined in CIA to include not only conventional economic subjects
but also certain military-economic questions of critical concern to
US national security, i.e., research, analysis, and estimates on
Soviet weapons production and deployment, systems costing, and
economic feasibility estimating.
Responsibility for economic intelligence, thus broadly
defined, is in the hands of the Office of Research and Reports
(ORR).
For a number of years, by agreement with the State Department,
ORR has been charged with primary responsibilities for intelligence
coverage on the Sino-Soviet Bloc, Free World matters being handled
principally by the Department. Nonetheless, a rising number of
requests for research on non-Bloc economic matters has forced ORR
to broaden its efforts.
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The functions of this Office fall generally into two main
categories -- support to national policy-making, and support to
Agency and Departmental operations.
A. Support to National Policy-Making
This function is carried out in ways best described through
examples:
Currently, our economic analysts are working very closely
with the military officers in the Defense Intelligence Agency on
re-evaluating the evidence with respect to the size and probable
effectiveness of the Soviet ground forces. We in CIA have under-
taken leadership on this project, at the request of Secretary
McNamara, and with the full cooperation of his staffs. The
results are reflected in the annual national intelligence estimate
on Soviet ground forces. The results are also used in the very
long-range projections of Soviet military forces (5 to 10 years)
which are conducted by the CIA/DIA Joint Analysis Group, which
the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence
established some time ago.
Both these methods of assessing present and future Soviet
military forces draw on the professional expertise available in
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the Pentagon, and also subject purely military judgments to
independent review of the evidence from all sources. In addition,
they apply tests of fiscal feasibility to all projections of
likely Soviet weapons systems: can the Soviets possibly afford
the military forces being projected, and if adopted, what other
Communist goals must suffer or fall by the wayside as a
consequence?
The last three years have also brought a sharp increase in
requests for special studies, in support of national policy
problems, in the more conventional economic intelligence fields.
Examples of ORR's work in this field in recent months include:
(1) A series of presentations to senior officials of the
White House, State and Defense Departments, on the growing problems
of resource allocation within the Soviet Union, Soviet gold
reserves, and the agricultural crisis.
(2) Participation in Mr. Sorensen's group concerned with
developing an Administration position on the question of US sales
of wheat to the USSR and the European Satellites. Our contribu-
tions covered an evaluation of Soviet and Satellite needs for
additional grain supplies.
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(3) An evaluation of current trends and future prospects
for the Cuban economy imiediately in the wake of Hurricane Flora
and in response to a White House request.
(4+) The preparation of a special report for the White House
Staff and Under Secretary Ball covering the USSR's need for trade
credits, to include an estimate of the internal impact of various
possible levels of credits on the Soviet economy, and on the
resultant impact on Bloc economic maneuverability in the Free
World.
(5) Spot requests freer high level policymakers, and
occasionally from Committees of Congress through the Executive
Branch, recently led to quick studies on the economic effects on
and a response to Chairman Vinson's request for an
evaluation of the use and abuse by Soviet trawlers of the right of
"innocent passage" through US territorial waters.
(6) The representative of CIA who meets daily with the
White House Staff not only feeds in reports and information
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relevant to current policy considerations, but also carries back
requests requiring special study. For example, as the crisis
developed on the Sino-Indian border last fall there were a number
of critical questions troubling the White House Staff which called
for research by our Economic Office. These involved, for example,
the question of China's logistic capabilities on India's northern
borders; possible impact of a Sino-Soviet war on the economy of
the two countries; and, the extent of China's dependence on the
USSR for its vital petroleum supplies. Because these concerns
were raised promptly by the White House Staff, we were able to
complete our studies on these questions in time to present them
to Governor Harriman and members of his delegation before they
departed for New Delhi.
Requests for
nature come primarily from
economic intelligence
the Departments of State and Commerce
Economic defense support is given on virtually a daily basis
to the operating offices charged with carrying out export control
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programs against the Soviet Bloc, Ca munist China, and Cuba. Such
support includes the identification of strategic machinery,
components, and materials of important military advanced tech-
nology significance; the evaluation of the impact on the Bloc of
denial of Free World products; the identification of Western
manufacturers or commercial firms engaged in supplying machinery,
components, and materials to Connnunist countries in contravention
of controls.
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,7. Scientific and Technical Analysis and the
fice of Scientific Intelligence
The post World War II scientific and technological revolu-
tion and the directly related development of advanced. weapons
have brought about a corresponding revolution in scientific in-
telligence. Almost totally new methods of technical collection
and analysis have now been added to the more convcntional intelli-
gence practices. While it is centralized. with other Agency
scientific and technical functions under the Deputy Directorate
for Science and Technology (DDS&T), the Office of Scientific
Intelligence performs the same functions in the fields of science
and technology as do DD/I components in the political and
economic spheres. The nature of OSI's intelligence function
is best described. by covering (a) scientific intelligence
objectives, (b) OSI organization and methods, and (c) the role
of external contracting.
Scientific Intelligence Objectives
Policy makers' demands in the S&T intelligence field center
on three primary areas. These are: (a) Soviet, Chinese
Communist and Cuban military capabilities with particular
reference to Soviet and Chinese nuclear delivery capabilities
and their development of new weapons systems; (b) critically
important scientific and technical developments in Communist
countries; and. (c) non-Communist Bloc nuclear energy, guided.
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missile and other advanced weapon systems research and development.
The office organization reflects these objectives directly; the
work plan has been geared to determining foreign progress in
these areas, and the results of OSI research support and have
supported national policy makers and. agency operations directly
over the years and. especially in the past year.
As examples, OSI, in support of the DD/S&T, the DD/i and.
the DCI, participated in numerous briefings of members of Congress
and the Executive Branch on the subject of Soviet nuclear
capabilities prior to the signing of the recent test ban agree-
ment. Office briefings and studies on the Soviet space program
have been an integral part of U.S. deliberations on the pace
and. goals of our own program. Studies over the past year on
Soviet hydroacoustic research in support of their anti-submarine
warfare program have been of considerable importance to our
military planners in attempting to determine Soviet capabilities
to counter our Polaris fleet. The Assistant to the Secretary of
Defense for Nuclear Energy found the OSI study of Soviet nuclear
warheads for missiles to be of great value in preparing a special
briefing for the President. Office analyses on Soviet and.
Chinese Communist accomplishments in the basic and life sciences
gave our planners insight on Communist Bloc capabilities to
support the development of new advanced or "exotic" weapons.
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The overriding importance of OSI's intelligence objectives
are best explained by the fact that any nation's development
of advanced weapons must rest first on its capabilities in the
basic and applied sciences. OSI's research to meet these
objectives ranks with the most critical undertaken within CIA.
OSI Organization and Methods
To accomplish its intelligence objectives OSI is organized
on a dual basis. Three divisions are responsible for the analysis
and reporting of foreign military research and development in the
fields of atomic energy, chemical and biological warfare, guided
missiles and space, and defensive systems to include anti-
ballistic missile, air defense, and anti-submarine warfare
systems. Two divisions are responsible for foreign develop-
ments in the basic sciences and the life sciences. While the
demands of S&T intelligence consumers are greatest in the foreign
weapons research and development fields, their requests for
information on foreign basic science capabilities are numerous
for, to date, no nation without a sound, extensive and sophisticated
scientific base has been able to develop unilaterally weapons
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of mass destruction. The two office efforts are mutually
compatible if not absolutely essential to one another. The
inter-relations between the two research areas illustrate the
blending of traditional scientific intelligence operations with
those brought about by the post-World War II scientific revolution.
Office analysts working in the basic and. life sciences use
sources of information that are traditional or conventional.
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I re all utilized. In contrast, the divisions
following foreign military research and development are using
the new technical collection and analysis methods developed and
deployed in recent years.
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External Contracting
The scientific and technological explosion of the last
decade has placed the scientific intelligence analyst in a
difficult position; that of keeping up with the pace of develop-
ments in his field. and simultaneously doing a full-time intelligence
job. In. addition, the scientific revolution is no longer limited.
to the USSR and the leading Western nations.
C
makers must be kept informed of the S&T of the new countries
as well as the old. The number of professionals in OSI has
remained. about the same over the last decade. The Office has,
therefore, turned to external contractors to have many research
jobs done.
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8. The National Intelligence Survey and the Office of
Basic Intelligence
A. World War II involved painful experience with critical
gaps, frequent d.isagrement or duplication in basic, factual
information about foreign countries -- military geography,
transportation and. data on telecommunications, sociological,
political, economic, scientific, and military features. In
view of these deficiencies, one of the first National Security
Council Directives (NSCID No. 3 - 1948) established the National
Intelligence Survey (NIS) to provide coordinated, comprehensive
intelligence on the relatively unchanging characteristics of
foreign areas, world.wid.e. The USIB recently re-examined and.
brought up to date the NIS mission. Primary responsibility for
processing and publishing this series rests with CIA's Office of
Basic Intelligence (OBI).
B. The published NIS on each foreign country or area is a
digest which is comprehensive in scope and generally of the depth
of detail appropriate for high-level policy and planning purposes
(although, for example, circumstances at the time of the 1958
Lebanon landings made NIS a principal source for initial opera-
tional requirements for the forces in the Mediterranean). The
objective of the NIS is to be at hand when needed, rather than
being produced on a crisis or crash basis. The one-volume
General Survey is the primary NIS unit published. on an area.
This may be the entire NIS coverage for one of the smaller
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countries. For larger countries the General Survey is
selectively supplemented by other NIS units when appropriate
to provide the more extensive coverage required. by such topics
as Coasts & Landing Beaches, Ports & Naval Facilities, Characteristics
of the People, and Health & Sanitation. With initial world
coverage essentially completed, NIS emphasis is now on issuance
of updated revisions as rapidly as permitted by capabilities.
Scheduled BY 1965 production will put General Survey updating
for principal countries on a 2 to 3 year cycle.
C. Production of NIS utilizes the specialized know-how and
production capabilities of Government components not only in
the Intelligence Community and the services but such others as
Agriculture, Commerce, HEW, Interior, and Labor. Some 40 indi-
vidual components are involved in production of NIS topics
allocated according to their specialized fields, which process
provides basic building blocks for other forms of intelligence.
The published NIS is the top of a pyramid of detailed information
which remains in the hands of producing components and is available
for their specialized needs.
D. The programming and accomplishment of NIS coverage is
coordinated by the interagency NIS Committee, a USIB committee
whose members represent both the requirements and production
capabilities of the agencies. From the outset the DCI and CIA
have been responsible for management of the Program and. publi-
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cation of the NIS, and a number of CIA components contribute
portions of the content. OBI performs the coordinative and.
final review and processing of the materials.
E. More than 6,500 NIS units have been published to date,
an increasing proportion being in maintenance revisions. More
than 2,800,000 copies of these various units have been published.
In addition, to the dissemination of NIS units, stocks are main-
tained and are heavily drawn on when crises emerge. In addition
to these stocks and complete NIS held by a number of users,
master copies of all printed NIS content and. supporting maps and
other graphic materials are held in protected storage for
emergency reprinting at a remote plant which is under contingency
contract.
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1. The Collection Guidance Staff was organized to bring
the analyst and his needs together with the collector and his
abilities to meet those needs. It is organized according to the
three broad types of collection in the community: signals intelli-
gence, reconnaissance, and human sources. Having access to, and
detailed knowledge of, the working of the various collection
systems within these three gxo ups, the Collection Guidance Staff
is able to dissect information problems and assign the parts to
those assets best able to deal with them. Likewise, the Staff
can pass to the analyst accurate and complete inventories of
the kinds of collection that are at work or could be put to work
on the area or topic of prime concern to the analyst. The Staff
also supports the work of a number of USIB subcommittees, such
as COMOR, the SIGINT Committee, CCPC, and IPC, and in the case
of the USIB analysis committees, such as GMAIC, JAEIC and others,
the Staff can take their requirements and translate them into
terms that can be dealt with by the collection world.
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2. In order to carry out its functions around the clock
the Staff maintains an Operations Center whose Action Officers
are able to stimulate collection in the name of the Staff by any
of the collection assets the Staff deals with during normal duty
hours. This means that on any urgent overnight problem the
Action Officer is able to support the substantive intelligence
watch by tapping the communications facilities and the collec-
tion assets of the entire community to insure that all we need
to know about the development is available to the DCI promptly
and as completely as possible.
3. The Operations Center also has the mission of providing
for the Agency counterpart services to that provided the Secretary
of Defense by the National Military Command Center in the
Pentagon, and to the Secretary of State's Operations Center.
This means that the DCI will now have available to him in one
place current information on US forces, deployments, plans and
intentions, and the gist of diplomatic and military policy
decisions. As the scope of the Intelligence Community concerns
broaden beyond the Sino-Soviet Bloc with the end of a bi-polar
balance of forces, intelligence problems are more and more
affected by US military and diplomatic actions. It is essential,
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therefore, that intelligence judgments take into account this
impact and that the DCI have available to him the fullest informa-
tion on what we are doing so that he can understand the reactions
of the other side.
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IV. Other Services
In the complexities of the modern world, a US national
intelligence effort, if it is to provide sophisticated service of high
quality, must be something like an iceberg -- much of it lies
beneath the surface of the visible finished product. This is the case
with a number of activities in the Directorate of Intelligence which
are conducted in support of. Agency intelligence programs or, under
the "services of the common concern" clause, on behalf of the
intelligence community as a whole. The following paragraphs
describe the highlights of certain of these services.
A. Information Processing and the Office of Central Reference
Between the collection and production phases of the intelligence
cycle is information processing, which includes the receipt,
dissemination, exploitation, indexing, storage and retrieval of the
great volumes of data which must be sifted for relevance to intelligence
problems and policy support. Within CIA, responsibility for such
information processing, on an all-source basis, has been centralized
in the Office of Central Reference (OCR).
The combination of the "information explosion" and the need for
quick reaction to missile-age requirements for information support
constitutes a challenge to the information systems of the community.
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Intensive efforts to improve these systems are being made in
conjunction with computer developments, microminiaturization,
automatic language manipulation, and the like. OCR plays a central
role in such developmental efforts for the intelligence community, and
has provided, for example, the Chairman and Secretariat for the
US Intelligence Board's Committee on Documentation (CODIB), which
is charged, among other duties, with encouraging development of
compatible information systems within CIA, DOD, State, and other
USIB member agencies. The CODIB Staff for the Community
Information Processing Study (SLIPS), authorized by USIB, has
completed an intensive investigation of information processing in
the intelligence community and has submitted its Stage I Report to
CODIB. This community-supported study was undertaken with the
substantial administrative support of OCR and the over-all direction
of the AD/CR as Chairman of CODIB.
Machine and Document Control. OCR's document control
activities center in a Machine Division with its punch card, optical and
other equipment, and a Document Division, which provides quick
distribution of information of current interest, plus subject/area
indexing for subsequent retrieval of information. The Document Division
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also has the Agency's Top Secret Control responsibility and central
Top Secret document file, plus production responsibility for the
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The Libraries. The Agency's memory is in the CIA Library
and four specialized libraries, or registers, dealing with biographic,
graphic (motion pictures and ground photography), foreign installation
and special codeword (COMINT/TKH) data. The CIA Library contains
(1) microfilm copies of the raw information reports originating with
CIA, the Foreign Service, DOD, and other collectors, (2) finished
intelligence reports, and (3) a selected and constantly updated
collection of books, periodicals, newspapers and journals
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To keep pace with shifts in interests in industrial and foreign
installations information, OCR's 16 year old Industrial Register has
been reconstituted, reducing the staff from
persons, and the 25X1
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folders; these files will now include open source,
collateral and codeword information, to support more effectively
the COMOR and NPIC customers and such high priority production
efforts as the DIA/CIA Soviet mapping project, among others.
All-Source Document Files. The all-source foreign installations
files represent one specialized priority interest; on a broader
subject/area basis, the Special Register maintains machine control
over all the special channels codeword material received by CIA.
These documents are indexed in depth and microfilmed for subsequent
retrieval; card files on special materials number nearly 20 million
items.
Exploitation of Foreign Language Periodicals and Publications.
The Foreign Documents Division (FDD) of OCR reads foreign language
periodicals and publications from all parts of the world, and as a service
of common concern extracts information of priority interest from them,
in accordance with DCID 2/4. Its products are disseminated to
consumers within the intelligence community and also to other
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departments of the government.
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FDD receives a daily average of
publications, and scans
about ages a day in more than Ej languages. It meets
regularly with consumer offices to make sure that its output is
responsive to their specific requirements. Illustrative samples of its
products include weekly coverage of significant scientific and technical
developments in the Communist Bloc, as gleaned from Bloc literature;
daily reportage on international Communist activities reflected in
foreign press and periodicals; and daily reports on insurgency
and counterinsurgency activities in spe3ified areas.
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B. Cartographic Services
1. In CIA the preparation of maps plays a
significant role in intelligence production. Over
I
maps and charts a year are prepared. Of particular
note is the support given to the areas of geographic
and economic intelligence, scientific intelligence,
National Estimates, current intelligence, operations,
and basic intelligence. Cartographic support also is
given to the Department of State.
3. We also maintain a comprehensive Map Library,
which includes political, sociological, economic, and
topographic map
4. The major users of the Map Library include
the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of State,
and the Department of Defense.
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C. The Research Staff of the DD/I
1. CIA, in processing the volume of information
obtained by our government on foreign affairs, is
necessarily organized along functional and regional
lines. It must respond, however, to problems which
often ignore functional and regional lines. Hence, the
organization is in a continuing adjustment in order to
respond to a given problem as a whole.
2. The Research Staff was set up as an organiza-
tional adjustment to a difficult and fundamental problem
which required continuous and concentrated research over
a prolonged period of time in order to provide the'Agency
with the soundest substantive foundation for its daily
responses. The problem was Sino-Soviet relations. Because
of the importance of the problem and because of the
complexities and uncertainties inherent in it, particularly
in the early stages of the Sino-Soviet dispute when the
entire matter was obscured by the Communists' concern
to maintain appearances and. when there was no body of
hard evidence which could sustain analysis in competition
with speculation, we detailed a few experienced analysts
of Communist thought and practice as a Research Staff
to examine the problem in great depth, freeing them from
the responsibility for daily production to devote all of
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their time to painstaking analysis of the relation between
Moscow and Peiping. The result was a series of definitive
studies over a period of years which were indispensable
in keeping the Agency and our government on the right track
in interpreting the developing situation long before the
dispute erupted. into the open and became public property.
The research drew on the work of the entire organization of
the Agency but at the same time made independent analyses
from all of the primary sources available, including the
esoteric language of the two Communist parties in their
statements journals and newspapers.
3. The research Staff continues the study of
Sino-Soviet relations and related problems of Sino-
Soviet competition, as e.g., their competition for
influence in Cuba. It also works in the field. of Commu-
nist strategic doctrine, with emphasis on Soviet doctrine
as expressed in the interplay between military and
political leaders, and does studies on Chinese Commu-
nist affairs.
4. In addition to internal studies addressed to
critical current problems, the Research Staff assists
in a related kind of research study, viz, the recon-
struction in retrospect of a major development or crisis.
After the Cuban crisis of last fall, it was obviously
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important to go back and. reexamine all of the evidence
bearing on the Soviet decision and action in order to
arrive at as clear an understanding as possible of the
missile base venture from the Soviet point of view --
in other words, to assess the Russians' reasons for
thinking they could get away with it. Having examined the
evidence and drawn from the collaborative research of
the production offices, the Research Staff did a detailed
case study of Soviet policy in action.
5. Depending on the nature of the problem and
on the factors of security affecting our sources of
information, we believe that a small internal research
staff can do certain studies more effectively and more
economically than outside government consultants work-
ing on contract in a university or research institute. We
have analysts whose competence is certainly as great,
whose knowledge and experience for our purposes are
greater, and whose research and judgment are as dis-
passionate and objective as that of the specialist outside
the government. To do this kind of essential research
does require, however, that the Research Staff be
relatively free of the daily burden borne by the production
offices if it is to perform its service to them.
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