INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH FACILITIES AND TECHNIQUE VOLUME IV--ASSEMBLY OF DATA BY ANALYSTS FIRST REVISED EDITION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80B01139A000500190003-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 66
• Document Creation Date: December 20, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 5, 2003
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: February 25, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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BECK d
INTBLLIG NCE RESEARCH FACMITIES AND TECHNIQUES
'1ro'G~LI-
--Assembly of Data by Analysts
25x1A
25X1A
t
GROUP I
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
de classification
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Table of Contents
Page
Some differences between academic and intelligence research
in assembly of data . . . ? ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . l
The Analyst's inbox . . . ... 3
Analyst's control of the inbox. ? . . . ? 41 ? . . . . . . . ? 5
1. Eliminating items of little value . . ? . ? 0,0 ? ? 6
2. Handling of periodicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 7
3. Reviewing contents of files ? . . ? ? 7
4. Eliminating unnecessarily detailed data .., ? ? ? 9
5. Reducing screening time ? . ? ? . . . a 9
6. Having division or branch files . ? ? 10
7. Increasing reading speed. ? . . ... . . . ? . a . . . a . 10
B. Reading requirements . . . . . . . . ? ? ? ? ? ? . a 11
Co The role of OCR Document Division . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . ? ? . 15
1. Organization and functions. ? . . . . o . . . ? . . . . . 15
2. Screening documents ? ? . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? . ? 16
34 Routing documents ? ? . ? . ? ? ? . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 21
D. The role of OCR Cable Center. . a . . . . . . . . . . ? . 24
E. The role of other reading panels. . . ? . . 25.
III. The Use of libraries and librarians . . . a . . ? . ? 26
A. Reference librarian . . . . . . . 26
B. Bibliographies anperiodical indexes. ". ? ? . ? . ? . . 27.
Co Card catalogs . ? . . . . . . . ? . ? 32
D. Library stacks* . . ? ? . ? . . . . ? . . . . . . . ? . ? . . 36
E. CIA Library . . . . . ? .. . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . ? . 37
1. Intellofax listing. . . . . ? . ? . . . . . 'a ? ? a ? 37
2. Other intelligence sources. . a . . . . . . . a . . a
3
9
.
.
'4
No Data assembly procedures. ? . ? 0.0 ? ? a . . . a . ? . . ? ? a 4
A. Assembling in the analyst's office. . . . . . 44
B. Assembling outside the office. . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . 47
Co Note taking a . ? . ? . . . a . . . . . ? ? . ? a ? . 0 48,
1. Country and subject file headings. .,. . . . . . ? ? . 49
2. Source ? . . ? . a ? . ? . a ? ? . ? . ? a . a a . o , a 49
3. Classification. . a . a a ? ? . a ? . . . ? . ? . ? ? 53
4. Document evaluation a . . . ? . . ? ? . . . a ? . ? . ? ? 53
5? The text. a . . . . . . ? ? ? ? . . . a . a . . ? o ? ? 55
D. Use of maps and graphs for assembling data . . . . . . . 59
1. Use of maps o ? ? . . . . . a . ? . . . ? ? . ? . 0 . 0 60
2. . Use of graphs.... . a a . . ? . a . : a ? ? . ? ? ? ? . 61
T h e role of field trips . . . . . . ' .. . . . . . .. . . a 62
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Part D--Assembly' of Data by Analysts
I. Some Differences Between Academic and Intelligence Research in
Assembly of Data
There is perhaps less difference between academic and intelli-
gence research in the assembly of data than in most other aspects of re-
search. In both fields the researcher utilizes library card catalogs,
,compiles bibliographies, scans publications, and takes notes. In both
cases, the assembling of data frequently requires a greater proportion
of total time spent on a research project than does the actual writing
of the project.
There is one major difference, however: in intelligence re-
search a large part of the data assembled for a research project
is fed to the analyst through his inbox. In his.inbox the analyst
receives a constant flow of many types of current information received
by the Agency. The analyst is able to control the volume and content
of this flow through changing his reading requirements (discussed in
detail below). In some cases, the amount of material made available
* As used in this text the term assembly is defined as the act of gather-
ing information by the analyst, for possible use in finished intelligence.
It therefore excludes gathering of information by groups or organizations
whose primary mission is to gather information for use by others,, to
which the term collection is applied in this text. In job descriptions
the term collation is frequently used in place of the term assembly.
In this text the term collation is used principally in Part F, dealing
with, the analytical process, where it is defined according to its
dictionary meaning: the critical comparison of source materials.
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to the intelligence analyst through his inbox over a period of time is
so great that he may be unable to exploit all of it completely for
certain projects, and he may therefore be unable to go hunting for
additional material. Generally, U&vever, his data are not so voluminous,
and usual];, there are several important gaps in information which must
be filled either by searching. in repositories or submitting collection
requirements. The academic researcher usually has nothing to compare
with the intelligence analtiyst's inbox.
51ere is also a minor difference is assembly of data: 'the
academic researcher often takes notes in the form of abstracts or gists,
in part to help him avoid plagiarism. In intelligence research (except
perhaps in the field of political intelligence) it is usual3y important
that notes from sources be exact quotations and that excerpts (selected
sections), rather than abstracts or gists, be taken.
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II. The Analyst's Inbox
The analyst's inbox is the end of a long intelligence. informs-
tion supply line which has roots reaching throughout the world. "This supply.
line collects and transmits books, periodicals, pamphlets, pieces of equip-
ment, photographs, translations, and reports of visual observations and
of interviews. These materials, or reports derived from them, are channeled
into the Agency at several points. A large percentage of the material is
received in OCR/Document Division (OCR/DD), Analysis Branch, which routes it
to the analyst's office (in the case of ORR or the analyst's. division or.
branch in the case of 03I*). In ORB the Reading Panel routes documents re-
ceived from OCR/DD to the branch and even to the individual analyst. In
OSI, division and branch.reading panels route to the individual analyst.
Other organizations which receive materials and route them include OCR/DD
Cable Center, cables (see Part C of Text); OCR/LY Acquisitions Branch,
foreign and US publications (see Part B); and OCR/GM, photographs (see Part C).
The inbox greatly increases the intelligence analyst's effi-
ciency., since he would have to spend a great amount of time if he had
to go out to repositories and other facilities to: gather the information
* This system of routing documents differs greatly from that used in.
the Department of Defense. In Defense, newly received documents are
held for a period of time at a central point. ;Representatives from
individual portions of the organization review all of the documents
periodically, and mark the ones which they would like to have routed to
their organization.
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which is supplied with practically no effort on his part. The inbox
also provides him a means of building up his specialized files slowly
over a period of time.
The inbox presents one danger: it can easily become an end in itself.
Many analysts complain that they could spend their entire day reading the
material in their inboxes. In 1957, about 26 percent of the professional
man-hours in CHR and 08I were spend in intelligence maintenance, a
considerable part of which consisted of reading and processing material
in the inbox. The analyst's job is to produce finished intelligence
studies; yet in 1957 an average of only one-third of ORE and OBI man-
hours were devoted directly to project research. The inbox is of value
only if it contributes to this job rather than interferes with it.
This dilemma of many, analysts can usually be resolved only by reducing
the amount of material received in the inbox since there is little chance
that additional manpower will be provided to help with inbox and other
phases of research.
For a period of time the analyst can backlog his inbox being sure,
however, that items with further routing are sent on with a request for
their return; or he can simply permit material to go by without looking
at it. The latter device becomes necessary if the analyst is involved
for some time in a high prigrity job, because when the rush job is over
there is seldom time to catch up on a backlog. However, it is usually
necessary to continue reading at least some of the inbox even when high
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priority work is underway. One reason is that a considerable proportion o
the material passing through the inbox can never be recovered in any wary.
As indicated in Part C and below, much of it is not Intellofaxed. Some
of the remaining material is difficult to recover, such as material forR
which. only Source Cards are kept in the Library, and FBIS Dailies which,
after 3 months, would have to be read on microfilm reels.* In addition,
in some fields the analyst can quickly lose touch with his material
because of rapid developments.
A. , Analyst's Control of the Inbox
The type and amount of material received by the analyst in his
inbox is controlled by the content of his branch's reading requirements.
Most ORR and 081 branches have reading requirements on file with reading
panels at all levels, including those in the OCR/DD Dissemination Hand-
book, in the office (particularly in ORB), the division, branch, and
sometimes even in the section. Special reading requirements may be filed
with Cable Center, OCI reading panel, and CR. Each analyst should be
thoroughly familiar with the requirements of each of the reading panels
which supply information for his inbox, and should review them periodically
to assure himself that they are still current. In ORR, a periodic
(usually annual) review of ORR Reading Panel requirements is required;
however, the analyst should also review reading panel requirements under
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which OCR/DD, his division and his branch panels operate. In OSI,
the reading requirements for OCR/DD are also revised periodically.
1. Eliminating Items of Little Value
As a means of controlling his inbox the analyst might list,
for a week or longer, the items which he receives which are of little or
no value to his work. A generalized list should then be made up, and
ailing panel requirements at a3;. Le
is should be reviewed to determine
whether' r not they can be modified tQ eliminate these items. In some
cases, this can be done easily by stating that certain specified publica-
tions or subjects are not desired. Such changes should be fully coordinated
in the branch because an item of no value to one analyst may be a major
source for another analyst in the branch. In other cases, it might be
too difficult to eliminate certain items, and the analyst may have to
continue receiving them under his genejral requirements or run the risk
of missing important items. For example, a reading requirement of this
type might be too cumbersome for reading panels to follow successfully:
"Do not send any Order of Battle information, except
movements of BW units
or of units suspected of having
BW missions." Further details on writing of reading requirements are
given below.
In his review of inbox items which are of little or no
value to his work the analyst should be extremely critical. He may
discover, for example, that the New York Times provides relatively
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little current intelligence on his subject compared with the PBIS Daily,.
and that the hour or two a day devoted to the Times is not well spent,&
or, it may be advisable to have one member of the branch assigned to
reading items which have a low percentage of intelligence yield.
2. Handling of Periodicals
If certain unclassified periodicals are read primarily for
background and to retain or improve specialized competence, the analyst
might consider taking these periodicals home for reading at his leisure
rather than using office time which might better be devoted to reading
items directly related to research projects.
'Classified periodicals.. such as the OCI Current Intelligence
Weekly Summary and the Army ACSI Intelligence Review, occasionally
include articles of specific interest to the specialized analyst, but,
they are rarely useful as sources of intelligence information. It may
be possible to eliminate many of these from the inbox, since the articles
contained in them are indexed in the CIA, OCR Intelligence Publications
Index (IPI), S/NOFORN. If the analyst would like to see the viewpoints
of these periodicals on a particular research subject he can recover them
by use of the I. The IPI is described below.
3. Reviewing Contents of Files
When reviewing his reading panel requirements, the analyst
might also review the content of his files (as discussed in Part
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Annex I of this text). The analyst might not need to see some types
of information which are on file and are quickly recoverable in
specialized repositories, such as
trip reports, and 25X1 B
biographic information. In addition, some subjects at the margins of the
analyst's field may be the center of some other branch's interest and
might be dropped. For example, power consumption for aluminum production
may be at the margins of the field of non-ferrous metals production, but
it might be at the center of interest in the electric power section. In
such a case the analyst can assure himself that the subject is being dealt
with adequately by the other section and he might be able to transfer
his files on the subject to the responsible section and perhaps also
eliminate the subject of power consumption from his reading requirements.
Such a transfer should usually be made by the analyst only after consult-
ing with his branch chief.
In his review of files the analyst may discover that he has been
filing certain types of information which have never been used. He
may be able to determine that this type of information will never have
value for his studies, and he might then be able to eliminate it from
his reading requirements. For example, in ORR emphasis is increasingly
on over-all production. In some areas the analyst may therefore never
have used information on the production of individual plants and may
not need to see such material. Should the need arise, he could use Th
facilities to calculate individual plant production.* The analyst may
* Some OBR branches are now supporting the Air Force Target Information
Program by supplying figures on production of individual plants.
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have material in his files, however, which has not been used simply
because he does not have technique or methodology for using it in in-
telligence studies. For example, he might have been filing photographs
and copied data
such information might be of little or no-value to
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Eliminating Unnecessarily Detailed Data
Since about 1953 Bloc countries have been publishing in
creasing amounts of statistical information, including books of statistics,
from which to build up estimates. In the past the analyst was forced to
collect bits and pieces of statistics. In some areas this may no longer
be necessary, and the analyst's reading requirements might be changed
so that they request only books of statistics in his field, rather than
continue to request all references to production statistics.
5? Reducing Screening Time
When the analyst has eliminated from his inbox as many items
as possible which are of little or no value, he may be able to reduce
further the time spent on reading and processing his inbox. If the analyst
is fortunate enough to have a junior professional, sub-professional, or
clerk-typist to work with him, he may be able to train him to screen the
inbox. Occasionally, the branch reading panel or reading clerk may be
able to do a considerable amount of screening. Constant training is
usually necessary so that a maximum of valuable content is saved and
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a minimum lost. This procedure has the disadvantage that the junior
individuals will generally miss some items which only the senior analyst,
because of his more extensive background, would recognize as having
intelligence significance. But in some cases this risk or loss may be
justified if the reading and processing of the inbox is interfering
with production of finished intelligence reports.
Considerable time can be saved by allocating responsibility
to one analyst in the branch to review a periodic item, such as FBIS
Daily, New York Times, Journal of Commerce, FDD Summarie and Army
ACSI Intelligence Review for the specialized interests of all analysts
in the branch.
6. Having Division or Branch Files
As indicated in Part C, some divisions or branches have
division or branch files rather than individual analyst's files., Inbox
and filing are conducted by a small filing staff. Whenever the analyst
begins work on a new project his first step is to get from the branch
or division files the material on his subject. The disadvantage of
such a system is that the analyst is unable to keep current on his
field of subject specialty. In some cases, analysts have built their
own files in addition to the branch or division files, which defeats the
concept of one centralized file.
7* Increasing Reading Speed
The analyst may be able to increase his speed of reading
the inbox if he scans tables of contents rather than leafs through
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material page by page. While he will undoubtedly miss some very important
.information,'because the table of contents does not always indicate its
presence, the risk or loss maybe justified. The analyst may also be
able to increase his speed of scanning longer items by utilizing the
following principles of good reading, as set forth in reading improvement
courses: (a) First find the purpose which the writer of an item, article,,
or book had in mind. Good writers will usually make their purpose clear
at the beginning of the article or in their title. (b) Then survey the
over-all pattern of the item--is It in time sequence, summary and discussion,
problem and solution. opinion and evidence, evidence and opinion, or cause
and effect? (a) Then survey each section, again,to determine the over-
all pattern as in b. (d) Within each section, survey each paragraph for
its purpose (is it introduction, transition, amplification, illustration,
argumentation, summary, or conclusion?), and for its pattern (is it topic
sentence with supporting data, evidence-conclusion, comparison, time
sequence, or cause and ei?fect?). It might be stressed here that these
principles of good reading might also be employed in reviewing one's own
writing.
B. Reading RegalMments
Reading requirements should be tailored to the type of material
handled by the reading panel. Thus the OCR/DD reading requirements normally
should be somewhat different from reading requirements for the Cable Center.
Furthermore, reading requirements should`be different from requirements
for information submitted to such offices as FDD and
since the types
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of information obtainable through: these sources may differ from the over-
all reading .requirements.of a branch.
Whenever the analyst begins work on a new project he should review
his reading requirements to determine whether or not he has been getting
everything that came into the Agency on that subject. If the reading
requirements do not cover sate aspect of the project the analyst will know
the particular subjects he must stress in his search in Intellofax and
other sources.
Reading requirements should cover all of the branch's standing
and ad hoc requirements for collection of inte.ligence information. If
they do not, it is possible that information could come into the Agency
in response to the branch's standing requirements but fail to reach the
branch.
When new or revised reading requirements are being written in
a branch the writer should talk with the various reading panels. From
this discussion he will get a better. idea of how the readers operate and
will also be able to write requirements in a form which will be most useful
to the reading panels. Reading requirements should usually indicate general
fields of information desired by the branch. In addition, as an aid to the
reader (who is not a specialist in the many subject fields covered by docu-
ments), the requirements might also include lists of cities, personalities,
products, or processes which are of particular value to the branch. For
example, an analyst working on research in chemistry might list the names
of the chemicals and processes which are of particular interest in his
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intelligence research.
When an analyst or branch desires to make changes in reading re-
quirements at times other than the periodic revision, it is usually desir-
able to write a memo on the subject as a permanent record. This may be im-
portant because one member of a branch might request that a particular type
of information not be sent to his branch any longer, but to another member
of the branch the item may be a major source and he may not know that this
source.has been suddenly out off from his branch.
ORB Reading Panel requirements must be updated annually (see ORR,
ERA, Analysts' Manual Notice, 5 May 1955, Periodic Review of Reading Panel
Requirements, S). This notice gives a thorough treatment of points to be
noted in writing branch requirements,. and provides the format which must
be followed. It requires each branch to brief the QRR Reading Panel at
least once. a year. In this briefing it is possible for the branch to give
Panel members a fresh viewpoint on the mission of the branch as well as
information on the content of pending and future research projects. It
also gives Panel members a chance to. ask about specific types of documents
whose relevance to-Branch needs is in. doubt. It is important that the
branch representative have a full view of total branch needs so that Panel
questions can be answered properly.
Reading requirements need not give excessive detail because one
of the general principles employed by Reading Panels has been,"When in
doubt, route." If the Panel member is uncertain whether or not an item
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would have val~ze to a particular branch,. she routes it to that branch,
where the sp3cialist is in better position to make a quick determination
An additional means of providing guidance to Reading Panels is
to discuss specific documents with them. ,In his contacts with opposite
numbers in the Community the analyst may lerirn about a document vhich he
has not yet received. If he copies tSe document reference and takes it
to the Reading Panel they will be able to tell whether or not the document
was received in the Agency and to which pranches it was routed. If the
document was received in the Agency, the analyst will generally find that
his branch was on the routing. Frequently, the reason for his not receiving
the document was that someone higher on the routing was keeping it in his
files.* It should be stressed that this practice is both disruptive of
office operations and unnecessary. (a) DDI Notice requfres that a routed
document he held by any one component not more than three working days.
If a routed document contains material of treat value to the analyst he
can quickly get a reproduced copy from the Microfilm Unit in the Library.
The author of this text has made a number of such checks and with very
few exceptions has found that the Reading Panels have done their work
properly. In the few cases where a document was not routed to the proper
branch, it was the result of some misunderstanding of the reading require-
ments.
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C. The Role of OCR Document Division
OCR/DD receives copies of a high percentage of all documents
produced by all USIB agencies and many produced by non-USIB agencies,
and by intelligence services of foreign countries. Following are some
types of documents which these agencies might not send to CIA: some types
of psychological materials; some types of finished intelligence 'studies,
particularly escape and evasion and war plans; biographic intelligence
information on subjects which are not CIA's primary interest; internal
operational information ("housekeeping" details)..
1. Organization and Functions
The function of OCR/DD is to receive, control, and disseminate
intelligence information reports produced in and received by the Agency
and finished intelligence reports received by the Agency, and to code
selected reports for the Intellofax system.*
OCR/DD has three branches whose work is closely related to
the documents the analyst receives in his inbox: Processing, Analysis,
and Special Control. Special Control Branch includes Cable Center,
discussed below and in Part C of this text; Top Secret Control, discussed
in Part C; and Release Section..
Release Section receives and disseminates all
NIE reports, DDI finished intelligence
OCR/DD does not receive certain CIA products which have limited circula-
tion, such as CS-Cl reports and ORR Current Support Memoranda.
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reports and sections of NIB reports. Most
reports
25X1 C
are microfilmed on aperture cards, an many are Intellofaxed. This section
also includes the CIA Liaison officer with and with NSA.
25X1A
Processing Branch puts documents into batches so routers and
coders can work with them and control them more readily; it types multilith
mats for printing on the IBM cards for the Intellofax system, types source
cards for the SCF on Nodex items, and distributes reports to the addressee.
Analysis Branch disseminates (routes) documents, codes selected
documents for the Intellofax system, prepares the IPI, and maintains an
abbreviations file. This branch is the funnel through which most documents
received by the Agency pass on their way to the intelligence analyst; it
is the heart of the document dissem.nation system which sends documents
to the analyst.
2. Screening Documents
The primary purpose of screening is to eliminate the many
items received by the Agency which have relatively little value and which
would overburden the coding and Intellofax systems. When documents first
enter Analysis Branch in OCR/DD* about 60 percent** are screened into the
following categories:
I~ 1957. OCIR received 493,000 documents of all types. Each document had
an average of 8 copies, so that a total of 4 million individual items
were handled. If only a single copy of a document is received, as with
some ports, OCR/DD may make sufficient copies for
CIA nee
Of the remainder, 25 percent are placed in batches immediately and are
sent to Analysis Branch. These are intelligence reports which are ob-
viously of value.. The remaining 15 percent are received marked for
Standard Distribution (discussed below).
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) Those of no value to anyone. If none of the reading
requirements have requested information given in the document, it is
generally considered as having no value to the Agency.
(b) Items which are disseminated, but on which no record
is kept. These items are routed?-Immediately by the Screening unit on the
basis of reading requirements. No record ,of these items is kept'in the
SCF. Hard copies, filed by agency and serial number, are kept in the
Building vault for a period of time. Items receiving this handling are
primarily from non-USIB agencies and particularly from international
agencies such as International Monetary Fund; the United Nations and its
many sub-units-such as ECOSOC; Internation Bank' for,Reconstruction and
Development; Organization for European Economic Cooperation; Radio Free
Europe; and the US International Cooperation Administration.
(c) Who's Who information. This is given dissemination as
it is screened. Such items are routed to OCI, BR, CS and occasionally
other areas as appropriate. No record is kept of these items--they are
not indexed, a card is not placed in,the SCF, they'are not microfilmed,
and no copy is kept by the Library.
(d) Nodex (not indexed) items. These are documents which
are considered to have relatively little value to the Agency. They are
disseminated by Analysis Branch on the basis of reading requirements. A
record of the item is made for the SCF, but this: record does not include
the title.. They are not Intellofaxed. A hard copy of each Nodex item
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is kept in the Q Building vault, except that Nodexed CS documents are
microfilmed on aperture cards and are in the Microfilm Reading room.
A list of the types of items which are Nodexed is shown in Part C of
this text in the discussion of the Q Building vault.
(e) Index items. These are documents that are considered
to contain information of sufficient value to the Agency to be Boded
for the Intellofax system. Approximately 4+0 percent of the documents
received in OCR/DD are indexed. They are disseminated on the basis
of reading requirements. There are two special categories of Index
documents: Priority, Which. are documents on such items as guided missiles
and atomic energy that are given expedited dissemination; and loans of
advance copies, which consist of Defense documents having enclosures.
CIA receives both the reproduction mat and enclosures of the latter;
Analysis Branch writes CIA coding on the mat (this is called pre-coding);
IR may write on IR comments and information; both the mat and enclosures
are microfilmed for aperture cards; and the mat and enclosures are
returned to the originating agency, which runs off copies of the documents
from the mat. These documents are then disseminated without the enclosures.
With this system, CIA always has enclosures of Defense documents on aperture
cards so that the analyst can see them or order them if the covering
document indicates that they might be of value. In the past, receipt of
documents without enclosures caused analysts and the Library many problems
because it was so difficult to obtain copies of the enclosures.
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(f) Flash items. These are periodic intelligence informa-
tion reports primarily from sources outside CIA. A record is kept in
Analysis Branch of each issue of a Flash item as it comes in, showing such
items as its serial number,. control number, and date. Material received
from State under the Comprehensive Economic Reporting Program (CERP,
discussed in Part E),. giving details on the. economics of non-Bloc countries,
makes up a large part of the Flash items.' An annual report on coal produc-
tion in West Germany would come under this category. In September 1958
OCR/DD received 400 items which were assigned to the Flash category. In
the Intellofax system there.is one IBM card for each subject regularly
covered by such a periodic report. Flash items are microfilmed. The
SCF has a card for each copy of a periodic report received. Flash items
are given Standard.Distribution (see below). rather than being routed on
the basis of reading requirements. Each Flash item has its own Standard
Distribution list. Regularly scheduled FDD Summaries, which are Flash items,
are distributed to the offices directly from CIA Reproduction, on the
basis of Standard Distribution lists, rather than being handled through
OCR/DD.
About 800 intelligence periodicals, such as the Army, ACSI
Intelligence Review, and periodicals of non-USIB agencies., such as
Department of Interior, International Petroleum Trade, are received in
OCR/DD marked for Standard Distribution. These.items total about 15 percent
of all'incoming documents. As indicated, they do not go through the
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screening and dissemination process, but are routed on the basis of a
Standard Distribution list for each periodical. Standard Distribution
items in this category are not listed in the SCF, are not in the Intellofax,
and few have been microfilmed. The articles in a few selected intelligence
periodicals are, however, indexed in the IPI. Periodicals given Standard
Distribution are shown in the OCR, Standard Distribution Index 'which
is organised by issuing agency. About one-third of the titles on this list
are filed in Q Building vault; a few additional titles are in the Reference
Collection of the Library. The items in Q Building vault are also shown
in OCR, 1 Oct. 1958, Items Serviced and Maintained in 11+1 SaeBuilding.
Certain types of CIA publications do not enter OCR/DD, but are
disseminated directly from CIA Reproduction on the basis of dissemination
lists prepared by the office producing the publications. These include
NIS, NIE, M, and OSI reports. Other items are disseminated from
CIA Reproduction on the basis of dissemination lists prepared by OCR/DD:
(a) Standard Distribution dissemination lists are prepared to be used in
disseminating each type of FDD periodic report or Sumnar ; (b) Special
dissemination lists are prepared by OCR/DD for non-periodic FM reports
on the basis of the table of contents.
After documents have been screened, the Nodex and Index groups
are divided into batches by Processing Branch for control purposes and
are then sent back to Analysis Branch for further routing and coding.
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Each batch is numbered and dated to aid in controlling the documents,
and to provide a means of checking that the documents get out of OCR/DD
within two days. The remaining groups of documents (except the first
group, which is destroyed), have been given their routing during the
screening process and are distributed to the various offices.
3. Routing Documents
Nodex and Index documents are given routings by Analysis
Branch an the basis of reading requirements contained in the OCR
Dissemination Handbook. and the Index documents are then also coded for
.the Intellofax system. Analysis Branch is broken down by source of
document--it has State, Defense, CIA,.and Special Sections. Special
Section handles documents of non-USIB agencies, finished intelligence
reports from all sources, inter-library loan material, Top Secret items,
and miscellaneous. Within each section there is a'breakdown by function,
into routing and coding. Routing is given higher priority than coding,
so that the flow of documents to the analyst is not delayed.
There are two major and one minor categories of routing
controls. The two major categories are Standard Distribution, and the
reading requirements contained in the OCR Dissemination Handbook. The
minor. category is the routing of responses. to ad hoc requirements* OCR
keeps a list of ad hoc requirement numbers and the office which originated
them, so.when docuements are received which contain a reference to an ad
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hoc requirement number, a copy of the document can be sent to the originator
of the requirement.
Standard Distribution is based on a list, prepared for each
type of periodic report, which shows each office that is to receive the report.
Offices are placed on Standard Distribution for a specific item in two
ways: (a) The office may make a specific request, either by phone or by memo,,
to receive a particular type of periodic report regularly, and (b) OCR/DD
;Analysis Branch may add an office to the list, on the bais of its reading
requirements. As indi teed 4bove, Flash items are also routed by the
screening unit of Analysis Branch on the basis of a Standard Distribution
list for each item.*
Analysis Branch routes Index and Nodex items to ORR and OSI on
the basis of reading requirements contained in the OCR Dissemination Hand-
book.** If branch reading requirements in the Handbook are faulty, some
documents of value to the branch might not reach the analyst. Analysis
Branch routes to 0SI down to the branch level, so the 061 reading requirements';
are extremely detailed. It routes to ORR Reading Panel only, so ORR reading
requirements are relatively general The ORR Reading Panel routes to the
* A specified number of copies of each CIA document is sent by Analysis Branch
to certain offices within CIA and to other USIB agencies. Analysis Branch
also routes CIA documents to certain non-USIB agencies on the basis of
their reading requirements.
**Analysis Branch receives a copy of table of contents of FDD Summaries
which are not regularly scheduled. On the basis of these tables of contents
it determines the routing to be given the Summary. CIA Reproduction then
distributes them directly to the offices on the basis of this routing.
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branch and the individual analyst, using reading requirements as detailed
as those used in OCR/DD Analysis Branch.for OSI. Processing Branch of
OCR/DD keeps a record of the dissemination of all Index items but not
of the Nodex items nor of items routed by the Screening Unit. From these
routing records, as well as the lists for Flash and Standard Distribution
items, the Branch can determine for an analyst whether or not his branch
was on the routing of a document that he has not received but whose con-
tent is of interest to him.
Problems in routing are raised by documents which are received in
limited numbers, particularly those including enclosures. Documents coming
from agencies outside CIA often are received in relatively small numbers;
and frequently, if`enclosures are mentioned in the document, only one copy
of the enclosures is received. In this case the router must determine
which office has priority in receiving the document. Occasionally, to
assure that a valuable document will be seen by all interested offices, it
may be necessary to place a lengthy routing on each copy. A few analysts
habitually hold up such documents, despite the DDI Notice which requires
that routed documents be held not more than three working days by any one'.
component, and despite the fact that microfilm prints of most documents
and their enclosures can usually be obtained for retention in a very few
days.
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D. The Role of OCR Cable Center
Cable Center (in OCR/DD) is the reading panel for all non-CIA
cables*, and TD-CS reports. All other CIA cables are disseminated by
CIA Cable Secretariat.
Cable Center receives 12 deliveries daily, including Sunday,
and gives regular routing every day except Sunday. About 150,000
cables were received in 1957, each one received in several copies. In
Cable Center, cables are given two readings: (a) In the first reading
they are routed to OCI branches, selected cables are sent to the DDI
who screens them for the DCI, and one copy of all cables is sent to CS
and 01 CO (b) In the second reading cables are routed to all other CIA
users on the basis of available reading requirements. If a branch has
no special cable reading requirements, Cable Center uses a copy of the
requirements found in OCR Requirements Handbook. Only a few consumers
have reading requirements tailored specifically to cables. Cable Center
routes for OSI down to the branch level; they route to ORB only for the
office, and ORB Reading Panel then routes to the branch and analyst level.
As indicated in Part C of this text, cables are not indexed
in the Intellofax system, and they are not microfilmed. Cable Center
*As indicated-in Part C of this text, the term cables covers reports
requiring rapid transmission or handling which are sent generally by
radio, by submarine cable, or as airgrams. The term also includes
Weekas, which are joint Defense and State weekly summaries of economic,
military, psychological, and political developments in a foreign
country. Some Weekas sent as regular State despatches are also con-
sidered as cables because of their content.
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maintains a hard copy file and holds regular cables for a year and Top
Secret cables for two years. A reproduced copy of any cable will be
supplied by Cable Center in response to a request. TD-CS documents are
routed by Cable Center, but they are microfilmed on aperture cards and
are also indexed for the Inteliofax system.
E. The Role of Other Reading Panels
ORR has its own Reading Panel, which receives documents from
OCR/DD Analysis Branch and Cable Center. On the basis of detailed
reading requirements, augmented by periodic briefings from individual
branches, the Reading Panel routes documents to the branch and. to the
individual analyst.
Both ORR and OSI have division, branch, and occasionally
section Reading Panels. Below the division level, these often consist of
one clerk-typist. Their duty is, to receive aind.distribute docuements which
have been routed by the OCR.and. ORR Reading! Panels.: In addition, documents
may be reviewed, and a further routing to branches or to individual analysts
may be shown. Each of these Panels.works on the basis of reading require-
ments. In some cases the requirements are simply verbal instruction;
in others, the OCR reading requirements are used.
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III. The Use of Libraries and Librarians
In his Project Work Schedtile the analyst generally should reserve
some time for visiting the major repositories of information on the
subject of his research project. Usually, time available for the as-
sembly of additional information for a project is relatively limited,
so the analyst may not be able to exploit some repositories which might
have supplied additional information. The omission of a potentially
profitable repository should based on a deliberate decision, and not
result from an oversight.
A. Reference Librarians
In most libraries the reference librarians can be of considerable
aid to the analyst who is assembling data for a project. They may be
able to assist in the following ways: (a) Suggest subject headings in
the card catalog which might be of greatest value in locating material
pertinent to the project. (b) Suggest uncatalogued materials which
might be of value. Many libraries have sources not referred to in the
card catalog and not generally known. (c) Suggest various types of
indexes which would provide leads to source materials. (d) Provide names,
of analysts who are working on the same or similar topics and who may have
uncovered major bodies of information. There have been cases of CIA
analysts learning about a researcher working in the Library of Congress
in their own subject field. In some cases it has been possible to obtain
their files for reproduction. (e) Find the answer to specific questions.
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Reference librarians are well acquainted with standard reference books, and
can save the analyst considerable time if he is unfamiliar with the standard
reference books. In libraries of USIB agencies the reference librarian
utilizes both open and classified sources to get'answers to questions.
In seeking aid from reference librarians the analyst should be as
specific as possible about his project. In dealing with unclassified
libraries this may be difficult or impossible. But in dealing with
classified libraries of USIB agencies he`can usually give most of the
necessary details on the project as.most librarians have necessary
clearances. Reference librarians frequently get requests from. analysts
who are uncertain-about what they want, often because they have not
pinned down their problem., When the analyst has properly defined his
problem he will find it easier to obtain aid from reference librarians,
and to obtain a more useful Intellofax listing. While some libraries
have bibliography sections that will work up bibliographieson specific
topics, most reference librarians outside CIA seldom have the time to
provide this type of service. CIA. Library will. prepare bibliographies
on intelligence and. operational subjectspertinent to CIA activities
(see OCR Notice, CRAG 20-58, 29 Sept. 1958).
B. Bibliographies and Periodical Indexes
Many textbooks on research in specialized fields list bibliographies
in those fields, such as Wilson, E. Bright, An Introduction to Scientific
Research,. New York, McGraw-Hill, pp. 11-17, U, which lists specialized
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bibliographies and indexes in scientific fields. Specialized books and
articles also often contain bibliographies which may give leads to spe-
cific books or articles. The New York Times Index may be of value for
certain types of research.
The reference shelves of most libraries contain at least some of
the standard unclassified bibliographies. They may also include-bibli-
ographies of bibliographies, such as Ulrich's Periodicals'Directory which
lists both US and foreign periodicals, including many in'foreign languages,
and tells in which Indexes the articles in each periodical are indexed.
A bibliography of bibliographies pointed to intelligence source
materials is contained in CIA, OCR, CIA Library, CIA/CR #1, 1 Dec. 1955,
Intelligence Reference Material, a Guide for Intelligence Research,
C/NOFORN.
Indexes which list, by subject and area, articles from periodicals
in selected fields include the Engineering Index and Industrial Arts
Index. The latter has been continued as two publications, Business
Periodicals Index and Applied Science and Technology Index. These
indexes list articles primarily in English-language magazines. The
Air University Periodical Index, published by the Air University Library
at Maxwell Air Force Base, indexes English language military and aero-
nautical periodicals, most of which are not indexed by any other standard
indexing service. It appears four times a year, and is cumulated ap-
proximately every three years.
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-Indexes which list, by subject and area, articles in the English
language from general periodicals include the Public Affairs Information
Service (PAIS), International Index to Periodicals, and Reader's Guide
to Periodical Literature. The best of these for intelligence research
is probably PAIS, which is published weekly, is cumulated four times
yearly, and is then cumulated into an annual volume. While it. has only
a subject breakdown it has a wider coverage of periodicals than the other
two indexes and also indexes many new books and pamphlets. Furthermore,
emphasis is placed on items containing factual and statistical information,
rather than on indexing all articles, books and.pamphlets. INTERNATIONAL
Index to Periodicals lists, by subject and author, articles in a 'select
group of periodicals in English. The periodicals are more scholarly
than those in Readers' Guide, which indexes priiaar3ly the more popular.
US magazines by subject and author.
Listings of books and magazine articles on Bloc countries which
are available in US libraries are contained in the Monthly Index of
Russian Accessions (MIRA--formerly MLRA) and the East European Accessions
List.
There are three parts to these accessions lists: (a) A
list of monographs, broken down by major subject field: (b) Trans-
lated tables of contents of articles in magazines, broken down by major
subject field; and (c) A listing of articles and' monggrap6contained in
parts a and b, arranged according to a .detailed subject breakdown. MIRA
Indexes Russian language publications, Issued both within and outside the
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USSR, which are received by the Library of Congress and cooperating
libraries. A specialized version of MIRA is put out with the title
Transportation in the USSR. This bibliography lists only the transportation
items in MIRA and is produced for the Transportation Subcommittee of the EIC.
When the analyst has compiled a short list of magazine articles he
may order the magazine from CIA Library, which will obtain them'through
Interlibrary Loan, if necessary. However, if the list is lengthy the
analyst can save much time by going to the Library of Congress to look at
the magazines. The Periodical Index is a list of most foreign and US
magazines, showing which US libraries have each magazine and the number
of volumes held by them. The copy of this Index in Library of Congress
has the call number written in. The magazine titles and their call num-
bers are also contained in the book card catalog. The Library of Congress
and the various specialized libraries in Washington combined have on their'
shelves a high percentage of all presently published US and foreign magazines.
In using the various guides and indexes to periodical literature,
it is generally advisable to begin with the most recent year and work
backward. In beginning with the most recent year the analyst should make
a list of all the subjects he wishes to search. Some of these subjects
will not appear in the guide; other subjects will contain references to
still others, which should be added to the list. As the analyst looks at
earlier years he will usually find that there are fewer subject headings,
and that these are shown in somewhat less detail than they were in more
recent years. If he started with a list of subjects made up from an early
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edition, he will find1that in later years these subjects headings will by
no means cover the entire subject field, because new headings were added,
and the old ones usually will have fewer references under them.
The Soviet Union issues a series of indexes and bibliographies which
may be of value to the analyst whose needs are not fully met by MIRA.
Following is a brief description of some of these items.
(a) Bibliografia Sovetskol Bibliografii is a bibliography of Soviet
bibliographies. It lists separately published bibliographies, and also
bibliographies appearing in books and articles. Most entries include
short annotations There are two indexes: one of authors and titles
and one of periodicals. Within these indexes items, are arranged under
31 main subject groupings.
(b) Knizhnaia Letopis lists all books and pamphlets published in
the USSR, Whether in Russian or not. It appears weekly. Items are
arranged into 31 main subject groupings, of which no. 15 is on natural
sciences and mathematics, and no. 16 is on technology and industry.
Within each grouping items are arranged in alphabetical order by author
or title. It also includes a name index, published quarterly and cumu-
lated into an annual; an annual index to series;, and an annual subject index.
(c) Eshegodnik Knigi SSSR cumulates the material listed in the Letopis
in a semi-annual volume. This makes it more convenient to use than the
Let op is ?
(d) Periodicheska{a Pec amt SSSR, 1917-14 9, is in process of
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publication in 10 volumes. It lists periodicals, journals, transactions
and bulletins published in the USSR. Vol. 2 is on natural sciences and
mathematics; vol. 3 is on technical sciences and industry.
(e) Letopis Periodicheskikh Izdanii SSSR, 1950-1954 has separate
lists of journals and newspapers published in the USSR. The journal
section has 33 subject categories. Since 1954 two supplements have been
published annually. These will cumulate every five years.
(f) Letopis Zhurnalnykh Statel is the bibliography of periodical
articles published in the USSR. Subject arrangement is similar to that
of Ezhegodnik Knigl SSSR. It is published weekly; indexes of authors'
names and geographic subjects are published quarterly; cumulative indexes
are issued annually. At the end is a listing of periodicals indexed in it.
(g) Letopis Gazetnykh Statei lists newspaper articles published
in the USSR. Subject arrangement is also similar to that of Ezhegodnik
Knigi SSSR. It appears weekly; quarterly indexes are by author and
geographic subject and are cumulated at the end of the year.
Lists of some of the items from Russian sources which have been
translated are shown in the US Department of Commerce, Office of Tech-
nical Services, Technical Translations, U, and in the FDD, Consolidated
Translation Survey, U and C. However, many of the items included in
FDD Summaries are not indexed in any source. Methods of recovering
translated items are discussed in Part E of this text.
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C. Card Catalogs
All libraries have card catalogs of their book holdings and occasion-
ally also of pamphlets. Some libraries have a'special catalog for their
periodicals; others intersperse these in their book card catalog. A few
specialized libraries include in their card catalogs major articles from
periodicals on their subject fields. For example, the Association of
American Railroads, Bureau of Public Roads, Department of Labor and Pan
American Union libraries in Washington include iniheir card catalogs
references to major magazine and newspaper articles on their respective
fields. Because of differences in content and organization of. card
catalogs it is generally advisable for the analyst to consult with a
member of the library staff on proper use of the catalog the first time
he uses it.
Most card catalogs have the material under any one word (such as
Television) arranged in three major groups: (a) The word as the last
name of an author or the first word in the title of an organization
responsible for the publication (such as Television, Charles E,; or
Television Institute of America). (b) The word as the first major word
in the title of a book (such as Television Fundamentals). (c) The word
as a subject. Under each subject (such as Television institutes, Tele-
vision research, and Television technology are shown books on that sub-
ject, arranged alphabetically by author. This arrangement of material
in three groups is important to remember, because if the analyst is
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looking for a book with the title of Television Industry of East Germany
he will find that the first group of cards under Television will not
contain that title at the top of the card, because the first group is
arranged by authors rather than titles.
In CIA Main Library the card catalogs are divided into an author-
title catalog and a subject catalog. In most libraries the subject cards
are not kept separately from the author and title cards. The old CIA
subject catalog is set up by subject number, taken from the Intelligence
Subject Code, rather than by word headings; the new catalog uses word
headings.
It usually requires.a considerable amount of imagination to deter-
mine the subject headings which should be looked at in a card catalog
to exhaust the subject of a research topic, even if the subject is
relatively simple. If a research topic dealt with radio tubes, it would
appear that all books on the subject would be cataloged under those
two words, either as subject or title. This, unfortunately, is seldom
true. Books dealing with radio tubes could be found under many related
headings. To be sure that he has exhausted all possible subjects, the
analyst might make the following types of lists of words: (a) All of
the major subjects covered by his research topic. (b) All synonyms of
his major subjects. For radio tubes he might also look under vacuum
tubes and valves (the British term). (a) Terms of which his major sub-
ject is a part or a component--such as communications, radio, radiosonde,
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computers, electronics. (d) Closely related terms, such as transistors
and crystals. (e) The foreign equivalents of all the above terms, in
such languages as French, German, or Russian.
Even after making an extensive list of subjects, when the analyst
looks at books in the stacks he will.often find some titles that bear
directly on his subject which he did not find in the card file catalog.
As the analyst looks at cards under a particular subject, whenever
he finds a card that refers to a particularly promising book he should
also look at the bottom of the card where there is printed a list of
the other subject headings under which that card has been filed. This
may provide additional leads to subjects which the analyst had not
thought to include in his list of subjects to be searched.
Two publications produced by the Library of Congress (LC) provide
aid in determining additional subject headings to search in libraries
which use the LC cataloging system. The'first is Subject Headings Used
in the Dictionary Catalogs of the Library of Congress, 6th Edition, 1957.
The second is Classification Schedules, published in 23 parts. The latter
volumes list the classification numbers (the top line of a call number)*
and subjects. They begin with ACl, collections of monographs, and go
through to Z799, catalogs on zoology. Subjects are arranged in outline
order. These volumes list major subject headings and subheadings, usually
show the classification number, and also show for each subject a list of
related subjects.
*See footnote on page 36.
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The analyst may be able to save himself a considerable amount of
time, if he is working on an extensive topic,, by employing one or more
of the following suggestions. (a) He may be able to have junior personnel
search the card files and copy down references. The analyst should him-
self determine the subject headings to be searched, and he should guide
the work of the junior personnel by. indicating cutoff dates (pre-1950
information may have little value for the project), types of books which
e not of value, and those which are of particular value. He should
so check occasionally to make sure the work is being done properly.
(b) In many cases it may be sufficient if the analyst copies only the
classification number (the first line of the call number of books)* and
not the author and title. After going through several subjects, he may
find that the books are all falling in a band between HE6771 and HE7000
and a band between JA1600 and JC2000. With this knowledge he can then go
into the stacks to look. at the book titles and to scan through books that
look promising. This system has the disadvantage that some books with
particularly promising titles might not be on the shelves (if a book is
valuable, there is a chance that it is being used), and the analyst
would not see it if he used this method. This problem can be solved by
*A Library of Congress call number usually has two lines. The first line,
called the cla..9sification number, is a code for the subject. The second
line, called the Cutter number, contains the first letter of the author's
surname, followed by a number which is assigned consecutively to each
book preceded by the same letter.
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combining the two systems: copying the first line of the call numbers
of all books; and copying full data on only those books which appear to
be particularly promising.
In addition to its card catalog, the Library of Congress publishes
two series of publications: Library of Congress Catalog--Books: Subjects
and Library of Congress--Books: Authors. The former was published in 20
?volumes; for 1950-4; in 3 volumes for each year after 1954; and is published .
quarterly in the current year. The latter was published under different
titles for the years 1947-49, 1950-52, and annually from 1953 onward. These
publications show in reduced size the information on the printed Library of
Congress. cards in its card catalogs.
D. Library Stacks
The normal method of, utilizing books in libraries is to put in a
request for each book and then wait patiently for the books to be brought
from the stacks. Usually, a significant percentage of the books, particularly
those which look like they would be most valuable, are not on the shelves.
Many analysts find that they can work better and get better results if they
go into the stacks. Arrangements can be made to obtain a Library of Congress
stack permit through his own office's liaison officer, who works through
the OCR/Library. In specialized unclassified libraries in the Washington
area the librarian in charge may give the analyst permission to go into
the stacks.
When the analyst has taken from the stacks books which are of value
to his work he may be permitted to carrythem?to a study desk. As
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indicated earlier, he may find on the shelves a book which bears directly
on his topic but which he did not find in the card catalog. In such a case
it might be profitable to go back to the card catalog to find the subjects
under which the book was filed, since those subjects might have additional
valuable references. Occasionally he may not find the cards, because of
the lag between shelving of books and filing of cards.
E. CIA Library
1. Intellofax Listings
An Intellofax listing is a bibliography primarily of intelli-
gence information reports, most of which are on file in CIA Microfilm
Reading Unit. On request, a separate listing will also be made of
books on file in the Library. In his use of this listing the analyst
must keep in mind two Important facts:
(a) This is a listing only of IBM cards filed under the area
and subject codes shown at the beginning of the listing. If the analyst
were interested in having a run on a subject such as manufacture of
batteries in Bulgaria, it is likely that the codes selected will recover
practically all the documents which were coded and which contain a sig-
nificant amount of information on that subject. However, if he is
interested in an abstract subject, such as the quality of an item,
relationships between two or more items, or official attitude toward
a particular subject, then the run may have to cover codes which related
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only indirectly to the subject. In this selection it may be possible to
overlook a code which might have some excellent information on the subject.
(b) The listing covers only a small part'of the total intelli-
gence information available in CIA on the subject. This is due to the
fact that OCR/DD code only docuements which have a major body of'infor-
oration on a subject believed to be of intelligence interest. As indi-
cated elsewhere, many intelligence information reports are not coded;
articles in intelligence periodicals are not coded, although articles from
a selected list of periodicals are indexed in the IPI; none of the
articles from the tremendous output of translation summaries nor from
the large output of radio broadcasts are coded; articles in foreign
language non-intelligence periodicals are not coded unless they appear
as individual translations.
In using the Intellofax listing, therefore, `the'analyst normally
has two purposes: (a) To check the holdings in his own files to be
sure that he has all major items which turn up on the Intellofax.
Normally he will find a few major items in the Intellofax which are not in
his files, for reasons indicated earlier. (b) If he is beginning work on.
a new topic on which he has never worked before, he will have an Intello-
fax listing made from which to order documents to give him a background
on that subject, and to provide the beginnings ofa file.
When the analyst finds items on the Intellofax listing which he
does not have, he can mark the item with a check,: and can then turn
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the marked listing over to the Library Search Unit which will have
copies of the reports reproduced by Microfilm Unit for the analyst's
retention.
If the analyst is interested in obtaining intelligence information
from the many sources not shown in the Intellofax listing he should
pursue the steps listed in the next section.
2. Other Intelligence Sources
In addition to obtaining documents which are shown on the Intel-
lofax listing the analyst might consider exploiting one or more of the
following sources of intelligence information available in CIA Library:
(a) The Intelligence Publications Index (IPI). The IPI, pro-
duced by OCR/DD, lists articles of intelligence interest in selected
intelligence periodicals, and finished intelligence reports or monographs.
It is published monthly, and every half' year a cumulated edition of items
appearing in the previous 6 monthly editions is published. The IPI in-
cludes references to articles in selected classified periodicals and to
reports issued mainly by US]B
agencies. Articles are taken from approximately 30 of the major classi-
fied periodicals (about 400 classified periodicals are received in OCR).
The IPI has three major sections: (1) Articles, arranged by subjects,
and further broken down by country; (2) Articles, arranged by country,
and further broken down by broad subject headings; (3) A list of titles
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of finished intelligence reports or monographs, listed by issuing office.
A few of these items are also included in the Intellofax system., Articles
in classified periodicals can seldom be used as sources of intelligence
information unless the analyst is beginning work on a new subject., The
articles may be of value, however, in their interpretation of facts and
trends and in providing the analyst with the viewpoints of other'intelli-
gence agencies on specialized subjects. Finished intelligence reports
and intelligence periodicals indexed in Il'I (plus many of the intelligence
periodicals not indexed) are on file in Q Building Vault.
(b) The F D D Summaries. These are on file in Q
Building Vault. The only approach to these summaries is to attempt to
find the series which cover subjects of interest to the analyst. Often,.
one subject will be dealt with in several of the Summary series. i.
For example, the analyst interested in transportation will not only look
at the Summary on transportation, but also one dealing with the production
of equipment, and one dealing with mining (which contains much valuable
information on traffic in individual commodities) These series are
listed in FDD, March 1958, List of Scheduled Reports Issued by FDD, C,
and do not appear in the',FDD; Consolidated Translation Survey, U and C
Within the individual series the analyst will have to scan at least the
title of each item, and often the entire item, to find information of
value on his subject.
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(c) The FBIS Dailies. Hard copies of Dailies for recent months
are on file in Q Building Vault; earlier issues are available on microfilm
reels in the Library Microfilm Reading Room. The analyst will have to choose the
area in which he is interested, and then scan the table of contents-of each
daily to find information on his subject. Because much good information
is contained in speeches, he will have to scan many individual items as
well.
(d) The foreign book collection in Acquisitions Branch. In
idition to the many books in CIA Library, Acquisitions Branch has many
foreign books on its shelves for which there has been no call. Russian
items received are listed in the State, ICD/FP, Russian Book List, U,
published every other month.
(e) Foreign periodicals. The agency receives a large number of
foreign periodicals. The Library has a complete IBM listing of these,
together with an indication of which offices receive copies. The analyst can
receive copies of periodicals in his field by following procedures set
forth in Part E of this text.
(f) Documents which are not indexed. The large volume of docu-
ments received by CCR/DD which are Nodex, and disseminated without either
Nodexing or Indexing,' are not normally recoverable in
the Library. For Flash items (periodic intelligence information reports),
one IBM card might show up in an Intellofax listing. In this case, the
analyst must call OCR/DD to get a complete list of all issues of that
item which have been received, and then look through each item in the
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Microfilm Unit to find information of value to his project. Nodex items,
and items disseminated without either Nodexing or.Indexing, are on file
in Q Building Vault for a period of time, filed by originating agency.
The only approach to Nodex items is to know which issuing agency might
produce items of interest to the analyst, and then to search the Source
Card File. Even this would be of little aid, however, because Nodex
items are shown in the SCF only by issuing agency, document number, and
date; title is not shown. Perhaps the only approach to these is to find
an opposite number who might be filing on the same or a similar subject,
and to look through his files. When items are found which the analyst
did not get on his intellofax listing the document is likely to be in Q
Building Vault which can recover recent documents if originating agency
and document number are known. The analyst can then have copies made
for his files by thermofax,.. autostat, or typing.
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information are the National Intelligence Survey (NIS)
(g) Basic intelligence sources. Sources of basic intelligence
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are published
they are listed in the IPI. A complete list of the titles of chapters
and sections of the NIB, as well as of special supplements, is contained
in CIA, OBI, July 1957, NIS Reference Guide, C. A cumulated listing of
all available sections of the NIB for each country is contained in CIA,
OBI, 31 Dec. 1958, NITS Quarterly Production Report, C/NOFORN. An intelli-
gence analyst who has worked on a specialized subject and area for a
period of time might find the NIS
of limited value as sources of
intelligence information in part because the most recent information in
these volumes is usually a year old when it appears in published form.
The value of these basic sources will become apparent to the analyst,
however, if suddenly he should be asked to do research on, or give a quick
appraisal of conditions in, a country on which he has not been working.
25X1 C He will then find that the NIS
that after he has utilized them he usually can complete his work by
reviewing a few major recent documents which he finds in an Intellofax
listing.
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It. Data Assembly Procedures
In his assembly of data, whether from the inbox or during an
active search of libraries and repositories, the analyst acquires infor-
mation from a wide variety of both classified and unclassified materials.
These include: (a) Documents consisting of both intelligence information
and finished intelligence reports. Intelligence information includes
-textual reports and also quantitative data, such as serial number lists.,
and Elint data. (b) Books and pamphlets and occasionally other published
materials such as posters and leaflets. (c) Periodicals including
magazines and newspapers. (d) Graphic materials including maps, Sketches,
photographs, graphs, charts, and diagrams. (e) Pieces of actual equipment
or material.
A. Assembling in the Analysts' Office
The assembly of data is a time-consuming process which may
conflict with demands for time from other phases of the research process.
In his own office the analyst may be able, by some, of the following
.methods, to increase his efficiency and/or reduce the amount of time
required for assembling data from his inbox:
(a) By reducing the amount of material received in his inbox
as discussed above.
(b) By reducing the amount of time spent on reading the inbox.
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By using outline headings (such as A2c) as subject
headings on cards and documents instead of writing out the full heading,
as suggested in the discussion of files in Part C and Appendix I of
this text.
(d) By obtaining microfilm copies of documents or individual
pages of documents from Microfilm Reading Room, rather than making copies
aimself, or having the branch secretary type or thermofax copies. As
indicated in Part C, these prints can be placed in the document files;
or if they are to go into the card file they are sufficiently small that
they can cut down 5" x 8" size. If the file size is less than 5" x 81
prints can be ordered for the smaller size, although text might be
difficult to read.
(e) By marking documents or parts of documents for reproduction
by the branch secretary. If the secretary is properly trained she will
also put the proper source citation on the item, which will save additional
analyst time.
(f) By using the CIA typing pool. This pool, . in the office of
Personnel, Interim Assignment Section, is made up of clerk-typists
awaiting clearance or assignment. If arrangements are made with this
Section they can do much unclassified typing which may save considerable
time of the analyst and branch secretary. One OSI branch, for example,
has the pool review Chemical Abstracts and make copies of abstracts on
its special field. The pool also does filing of unclassified materials.
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STATSPEC
(g) If the analyst is unable to obtain sufficient aid and
must do some note taking himself, he will greatly improve his efficiency
if he is able to type. Analysts who learn to type will find their
efficiency for all types of writing greatly increased., for most people
can easily learn to type faster than the average person can write,
legibly by hand. The (12R course in typing for professionals is able to
give the analyst reasonable proficiency in typing through a course which
meets from 0730 to 0815 daily for eight weeks. The average person can
print at a maximum of 18 words per minute (wpm) and write legibly
approximately 20'to 23 wpm; the beginning typist reaches an average
of 30 wpm after the 8 week OTR course, and the product is uniformly
legible. Any use he makes of his new skill in his work thereafter will
help improve his speed. With frequent use the analyst can easily reach
40 to 50 wpm or approximately double his speed of writing by hand. The
OTR Clerical Training Faculty will lend typing books to any analyst who
would like to learn typing at home. This Faculty suggests that the analyst
see them first, to receive preliminary instructions. It also suggests
that to achieve maximum skill one should spend more than 45 minutes a
day in practice.
(h) The analyst might give some thought to other means of
increasing speed of processing. One recent example of aid given the
analyst was when
began to reproduce its economic abstract items
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on 5" x 8" cards instead of in bound form. While this may not have been.
satisfactory to analysts who maintain only document files, it saves much
time for analysts who maintain card files. Some thought has been given
'in FDD to putting shorter items on 5" x 8" cards. Another example of
aid is that FDD Summaries are printed on one side only. In this way the
analyst can easily file each article in a separate document folder or
section of his card file. By contrast, items which are printed on both
idea of the page, such as FBIS Dailies and many JARS publications, may
be difficult to file by subject because frequently one side of the page
will have the end of an article and the other side will have the beginning
of another article on a different subject., To file these by subject might
require that one side of the page be thermoprinted or retyped, or that another
copy of the item be obtained.
B. Assembling Outside the Office
The assembly of data in libraries outside CIA raises many new
problems. It may be possible to use junior personnel, particularly analysts
who are in the Agency but are awaiting full clearance, to exploit unclassified
libraries. However, if unclassified source materials will provide a major
part of the information for a project, it is likely that no one can perform
this exploitation with greater efficiency and thoroughness than the analyst
charged with the project. Only the responsible analyst can quickly determine
what information is marginal or duplicative, since he is beat acquainted
with the project and with the material already in his files. His scanning
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of literature has additional value in that it will frequently bring forth
new ideas on the subject.
One means of speeding assembly of data is to concentrate first
on preliminary scanning in the stacks of the books and magazine articles to
which references were found. In this scanning the analyst might mark
selections for later note taking or reproduction. One means of doing
this is to place a light pencil marking on the side of the text, to be
erased later, or to put in a piece of paper (a 3" x 5" pad is handy) with
&mark to indicate which side of the page has information of value. When
the preliminary scanning has been completed the analyst has several means of
obtaining the information: (a) He can order the books sent to his office,
through a CIA Library order form, which goes to Inter-Library Loan. This
order form should indicate the library where the book is to be found and
the call number, since this information will speed acquisition of the book.
When the book is received at the office it can be reproduced in a variety
of ways--typing by the branch secretary or the analyst, thermoprinting
by the branch secretary or analyst, or photostating by CIA Printing Services.
(b,) He can write or type notes on publications in the library. The analyst
might take notes on shorter items and order for use in his office books
or periodicals which have longer items of value.
C. Note Taking
Notes being taken and documents being prepared for the files
should contain four standard items of information in addition to the text:
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the country and/or subject file heading, the source, the evaluation, and
the classification.
1. The Country and Subject File Headings
These headings should be placed as close as possible to the'top
of cards for ease of use. Some analysts place these headings on the upper
right side of documents or document-sized notes; others place them on the
right margin sot hat when the material is in the document file it is possible
to look at the headings without having to remove the documents from the
file. The country and subject headings should, if possible, always be in
the same location. For example, country might be indicated on the upper
left side of a card, and subject in the upper center. Obviously, if a file
deals entirely with one country, such as the USSR, it might not be necessary
to show a country heading. When writing the subject on a card or document,
it is often best to write in pencil rather than pen, because as the file
develops and as research needs change, sections of the file might have to
be given new headings. It is then easier to change headings written in
pencil.
2. Source
It is important that source citations be complete for two purposes:
(a) so the original document can be recovered if necessary, and (b) so the
citation can be copied directly for use in the bibliography of reports with-
out the necessity of editing. This means that source citations should
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follow office standards. In the early days of CIA, few CIA finished reports
showed sources, and as a result many note cards and documents filed at that
time may have incomplete sourcing, or no source at all, which at times
causes problems. CIA standards for citation of sources are shown below.
Additions and modifications under ORR regulations are shown in CIA, ORR,
CIA/RR RA-8, 31 Aug. 1956, The Writing of Reports, pp. 103-123, S. Practice
varies among analysts on how much information to give in describing the
original source of a document. For example, if a note is being taken from
a trip report, it might help in evaluating the content if the source
citation also indicates whether the traveler was an Army attache, a PW
ex-farmer:, an American housewife, or a scientist specializing in the field
on which he was reporting.
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CIA STANDARDS FOR CITATION OF SOURCES
(CIA, OCD, CIA/CD/17, Feb 55, How to Document Intelligence Reports, C)
I. Citation of Documents
1. Country producing document (but omit US)
2. Agency or office originating document abbreviated (CIA, JIB)
Subdivision or part of agency or office. (such as OSI, 6001+ AISSS);
followed by period
4. Document serial number (number assigned by items 2 and 3 )
5. Document date (such as 22 Jan 54)
6. Document title (underlined)
7. Page numbers used for reference (shown only if document has 4 pages or
more)
8. Date of information (such as: info 1 Jul 53)
9. CIA or oringinating agency control number (such as: CIA D20228, or
AF #1736621)
10. IR Firm number or ICF card number (used only if useful to report)
II. Classification (such as: S, C, OFF USE, ~/NOFORN, S/CIA ONLY); followed
followed b iod
"1.2. Evaluation
13. Statement is a translation of another item, or is
an enclosure, such as: (tr of Neuka i zhizn, v. 6, no 5, 1956, U);this
item placed in parentheses; if item shown an author, name is not inverted.
II. Citation of Articles in Official Publications
1. Country producing document (but omit US)
2. Agency or office originating document
3. Subdivision or part of agency or office;
4. Title of article, in quotes
5. Name of author, not inverted (such as;
6. Title of periodical, underlined
7. Volume, number and date
8. Pages
9. Classification
followed by period
by.G.G. Strollo)
III. Citation of Articles in Open Periodicals
1.
2.
3-
.
4
5?
6.
Name of author, inverted; followed by period
Title of article, in quotes
Title of periodical, underlined
Volume, number and date
Pages
Classification
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IV. Books, Pamphlets and Monographs
1. Name of author, inverted; followed by period
?2. Title, underlined (followed by translation of title, in parentheseo
3. Edition (such as: 2nd Edition)
4. City of publication, followed by comma
5. Publisher
6. Year of publication
7. Volume number
8. Pages
9. Information date (if appropriate)
10. Location symbol (library where book can be obtained) and library
call number
11. Classification
12. Evaluation (by analyst)
13. Explanatory notes
V. Airgrams or Teleams (Cables)
1. Country producing cable (but omit US; this does not mean country in'
which cable originates)
2. Agency or office producing cables
3. Subdivision or part of agency or office. Examples: Army, London;
Army (outgoing to . Paris) . Followed by period
Cable serial number. Examples: Army, Moscow. DA 962835;
Navy, Cairo; DTG 2611052
5. Cable date
6. Cable title '(used only if cable is a serial, such as: WEEKA 40 ECON);
not underlined
7. Classification
4.
VI. For Photographs
1. Country producing photo (but omit US)
2. Agency or office producing photo
3., Subdivision or part of agency or office; followed by period
If. Photo serial number (such as: Photo 876652)
5. Photo date
6. Classification
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U.iassirication
Each note or clipping from a document should show the class
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i ification of the source, including all limitations such as: NOFORN,
0
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0
CIA Internal Use Only, or Background Use Only. These limitations
must be included with the classification in the list of sources of a report,
since they help the office staff determine whether a report can be. released
to agencies outside CIA. The limitations are also helpful when the analyst
is gathering information from his files to answer special requests for
information received through channels from friendly foreign intelligence
services.
Notes taken from Top Secret documents require special handling.
However, most documents with this classification are policy or planning
papers and are usuallynot sources of intelligence information. If they
should contain information not available directly in any other source, it
can occasionally be lowered in classification if the original source of it
is believed not to be Top Secret. This point should be checked with the
security officer.
4+. Document Evaluations
7-0
is incl d
ed on
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a document or a portion of it,' this evaluation should be included in the
source. citation, since it must be included with citations in published
reports. Documents produced by
and OCR/LCD do not include such
evaluations, and the documents state, "This is unevaluated information."
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CS, Army, Navy, and Air Force reports usually include evaluations.
The letter in an evaluation rates the reliability of the source,
and ranges from
Whatever the evaluation of a document, the analyst must still reach
an independent judgment on the truthfulness of the information. For example,
most trip reports made by attaches are evaluated
It is, however, relatively 25X1
easy to find incorrect, incomplete, and misleading information in many of
these reports. Similarly, if a document is published with an evaluation of
it is possible that at least some of the information may be truthful.
One reason for these differences between content and evaluation is that few of
the evaluators of documents are subject specialists and they seldom
have available the mass of files and other source materials which the
specialist analyst has available to determine the truth or falsity of in-
telligence information.
In many cases, evaluations of Axe roughly similar,
particularly in that the evaluator is often not certain whether or not the
information is true. Most PW interrogations were automatically given ratings
or this reason. Some documents with these evaluations may, in
fact, be evaluated by the specialist. For this reason, it would
seldom be sensible for an analyst to request an Intellofax run limited only to
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documents with evaluations ranging from
occasionally made by analysts).
5. The Text
(such requests are
In taking notes on texts it is seldom if ever necessary to use
quotation marks, since the entire note is usually a quotation. However, if
the analyst adds his own comments he should be sure ;to label them as such
or enclose them in brackets. If the beginning of paragraphs are indented,
it is not necessary to double space between paragraphs. When typing on
both sides of a card, it is best to type on the back side in such a way
that, in reading the card it is necessary only to lift the bottom of the
card to seethe continuation. If this procedure is followed, two or more
cards can be fastened together at the top with a strip of scotch tape,
and the entire card can be read without having to turn it upside-down.
Some branches use printed forms for note taking. The forms
are unclassified unless filled in. They have a space for each essential
item in a source citation and also indicate where country and subject
headings are to be placed. The analyst may consider having dittoed or
printed forms for certain ?types~ of data collection, particularly that
which follows a consistent pattern. For example, if a project includes
the collection of biographic data on 100 leading researchers in a field,
considerable. assembly time would be saved by dittoing 100 or more forms)
with blanks for each important item of biographic information. In this
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way the analyst would be sure to collect the same type of information on
each individual and would be able to determine quickly what was missing.
If the analyst gets a large account of information from the FDD Summaries
for his 5" x 8" card file, he might consider having the source citation
for each issue dittoed on the necessary number of 5" x 8" cards or paper,
so that items can be clipped and pasted on the cards without having to
repeat the source. Even if he gets only 20 to 25 cards out of one
Ste, it takes much less time for the branch secretary to run off that
many cards with the full citation than it does to write it 20 or 25 times
by hand or to type it.
One of the major problems in note taking, whether in the office or
in the Library. of Congress, is how to achieve maximum coverage and accuracy
with a minimum expenditure of time. In some fields, particularly political
intelligence, it. may be possible to abstract or gist. Thus, a lengthy
interview with Borguiba on Nasser might be gisted into a one sentence
,statement: "Borguiba hates Nasser." Abstracting consists of condensing
a body of information with the least possible loss of meaning and accuracy.
In most cases, however, abstracting results in a change of meaning, however
slight. In addition, some facts which might be of considerable significance
later on usually are omitted. Theoretically, the analyst might go back
to the original source to see if any important facts were omitted in an
abstract, but in practice there is seldom time to make such a check.
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Furthermore, the analyst usually feels that he has taken all that was
valuable from the item and therefore rarely goes back to the originsl
text unless some statement in it becomes critical or controversial.
In most areas of economic and scientific intelligence it is
important to take notes of facts, and frequently it is important to
write the statements word for word because of shades of meaning which may
later have an effect on the interpretation of the statements. For example,
a source may give a detailed statement of the type of object which he
saw on a railroad car and conclude that it was a guided missile. If the
analyst simply made the note that the source saw a guided missile,. the
item might be valueless. But later information from another source, when
taken in connection with the accurate description, might indicate that the
item is something entirely new.
It is usually preferable, therefore, to extract rather than to
.abstract. Extracting is the quoting of entire phrases, sentences, and
paragraphs, with little or no condensation. Even this selection might, of
course,'cause a loss of part of the context.. One means of reducing loss
of context is to make carbon copies or reproductions, of larger sections and
to file a copy of the entire item in each part of the file to which it refers
rather than to type a separate note on each section of the item. Clipping
documents or reproducing copies (either thermofaxing or photostating) for
filing in either card or document files is a form of extracting. The
clipped portions have the advantage of being accurate.
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Normally, a note taken on a portion of text should always answer
the questions which newspaper reporters try to answer: Who, what, when,
where, why, how, and significance? Occasionally, however, the source
may not answer all these questions--a Soviet radio broadcast on the ex-
plosion of ant.omic bomb may not answer where or when; this information
may have to come from the atomic explosion detection system, or from other
sources.
When note taking involves copying of numbers the analyst should
always check the copied numbers with the source. The Bureau of Census
found that trained tabulators had a rate of error of about one percent; the
analyst is apt to have a higher rate of error. Unfortunately, when the analyst
is working on a project and takes notes from his files, he generally does
not know which of the figures he has copied incorrectly, and so they must
all be suspect. The types of errors which occur in copying numbers are
many: inversion of digits, writing 35 as 53; omitting a digit, writing
4567 as 467; adding a digit, writing 4567 as 45567; and writing a digit
incorrectly, writing 465 as 435. When writing numbers in the millions
the possibility of error is increased because of the greater number of
digits; one incorrect digit in a 7 digit number will make the entire
number incorrect. However, usually the last 3 or 4 digits have little or
no significance to the analyst, so that an error in them is not vital.
The experienced analyst may be able to spot some errors in numbers because
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of his acquaintance with general magnitudes. The population analyst would
know, for example, that a figure for the population of Moscow should be in
the magnitude of 4 to 5 million, and that any figure above or below that
amount is incorrect.
In his choice of information to be noted for his files the
analyst is usually looking primarily for facts. The new analyst may be
interested in taking notes also on interpretations and opinions. Whether
selecting facts or interpretations the analyst must take pains to be
objective. This means that he should file facts and interpretations
opposed to his own positions, theories,. or interpretations. On some
subjects he should probably also file possibly unreliable information,
which might be evaluated C-3 or D-1+, since other information may prove
it to be true.*
Use of Maps and. Graphs for Assembling Data
Graphic materials may be sources of intelligence information and
may be collected by the analyst for his files. In addition, certain types
of intelligence information can be collected directly on maps or graphs
rather than first being reduced to notes. This procedure has the additional
advantage of performing one of the steps in the analytical process.
when the Germans were advancing
toward the Caucasus, the Soviets floated railroad tank cars from Baku
across the Caspian sea to Krasnovodsk to maintain the flow of POL to
.its armies. This report was at first regarded as untrue. However, on
later reflection it was realized that a railroad tank car (minus its wheels)
when loaded with petroleum (which has a specific gravity about 80 percent
of fresh water) would easily float.
the Soviets used this means to evacuate
tank cars caught in the Transcaucasus area-by the advance of the Germans.
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1. Use of Maps
Many types of information can be located on a map, including
location,. quantity, quality, or other characteristics of items which can be
pinned to specific points or areas on a map. For example, an analyst might
be trying to determine the location of all research activities being carried
on in a particular field. As he finds out about a new location, he might
plot it on a map, showing the name of the institute. If the map is sufficiently
large the source of information could be written below the name. Large maps
are difficult to handle and file, however, and for many purposes smaller size
maps are better. In this case, a number could be written beside the name
of the institute, and on the reverse of the map the source could be written
beside the same number.
CIA Map Library has available a wide selection of maps suitable
for use in plotting information of this type. For example, NIS base maps
are available for each country. In some cases the analyst can increase the
usefulness of information he plots if he chooses a map which shows closely
related information. For instance, if the analyst were plotting the location
of Soviet forestry institutions and training schools, the value of the plot-
ting would be increased if he obtained from Map Library a map showing the
distribution of forests in the USSR. A map on which was being plotted
the location of all mines or quarries of a particular type would have
greater value if it showed related information such as railroad lines,
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waterways, and roads that would be used to haul the material to consuming
points.
After information has been placed on -a map and analyzed, and
conclusions drawn therefrom, the analyst may decide to have the map
included with his report. As indicated in Part B and G of this text, it
is important that this decision, be made and the data be sent to Cartography
as soon as possible after begin 1ng,work on a report so that printing of
the map will be completed in time for the map to be included Stith the
finished report.
2. Use of Graphs
The analyst can take notes on statistics included in books and
documents, in tables, on graphs in publications, or in captions of photo-
graphs. He may be able to eliminate this step, however, if statistics
which are given fora number of years are plotted directly on graph paper
and the graph is then filed in the card or document file. In this case,
when, the analyst plots statistics on a graph he should also write the figures
themselves beside each dot on the graph. Sources can be indicated beside
the figures or on the opposite side of the page. From the material he
plots the analyst will be able to see.levels and trends. He will also
be able to fill in gaps as additional information is received. Should
this graph be a vital part of a research project, he should also consider
sending it to Cartography for production of a graph to be included as a
part of the finished report.
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V. The Role of Field_ Trips
In certain subject fields the analyst may be able to gather a
considerable anount of valuable background information through a field
trip to plants, laboratories, or other facilities with which his specialized
subject deals. In some subjects there is no substitute for the information
the analyst obtains by observing facilities, methods, and processes and'
oy talking with individuals familiar with them. This is particularly
valuable for the analyst who works on a subject field with which he is
not well acquainted. It may be of value even for the analyst who has
worked in a particular field before becoming an intelligence analyst
on the same subject. With the new viewpoint and newly focussed interest
which he develops as an intelligence analyst, he approaches familiar
facilities and processes with new eyes. As an example, an analyst who
worked on US railroad train crews found, after several years of research
on Bloc railroads, that he noticed many features about railroads and
railroad operations which he had not noted when he worked for the railroads.
This experience will open his eyes to some of the
problems of the US attache, who is usually not a specialist in any one
field, and who must observe and report on many different subjects during his
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trip. It will often have a-profound effect on the type of requirements
the analyst writes for individuals who will be collecting intelligence
information through travel.
Proposals for field trips must normally be written in the form
of a memo, giving purpose, justification, itinerary and dates, and
estimated cost. All CIA-sponsored trips'in the US are cleared by the
administrative offices through
has jurisdiction over CIA activities in the US outside the Washington
area, makes formal arrangements for visits of facilities, and arranges
for
to accompany the analyst. In OSI, trip requests
go through the branch and division chief to the Liaison Officer, Adminis-
trative Branch. This includes requests for visiting .facilities, visiting
individuals, and attending meetings.
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