RELEASE OF INTELLIGENCE DOCUMENTS TO FEDERAL CONTRACT RESEARCH CENTERS (FCRCS)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80B01495R000600100014-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Document Release Date: July 11, 2005
• Sequence Number: 14
• Publication Date: March 13, 1974
• Content Type: MF

Approved For Release 2005/0 +IA D $QP01495R0OQf00100014-3
sF~
13 March 1974
MEMORANDUM FOR: Deputy Director for Intelligence
SUBJECT Release of Intelligence Documents
to Federal Contract Research Centers
(FCRCs)
1. This memorandum responds to your request
for information on the routine dissemination of
classified information to "Federal Contract Research
Centers." The question was put to the DCI by
Dr. George K. Tanha$", a vice-president and trustee
of the RAND Corporation. Attachment A is a short
biography on Dr. Tanharn
2. The term Federal Contract Research Centers
is jargon that was used primarily by the National
Science Foundation prior to November 1967 when
"Federally-Funded Research and Development Centers"
(FFRDCs) was substituted. Attachment B is an extract
from National Science Foundation survey listing the
FFRDCs for FY 1971-73. Attachment C is an extract
from a study of these institutions; it explains
briefly their history and organization and provides
a list of some 90 facilities that were funded by
the Federal Government for some sort of R&D purposes
between 1953-67.
3. The FFRDCs consist primarily of the
Department of Defense "think tanks," the AEC and
DoD labs and plants, the NASA labs, the NSC-funded
observatories, and a group of educationally oriented
research centers funded by HEW. Those that are
concerned with defense are difficult to categorize
without explicitly examining the current contracts
Approved For Release 20Q51071?, GJ4 80B01
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 Approved For Release 200011211T
i6. OB01495R000Ap0100014-3
SUBJECT: Release of Intelligence Documents to Federal
Contract Research Centers (FCRCs)
with the sponsoring organization. Some are pure
paper factories, some are pure materials facilities,
and some are a mixture or neither. They currently
include CNA, IDA, RAC, RAND, and MITRE. The current
list excludes some traditional facilities, for
example, Hudson Institute and the Logistics Manage-
ment Institute. The list is constantly changing.
4. We cannot establish the existence of
anything formally linking these federally-funded
institutions together other than the National
Science Foundation reports on federal expenditures
for research. We cannot confirm the existence of
any sort of trade association or other amalgamation
for coordination of their efforts, exchange of
information, or lobbying. There is, however, an anti-
FFRDC organization; the National Council of Professional
Service Firms in Free Enterprise is a Los Angeles-
based lobbying organization whose purpose is to
affect legislation governing procurement of
professional services by the Federal Government.
We have not been able to establish its membership.
5. Long existent and stringent USIB rules
govern the release of classified data to all
contractors. The rules do not distinguish between
the so-called FFRDC and a contractor; e.g., presumably
GE/TEMPO, that is in the business for profit. The
USIB rules, over time, have been strengthened, and
NSA and CIA have been among the leading advocates
of this strengthening. The DDO has been primarily
responsible for the CIA position in the USIB. The
rules implicitly prohibit the regular passage of
periodic intelligence to any contractor. Explicitly,
the contracting federal agency has total responsibility
for passing classified documents to a contractor. And,
the contracting agency must vet each document to make
sure that current contracts indeed require that the
contracting development center has the need to know
for the particular document. Contracting agency may
Approved For Release 2005/07122 :. CIA RDP8QB01495R000600100014-3
 Approved For RelejUe 2005/07122 : CIA-0 80B01495R0(00100014-3
SUBJECT: Release of Intelligence Documents to Federal
Contract Research Centers (FCRCs)
not release groups of documents--each must be
individually examined. There are a variety of
dissemination controls that prohibit release of
documents to contractors. These include, for State,
LIMDIS and EXDIS. Controlled Dissem was instituted
by CIA explicitly to prohibit release of information
to contractors. The contracting federal institution
has the responsibility of going to the originator
of the classified document if and when it seems
necessary for the contractor to have access to one
of these nonreleasable documents.
6. These rules seem reasonable. Many of the
so-called FFRDCs are changing their habits. MITRE,
for example, has been trying to sell its services to
the Government of Japan. The specific jobs that they
have contracted to do vary drastically over time.
The originator of the document cannot be reasonably
expected to know the specifics of every federal
contract for research and development. The respon-
sibility for release, consequently, must lie with
the contracting federal institution.
7. Reexamination of the rules does not seem
necessary, but should it be desired, it should
presumably occur in the USIB arena. Attachment D
is a compilation of USIB papers concerned with
release of documents to contractors.
25X1
Director, Central Reference Service
-3-
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 American Mcn and. Women of Science, 12th edition, 1973 - Social and .3eaavioral sciences
Approved For Release 2005/07/22: CIA-RDP80BO1495R09GB00100014-3
TANEJA, VII]AY SAGAR, b bidta, Sept 7, 31, m. 62; C 2. MATIIC1VIATICAL
3'f Al IF [ICS, 4'l':; I'[c;TICS. F.d,r: Pa;:j:Ji Uriv India, BA, 50, 52; Univ
M r LA, 0'4: M, iv Pf D(;tit i:;t), 66Pr~.t Exp: Leetr r,,ath, Dial:, Col,
st -t9; instr, Uni. 'Minn, 01rrLs, fig,-65; asst ivuf math shire[, N Max
Stan Ua;v, 66 70, ASS lt, PROF kl.> CH STAT]ST, WESTERN ILL UNIV,
70- :1'c ?i list ll h St tti;t; Opa.r: Itcs S.ic Am; Ain Statist Ann. Ito,:
:it:d.sti. al mice o nun; rime series an tl ais; operations res',:,rch. Publ:
C -aa,a, On tests of t: i. td :n a it -a'ly st itiunary time series, Univ C' nit,
8 ui;; : iiIi. A Rurteiil-.ue ilts. two zmctur.e ease, Prot Opris Res
Arun -ei Weird, '?167 cc-iu l;, Some acqu;-ntiat procedures for uwlliv.u-i ate
ra minor, and al,p*eace prohlenis, N Max State Uh:iv, 6/70, The coeD,;;Ituts
of c.;h X.' cost :? Fiboraeci C-..tart, 72 & Site;o sequential procedures for
end'. multtvariiiie normal ]x,nulal:a as, Aim List Statist Math, 'Iskyn,
3/73. Add: Dept 01 Mathematics, Wenern Illinois L'niverstt.y,
Macomb, It. 61455.
TANENILkUS, JOSEPH, b Binghamton, N Y, Feb 27, 24; m 50; c 4. POLIT-
ICAL SCILUCE, PUBLIC LAW. Educ: Cornell Univ, BA, 47, MA, 49, PhD
(govt), 53. Postdoctoral Fels & Grants: Soc Set Res Coun fels, N Y Univ,
55-58 & 61-62; Nat Set Found fel, Univ Iowa & State Univ N Y Stony Brook,
66-70; Soc Set Res Coun fel, Univ Iowa, 67. Prof Exp: Instr pout sci, Wel-
lesley Col, 51-52; instr, Wells Cot, 52-53; asst prof, N Y Unly, 53-57,
assoc prof, 57-63, prof, 63-65, asst dir insint res, Off Res Serv, 61-63;
prof polit set, Univ Towa, 65-69; chnin dept, State Univ N Y Stony Brook, 69-
72, PROF POUT SCI, STATE UNIV N Y STONY BROOK, 69- Concurrent
Pos: Vis assoc prof polit set, Vanderbilt Univ, 58-59; mem coup, Inter-Univ
Consortium Polit Res, 64-66, chum coup, 65-66; morn adv panel, Ent Encycl
Soc Set, 64-88; organizer, Sliataabaugh Conf Judicial Res, 67; mein ed bet,
Midwest J Polit Set, 68-69; meet adv bd, Law & Society Prog, Northwestern
Univ Law Sch, 70-; mem adv panel, Prog Polit Set, Nat Sol Found, 72-74.
Mil Serv: Ord C, USA, 44-46. Mem: Am Polit Set Asn (v pros, 71-72).
Res: Comparative constitutional courts; experimental political behavior.
Publ: Co-auto, American political science: a profile of a discipline, Ather-
ton, 64 & The development of American political science: from Burgess to
behavioralism, Allyn & Bacon, 67; co-ed, Frontiers of judicial research,
Wiley, 69; co-auth, The study of public law, Random House, 72; plus 25
others. Add: Dept of Political Science, State University of Now York at
Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11790.
TANG, ANTHONY MATTHEW, b Shanghai, China, May 6, 24; U S citizen;
in 46; c 6. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS.
Educ: Loyola Univ (La), BBA, 49; Vanderbilt Univ, PID(econ), 55. Postdoc-
toral Fels & Grants: Soc Sc! Res Court, fel, Univ Calif, Berkeley, 63-64.
Prof Exp: Instr econ, Vanderbilt Uttiv, 55-56, asst prof, 56-60, assoc prof,
60-63, dir grad prog econ develop, 61-63; vis prof agr econ, Univ Calif,
Berkeley, 63-64; vis prof econ, Chinese Univ Hung Kong, 66-68; chain dept
ecott, Vanderbilt Univ, 68-71, PROF ECON, VANDERBILT UNIV, 63-, DER
E ASIAN STUDIES PROG, 73- Concurrent Pos: Vis lectr econ, Osaka Univ,
59-60; adv, Am Econ Asn Adv Court to U S Bur Census, 60-63 & Am Econ
Policy & Adv Bet to Econ Insts, 63-68; ed, Southern Econ J, 63-66; mein ed
coup, Ant Agr Econ, 68-71. Meni: Ann Econ Asn; Ain Agr Econ Asn; Econo-
metric Soc. Res: Rural poverty in the United States; economics of educa-
tion and research; agricultural and economic development; theory and em-
pirical studies on Japan, China, Russia, and the United States. Pubt: Auth,
Economic development of the Southern Piedmont, 1860-1950: with special
reference to agriculture, Univ N C, 58; Economic development and changing
consequences of race discrimination in the south, J Farm Econ, 59; Educa-
tion and research in Japanese agricultural economic development, 1830-
1938, Econ Studies Quart, 63; contribr, Theory and design of economic de-
velopment, Johns Hopkins Univ, 66, Economic trends in communist China,
Aldine, 68 & Comparative agrarian systems in socialist and non-socialist
countries, Univ Wash, 70; plus 20 others. Add: 6728 Currywood Dr, Nash-
ville, TN 37205.
TANG, PETER SHENG-HAO, In Hofer, Anhwei, China, Apr 11, 19; m 57; c 3.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, POLITICAL SCIENCE. Educ: Nat Chengchi
Univ, China, All, 42; Columbia Univ, AM, 47, PhD(int refs & comp pout), 52.
Postdoctoral Fels & Grants: Soc Sci Res Coun grant, 59-60; Am Court
Learned Sees grants, 59-60 & 61-62; Am Phllos Soc grant, Latin Am, 68-
69; Fulbright scholar, Univ Bucharest, 70. Prof Exp: Attache, Chinese
Embassy, Moscow, 42-45; res assoc Asiatic studies, Univ Southern Calif,
52-53; res assoc, Far Eastern & Russian List, Univ Wash, 55-56; sr res
analyst, Res Proj, Georgetown Univ, 57-59; exec dir, Res Inst Sino-Soviet
Bloc, 59-62; vis prof hist, Ind Univ, 62; PROF POLIT SCI, BOSTON COL,
62- Concurrent Pos: Lectr, Georgetown Univ, 57-59, adj prof, 59-62; dir,
Res List Sinu-Soviet Bloc, 62-; assoc, East Asian Res Ctr, Harvard Univ,
71- & lectr coon; extended courses, 72- Mem: Am Polit Set Asn; Asn
Advan Slavic Studies; Asn Asian Studies; Am Hist Asn; Acad Polit & Soc
Sc!. Res: Sino-Soviet relations; Communist ideology and movement; po-
litical, economic, social and cultural developments in various communist
countries; their leaderships, mutual relations and relations with develop-
ing nations and the West. Publ: Auth, Communist China today: domestic
and foreign policies, Praeger & Res that Sino-Soviet Bloc, 57 & 61;
Russian and Soviet policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia 1911-1931,
Duke Univ, 59; Communist China as a developmental model for under-
developed countries, 60, The Twenty-Second Congress of the Communist
Party of the Soviet Union and Moscow-Tirana-Peking relations, 62 & The
Chinese struggle against modern revisionism: theory and practice, 64,
Res Inst Sinu-Soviet Bloc; co-auth, Communist China: the domestic scene
1949-1967, Seton Hall Univ, 67; plus 58 others. Add: Dept of Political
Science, Boston College, Chestnut 11111, MA 02167.
TANGERMAN, MARGARETTA SACKVILLE, b Cleveland, Ohio, July 31, 02;
in 26. SOCIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY. Educ: Ind Univ, BA, 46; Univ Chicago,
Grace Abbot Mom fel, Commonwealth fel & MASW, 47. Prof Exp: Psychiat
consult & chief case work supvr, Lake County Ment Health Clin & Lake
County Dept Pub Welfare, 47-49; prof social work & head dept, Valparaiso
Univ, 49-72, dean of women, 49-58, EMER PROF SOCIAL WORK, VALPAR-
suit sn ci:tl work, Cantorbmi-y Pia.ce, Porter County Earn lly.S' rvlces Ind &
Luther;ut Family Seri NlorLirvest fed. Lion,: Am I'mi, ;'.::.-c Sci; Am
;sn
P a,.m.ncl e, c,uicl A ,,P.; Lm P-sli lion. Asn; Are. d ci 1 C c , , CO
IC'mutu Dean:; & Coucc-r; N.o at tclrl iVorkerr:; y ,.tt Cot t ter, 1 Work-
ers; h-hat Cut Family Refs; Nat 6,c Ge,l Aso. It r t :ial 1.r, 1bt. its;
ectucatt;tn for .moci ti t u'k; c un Iii ;. Pull: Aut l-t tr: i ri na? social
work curriculum, N it Asn S-1 S loaf Adniin, 66t ing the %velt"ale sor-
viees ni the c?mmur.tiy, Crr c- a 5`I: Sul ei vis . n i c't l ui of the
,r ed, P,.b Welfare IN In,;, 3' Pt OW, :rn -, a dean I t. J ti; tr tr' Guild
11: 11, 2/b4. Add: Dept of n,_t:,l l5 or:c, Valparais Jnivet ; ty, V ; .irtuso,
RI 46383.
TA\GRt, SANDRA SCIlVJAE2SZ, b Si Louis, Me, At:,g 27, 36: ci 62; c 1. SO-
CIAL PSYCHOLOGY, SOCLAL CHANGE & DEVEC,OPIotENT. Dine.: Univ
Calif, Berk:icy, BA, 61; Wager Stitt,! Univ, MA, 6I; Univ Slicn, Ann Arbor,
Na, Inst Ment Health & Pop Cuun this & P11D(soclil psychol), 69. Postdoc-
toral Fels & Grants: U S Dept Laiior res grant, Inst Social Res, Ann Arbor
& Rut; ors Univ, 69-72. Pt-if Enp: Res assoc psyehtat, Univ Tex South-
western Med Sch, 62-63; proj dir occup role innovation among cot women,
Inst Soc Res, Univ Mich, 67-68, lectr, Dept Psychol & Ctr Pop Planning,
68-69, proj dir occup role innovation among col women, Inst Sec Res, 69-
70; asst prof psychol, Douglass Col, Rutgers Univ, 70-71; ASST PROF PSY-
CLIOL RICHMOND COL (N Y), 71- Concurrent Pus: Nat consult, Come Oc-
cup Status Women, Nat Voc Guid Asn & Ant Personnel & Guid Asn, 70-
Mem: Ant Psychol Asn; Soc Psychol Study Social Issues; Fedn Ant Sol.. Res:
Sociol psychology of women; social change and action research, particularly
change in sex roles, population planning and national development; motiva-
tion and time perspectives; culture and personality. Pubt: Co-auth, A note
on self-concept as an insulator against delinquency, Am Sociol Rev, 65 &
Delinquency research and the self-concept variable, J Criminal Law, Crim-
hrol & Police Sci, 67; auth, Some lessons from successful family planning
programs, ht: Development dilemma, D C Heath, 70; Determinants of occu-
pational role-innovation among college women, 72 & co-ed, New perspec-
tives on women (entire issue), 72, J Social Issues; auth, Government poli-
cies affecting the status of woolen and fertility, J Suppl Abstr Serv, 72.
Add: Dept of Psychology, Richmond College, Div of Social Sciences, 130
Stuyvesant P1, Staten Island, NY 10301.
TANGRI, SHANTI SWAROOP, b Rawalpindi, India, Feb 1, 28; in 62. ECO-
NOMICS. Educ: Punjab, India, DSc, 48, MA, 49; Missouri, Columbia, 54;
Kansas, 54-55; California, Berkeley, PhD(econ), 61: Postdoctoral Fels &
Grants: Resources for Future-Wayne State Univ fel, summer 66. Prof
Exp: Lectr econ, Punjab, India, 50-53; Earhart Found tel, 56-57; assoc
soc set, California, Berkeley, 57-58; faculty guest & Ford Found tel econ,
cir lnt affairs, Mass ]list Technol, 58-59; lectr econ & sec set, California,
Berkeley, 59-80; asst prof econ, San Francisco State Col, 60-61; Southern
Methodist, 61-63; assoc prof, Wayne State Univ, 63-70, fad res fel, sunt-
nrer 67; PROF ECON & CHMN DEPT, LIVINGSTON COL, RUTGERS UNIV,
70- Concurrent Pos: Consult, human refs area files, Yale, 56-57. Mem:
Ain Econ Asn; Asn Asian Studies, Res: Problems of urbanization, agricul-
tural development and population planning in underdeveloped countries;
theories and practice of development planning. Publ: Ed, Command versus
demand: systems for economic growth, 67 & co-ed, Capital accumulation
and economic development, 67; Heath; auth, Urbanization, political stability
and economic growth, lit: India's urban future, Univ California, 61. Add:
Dept of Economics, Livingston College, Rutgers University, New Bruns-
wick, NJ 08903.
TANIIAM, GEORGE KILPATRICK, b Englewood, N J, Feb 23, 22; m 66; c 7,
RESEARCH MANAGEMENT, POLITICAL SCIENCE. Educ: Princeton Univ,
BA, 43; Stanford Univ, MA, 47, PhD(polit Sc!), 51. Postdoctoral Fels &
Grants: Ford Found fel, Oxford Univ, 52-53; Soc Set Res Coun grant, Rand
Corp, 55-57. Prof Exp: Assoc prof hlst & master stud houses, Calif Inst
Technol, 47-55; mem staff soc set, Rand Corp, 55-58, dep to v'pres; 59-64;
assoc dir, AID, Saigon,-Vietnam, 64-65; dep to v press Rand Corp, 65-68;
spec asst to U S Ambassador, Bangkok, Thailand, 68-70; V PRES &
TRUSTEE, RAND CORP, 70- Concurrent Pos: Lectr, Nat War Col, U S
Army War Col, Air Univ, U S Naval War Col, Marine Corps Schs, Foreign
Serv Inet, Nat Defense Cot, Tokyo, Thai Army & Air Force Cols & Vietnam
Defense Col. U S rep, SEATO Expert Study Group Counter-Subversion,
Thailand, 61 & 89; mem bd dirs, Hill Sch, Va; mem bet dirs, Dun-Donnelley
Publ Corp, 72- Honors & Awards: Knight Comdr, Order of White Elephant,
Thailand, 70. Mil Serv: USA, 43-46, Capt; Silver Star & Oak Leaf Cluster,
Air Medal; Croix de Guerre. Mem: Inst Strategic Studies; Coun Foreign
Reis. Publ: Auth, Communist revolutionary warfare: the Vietminh in Indo-
china, 61, Communist revolutionary warfare: from the Vietminh to the Viet
Cong, 67 & War without guns: American civilians in rural Vietnam, 66,
Praeger; Contribution a l'histolre de is resistance beige, Univ Brussels,
71; co-auth, Some dilemmas of counterinsurgency, Foreign Affairs, 10/69;
auth, Some insurgency lessons from Southeast Asia, Orbis, fall 72. Add:
Rand Corporation, 2100 Ill St N W, Washington, DC 20037,
TANIGUCHI, IZUMI, b Stockton, Calif, Feb 3, 26; m 60; c 2,' INTERNA-
TIONAL ECONOMICS, RESOURCE ECONOMICS. Educ: Univ Houston,
DBA, 52, MBA, 54; Univ Tex, Austin, PhD(econ), 70. Prof Fxp: Statist
analyst, Anderson Clayton Co, 54-56; instr econ, Univ Houston, 56; asst
prof, Univ Me, 60-63; asst prof, Calif Slate Univ, Fresno, 63-70, ASSOC
PROF ECON & CHMN DEP'T', CALIF STATE UNtV, FRESNO, 70- Mil Serv:
Intel C, USA, 46-49. Mem: Am Econ Asn; Aso Evolutionary Econ; Asn
Asian Studies. Res: Japanese economic development; United States and
Japanese balance of payments; economic progress of etimic minorities in
the United States. Add: Dept of Economics, California State University,
Fresno, Shaw & Cedar Ave, Fresno, CA 93710.
TANNENBAUM, ABRAHAM JOSEPH, b New York, N Y, Jan 5, 24; m 61.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY. Educ: Brooklyn
Col, BA, 46; Columbia, MA, 48, PhD, 60. Postdoctoral Fels & Grants: Res
fel educ & psychol, Hebrew Univ, Israel, 68-69. Prof Sxp: Instr educ,
Brooklyn Col, 55-59; coordr educ for gifted, State Educ Dept, N Y, 59-60;
ing, 57-, del, White House Conf Aging, 61; mem, Ind Governor's Youth asst dean grad sell educ, Yeshiva, 60-61, assoc prof educ & assoc dean,
Coun, 58-64, del, White House Corti Children & Youth, 60; mem, Ind Gov- 61-65, coordr ethic, mobilization for youth proj, 62-65; assoc prof spec
ernor's Comn Status of Women, 63-, del, Nat Conf Governor's Coons educ, Teachers Col, /CooluSntbbii~a},, 6j5~-67, PROF SPEC EDUC, TEACHERS COL,
Status of WApppfi6t4t,k'!j*tFtj(rlis;`Q}f 4CiStatugAliN@+f./2 s-RDPft`'~`~4~7V000U~V10NSTRATIGN C1'R FOR
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 Federal 6gprt9 FIP lg ~e0r~5~ 7~ F~ft-~QP80B91 L95 e 8ra01f~00 p00 ed
Research and Development Centers (PFRDC's)
During World War II the Federal Government created a number
of special project laboratories (or greatly expanded existing small
laboratories) which were administered under contract with universities
and industrial firms. Some survived demobilization after the war, and
others were created in the ensuing years, including `several with con-
sortia of universities and specially formed not-for-profit corporations
as contractors (or parents). z (Historical, background on some of these
organizations is presented in Chapters II and III. )
In reporting annual expenditures of Federal R & D funds after
the war, inclusion of the funds going to these special project labo-
ratories (some of whose budgets were sizable) in the same categories
with their parent organizations tended to distort the allocation picture.
Particularly in the educational institution and other nonprofit organiza-
tion categories, the special project laboratory funds made up a
significant percentage of the total Federal funding. In the case of
universities, R & D traditionally has been performed within depart-
ments by faculty members and` graduate students. The undifferentiated
inclusion in the educational institution category of special project labo-
ratory funds, largely spent by university-related organizations but
outside the university departmental structure, thus presented a mis-
leading indication of Federal fund allocation. 3
When the National Science Foundation (NSF) initiated annual
reporting of Federal R & D funds in 1953, funds obligated to the special
project laboratories were segregated into a category which came to be
known as Federal Contract Research Centers. In NSF's 1967 report,
45 organizations were listed as meeting the following definition:
The term "parent" is used in this report to describe the organization
which contracts directly with the sponsoring Federal agency and which
administers the R & D performer.
3For example, R & D performed by the University of California would
have been increased by $240 million in fiscal year 1967 by inclusion of
the special project laboratories for which it acts as parent, Lawrence
Radiation Laboratory (Berkeley and Livermore, California),
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico, and Naval Biological
Laboratory in Oakland, California.
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 Appr(W,edc tctrl ?ieaZQ.0WQ7JgZ r PV . 94E)01#,9`$R 2l 19P 4t~ns
exclusively or substantially financed by the Federal
Government, which were established by the Federal
Governnent either to meet a particular research and
development need or, in some instances, to provide
major facilities at universi.ti.es for research and asso-
ciated training purposes. They are administered by
extramural organizations, as described above, through
contracts.4
In the intervening years, however, difficulties were experienced
in determining what organizations met the FCRC definition. The list
of FCRC's published by NSF (based on sponsoring agency designations)
lacked consistency from survey to survey. Questions .were raised not
only about the appropriateness of attempting to group such organiza-
tions, but also about the appropriateness of the term Federal Contract
Research Centers.
To overcome these problems, the Federal Council for Science
and Technology in November 1967 changed the name of the category to
Federally Funded Research and Development Centers and agreed on
more definitive criteria to be used by Federal agencies in identifying
such organizations. Survey forms used for collecting data for the 1968
report of Federal R & D funds (the report was not published as of this
writing) listed 73 organizations as FFRDC's, including 38 of the
45 organizations listed as FCRC's in 1967.5 Most of the organizations
added to the list were relatively small R & D centers in the educational
field funded by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
(See Appendix A for more details on FCRC's and FFRDC's. )
4U. S. National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research,
Development, and Other Scientific Activities, Fiscal Years 1966, 1967,
and 1968, Volume XVI, Surveys of Science Resources Series
(Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1967; NSF 67-19),
p. 82. The listing of FCRC's appeared on pp. 93-94. (See Appendix A,
this report, for details on the evolution of the FCRC definition.)
5U. S. National Science Foundation, "Master List of Federally Funded
Research and Development Centers (FFRDC's) (As of June 1, 1968)."
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APPENDIX A
BACKGROUND MATERIALS ON THE SELECTION OF
ORGANIZATIONS FOR TIIE STUDY PANEL
Additional background is presented here on the Federal Contract
Research Center concept and the newly adopted Federally Funded
Research and Development Center concept. In addition, more details
are provided on how the study selection criteria were developed to
identify organizations for inclusion in the study panel. Finally, exam-
ples are given of a variety of R & D organizations which failed in vary-
ing ways and degrees to meet the selection criteria.
Federal Contract Research Centers
As noted in Chapter I, the special project laboratories estab-
lished during and following World War IfI created problems of distortion
when the Federal Government began to report Federal R & D obligations
on a performer category basis.
Reporting began in 1953, when the National Science Foundation
published Volume I of its series popularly referred to as Federal Funds
for Science. Funds obligated to the special project laboratories were
segregated into a separate performer category, "research centers. "*
The next three volumes in the series did not report Federal R & D funds
by performer category. When such data reappeared in Volume V, the
following brief definition was given for research centers:
Research Centers may be.described as research and
development undertakings, exclusively or substantially
financed by the government, which in most instances
were originally established to meet a research and
development need of the Federal Government, and which
The research center category of performers was described at some
length in this document. U. S. National Science Foundation, Federal
Funds for Science; I, Federal Funds for Scientific Research and
Development at Nonprofit Institutions, 1950-1951 and 1951-1952
(Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1953), pp. 8-10.
The actual title of the series was modified in later issues (see the
following footnotes) but the popular title has been retained in
current usage.
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were administered by a private organization through
some kind of contractual management. The administra-
tion may be a profit organization as defined above, an
educational institution also defined above, or the admin-
istration of the center may be by some other group or
private organization. *
The term "research centers" was changed to "Federal Contract
Research Centers" in Volume X in 1961, but the accompanying definition
did not change appreciably in substance despite five revisions in word-
ing (in Volumes IX, X, XI, XII, and XV) until the appearance of
Volume XVI in 1967. In the latter volume, the phrase, ". . . to pro-
vide major facilities at universities for research and associated pur-
poses, " was added to the definition which then read as follows:
Federal Contract Research Centers, R & D organizations
exclusively or substantially financed by the Federal
Government, which were established by the Federal
Government either to meet a particular research and
development need or, in some instances, to provide
major facilities at universities for research and asso-
ciated training purposes. They are administered by
extramural organizations, as described above, through
contracts. ocd&lJ00600100014-3
National Science Foundation
Government Laboratories (University of Akron)
Included on the panel of 40 centers studied.
Source: U. S. National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research,
Development and other Scientific Activities (Volumes XII-XV)
and Federal Funds for Science (Volumes VI, X-XI).
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Comparisons of the Study Panel of Forty Organizations with the
Listings by the National Science Foundation of Federal
Contract Research Centers in 1967 and of Federally
Funded Research and Development Centers in 1968
Study study
1767 June '68 Panel Ina, e..-_ acs ..
Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission
Bettis National Laboratory
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Cambridge Electron Accelerator
Connecticut Aircraft Nuclear
Engineering Laboratory
Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory x x
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
(Berkeley)* x x
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
(Livermore)*
Human Resources Research Office x x x
Research Analysis Corporation x x x
x Department of the Navy
Applied Physics Laboratory
x (John. Hopkins) x
? x x
x Applied Physics Laboratory
Arctic Research Laboratory x
Center for Naval Analyses x x
Hudson Laboratory
Naval Biological Laboratory
Ordnance Research Laboratory
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory x It
Mound Laboratory x x
National Reactor Testing Station x x
Oak Ridge National Laboratory x x
Oak Ridge Associated Universities x x
Pacific Northwest Laboratory x x
Princeton-Pennsylvania Accelerator x x
Princeton Plasma Physics
Laboratory x x
Sandia Laboratory It x
Savannah River Laboratory x x
Standard Linear Accelerator Center x x
Hudson Institute x
Institute for Defense Analyses x
Logistics Management Institute
Aerospace Corporation
Analytic Services, Inc.
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Analysis Center x x
Francis Bitter National Magnet
Laboratory x
International Telephone and Tele-
graph Communication Systems x
Lincoln Laboratory x x x
MITRE Corporation x x x
Nuclear Aerospace Research
Facility
RAND Corporation
Department oC the Army
Mathematics Research Center x x
Center for Research in Social
Systems
Apollo Guidance Project x
Bellcomm, Inc.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory x
Space Radiation Effects Laboratory
Cerro Tololo Inter-American
Observatory** x
x
Kitt Peak National Observatory x x
National Center for Atmospheric
National Radio Astronomy
Observatory x x
Department of Health Education and Welfare***
(Office of Education)
Center for the Advanced Study of
Educational Administration
Center for Educational Policy
Research
Center for Research and Development
in Higher Education
Center for Research and Development
for Learning and Reeducation
Center for the Study of the Evaluation
of Instructional Programs
Center for the Study of Social Organi.
zation of Schools and the Learning
Process
Center for Urban Education
Central Atlantic Regional Educational
Laboratory
Central Midwestern Regional Educa-
tional Laboratory
Cooperative Educational Research
Laboratory, Inc.
Coordination Center for the National
Program in Early Childhood
Education
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Eastern Regional Institute for
Education
The Far West Laboratory for Educa-
tion Research and Development
Learning Research and Development
Center
Michigan-Ohio Regional Educational
Laboratory
Mid-Continent Regional Educational
Laboratory
Northwest Regional Educational
Laboratory
Policy Research Center
Regional Educational Laboratory for
the Carolinas and Virginia
Research for Better Schools, Inc.
Research and Development Center
in Educational Stimulation
Research and Development Center
in Teacher Education
Rocky Mountain Regional Educational
labors tory
South Central Regional Educational
Laboratory Corporation
Southeastern Educational Laboratory
Southwest Educational Development
Laboratory
Southwest Regional Educational
Laboratory
Southwestern Cooperative Educational
Laboratory
Stanford Center for Research and
Development in Teaching
Upper Midwest Regional Educational
Laboratory, Inc.
On NSF lists these laboratories are combined; they were
separated in this study because they constituted separate
organizational entities under the study selection criteria.
organization rather than a separate organizational entity.
Organizations engaged in educational R & D were excluded
from the study; see p. 240.
Under the study selection criteria, this observatory was con-
sidered to be a part of the Kitt Peak National Observatory
Sources: U. S. National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for
Research, Development, and Other Scientific Activities;
Fiscal Years 1966, 1967, and 1968, Volume XVI, Surveys of
Science Resources Series (Washington: U. S. Government
Printing Office, 1967, NSF 67-19); U. S. National Science
Foundation, ''Annual Survey of Federal Funds for Research,
Development, and Other Scientific Activities,
Instructions for Volume XVII, Fiscal Years 1967, 1968,
1969;11 and Chapter I, Table 1-3, this report.
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g ~ieng to e erm itself, questions were raised about whether
the words, Federal Contract Research Center, accurately described
the organizations included in the category. Federal can be interpreted
as modifying center, rather than contract, therefore signifying that the
organization is an in-house government establishment. Since FCRC's
were non-Federal establishments in all cases, this interpretation was
erroneous. Also, many of the FCRC's did not perform research in the
traditional meaning of the term as their prime function. Rather, they
were concerned with development, systems, and technical direction
functions, and the word research was not descriptive of the work they
did. Therefore, the FCRC term was not a precise label.
Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
In response to the definitional and terminology problems asso-
ciated with the FCRC category of R & D performers, the Federal
Council for Science and Technology in November 1967 changed the name
of the category to "Federally Funded Research and Development
Centers" (FFRDC's), agreed on criteria to be used by agencies in iden-
tifying FFRDC's, and adopted a tentative master list of FFRDC's to be
used for reporting purposes. >:5
The criteria adopted to identify FFRDC's were considerably
more detailed and specific than the 1967 FCRC definition. FFRDC's
were described thus in the survey form instructions for Volume XVII
of Federal Funds:
Federally funded research and development centers are
research-and-development-performing organizations
exclusively or substantially financed by the Federal
Government, which are supported by the Federal Govern-
ment either to meet a particular R & D objective or, in
some instances, to provide major facilities at universities
for research and associated training purposes. Each
center is administered by one of the. above extramural
performers.
Donald F. Hornig, "Memorandum to Members, Federal Council for
Science and Technology; Subject, Federally Funded Research and
Development Centers, " November 1, 1967.
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met by an institutional unit before it is included in the
Federally Funded Research and Development Centers
category: (1) its primary activities include one or more
of the following: basic research, applied research,
development, or management of research and develop-
ment (specifically excluded are organizations primarily
engaged in routine quality control and testing, routine
service activities, production, mapping and surveys, and
information dissemination); (2) it is a separate operational
unit within the parent organization or is organized as a
separately incorporated organization; (3) it performs actual
research and development or R & D management either
upon direct request of the Federal Government or under
a broad charter from the Federal Government, but in
either case under the direct monitor ship of the Federal
Government; (4) it receives its major financial support
(70% or more) from the Federal Government, usually
from one agency; (5) it has or is expected to have a long-
term relationship with its sponsoring agency (about five
years or more),` as evidenced by specific obligations
assumed by it and the agency; (6) most or all of its facili-
ties are owned or funded for in the contract with the
Federal Government; and (7) it has an average annual
budget (operating and capital equipment) of at least
$500,000.*
The master list of FFRDC's accompanying the survey form con-
tained 73 organizations. Of the 45 FCRC's listed by NSF in 1967, all
but seven were included on the FFRDC list. In addition to the
38 FCRC's that were included, the FFRDC list contained ten educational
R & D centers administered by universities and sponsored by the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW); 22 regional and
other educational laboratories or centers administered by other nonprofit
U. S. National Science Foundation, "Annual Survey of Federal Funds
for Research, Development, and Other Scientific Activities, Instruc-
tions for Volume XVII, Fiscal Years 1967, 1968, 1969, " p. 2. (As
of this writing, Volume XVII was not published.)
U. S. National Science Foundation, "Master List of Federally Funded
Research and Development Centers (FFRDC's) (As of June 1, 1968). "
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tit g, also sponsored by HEW; and three other organizations.
(See Exhibit A-II for a comparison of FCRC's and FFRDC's. )
As of this writing, the FFRDC term was not in general use, and
the Federal Government had acquired little experience operating under
the FFRDC concept as compared to the FCRC concept. The first use
in the Federal Funds series of the FFRDC concept will be in
Volume XVII.
Selection Criteria Developed for the Study
In view of past difficulties in applying the FCRC definition, one
of the first tasks of this study was to examine the nature of the organi-
zations classified as FCRC's and to develop more precise definitional
criteria for use in identifying a panel of organizations for study. (The
FFRDC criteria had not been developed at this point in the study.) Pre-
liminary definitional criteria were developed, and modifications were
made at intervals during the study as additional knowledge was gained.
From the initial literature review and early interviews with per-
sonnel in the Federal agencies sponsoring or otherwise concerned with
FCRC's, several common characteristics of FCRC's became apparent.
Most of the FCRC's were engaged in one or more of five functions:
basic research, applied research, development, systems analysis and
planning, and systems engineering and technical direction. (Definitions
of each of these functions were chosen and/or developed for the study
purposes; see Exhibit A-III. )
All of the FCRC's were non-Federal establishments. That is,
each was a private organization or a part of a larger private organiza-
tion, except those administered by state universities. The latter, of
course, were neither Federal organizations nor private since they
were part of state government organizations.
Each FCRC was administered by one of five types of organiza-
tions or "parents": a university; a consortium of universities; an
industrial, for-profit corporation; a not-for-profit corporation; or a
board of trustees (where the FCRC itself was a separately incorporated
not-for-profit corporation).
The employees of FCRC's were not under Civil Service, although
a relatively small number of Civil Service or military personnel were
assigned to certain of the FCRC's.
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Memorandum for Holders of
USIB-D-5. 1/12
8 October 1970
UNITED STATES INTELLIGENCE BOARD
MEMORANDUM FOR HOLDERS OF USIB-D-5. 1/12
SUBJECT
DCID No. 1/7, ''Controls for Dissemination and
Use of Intelligence and Intelligence Information"
REFERENCES :
a.
b.
USIB-D-5. 1 / 12, 16 September 1970
USIB -D-5. 1/14, 5 October 1970
I. On 5 October 1970 the Director of Central Intelligence with the
concurrence of the United States Intelligence Board (a.) approved the
subject DCID as circulated in the reference documents and (b. ) agreed to
.advise the intelligence community that (1) the control markings and
procedures specified for use under the provisions of DCID 1/7 are the
only ones to be used and (2) control markings and procedures not
authorized by DCID 1/7 should be replaced or changed when it is
practical and economical to do so.
2. Accordingly the Board's action under 1. (b.) above is circulated
herewith for the information and guidance of all concerned.
xecu ive ecre r
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25X1
 (A"
vLJiY1'l LJJ21V J . IlL
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2 April` 1970
UNITED STATES I N T .E L L I G E N C E
BOARD
MEMORANDUM FOR THE UNITED STATES INTELLIGENCE BOARD
SUBJECT USIB Policy Paper on Information
Release to Contractors
r'nr.INU.C.0 ? . a. USIB-D-71. 8/1, 20 March 1970
b. Memorandum for Holders of
USIB-D-39. 5/.19, 28 September 1967
1. On 2 April 1970 the United States Intelligence Board approved the
IHC recommendations in reference a. that:
a. The present memorandum on USIB Policy on Release of
Intelligence to Contractors (reference b.) be modified, by the addition of
footnote 5 to, para. 1. b:
b. Each USIB member organization modify pertinent instruc-
tions and directives to ensure that officers responsible for release of
documents to contractors remove source information as stipulated . in
footnote' 5 to para. 1. b. of the revised policy.
2. Accordingly the attached USIB approved revision of "USIB Policy
on.Release of Intelligence to Contractors" (which supersedes that contained
in reference b. dated 28 September 1967) is circulated for information and
appropriate implementation by USIB member agencies.
25X1
11A Y
Executive Sec re
Attachment
MAI
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
Q05'/t 1WjEFA'-WI . 01 dow?O6GI6001 -3
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 1' 11JIII IN Ii
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USIB-D-71. 8/2
2 April 1970
USIB Policy on Release
of Intelligence to Contractors 1/
1. In order that the member agencies may more effectively
discharge their. responsibilities, and without intent to limit such
broader authority or responsibility as any may now have under .law,
NSC directive, or special agreements among them, the United States
Intelligence Board is agreed that selected intelligence?/ may be made
available by recipient USIB members or their designated subordinates
to certain contractors without referral to the originating agency,
provided that: ,
1/ General policy is set forth in.DCID No. 1/7: Controls for Dissemi-
nation and Use of Intelli Intelligence and Intelligence Information (New Series),
approved 2 February 1967; see especially para. 6.
Z/ This directive deals solely with intelligence, which for purposes of
this directive, is defined as information reports and intelligence
produced and disseminated by CIA, INR/State, DIA, NSA, ACSI/
Army, Naval Intelligence Command, ACSI/Air Force, the AEC
and the military commands. This specifically excludes Foreign Service
reporting and communications intelligence. Permission to release
Foreign Service reporting must be obtained from the Department of
State,. and permission to release communications intelligence must
be obtained from its originator. Communications intelligence is
covered specifically by para. 3 of this directive, in that it bears
one or more codewords or special instructions which dictate
handling in special dissemination channels.
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Attachment
USIB-D-71. 812
2 April 1970
3/
a. Release shall be limited to private individuals (including
consultants) or organizations certified by the sponsoring
member of the United States Intelligence Board as being
under contract to the United States Government for the
purpose of performing classified services in support of
the mission of a member agency4/, his department or
service, as having a need-to-know, and as possessing the
required security clearances. .
b. The responsibility for ensuring that releases to contractors
are made pursuant to this policy statement shall rest with
the sponsoring member of the USIB (i. e. , the Chief of the
USIB intelligence component seeking release on his own
behalf or on behalf of a component within his department
or service) or his designee. 5/
c. The agency releasing the intelligence material shall
maintain a record of the material released and shall upon
request report such releases to the originating agency.
3/ Release is the visual, oral or physical disclosure of classified
intelligence material.
4/
Non-USIB Government components under contract to fulfill an
intelligence support role, may be treated as members of the
intelligence community rather than as contractors (NSCID No. 1
(New Series) footnote 2; USIB-D-39. 5/12,. para. 8. d. ; USIB-M-201,
para. 5). When so treated, it shall be solely for the specific
purposes agreed upon, and shall in no case include authority to dis-
seminate further the intelligence material made available, to them.
Releasing agencies are required to delete: a) the CIA seal,
b) the.. phrase "Directorate of Plans", and c) -the source description
from all _CIA/Clandestine Services reports passed to contractors,
unless prior approval to release such information is obtained
from CIA.
- 2
CONFIDENTIAL
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d. Intelligence material released to a contractor does
not become the property of the contractor and can
be withdrawn from him at any time. Upon expiration
of the contract, the releasing.: agency shall assure that
all intelligence materials released under authority of
this agreement and all other materials of any kind
incorporating data from such intelligence materials are
returned to the releasing agency for final disposition.
e. Contractors, receiving intelligence material will not release
the material (a) to any activity or individual of the contractor's
organization not directly engaged in providing services under
the contract, nor (b) to another contractor (including a sub-
contractor), government agency, private individual or
organization without the consent of the releasing agency
(which shall verify that the second contractor has a need-
to-know and meets security requirements).
f. Intelligence material will not be released to foreign nationals
whether or not they are also consultants, U. S. contractors
or employees of contractors, and regardless of the level of
their security clearance, except with the specific permission
of the originating agency.-
-Contractors shall be required to maintain such records as
will permit them to furnish on demand, the names of individuals
who have had access to intelligence materials in their custody.
h. Contractors may not reproduce any material released with-
out the express permission of the agency having contractual
responsibilities. All requirements for control and account-
ability for original documents as indicated above shall apply
equally to copies made.
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2 April 1970
2. The following intelligence materials shall not be released to
contractors:
a. National Intelligence Estimates (NIEs), Special
National Intelligence Estimates (SNIEs), and
National Intelligence Projections for Planning
(NIPPs) are not releasable and hence shall bear
the Controlled Dissem stamp. However, information
contained therein may be made available, without
identification as national intelligence, over the by-line
of the USIB member authorizing its release.
b. National Intelligence Survey (NIS) Section 56:
Intelligence, and Security, is not releasable and
hence shall bear the Controlled Dissem stamp.
3. The following intelligence materials shall not be released-to
contractors unless special permission has been obtained in writing
from the originator:
Materials which by reason of sensitivity of
content bear special markings, such as
Controlled Dissem, contained in DCID 1/7
(New Series) 2 Feb 67, or warnings which
prohibit dissemination to contractors, or
which are marked for handling in special
dissemination channels.
4. Questions concerning the implementation of this policy and these
procedures shall be referred for appropriate action to the USIB Intelligence
Information Handling Committee. ,
Corrected 9 April 1970
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