BREAKING OPPONENTS' CODES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01601R001400090001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 39
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 2, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: July 31, 1972
• Content Type: NSPR

Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80:01601
HAZELTON, PA.
STANDARD-SPEAKER
D 22,704
JUL 3 1 1972
Breaking Opponents' Codes ,
STATI NTL
-
One of the sensational early domestic in-
cidents of World War II Was the revelation
by the Chicago ? Tribune that the United
? States had broken the code of the Japanese
empire. It lead to Japan's revising its codes
and consequent delays in our intercepting
vital information at our listening posts. Of-
ficials regarded the disclosure as disloyal
.,for these reasons.
? This incident was recalled by the report
. in the New York Times of an article in the
?
August issue of the radical Ramparts mag-
azine, published by Noah's Ark, Inc., Ber-
keley, California. A former Air Force ser-
geant, who was discharged from the serv-
ice in 1969, claimed that the United States
? has refined its electronic intelligence tech-
niques to the point where it can break Sov-
iet codes, listen to and understand Soviet
= communications and coding systems and
keep track of virtually every Soviet jet or
:plane or missile-carrying submarine around
the world.
The Times discovered the identity of the
IfMalyst, who signed his article with the
'pseudonym of Winslow Peck. interview-'
ing? Peck, The Times corroberated many
of his revelations, but found some experts
!strongly denying that the United States
, had broken the sophisticated codes of the
Soviet Union or of other foreign powers.
- This whole matter strikes at the fUnda-
L.-
mental security of the :United States as well
as of the Soviet Union. In the sixties, the
U-2 intelligence flights were known to the
Soviet but Premier KhruscheV used it as
an excuse to call off his summit. talks with
President Eisenhower. Government intelli-
gence experts now say there has been no
authorized violation of Soviet or Chinese
space since.
Peck was employed by the little known
National Security Agency. Headquartered
at Fort Meade, near Baltimore, it has about
90,000 employees, moStly military. Its an-
nul budget is about $1 billion. Primarily,
it collects world information, mostly
through advanced technology,. for distribu-.
tion throughout the Government, including.
the CentIAL..,Intellimn'**gency. Peck
cfaims-iliat it has encircled the Communist
World with. some 2,000 electronic listening
posts on land or on naval vessels or air-
craft.
. It is reassuring to know how widespread
is our intelligence apparatus. But, no mat-
ter how comforting, 'it is not information
to broadcast to our foes. Its value is in its
secrecy. Its revelation can only be distres-
sing to American relations with the Com-
munist powers with Whom we are trying to
set vp new relations of co-existence lead-
ing to peace, and jeopardize the security of
the nation, our homes and families.
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R001400090001-0
-2/
? THE HOUSTON POST
Approved For Release 2001/CfM/041VCIXRDP80-01601
'ls1,k.?f
telli,*gerace
:By Donald R. Morris
Pest News Analyst
The August issue of Ramparts maga-
? eine ? a periodical much given to at-
tacks on the intelligence community ?
features an article entitled "U.S. Espion-
? age: A Memoir," attributed to "Winslow
? Peck." .
The article claims that the National .
Security Agency (NSA) has broken ev- '
e cry Soviet code, teed can pinpoint the lo-
cation and type of each Soviet jet and
? missile submarine. It also claims the
? United States Is tern making routine
U-2-type surveillance flights over the So- ?
viet Union and China. -
eh? Foe lagniappe, the author describes
' how in 1967 the NSA monitored a live
. Tv contact between Soviet Premier
Alexei Kosygin and Cosmonaut Vladi-
mir Komarov, who had just been in-
formed .his braking chutes were mal-
functioning and who was facing certain .*
death.
"Peck" also claims that the elechonic
surveillance ship Liberty, on which 74
crewmen died in an Israeli attack dun-
? Ing the Six-DaY War in 1907, overheard
Gen, Moshe Dayan order his troops on
to Cairo and Damascus, as a result of ?
which then Preddent Lyndon B. Johnson
? brought intenso pressure on Israel to
halt further troop movements, and on
Preinier Kosygin to call off a threatened
Soviet airborne operation against Israel.
"Peck" turns out to be one Perry Fele
/week, Who enlisted in the Air Force in
1966 at the age, of 20, was aaeJpeted to
'NSA for duty, served in NSA stations in
e Turkey and Indochina, and was dis-
? charged in November, 1.99 ? age 23,
'Ramparts claims he was a "senior
? ? analyst" with NSA. . .
? Fellwock claims he then turned down
$10,000-a-year? job with the CIA, be.,
? cause he wanted ..to "work to end the./
Vietnam war." In ? April, 1972, he was
arrested and fined $50 for disturbing the
? peace in San Diego before the Republi-
? can party headquarters and the 11th
Naval District heedquarters. ? :
? In an interview with the ? New York,
Times, Fellwoc.k said, "I know the FBI
knows who I am. I'd like to avoid pub-
? licity but I'm willing to go through trial,
. 'and if I have to to jail."
_
STATINTL
Fellwock .and- She Ramparts editorial
board can sleep ittietly. Neither the FBI
.t
-- ? tor anyone -Oro is liable to bother him.
NSA's "no comment" to the story does
not conceal- official - agitation but only
?,!eyawning boredom.. -
. To begin with, while NSA does employ
multitudes of Air Force enlisted men in
a variety of clerical and technical ca-
pacities, it does not use tuch youthful
detailees with high school educations as
"analysis," senior or otherwise.
Rampeues could have acquired a far
? more detailed end accurate account Of
the structure and activities of NSA from
an overtly published book, David Kahn's
superb -Ile Cedehreakers," than 'they
got from their ego-tripping source.. His
. corridor gossip is flattering, but ludi-
crously inaccurate. .
Items: NSA is the seat of the major
cryptanalytic effort of the U.S. govern-
ment. It regularly reads that portions of
the traffic of foreign nations which is
rent in a wide variety of low-level crypto
systems, designed only to provide ?pro,
tection for, a short period of time. It
does not,, alas, read the keye internal
traffic of rnajor powers, which- these
- days is. aunt In crypto systems using
? .computer-generated keys, which are im-
pervious to attack. ,
? There have been no U-2-type over-
flights since, the early 60s, when the sat-
ellite reconnaissance programs were de-
veloped. The uhmanned SAMOS capsule
homes equipment so sophisticated that
the' photographic and electronic take is
infinitely suPerior to that which a con-
ventionel overflight could produce. (The
teeter] etates does send planes and shi?es
? ? ???;e, eed ree e tee-dere c.? If
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDF'80-01601R001400090001-0
RAMPARTS
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0160
AUG 1972
STATINTL .
STATI NTL
BOUT THIRTY HILES NORTHEAST Of CIA head-
quarters in Langley, Virginia, right oil' the
Baltimore-Washington expressway overlooking
1- the flat Maryland countryside, stands a large
three story building known informally as the "cookie fac-
tory." It's officially known. as Ft. George 0. Meade, head-
quarters of the National Security Agency.
Three fences "surround the headquarters. The inner
.and outer barriers are topped with barbed wire, the middle
one is a five-strand electrified wire. Four gatehouses span-
fling the complex at regular intervals house. specially-
trained marine guards. Those allowed access all wear irri-
, &Scent I. D. badges ? green for "top secret crypto," red
for .`secret crjpto." Even the janitors are cleared for secret
?? codeword material. Once inside, you enter the world's
longest "corridor"-980 'feet long by 560 feet wide. 'And
all along the corridor are more marine guards, protecting
STATI NTL
the doors of key NSA offices. At 1,4-00,000 square
feet, it is larger than CIA headquarters, 1,135,000
square feet. Only the Stale Department and the Pentagon
and the new headquarters planned for the FBI are more
spacious. But the DIRNSA, building (Director, National
Security Agency) can be further distinguished from the
headquarters buildings of these other giant bureaucracies
?it has no windows. Another palace of paranoia? No.
For D1R NSA is the command center for the largest, most
sensitive and far-flung intelligence gathering apparatus in
the world's history. I Jere, and in the nine-story Opera-
tions Building Annex, upwards of 15,000 employees work
to break the military, diplomatic and commercial, codes
of every nation in the world, analyze the de-crypted mes-
sages, and send on the results to the rest of the U.S. in-
telligence. community. .
Far less widely known than the CIA, whose. Director
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R001400090001-0
COnt
THE ITATIONAL OBSERVER
Approved For Release 2001/040)4ADARDP80-01601
1
ql! la - u. Fernier
. .
Few ird c.i
, _.,,
' 0, Lio Secrets STATIIITL
0 Spills
Conscience Force. d
Him to Break Oath,
Ex-Sergeant Says
- o r
L.) ecu
PI"), Trf; T4 frbil sc.! 7n,
/s?Li.2.1.i.iii1_11..,ii_osi..11.11
- missiles, and ships. at any time. Intelli- the implications of the article," says Pe-
gence-establishment authorities, however, ter Collier, one of the top half-dozen edi-
o privately eonceded that Fellwock's de- tors. "We talked at great length with Nes- ?
scription of 1,TSA's efforts was aCcurate? son and Boudin (Charles Nesson and
, The Pentagon confirmed that he had been Leonard Boudin, ;the Ellsberg case de-
stationed in Turkey, Europe; and South- lease lawyers) in Los Angeles. It is the
east Asia during the three Years he kind of article we feel obligated to pub-
served as an analyst for the NSA. He lish and we are proud! of it, sure of its
. In Magazine Interviewwas 1969. released from active duty on Oct.
29, ? - congressional n into the NSA.
auth investigatio
enticity. We'd like it to prompt a
? We had hoped to publish just when Mr.
Arrest Revealed Nixon was in Russia, but we couldn't get
, . By. :folio Peterson Fellwock revealed his identity last it checked out in time,
( FROM BERKELEY, CAI,IF. week after a reporter learned that lie
had been arrested in San Diego during Collier concedes that Ramparts need-
Perry Pellwock is a shy, sensitive, an antiwar demonstration and that the ed the exposure now. "We've had a short
troubled 26-year-old from Joplin, Mo. district attorney there knew Fellwock and but glorious history, and we had gotten a
When he submitted to the magazine in- Peck were the same man. He's short, be- little off the track in the late 1060s--this
terview, he thought it should appear un- spectacled, reserved, and cloesn't seem puts us back where we want to be," he
der another name--Winslow Peck?a geared toward taking on the secret NSA, says, The magazine had been a Catholic
- name he had?frequently used in his an- a huge organization . headquartered at quarterly until 1963 when Warren Iiin-
tiwar acti.vities. "I wanted to protect Ft. Meade, Nd., between Baltimore and ckle became editor. By 1995. it was a
. friends and relatives, whom I care for Washington, D.C. It employs about 100,- monthly muckraker: In 1967 it ran arti-
' very much. . . . I. did not want them to MO person8 and spends nearly $1 billion cles exposing the Central intelligence
become victims of the publicity I knew annually. Agency's (CIA) infiltration of domestic
.mY actions vsould inevitably invite." and international student orgt-inizailooS.
. . At a oress conference at the Ramparts
' ? But Perry Fellwock's cover didn'tlast ,
; office here Fellwock said that "after the Death of a Cosinonant .
.? long. . magazine was published I just wanted
'
w ,ide,rtarts latest effort, Fellwoc.
k
It was stripped away' by the furor to become a private person again. But
thf..it folloed last week's Ramparts mag- Ti 101 m
ters were can on my d pro l-1;t Rsa fl i
oorstep, pping dettills of events he siiys
with the former inte114i-,ence analyst for andn xa
't int people to think win-
slow Peck was hiding. It has been the he observed ?or learned of while working'
as an analyst with NSA. Yor? example,
says Fellwock: '
'
azine question 7 and - answer interview d I di
0
the National SecuritY Agency Cf?rsA), the most 'annerving experience I've ever been . .
? Defense 17)6artment's secret electronic- through."; i ? ' "We knew everything that went on in
? sp.ying organization. The interview lift- their (Soviet] Cosmos p10g1z-.1P1. For in-
ed the curtain a bit from the?NSA's secret In the Ramparts article Fellwock told
stance, before I had gotten to Turkey,
'operaaoris. Of the former sereeafit's de- why he decided to break the oath that
one of their rockets had exploded on the
? cirsion to tell scime of what he knows about riO Wok WrIerl he left NSA: like other NSA
launchhig -pad and two of t.leir cosmo-
NSA's operations, he says, "It has been employes, he pledged he v.iould not di-
ai pants wer e killed. One died i.vhile I was
I . months of agonizing for e." vulge any classified; information.
loved my work at first. It 'was very excit- 1 there too. It was Soyuz 1, I believe. Ile
[cosmonaut Vlacihnir Kon-airovl clevel-
4A. meri ca's Aggr6;sion' - ing? traveling in Europe, the Middle .
oped re-entry problems on Iiis way back
? Fellwock contends- that the NS.A has .Ea'st' Africtn? knowing all the secrets. It
from orbit. They couldn't get the clinic
broken the diplo matic and military codes N;v,asi.lni-iry whole life . . . But then I went
that slowed his craft dw
on in re-r_ntry to
Of all major foreign powers, i-icl. he ? , .7...t) Nam., and it. wasn' t a big game
I lavin q w 1 t n the soviets any work. They knew what the problem WP,S
L e were
charges that his disclosures, like those of people. My last ? -- - - ' ,-? - for about two hours before he died and .
Inoies It was Icilonff
the _Pentagon Pape,rs, reveal that the ' "aIn ? ti were fighting to correct it. It was all :II
United S..tates has CieCeiVed the public three mon
tn s in Nam were very
Russian, of course, but we taped it nnd
. Says Fellwoc,k: ' ' matie. I couldn't go on, but I wasn't able
listened to it a couple of tui w
is afterard.
The Arnerican military has used the to just _quit. . . . So I faked it. ... In a
- way the war d ti 010 t KOs gin called him personally. 'nu ?lisici
- , esc me.
myth of foreign aggression?the so-called _ - a video-phone conversation. Kosygin was
'missile gaps' and other phrases such as l'. in Two ,. IA ' crying.. He told him he was a hero and
the Cold War?to get funds, armaments, - ". . . I haven't. digested it all; even that he had made the greatest achieve-
and bodies for what is in reality America's though I've been Out 'almost three years ,meat in Russian history, that they were
'aggression towards the people of other now, I still feel as though I'm two ppople proud and he'd be remembered. The
lands." ; _the one Who (lid all the things I've laid guy's wife got on too. They talked for
? The Ramparts interview also contains ? out and Mother, different person who awhile. He told her how to handle their
- some startling 'accounts: that the NSA's can't quite understand why. But, even be-. affairs, and what to do with the kids. It
' electronic eavesdropping allowed the Mg against the war, it's talten a long . was pretty awful. Toward's the last few
. United StateS to keep the Six-Miy Arab- time for me to Want to say these things, minutes he began falling apart, saying,.
Israeli W;ir from becoming a full-blown I couldn't have done it nine months ago, 'I don't want to die, you've got to do
conflict involving the great pnwers, and not even three months ago. Daniel Ells- ' something.' Then there was just a.scream
' that the U.S. listened in while a tearful berg's releasing the. Pentagon Papers as he died....
0 Russian Premier Aleksei Koss gin bid fare- Made me want to talk. It a burden; in ,
well to a cosmonaut who was facing death a way I just want to get rid of it. I don't
after his space craft's brakikg parachutes want to get sentimental or corny about
failed. It, but I've made some friends who love
Officials' In Washington publicly de- the Indochinese people. This is my way of
r,a
dined comAtial an _l_hs- .aieticla. hnt nr m i. lOving the too," cont inu
_ vately den e figYM-Mq.TriRE tcgtign.O. 2004103(1046a3CIAaRDP80446.01R001400090001-0
bractu the most sophisticated codes of as -a fearless, Muckraking magazine
the foreign powers and that the NSA was prompted him to consult the editors. "We-
? ,-.?-- .---- ,--,-,,,,,- ri rnr-mth and a half wOrrying about
L-\
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 200 60
29 JUL 1972
JENK1N LLOYD JONES
?
.Spying Fun, Spoiling is Serious
A sensational article to the
effect that the U.S. National
Security Agency has cracked
all the Russian codes and
therefore is immune from
surprise has appeared in the
left-wing magazine, Ram-
parts. It was anonymously
written by a man who later
Identified himself as Percy
kellwock, 26, an anti-Vietnam
,war activist and former NSA
communications analyst.
Fellwock described the So-
viet Union as an "inferior
pnwer" and said the U.S.
? military was "the most dan-
gerous threat to -world peace."
If the article is true, many
readers will conclude that we
can relax about the Russians.
? Can we?
. It Would be helpful, of
course, to know a month in
advance that Moscow is pre-
paring a conventional arma-
ment blitz, but if we lack
counterweapons, which re-
quire a lead time of years,
we'd merely be in the posi-
tion of the man falling out of
an airplane who is alert to the
danger but doesn't have a
parachute.
In David Kahn's 1967 book,
"Tile Code Breakers," which
Is probably the finest encyclo-
pedia of cryptography ever
written, the point is repeat-
edly made that code-breaking
Is essentially a business of
exploring possibilities in an
effort to catch a faint whiff
of sense, and the more com-
plicated the code, the.larger
the possibilities.
In the past, codes and
ciphers were cracked by
the sheer intellectual power
of rare geniuses, but the com-
puter has now arrived. The
coMputer can immensely
speed the survey of possibili-
ties. So perhaps NSA has, in-
deed, cracked all the Russian
codes, and perhaps Russian
Intelligence possesses all of
ours.
.? America has come a long
way from its age of innocence
in 1929 when Secretary of
State Henry L. Stimson with-
drew his support from the
Black Chamber on the
grounds that "gentlemen do
not rpad each other's mail."
We are up to our eyeballs
in trying to read everyone's
mail, friend or potential foe
and for two very pragmatic
reasons:
Every first-rate intelligence
service in the world is trying
to do the same, and the
chances of making major
strategic and diplomatic mis-
calculations are diminished in
direct proportion to ? one's
knowledge of what other gov-
ernments are doing and think-
ing.
People have a morbid fas-
cination with spying which
the craft does not deserve.
Cloak-and-dagger stuff is of
small. importance compared
to the wise analysis of overt
information. The bug is less
powerful than .the clipping
scissors.
But spoiling can be more
powerful than them all, if spoil-
ing is defined as the technique
of making it impossible for an
opponent nation to defend it-
self. ,
Spoiling includes psychologi-
cal warfare, designed to mis-
lead and confuse a potential
enemy. It pumps up divisions
within the victim country to
produce irreconcilable splits
and paralysis of will. The tech-
nique may be used to scare
people out of their wits, or,
conversely, it may be used to
assure them that the enemy is
weak and vulnerable and not
to be feared.
Beyond this, there are the
carefully nurtured cadres for
subversion, usually planted in
organizations that are "soft'
but not subversive. These are
designed to operate over a
long term; with the purpose of
turning ? these organizations
into. fronts.
Beyond them are the sabo-
teurs, usually ? called into
action only when the crisis
approaches. Most dangerous
of all is the "man-in-place,"
one who has apparent subver-
sive connections and may have
spent years worming his way
into a position of high trust
and influence.
Ladislas Farago's new book,
"The Game of the Foxes,"
concerns itself with ,German
espionage and subversion be-
fore and during World War II.
But it carries a lesson-for our
times.
Almost no one in America
was sympathetic with the
Nazis. Aside from a prinblinmz
of strutttrig Bundists and small
gaggles of anti-Semites there
was not much to build on. Vet
Farago's case histories of Ger-
man agents who were. trusted
in high government and even
military circles -and who sue-
ceeded in feeding subtle pro-
paganda to the press are fas-
cinating?and sobering.
The Cornmunists, in Co n-
trast, have much to build on
in Ameriea. And the aim is
the obliteration of the Ameri-
can counterforce to the hoped-
for "world revolution.''
The propaganda line is not
complicated. The victim gov-
ernment is corrupt and re-
pressive. Armaments a r e
waste. The Communist
"threat" is scare stuff. Money
for defense is better spent in
the pursuit of social justice
Capitalism breeds wars. Col-
lectivism is just and irresis-
tible.
There is no cause for panic
or witch hunts or the unten-
able assertion that anyone who
echoes any part of this line
has traitorous motives. But it
is dangerous to assume that
one's enemy is stupid. And if
the Communist hierarchy
weren't seizing every oppor-
tunity to exacerbate division,
disorder and the spirit of sur-
render in America it would be
foolish, indeed.
Spying is fun. Everybody
. does it. But spoiling a nation's
ability to survive is a deadly
earnest business.
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THE itOUSTON PO3T
Approved For Release 2001/0%610zitiaDP80-016
STATI NTL
?A evoica
7 7 r.
.1E1
(TV (7-317P (-0 0
Li(
By Donald R. Morris
Post News Analyst
The August issue of Ramparts niaga-
zinc ? a periodical much. given do at-
tacks on the intelligence community ?
features an article entitled "U.S. Espion-
age: A Memoir," attributed to "Winslow
Peck,"
The article claims that The /.?.!--ational
Security Agency (NSA) has brolsan. ev-
. cry Soviet code, and can pinpoint_ the lo-
cation and type of each Soviet -jet and
Missile submarine. It also claims the
'United States is still making routine
13-2-type surveillance flights over the So-
viet Union and China.
For lagniappe, the author describes
how in 1937 the NSA monitored a live
TV contact between Soviet Premier
Alexei Kosygin and Cosmonaut Vladi-
mir -Kom'arov, who had just ,been in-
formed- his braking chutes were mal-
functioning and who was faciaig certain
death. ?
"Peck" also claims that the ''electronic
surveillance ship Liberty, on which 74
crewmen ?died in. an Israeli attack dur-
ing the Six-Day War in l9ci7, overheard
Gen. Moshe Dayan. order his troops on
to Cairo and Damascus, as h result of
which then President Lyndon B. Johnson
brought intense pressure on. Israel to
halt further troop movements, and , on
Premier Kosygin to call off a :threatened
Soviet airborne operation against Israel.
"Peck" turns out to be one rerry
Fel-
iwock, who enlisted its the Atr Force in
1966 at the age of 20, Was assigned to
NSA for duty, served in NSA. stations in
Turkey and Indochina, and; was dis-
charged in November, 1969 ? age 23,
Ramparts claims he was a "senior
analyst" with NSA.
Fellwock claims be then torned down
a $10,000-a-year job with the. CIA, he-
cause he wanted to "work to end ,the
Vietnam war." in April, 1972, he was
arrested and fined $50 for disturbing the
peace in San Diego before -the Republi-
can party headquarters and the 11th
Naval District headquarters.
In an interview with the New York
Times, Fellwock said, "I know the
knows who I am. I'd like do avoid pub-
licity but I'm willing to go ;through trial,
and if I have to, to jail." .
Fellwock and the Ramparts editorial
board can sleep quietly. Nailer the FBI'
:nor anyone else is liable tot bother him.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04
NSA's "no comment" to the story does
not conceal official agitation but only
? yawning boredom.
To begin with, while NSA' does employ
multitudes of Air Force enlisted men in
a variety of clerical and technical ca-
pacities, it does not use :such youthful
detailees V:ith high school kslucations as
"analysis," senior or. othrswise.
Ramparts could have acquired a far
more detailed and accurate account of
the structure and activities of NSA from
an overtly published hook, David Kahn's
? superb "The codebreakers," than they
got from their ego-tripping source. His
corridor gossip is flettes'ing, but ludi-
crously inaccurate.
Items: NSA is the seat of the major
cryptanalytic effort of the. U.S. govern-
ment. It regularly reads that portions of
the traffic of foreign millions which is
sent in a wide variety of low-level crypto
systems, designed only to .provide pro-
tection for a. short period of time. It
does not, alas, read the key internal
traffic_ of major powens, .which these
days is sent in crypto systems using
computer-generated keys, which are im-
pervious to attack. ? '
There have been, no U-2-type over-
flights since the early 60s, when the sat.:
ellite reconnaissance prossrams were de-
veloped. The unmanned SAMOS capsule
houses equis?nent so sophisticated that
the photographic and electronic take 'is
infinitely superior to that which a con-
ventional overflight could produce. (The
United States does send planes and ships
along Sovi0 and Chinese borders to sniff
out electronic developments and defen-
sive techniques and reaction times, but
these do not deliberately violate foreign
air or sea space. When it happens by
accident, the results can be disastrous.)
Attd youthful military enlisted men on
detail to NSA simply do not have access
to intelligence slated for the executive
level ? and they certainly aren't con-
versant with presidential actions based
on such intelligence..
In. short, Ramparts ?? .which has
scored palpable hits in the past is
attacking with an empty .waterpistol.
And Fellwock, having secured ample
amounts of- the publicity he is so ar-
dently avoiding, can sink back into the t
obscurity from which he emerged.
CIA-RDP80-01601R001400090001-0
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1-
?Bfili,../E.1-02T, CONN.
TELEG M
L 2 4 197E1
- 12,425
COO Breaking
A' former Air Force sergeant, who
was discharged from the service in 1969,
claims that the United States has re-
, fined its electronic intelligence tech-
, rniques. to the point where it can break
:Soviet codes, listen to and understand
Soviet communications and coding
systems and keep track of .virtually
every Soviet jet or plane or missile-
carrying submarine around the world.
The press quickly discovered the
identity of the analyst, who signed .his
article .with .the pseudonym of Winslow
Peck. Peck corrobcrated many of his
. revelations, but found some . experts
. strongly denying that the United States
had broken the sophisticated codes of
the Soviet Union or of ?other foreign
powers.
This whole matter strikes at the
I fundamental security of the United
States as well as of the Soviet Union.
In the sixties, the U-2 intelligence flights
were known to the Soviet but Premier
Khrushchey used it as an excuse to call
off his summit talks with President
Eisenhower. Government intelligence
STATI NTL
?experts now say there has beep no auth-
orized violation of ,Soviet or Chinese
air space since.
Peck was employed by the little
known National Security Agency. Head-
quartered at Fort Mead, near Baltimore,
it has about 90,0.00 employees, mostly
military. Its annual budget is about.
billion. Primarily, it collects world in---
formation, mostly through advanced
technology, for distribution through the
Government, inchiding the Central
telligence Agency. Peck claims-friar it
.has elic7r717:eilie Communist world wi,h ?
some 2,000 electronic listening posts on.
land or on naval vessels or aircraft.
It is. reassuring to know how Wii,
spread our intelligence apparatus is
But, no matter how comforting-, it is.
not information to broadcast to our fa? a-
Its value is in its secrecy. ? Its original ?
revelation can only be distressing to
American relations, with the Communst
powers with v.thorn we arc trying to s?..-t
U p new relations of co-existence leading
to peace.
-
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Approved For Release 2001/0
f.Tr re
- ?
STATINTL
INgDP80-01601R0014
i?- An article in, the August issue of Ramparts maga-
zinc describing :a U.S. intelligence network that has
purportedly broken all the Soviet military codes is the
kind of reporting that must outrage. responsible jour-
no lists. :
? At issue is not the credibility of the article, but the
harmful impact :it could have on both national security
and our relations with other countries, particularly at
this delicate juncturc. in international affairs.
Conscientious, newsmen can take small comfort from
the fact that American journalism offers relatively few
such glaring examples of irresponsibility involving the
national interest. One that comes readily to mind is
the Chicago Tribune story during World War II reveal-
ing the breaking, of the Japanese code. Fortunately, the
Japanese didn't read the Tribune.
? The Ramparts article is based on what the magazine
says was an interview with a former Air. Force ser-
geant assigned to the National Security Agency as an
analyst. The source, identified by the psuedonym of
Winslow Peck, ').C), alleges that U.S. intelligence knows
the location of all Russian jet aircraft, spacecraft and
missile submarines; that the U.S. has routinely con-
ducted aerial surveillance of the Soviet Union; monitors
communications bet\veen all : governments; and taps
transatlantic I elcphone rails, both official and private,
to and from this country.
'flat seems like an incredible amount of lop-secret
information to be.entrusted to an Air Force sergeant?
even one in Intelligence. But be that as it may, even
if U.S. intelligence actually has such highly detailed
data about the Soviet military apparatus, the national
' Interest would certainly not be served by broadcasting
- ?
?
the fact,
Publication or the article is indefensible on this score
alone, not to Mention the difficulties it could cause
U.S.. relations with other countries, including our allies.
All this when We are striving, with some success, to
ease world tensions.
Above all else, a free press must be a responsible
press-responsible not only to the people's right to
know but to the collective vital interests of the society
it serves.
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!Zi-1
19 JUL 1972
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EVERT ON CODES
EXPLAINS HIS AIM
Hopes Magazine Article Will
? Bar 'More Vietnams'
BERKELEY, Calif., July 38
(AP) -- A 26-year-old antiwar
activist credited by Ramparts!
Magazine as the source for ani
article on National Seeurityl
Agency intelligence-gal he.ring,
said today that he had spoken
out to "make sure there are no
more Vietnams."
Perry Fellwock of San Diego,
identified in the article as Win-
slow Peck, appeared at a news
conference with two editors of
the magazine, Peter Collier and
David Horowitz,
Mr. Fellwock read from a
statement but refused to answe
questions.
"My experience with the
.United States Government and
its global mission has con-
vinced me that the most dan-
gerous threat to me, my family
and to world peace itself, is the
American military," he said.
"My experiences convinced
MC that even nations like the
Soviet. Union were not the clan-
ger I had aly;ays been led to
believe they were," he said.
Cites People's 'Need to Know'
Mr. Fellwock asserted that to
bring security and peace to
Associated Press
Percy Pellwock, who iden-
tified himself yesterday
as the man who wrote .
-
the Ramparts article. It
said the U.S. had broken
all Soviet codes.
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America, "We must take steps
.to insure there are no more
?Vietnams. I believe I have
taken such a step. I have done
it for neither money nor glory,
but to bring to the American -
people lcnowledge which they
have a "need to know.'"
The article said the agency,!
which has its headquarters at!
Fort Meade, Md., could crack!
11 Soviet codes and enable the,
United States to pinpoint lo-
cations of Soviet military and:
space craft. The article ap-
peared in the August issue of
the literal magazine, which,
went on sale yesterday.
EA dispatch from Wash-
ington Sunday in The New
York Times on the Ramparts
article reported that intelli-
gence sources both in and
out of the Government had
corraborated much of Mr.
Fellwock's story. The sources,
strongly denied, however,
that the United States had
broken the sophisticated
cedes of the Soviet Union or
other major powers.]
Mr. Peck was described as a
former communications analyst
v,,ho worked for the agency in
Istanbul and in Indochina be-
fore leaving because of dis-
illusionment.
''We documented the article
with sources available to us
who were cognizant of the
situation and were able to
check out a large part of the
story,' Mr. Horowitz said.
But Mr. Collier said that
Ramparts had "nothing on
paper" to substantiate the
claims.
T 3N STAR
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STATINTL
ALL NATIONS REPORTED MONITORED
U
sremona e
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) --
Government officials have de-
clined comment on a Ram-
parts magazine article which
says U.S. intelligence can pin-
point the location of Soviet
military and spacecraft and
can break all the Soviet mili-
tary codes.
? A White House spokesman in
San Clemente, Calif., the De-
partment of Defense in Wash-
ington and a spokesman for
' he National Security Agency
at Ft. Meade, Md!, would not
respond. to .the article, entitled
"U.S. Tspionage: A Memoir."
The article, appearing in
Ramparts' August issue which
went on newstands today, is
based on an interview with a
man purported to be a former
NSA analyst.
The ex-analyst, identified by
a spokesman for the magazine
as "Winslow Peck," ? a pseu-
donym e- is quoted as saying
high-flying jets routinely make
flights over Russian territory
to test Soviet reactions.
Others Deny Account
While the Defense Depart-
ment refused comment, as is
customary in intelligence mat-
ers, other knowledgeable
sources denied that U.S.
planes fly over Russia gather-
ing intelligence data.
The sources said the United
States has not relied on intelli-
gence flights over Soviet and
Communist Chinese territory
since the earlyy 19905, because
it has sent aloft reconnaiss-
ance satellites, which transmit
pictures and monitor radio
and other communications
forms.
Contacted in San Diego at a
telephone number supplied by
Ramparts, a man who said he
was "Peck," 26, refused to
give his real name but said he
? *RS
was assigned too NSA for 3'
years after enlisting in the Air
Force in 1966. He said be lives
in Washington, D.C., but now
is on vacation in California.
He said he was sergeant
when he quit because he was
disillusioned in Vietnam.
Monitoring Cited
The Ramparts article said
the United States monitors ev-
ery government in the world,
including its allies, and listens
in on all transatlantic tele-
phone calls to or from this
country, even those by private
citizens.
The monitoring includes dip-
lomatic communications of al-
lies ? including interception -
of British communications
through monitoring conducted
at U.S. bases in England, Peck
said.
"As far as the Soviet Union
is concerned we know the
whereabouts at any given time
of all its aircraft, exclusive of
small private planes, and its
naval forces, including its mis-
sile-firing submarines," the
former analyst said inthe arti-
cle. ?
"The fact is that we're able
to break every code they've
got, understand every type of'
communications . equipment
and enciphering device
they've got," he added.
The magazine said NSA, es-
tablished in 1952, employes
about 15,000 servicemen and
civilians at its Ft. Meade
headquarters and about 90,000
around the world. NSA's main
mission is code cracking and
communications intelligence.
In the article the former an-
alyst said that SO percent of all
"v iable U.S. intelligence"
comes from NSA-monitored
communications.
Some who were. asked- to
o.ie Data
comment about the story said
Peck seemed to claim far
more knowledge than he could
have gained in an enlisted ca-
pacity.
The New York Times report-
ed that a veteran of 30 years'
service in intelligence said of
Peck:
"He's obviously familiar
with the NSA ? its organiza-
tion, operations and many of
its techniques. But no sergeant
in his early 20s would know
how intelligence is handled at
the White House level, what .
NSA material is used or dis-
carded by the President or
more than just the fringes
about CIA operations."
David "Kahn, author of "The
Codebreakers" and a leading
authority on cryptoanalysis,
said. in a telephone interview
thnt the ramparts article
"represents much new infor-
mation that rings true to me
and seems correct." However,
he challenged some points,
specifically Peck's assertion
that the agency's experts are
able to "break every Soviet
code with remarkable suc-
cess."
Top-grade Soviet foreign
ministry code systems "have
been unbreakable ,since teh
1930's," Kahn said. He added
that it was "highly unlikely
that they have switched to
breakable codes."
Peck said in Ramparts that
he briefed then-Vice .President
Hubert H. Humphrey on the
Soviet tactical air force in 1967
and once listened to a tearful
conversation between Soviet
Premier Alexei Kosygin and a
Russian cosmonaut about to
be killed during re-entry.
Ramparts, a liberal monthly
Journal which features investi-
gative. articles, employs about
60 persons and has its editorial
offices in Berkeley, Calif.
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A 3,O
C---? ?
Approved
U.S. Said to
For Release
A.14,1;
STATI NTL
201/q/d*49?2CIA-RDP80-01601
Break All of Soviet's Codes
? By BENJAMIN WELLES
Speciti to The New York Times
I WASHINGTON, July 15?The
!United States is reported to
have refined its electronics in-
telligence techniques to the
point where it can break Soviet
:codes, listen to and understand
;Soviet ! communications and
coding systems and keep track
of virtually every Soviet jet
plane or missile-carrying sub-
'marine around the world.
"We're ?able to break every
'code they've, got," a former
analyst in the National Seen-
/tits, Agency, one of the most!
secret of the Government's!
many intelligence agencies, is
,quoted as saying in the August
' lissue of Ramparts magazine,
',which is published by Noah's
Ark, Inc., 2054 University Ave-
nue, Berkeley, Calif.
aThe former analyst, whose
name was not given in the arti-
cle, was an Air Force staff ser-
geant who was.discharged from
military service in 1969 after
three years of overseas duty as
a communications traffic ana-
lyst for the agency in Turkey,
West Germany and Indochina.
He -.uses the pseudonym of
WinsloW Peck in the article
? Some Corroboration Found
Mr. Peck, who is 25! yearsi
old, was recently interviewed!
by a correspondent of The New!
York Times in California. Ex-
tensive independent checking.
in Washington with sources in
and out of the Governnient who
were familiar with intelligence
!matters has resulted in the.cor-
roboration of many of his reve-
lations. But experts strongly
denied that the United States
had broken the sophisticated
codes of the Soviet Union or of
other foreign powers.
The national security agency
headquarters is at Fort Meade,
near Baltimore. It has nearly
100,000 employes ? most of
them military personnel ? and
spends slightly less than SI-
hillien a year. Unlike the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency, the!
.N.S.A.'s primary purpose is the
Collection of information?mmt
of it through advanced tech-
nology ? but it rarely, if ever,
tries to evaluA0M?Ovedtrrev
of the informAion or analyze
it.
Thr, Rnmn5tric caue thnt
the. United States has encircled
the Communist world with at
least 2,000 electronic listening
posts on land or on naVal ves-
sels or aircraft. ? ,
United States electronically:
equipped aircraft, according to
the article, are constantly pene-
trating the air space of the
Soviet Union, China and other,
Communist countries to ,pro-i
Yoke and record their radar
and signal techniques to de-
velop countermeasures against
them.
This claim has been chal-
lenged here by independent
Government intelligence ex-
perts, who said that there have
been no authorized, as distinct
from inadvertent:, violation of
Soviet or Chinese airspace by
the United States since the U-2
flights of the early ninteen-
sixties. The experts said that
satellite photography has re-
placed aerial overflights, con-
ceding., however, that United
States electronic intelligence
planes often fly along Commun-
ist borders to provoke reaction
and collect signals.
In the California interview,
which was recorded on tape,
Mr. Peck described his early
life in Joplin, Mo., his enlist-
ment in the Air Force in ,1966
when he was 20 years old,
his subsequent recruitment by
the security agent, his special-
ized training, his promotions
and his three years of duty,
overseas. He was discharged'
in California in November,
1959, and says he turned down
a $10,000-a-year job offer by
the Central Intelligence Agen-
cy. He decided instead, he says,
to work to end the Vietnam
war.
. Tells of TV Monitoring
A highlight of Mr .Peck's dis-
closures include a report that
in 1967 during his duty in
Turkey the agency monitored
a live Soviet television contact
between Premier Alekaei N.
Kosygin, who was in tears bid-
ding an emotional farewell to
the astronauts Vladimir M.
Komarov.
Mr. Komarov was then in
orbit in the spacecraft Soyuz
I, which was still two hours
from re-entry into the earth's
atmosphere. According to Mr.
Peck's account the astronaut
117,-;.3 just been informed by
Soviet ground control thatt he
braking parachutes designed to.
bring his spacecraft safely to
earth were malfunctioning and,
that there was no hope of
saving him. ._, ,..... . .. .
r Release 2001/03/04
Soyuz 1 crashed on Soviet
territory on April 25, 1967, and.
Mr. Komarov was killed. He
was posthumously granted a
second Order of. Hero of the
Soviet Unoin and is buried in
the Kremlin walls.
Mr. Peck also said that dur-
ing the 1967 Arab-Israeli war,
the United States electronic, in-
telligence ship, ' the Liberty,
was ordered near the Israeli
coast to intercept details of
Israeli military intentions.
The ship was attacked on
June 8, 1967,.by Israeli jet air-
craft :and torpedo boats?an.
incident that cost 34 United'
States dead and 75 wounded
and which President Lyndon B.
Johnson later described in his
book, "The Vintage oPint," as
a 'heart-breaking episode." Be-
fore the attack, he said, the
Liberty learned that General
Moshe Dayan, the Israeli De-
fense Minister, intended to
order his forces on to Dathas-
cus and Cairo.
Tells of johns.on Pressure
Mr. Peck stated that Presi-
dent Johnson then brought in-
tense pressure on Israel to halt
further troop movement and
warned PremienKosygin on the
"hot line" against what ap-
peared to be an imminent So-
viet airborne operation from
bases in Bulgaria against Israel.
Intelligence sources here said
they were unable to recall these
details but a veteran of 30
years service in intelligence
said of Mr. Peck: -
"He's obviously familiar with
N.S.A.?its organization, opera-
lions and many of its tech-
;piques. But no sergeant in his
;early twenties Would know how
intelligence is handled, at the
White House level, what N.S.A.
material is used or discarded
by the President or more than
lust the fringes about C.I.A.
operations."
During his year of duty in
Vietnam, from November, 1968,
to October, 1969, Mr. Peck,
said, he participated in airborne
electronic sweeps in Thailand
in support of C.I.A. operations.
The C.I.A., he said, was using
unmarked attack bombe's
flown by C.I.A. "spookies" and
based at Udorn to punish Mee
tribesmen who had clashed
with Thai Government troops
over control of their traditional
areas.
The. United States depended
on a friendly Thal Government
for important air bases and
other facilities useful for the
Vietnam war, Mr. Peck noted,
and thus was prepared to as-
sian the C.I.A. surreptitiously
ttiliA4.RDR80-04,304R
suppress internal disorders.
? Neither the N.S.A. -nor- the
C.I.A. would comment today.
Senior Government iatelli-
gence officials who were shown
transcripts of the Peck. inter-
view discounted parts of it but
corroborated others.
David Kahn, author of "The
Codebreakers," (published by
Macmillan in 1967) and a lead-
ing authority on crwtoanalysis,
said in a telephone interview.
that the Ramparts article "rep-;
resents much new information;
that rings true to me and seems!
correct." However, he chal-
lenged some points, specifically
Mr. Peck's assertion that the
iagency's experts are able to.
"break every Soviet code with
remarkable success." .
Top-grade Soviet Foreign
'Ministry code systems "have
been unbreakable since the
nineteen thirties" Mr. Kahn.
said. He added that it wasl
"highly unlikely that they ha,Ve
switched to breakable codes."
Mr. Peck's contention. that
"information gathered by N.S.A.
is complete" implies a false
importance, Mr. Kahn said. The
N.S.A. does, he said, "aolve"
many nations' diplomatic codes;
but -these are countries of the
third rank and provide only
"indirect clues to Communist
intentions."
Mr. Kahn noted that "what
we are doing in this field thea
Russians are doing and, con-
trary tot he Ramparts state-
ment, they are very good."
He pointed out finally that
the "thrust of the article., that
the N.S.A. threatens peace, is
incorrect." '
"I believe that in the existing
world of two armed camps,"
Mr. Kahn said, "N.S.A. can pro-
vide more light, more truth--
and this can lead to better
evaluation of situations and so
to more realistic responses.
N.S.A. is not like the C.I.A.,
which can foment revolutions
and can indeed threaten peace."
The interview contains a
lengthy question-and-answer
passage that Mr. Peck con-
ceded, in his interview with
The Times, was hurriedly pre-
pared at a time Mien he. was
"extremely rattled."
details of hitherto suspected
hut obscure details of elec-
tronic eavesdropping around
he globe resulted, he said,
from opposition to the Vietnam
War and from a hope that
others doing similar clandes-
tine Government work would
"come forward and say what
they know. "He conce.des that
pl40009J43/inVv&F ut the
agency him in
legal tangles. . .
tlOnt irme
STATINTL
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For Further Information on
SWINTL
Please see
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risirad.V;:
64,./11.1fi
Approved For Release 20tri/u3N4 : uIA-RDP80-01601R001
0 -
. .._? , illytip 11 f; 1--.., 0 b ,!9,,
? ...d.j.? k 4 . , A..,.... ..1,,..Ai..../
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..ri."- ?,,- -? -fL , -1.17
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(47-10-,,i7; 6T, LLiJi.
v
The White House is expected
to decide within the next/ sev-
eral weeks _whether to act on
prOpcisals for reorganizing U.S.
intelligence operations par-
ticularly those of the military
i?-zwith the aim of Making tireSe
vast and far-flung activities,
more efficient and lessexpen-
sive.
:Several possible reorganiza-
tient plans have under study
since early this year. Nov.' how-
ever in addition to some inter-
nal Nixon administration pres-
sure to revamp the intelligence
apparat its, Congress is also
pressing the White House to
act.
'According to informed con-
gressional sources, Son. Allen
/J. Ellender (D-La.), chairman
t./ of the. powerful , Senate Ap-
propriations Committee, has
threatened to cut at least $500
million out of the roughly $5
billion that -the government
is estimated to spend annually;
on all forms of. military and
foreign intelligence operations.
Elrender's action, I. Ii e a e
sources say, would ?have the
effect of cutting about 50,000
people out of a corps of mili-
tary and civilian personnel en-
gaged, in intelligence work
.that new numbers .an esti-
mated 200,000 people.
Mender's chief target,
sources Close. to the senator
say, is not the highly special-
ized, civilian-run Central
telligence Agency, but the
separate intelligence opera-
tions run by caeh of the mili7
tary services. and the Pentag-
on's Defense Intelligence
Agency.
Officials have ? estimated
that about $3 billion of the
total amount :tucked away for
intelligence each year in .a
variety - of approriations bills
Is spent by the military. The
uniformed services account
for about 150,000 of the total
personnel figure. _
Mender's concern is known
to involve overlap bet \veen the
work of the individual services,
too many a sse n t s gather-
ing data of doubtful signal-
isince, too many admirals and
enerals doing work that could
IJe done by lower ranking men.
and the setting up of a global
communications network that
allegedly exceeds the strategic
needs of military commanders.
Government officials say
that the original impetus'for
reorganization Iva? ',a Wide-
spread feeling in the Execu-
tive Branch that the
intelligence apparatus -- had
grown too large rrid costly in
comparison_ to the amount of
useful intelligence produced.
:Also, there wa.t said to be dis-
satisfaction because the form
in which sonn, kinds of in-
telligence were presented to
the White House was . not
readily usable.
Under the original White
' House - study completed last
spring, a number of options
were developed.
The most far-reaching in-
volved creation of a new su-
per-intelligence agency head-
ed by a Cabinet-level officer
and combining mans' of the
now separate, activities of the.
Pentagon. CIA and the huge
code-cracking operations of
the National Security Agency.
Another involved movement
:of the CIA's highly esteemed
director 'Richard Helms into
the White House as the top
intelligence man with in-
creased authority over all as-
pects of intelligence.
STATINTL
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Approved For Release 2001/03104: CIA-RDP80
r NEW YORK, N.Y.
POST
E ? 702,637
S ? 368,841
.30H c) Ian _ And they are certain to be`
...,..
r-- helped by former Prime Min- :
/
:?A , i , t,,: \ ister Wilson and ether Labor
' ....---o , Li 1.,,---o ' leaders, for the deal under '
... Which the Orford Ness sta-
''. tion was set up by the U. S.
; was made while Labor wasl
?? in office four years ago.
I, $50 .7?lillion
1 11(.2,71 The station is officially,
Li,.-2-,-..1 0 'sa:d to have cest over
, . i .,_
' million. But the total cost,..
.
most of it footed by, the
E RY ClIA-1')IMAN. 3-)INCTIEI'" . ', U. S. government, is believed'.
? . LONDON -- Searching ' to be more than 'double this
-questions about a huge sum .
. .
"Radio-Communications" es-1 The MPs' suspicions were
.
tabliOnnent built with Amer- . aroused by publicity organ-
- lean money at Orford Ness i' ized by the Defense Ministry
on the Suffolk Coast are be- i two weeks ago to allay local
lug asked by Labor members concern about the station. -
of Parliament. - :Fishermen were told that
They suspect that it is they might experience mild
really a giant station of U. S. .electric shocks when the sta-:
. intelligence. The government .tion carries out full-scale ;
claims the station is being ."radio-communica.tion exper-.
operated by the Royal Air Aments,, in a few months'.:_
Force for radio research, but ? time.
-the MPs believe that this is tonc,rn EXPRESS
a cover story. ,
1 They are confident that it'
Is being operated mainly by
the U. S. National Security
Agency, which specializes in :
electronic eavesdropping on
behalf of the Central Intelli-
gence Agency and the U. S.
Defense Dept.
, The Orford Ness station ?
, a complex of 180 radio masts
on a 700 acre site ? can
Cover the whole of Russia
' and .all other Iron Curtain
.countries, .
0
?
STATINTL
Lamichings
The extremely advanced
equipment, which is Amer-
ican, is believed capable of
detecting details about mis-
? site launchings, including
ox-
permental firings,
. The station also is 'under-
stood to be concerned with I
the interception of certain
kinds of secret information ;
? passing between military in-
stallations behind the Iron
Curtain.
So the MPs fear it is yet :
I another possible target for
-Soviet attack on Britain.
? British security authorities ;
? are doing all they can to
:prevent anyAppreVedif
r Release- 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601 R001400090001-0'
:asked in Parliament.
BEcKLEAPPrffed For Release 2001/03104: CIA-RDP80-01
posT_HFRALD
gE-C, 29 1
- 17,9,94
S - 28 7,1 0
STAT I NTL
,
'Asked if the President bad ordered. With money as well as constitutional
,.._...e.?. . . ... ...
1- anty.(kr .. e.r.sAn y h f:,,:jklay)..?-- such activities_ stopped, Ziegler replied, rights at stake, there. may be fireaorks
ist. v-.4 D,,,,,,, ..Y .. "For me. to answer that would suggest if Congress begins probing into activi-
..
, 0 . 0 cl, ' that it is going on. I would refer you. ties of the military's scientific spy shop.
nvoivec-. , 0,1,?1.,,?
-,,, ,,,,,Tqf to what the secretary of defense has ' Congress -- .perhaps even the tax-
. . said ? it is not going on in any way ? payers who foot the bill ? rna finally
. Congressional investigation of the at this time." ? ; have the chance to look inside NSA
? National Security Agency (NSA) is ex- Subsequently, Secretary of Defense ' and see 'what makes it tick ? and for
pected in the wake of mid-Decembeis Melvin Laird announced reorganization ' whom it ticks. It certainly should not
.ditelossire that Army intelligence of military intelligence to strengthen tick for the personal beuefit? of poilti..
agents spied on more than 800 Illinois civilian control and protect constitu- .clans --- Democratic or Republicanl
civilians ranging from federal, state tional rights_ of individuals. Control of -
and local officials to newspaper report- the vast Defense intelligence Agency
ers,
lawyers and church figures. (DIA) will be removed from the Joint
:Included were two of the prairie Chiefs of Staff and placed direetly un-
State's most highly-respected public der Laird by Feb. 1. i
officials, Otto Kerner, .who served two.. * * * - (
terms as governor and now is a federal. INFORMATION ON SPYING in 11
, judge, and Adlai E. Stevenson III, who . Illinois came from John M. O'Brien, '
was a state legislator and then state ' former staff sergeant with the 113th
treasurer before his November election
st a U.S. senator.
Military 7Group, with jurisdiction over
the Midwest.
- Stevenson, .son of the late United O'Brien's disclosure was Motivated
-Nations, ambassador, defeated Ralph by his "concern for constitutional pro.
.Smith, for whom President Nixon went tections guaranteed to all people in. our
Into Illinois to campaign personally. By country." He said he had decided to
-appointments Firrifth was fillnir the disclose. his Ariny activities "to make
-unexpired term of the late EVerett unknowing people aware of the menace
Dirksen? that exists.
Beth Kerner and .Stevenson have In written allegation, O'Brien stated
enjoyed voting support of independent that his group switched from -strictly
Republicans as well as members of. military information-gathering in early
? their own party. Revelation that they 1968. After June, 1969,? he wrote, "My
were spied upon is creating a strong entire effort... was directed against
stir of .reaction, despite Secretary of individuals and organizations not asso-
.the Army Stanley R. Resor's denial that dated with, any military service."
the Army spied on the former governor His own assignment was to monitor
. and the newly-elected senator. activities of anti-war groups, he said.
. Crystallizing is the question of how He was not personally involved in spy-
deeply the military is involved in ino on Kerner or Stevenson, but he saw
.domestic espionage ? whether enoughe.files on them. Kerner and Stevenson
to .threaten the privacy of individuals are identified in Army records as
or enough to endanger civilian members of the liberal wing of the
supremacy over the military. Democratic party but O'Brien noted
* * * . that right-wing. Minutemen also were
- IT IS AN OPEN SECRET that Arm): included in Army surveillance.
? policy permits spying on civilians, but) * * *
? such spying is supposed to be limited NSA IS A HUSH-HUSH agency with
;- to civilians with a penchant for violence responsibility for code-making and
or other illegal conduct.
" code-breaking. The agency also fur-
US. Sen.. SameJ. Ervin Jr., D- C, nishes expertise to the intelligence
head of the Senate's constitutional community on construction o f
rights subcommittee, has disputed this, sophisticated. eavesdropping devices, '1
asserting that surveillance cc- which he from pocket microphones to instru-
- infers has. been widespread and not ments used aboard spy satellites.
? confined merely to Illinois .-- has been NSA is bigger than CIA and spends
directed to persons not actively sup- more money than CIA does. Its budget,
porting ? Vietnam or domestic policies concealed in appropriations Made for
,.of the Nixon administration, other departments , and agencies, could
- :White' House press secretary Ronald be imperiled as a 'result of disclosure
L. 'Ziegler stated, in response to ques- that military intelligence .agents spied
Jioning about domestic spying by the on U.S. civilians; Billions of dollars in
military, "It will not e dale under -ssintracts with the electronics industry
this admAPPRO/Pa Mg I 9agke 200T1/03i041i7C 1A-RDP13041601R001400090001 -0
meats gave assurances for the. present cutback now being threatened by some
:and future but did not cover the past. congressinen.
Approved For Release 0 ? -RDP80-016
118ii
3. 7 SEP 1570
STATINTL
WE ALL KNOW that people who
? work for the CIA don't like to
'talk about it. Top secret stuff.' Some
of us also know.that there is an agency
that makes the CIA look like an after-
:noon bridge club. That is the NSA: the
National Security Agency.
' The oilier day the guest list at a re-
ception included platoons of CIA pp-
.le--and two NSA chaps, who spent
most of theft time sitting in a corner
chuckling about all the secretive char-
acters milling about.
? Then somebody at the table got to
talking about car pools. One NSA
man' said he didn't like car pools, but
a co-worker was trying to talk him into
joining one.
"Who's that?" the other NSA man
Asked.
? The first wrinkled his forehead and
Stared into his drink for a moment.
"Gee," he finally said, "what' is his
'name? Archie something ...?"
- c?-+.9 '
B. F. HENRY of Alexandria is the
valiant sort. He once walked seven
miles to work when one of our little
snowstorms stopped vehicles. ,
? But his latest feat is even' more
steadfast. He bought a suit off 'a rack
Saltz's had stashed away just for such
as B. F.?and is walking around in it
-after his wife asked their son how he
liked the suit and the son replied ab-
sently: ':Oh yes, I guess they Used to
wear them like that all the time."
THE FAMILY? was sitting peacefully
One night recently and Mother, just .
getting to the morning paper, was
reading a Dick Coe story about Robert
Goulei and Carol Lawrence.
-"Richard Coe says they are the
?Lunts of musical comedy," she ob-
served.
Elder Son, no drama history buff,
looked up puzzled.
"What's a lunt?" he asked.
!
GOING TO. VOTE in Maryland ,
Tuesday was a trying experience. The !-
voters at my polling place had to run
a gauntlet of campaign workers to get
to the schoolhouse door. I suppose it
was pretty much the same everywhere,
and more of a distraction this year
than I can remember coping with
before.
The election law says last-minute
campaigners must stay at least 100 feet
from polling places, and a police-
man was there to enforce it. But to
get to the last 100 feet I had to pass
legions of people who shouted and
pushed pamphlets at me.
"You a Republican?" one demanded
loudly, and next, "You a Democrat?"
The demand to know my party affili-
ation so they could thrust "voting
guides" on me Was repeated continu-
ously as I moved down the line.
To top it off, there were signs nearby
offering lemonade and car washes ,for
;
saleh
Te whole crass show almost put mc
in a bad mood. ?
.-HAL
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STATINtlYrSHINGTOU P.OST
Approved For Releaseflp,449ff,4_. : VIMR(170630-0160
Tlfe re;leral Prtvxy '
aper
mp?a yees
By
Mike
Causcy
? Unlike most feleral activi-
ties, the super-secret National
Security Agency doesn't de-
vote a lot of time or money to
crantcling out press releases.
!Many people don't even
know that NSA, which em-
ploys several thousand persons
behind a big fence at Ft.
Meade, Md., even exists. A lot
/ of people' think they know
/ what the CIA is doing, but
ask them about NSA and you
will usually draw a blank. This
Is the way NSA would want it.
Anyhow, NSA does exist.
And we can report that de-
ipite its hush-hush mission, it
has its share of regular gov-
ernment gripes that often cen-
ter on the parking and stom. hashish. -I
ach areas. In this case some But Customs isn't going en-
people feel, that NSA's . Own tirely to the dogs. Congress is
eating spot is sadly out of tune in the process of approving re- I
with the times. , , 1 quest for 970 new jobs, to bel
Certain that this inforrna- - staffed by human agents. The!
i - ?tion won't give .aid and corn- Senate approved that amount,
?
J fort to the enemy, it is safe to which is 170 more than agreed
report that hard-boiled eggs at by the House. I. ?
.the NSA eatery are going for The American Foreign Serv-
15 cents each, which egg-by- ice Association plans its an-I
' ers. there think is too much. nual business meeting Sept.'
,They have-protested the egg 23, in Room 1351 of the New:
,price and also the fact that State building. The noon .ses-1
sandwiches have gone up a sion is open to all AFSA mem-
?nickle and potato chips have bers. . -I
been dropped as a filler. James B. Sweeney; naval
; Workers are beefing be- oceanographic office's infor-
Cause the restaurant and mation officer, has written a
snack bars have been closed book called "A Pictorial His-
'recently, leaving the captive tory of Oceanographic Sub-
audience with mid-morning mersibles." It's put out by.
and afternoon hunger pangs. Crown Publishers of Long
(Getting in and out of NSA Island and costs $9.95.
Isn't the easiest thing in the Jobs: National Capital Hous-
world, especially if you only ing Authority needs a Grade
have 15 minutes for a, break 13 or 14 general engineer, GS
and the nearest coffee shop is 12 mechanical engineer and a
In Odenton, Md.). ' GS 11 architect. Call 382-8025.
NSA people also. have corn- Health, Education and Wel-
plained that too much empha- fare wants GS 5 through 11
sis is being placed on refur- COBOL programmers. Call
bishin,g the cafeteria and not Mr. Burton at 962-4669.
enough:on the basics such as General Accounting Office
food., . ., has openings for clerk-typists,
? Those of us who.don't work GS 3 and 4, and clerk-stenos,
for NSA will probably never , GS 4 and 5. Call 336-6161.
be able to break the agency's Herbert A. Doyle Jr. has
code and learn the outcome of been moved up to the key job
the silent battle for the cafe-; as deputy director of Labor's
teria. But it's nice to know that; Bureau of Employees' Corn-
underneath all that mystery pensation. Doyle and director
and glamour, NSA has it
? sciitoohgatoEkeberg will handle
Approved For Release 2001103104: CIAIRDP430404-601R0014 . -I-Anon - donor pro-
National Health Plan: The, gram for disabled and injured
Independent National Postal' federal workers....? ,...,_ ,...,
. ..._.... .. ... .... . .. .. ...., _ . .. ... .. .,
Union is backing the hipartH
sail- Senate bill that would es-
tablish a national health insur-
ance plan. Most federal and ,
postal unions operate their
own plans, for the benefit of .
members and as an incentive'
to recruit new ones. Federal:
employees now pay out $547'
million a year in premiums,'
and the government $299 mil-
lion.
NPU Presidentlavicl Silver,.I
gleicl said present plans" are
hospital-oriented and therefore
tend to drive up costs." He
thinks ? a federally run plan
would permit an extension of
benefits without the drastic
price increases that have hit,
health and hospitalization re-
cently. ? ?
Aroma Patrol: The Bureau
of Customs is building up an
elite of german shepherd and
labraclor dogs to help sniff out
illegal drugs being smuggled
across the borders. The armedi
forces have used clogs for i
years, finding them especially;
keen on marijuana and!
TIE TATIAITAYT =1 -ZEALAND DAILY 1`1,?p
Approved For Release 2001/03/C9TJCIA31512P80-01601R001
Skdniiy,
'OT111?-:
.ircer
911 C
STATI NTL
Since-very action of the Unid States C?ritral Intelli-
gence Agency is top secret it is hard to ferret out the facts,
but over the years fragments emerge which throw some
I light on its activities.
Its budget is split among a 100 items in the United
1States' multi-billion dollar defence appropriations. Only two
1 or three Senators and Congressmen, members of a watchdog
committee. are privy to its size.
The CIA itself report; to
another super-secret body.
the National Defence Coun-
Cil. which for the record seas
Virtually nothing. Even its
membership is secret.
But it can he said that
the CIA budget rivals that of
many medium-sized nations,
and it employs tens of
thousands of agents through-
out the World ? probably
? more than Russia.
The CIA is quick to point
out that it operates only
;outside the limits . of the
continental United States.
Its work internally being
'done by the FBI. Each
foreign post has a "resi-
dent" who controls the ac-
tivities of his men in the
'field. Often the Resident
operates out' of the United
States Embassy in the
nation concerned, much to
the disgust of regular dip-
jomats who call CIA men
;"spooks," sometimes to
their faces.
Control
?t Controlling and co-ordin-
ating these world-wide op-
'erations is a huge staff in
CIA headquarters at Lang-
ley, Virginia ? a massive
.concrete building tucked
taway behind a grove of
? trees just off a super-high-
j way a few miles from Wash-
?jington, DC.
A coy direction sign
? announces it as the Public
'-Works Department for the
,District of Columbia.
CIA critics say this piece
of cloak-and-dagger non-
? sense which deceives nobody.
( is typical of the theatrical
? amateurism of, the entire
CIA operation.
The CIA's most spectacu-
lar failureof course,
Despite its protestations
at being only an external
agency, CIA agents were ac-
tive in Miami. Florida, re-
cruiting Cuban refugees to
fight.
The agency's advice to the
Pentagon and White House
on the cle.aree of support
Prime Minister Fidel Castro
had in his own country
proved competely erroneous.
Many liberal Senators claim
that the agency is so
paranoid about Communists
and Communism that its
collective judgements are
often seriously distorted.
Certainly the record in-
' dicates that the CIA is more
likely to be friendly to right-
wing politicos and military
men than anybody else.
They have been accused,
often with convincing evi-
dence, of interfering on the
side of the generals in sev-
eral Latin American and
Carihhean countries, not-
ably Guatemala, Colombia.
Argentina. and Brazil.
. ? ?
Alainstav
The agency has been a
mainstay of President Ky's
military regime in South
Vietnam, and there is no
doubt that it had a big hand
? in toppling the neutralist
government of Prince Sih-
anouk in Cambodia.
Perhaps its most sicken-
ing intervention was in
Greece, where the colonels
oligarchy boasts of the sup-
port of the United States
; Government as it imprisons
and tortures its democratic
. o men a aw
opponents.
The evidence indicates
that the CIA uses all classic
tools of a spy organisation
? assassination, murder,
lb r and blackmail of
_
nam who were charged 'with
the murder of a 'Vietnamese
national, said to be a double
agent.
, Another agency, little-
'known outside of the
Uni red States that plays a
Ikey role in supporting CIA
!activity, is the National
Security Agency (NSA),
not to he confused with
1NASA, the space agency.
IHeadquartered . - ? in a
Security
Isprawling complex at. Fort
I.Meade. Maryland, some 30
miles from Langley. the
NSA's security arrange-
ments are, if possible, even
tighter than those of the
CIA. It bristles with
Marine guards and any-
body walking around the
building without conspic-
uously displaying his iden-
tity will instantly have a
gun barrel at his head.
NSA's principal task is
'to crack the dipimatic and
military codes of every
other nation on earth. It
employs some of the most
sophisticated computer
equipment ever assembled.
The results of this work
are useful to the CIA and
I the National Security
Council. But several allied
governments have expres-
sed annoyance over the
exercise.
The growing criticism is
making it more difficult for /
the CIA to recruit suitable
? personnel. It is said that
they are more and more
turningtwith
grupilmig.1 linuoiligiamH i!I 1 rl III IIIIIIINII IIII! I ill 11:111111!I iil liglli Iii10111111M1111111111! 11 Pill i 1 V.iNriiiir37=
I . AlMost without exception, military coups
1 around the world in recent ye-ars havo brought
i -..
1 cnarges of involvement by America's Central
Intelligence Agency. Recently King Hussain has
i hinted at CIA interference in ,Jordon. What b
I this shadowy organisation and how does it werh?
E R. W. Cocking investigates for Gemini News
-0 Service - .
EiVNIIIMINIIIIIVICIII:1111E111101111111E:11
enforcement background,
as opposed to the more
, free-wheeling Ivy League
1 college graduates who
used to make up the core
of their key people.
One problem is that men
resigning from the CIA
Often find that employment-
at Langley offers rea
obstacles to getting a new
job.
A well-publicised case
; occurred in Washington re-
, cently when a . CIA em-
ployee resigned to return
i to university teaching. He
was on the short list for a
plum appointment, but
when- it became known he
, had' been a researcher for
:
the CIA his name vraa
dropped from considera-
tion.
Defenders of the agency
argue that every major
power must be in tha intel-
ligence business as a
matter of self-protection.
On the charge of ama-
teurism, one CIA man told
me: "Sure we make a lot
of mistakes, After all, the
United States has been
running the world for only
a little more than 25 yeara.
Before us, the ? British were
doing It for nearly 300,
which gave them plenty of
time to learn how to run
an intelligence network."
Ath
?the Bay of Pigs invasion of k e die 0Y0 4 CIA-RDP80-01601R001400090001-0
Yt.quabJa _____L?Approved s hilit as L
Green Beret troops in Viet-
STATINTL
Approved For Release 2001/05161F61A-RDP80-01601
' .3 '0 MAR 1970
a
STATI NTL
LESS INTELLIGENCE
U.S. military intelligence operations will be cur-
tailed by 10 per cent next year as part of the
over-all defense budget reduction. Some opera--
rims?notably those of Pueblo-type Spy ships?
have been dropped already and others, such as
'flights of the EC-121 electronic intelligence plane
and the SR-71 photoreconnaissance plane, have
, been cut back. And still further cuts in this kind
of intelligence operation are planned: Defense
Secretary Laird's- management experts have dis-
covered overlapping functions and inadequate
coordination between the Defense Intelligence
!!
Agency and the National Security Agency.. .
'POTEMKIN' MISSILE SITES?
U.S. intelligence analysts believe that the Rus-
sians are building false missile sites to deceive
American spy satellites. The U.S. credits the So- 4,
viets with 1,300 intercontinental ballistic missiles .;
completed or under construction?but some of
the boles dug for the latter may be phonies in-
tended to mislead Strategic Air Command target
planners and to create a false impression of Sovi-
et superiority. The U.S. admits to having 1,054 ..11
ICBM's in operation.
SAIGON: U.S. HEADQUARTERS SHIFT? ?
The U.S. high command in South Vietnam is
thinking of moving its headquarters from Saigon's
1, Tan Son Nhut airport to the large American Army
base at Long Binh, 20 miles outside the city, or?
r: to Cam Ranh Bay, 50 miles distant. The aim is to
.lessen the impact of CI's on Saigon. It was sug-
gested by Herman Kahn, director of the Hudson
. 'Institute think tank.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80131601 R001400090001-0
-
This is a more legible copy
Approved For Retweiv20611100921EW0A-RCIR60-01601010qmoOttecteelkeeviously.
. _
29 Jamtary 1970
STAT I NTL
.Torakin say: Was ?Theze a Conspj
' 14' sarily-firing t
Truth Is the First Casualty.: The Gulf':? a an lurking behind the unseen enemy blackness of b
ir a
of Tonkin Affair-Illusion and Reality ? misinformation.
' by Joseph C. Goulden.
; ?
A James B. Adler Inc. Book, '
published in association with"
Rand McNally, 281 pp., $6.95
Peter Dale Scott
' ?
? Seaman Patrick N. Park, on the night'
' of August 4, 1964, was- directing the:
gun-control radar 'of the USS Maddox..
For three hours he had heard torpedo'
reports from the ship's sonarman, and'
he had seen, two or three times, the
flash of guns from a nearby destroyer,.
the Turner Joy, in the rainy darkness.
But his radar could , find. no targets,?
"only the occasional roll of i wave asli
it breaks into a whitecap." At last, just
before midnight, a target: "a damned
big one,. right on us ... about 1,500,
. , .
Not all will accept the analogy be; -I I'
1
tween Washington . and a confused !..th
young seaman, but this hardly lessens "i
the importance of Goulden's patient ac
researches. The author of a book on sh
AT&T and a former reporter for the' Ire
Philadelphia Inquirer, Goulden has it
made good use of his years of experi- :at
ence in Washington. He has not really-, M
written a "thesis" book; his method is
to stick closely to official documents 1.??
(above all the neglected Fulbright '
Committee Hearing of 1968)1 and 'tc
first-hand interviews with witnesses the tc
Committee failed to call, including :11
Seaman Park. At times he can be j , '
faulted for believing so much -what was'
heard North ,Vietnamese orders to him in the Pentagon. Even so, the ; , position a defensive rin of PT boats
yards off the side, a nice fat blip." He :result is devastating. It is now even
was ordered to open .fire;' luckily, more clear that the Tonkin Gulf
.however, net all seamen blindly follow Resolution (in his words) "contains the
orders. , I , fatal taint of deception." The Adminis--.;
,
. Just before I pushed ,the trigger I. li.tration. had withheld much vital in-:',?
suddenly realized, That's the 1 formation in formulating the,.sim- ple--I
Turner Joy : . .. There was a lot ' rstory of "unk`ovoked attacks' by':1,
of yelling of "Goddamn" back and' 'which that resolution vias.' pushed
forth, with the bridge telling me ! through Congress. , ?? ' . ". '' . ? ... ;
.to fire before we lose contact," ' ? ? ? ? .:1
? and - me Yelling right back at. The Afaddox, according to' MeNa- I
mara In 1964, was on a "routine patrol ::
"I'm not opening fire until I know 1
, where the Turner Joy is.' The 1 hi international waters." In fact it wasp
bridge got on the phone and said, 1 on an electronics intelligence (EL1NT)
"Turn on your lights, Turner ! l'Or spy_inission for the National Securi- '
Joy." Sure enough', there she was, i Lty Agency and CIA. One of its many
right in the cross hairs ... 1,500 ! intelligence requirements - orders was
yards away. If .1 had fired, it
would have blown it clean out of -
' :"to stimulate Chicom-North Vietnam-.
the water. In fact, I could have : : ese electronic reaction," i.e., to pro- !
b . . ' ; yoke the North Vietnamese into
- trigger. Then people starte asking, .? turning .on their defensive radars so ,
them .... I finally told them'
, around Hon Me after the first South-
Vietnamese attack on the North Viet-
namese islands, as well as speculations,
about the possible link between ,.the
..Maddox and the raids.
Near Hon Me on the morning of.
August 2 the NSA technicians ?
intercepted' orders for PT boats to
? . attack the Maddox. Captain Herrick.
aboard the Maddox cabled to his'
? superiors in Honolulu that "continu-
ance of patrol, presents an unacceptable:
Tisk," but. was- ordered' to resume his'
itinerary. The Maddox returned to a ?
point'eleven miles from Hon Me island,,
and then heard a North Vietnamese
. order for its attack. This Was the .
.prelude for the first incident of August
I 2-it clear both .that a North '
, Vietnamese attack was ordered and
een !hot for riett_T2Ist,szing_j he - ? ?
? I .
( "What are we shooting at; ,...?*-1 ;lhat the frequencies could be
1 We ,all began calming down. The :1 ? meisured; To this end, between August:'
.
, whole thing seemed to end, then. , 1 and 4, the Maddox repeatedly siniu-
.
Goulden's fascinating book, which a cd 1.4 't *
.attacks by moving toward the
has gathered' '
; much new informationI shore With its gun control radar
t
'about the Tonkin Gulf incidents', sec mechanism turned on, as if it, were.,.:: '
the experience of Patrick Park as,
;,....prepar. ing to shoot at targets. In so
. with
.exception, a microcosm of the' doing& it violated the twelve-mile. limit-
entire Tonkin 'affair-'. -. .. ... .
;one - ' I
... ?I' which Pentagon officials thought North 7 .
,..
-
'.. ',II Vietnam claimed- for her territorial i
; - illustrating ,the confusion between : -.11 waters.2 Far from being "routine," this i
'I
? illusion and reality and the .inclina-.. 1,
.-
, was only the third such patrol in the 1
tion of man to act upon facts as I ?
? , Tonkin Gulf in thirty-two months; and .1
he anticipates they should be; .' -
:. the. North Vietnamese had to assess it ??1
' rather than' what rational examina-
in the context ,of?a recent US build-up.
1
tion shows them to be., The ex-''....4.
. t.i !Ind South Vietnamese threats to carry:
ception is that Park refused to
According to The New York Times
(Aug. 11, 1964, p. 15) the Ticonder-
oga's Task ? Force .Commander Rear
Admiral Robert B. Moore "indicated
that the destroyer might have been
two or three miles inside the I2-mile
limit set by 'Hanoi for international
wa ter's." ?
. ? ?
McNamara told the Committee that.
the Maddox could simulate an attack
on the coast by turning', on special
transmitters, but the Pentagon later
Id the ship carried passive equipment
ington acted on the basis of , un July ,o 9i
squeeze IhOr 601 bCIPPic
asSumption, 'not fact-hastily, pre:- the South Vietnamese had for_the?rult
Atftge0tYPOW4Iteletagit.21310714/q4 Oh R001400090)44.
1 7
0:eto.ntis1 .
-C:
einitAntiv_ nothanr even tarmac!". ?-
TUE WASIIINGTON POST
Approved For Release 2001/03/1g4DMRDP80-01601
In,s1,de
THE SUPER SPIES
ok
Andrew Tully
? (Morrow, 2M PD., SISSIM
Reviewed by William A. Korns
A former newsman, Karns recently left the Senate after
- four years as a legislative assistant.
'? The Pueblo affair alerted -- - . f In-
many? ?
Acency) or INR (the State ?
Americans for the Department s Bureau o
telligence and Research) in ? ?
. first time to the existence of fact occurred as related may .. ?
; the National Security Agen- be doubted by Washington
cy. an arm of the Defense De-, insiders. But if Tully has ? .
) 'partment charged with pene- embellished his account to ! ..
' hating the communications any degree for lack of Oil. I
of other nations and protect- ity to check out every detail, :
ing those of t h e United there is no objective basis
, .States. Now, in what his on which to question the
,publishers have billed as main thrust of his book?
"The Inside Story of NSA,. that the taxpayer is support-
America's Biggest, Most Se- ing a very large, diversified ;.
Agency," Andrew Tully, for- ? and highly competitive intel. ?
cret, Most ' Powerful Spy
ligence apparatus (costing ,.
er
. ?More than $4 billion a Year. '
Tully says) in tbe name of
inl
Scripps-Howard writer "inside stories" ("White Tie
and veteran popularizer of
t Our. Espionage
etwork
-1A-flNTL
and Dagger," "CIA: The In-
side Story") sets out to sat- Advance information on I
: !sty the national appetite for : the capabilities and inten-;.
,
tons of a hostile power
. exposes.
!_se.ems so patently desirable ?
It should not trouble any- . that one is not inclined to.
one that only one of Tully'.
',16 chapters deals directly question the cost.- Yet some ..
with NSA. It tells a great !
f Tully's stories do raise.
? deal more about the Work of' the question; inferentially, by
the agency than was known .! illustrating that the utility of ,
to most Americans, but prob-
:intelligence rests on' far,
ably less than is known to ?
h t more than ifs accuracy or
the , NSA cryptologists defected timeliness. Thanks .to an un-
in 1960. . sung CIA Agent in East Ger-
Some of the information is': ?many, says Tully, the U.S.
'
'less than startling: The fact ? acquired microfilms in May,
, that NSA employes report 1
for work in three shifts?at ;
7:20, 7:40 and 8 a.m.?re-
veals more about highway
'and parking-lot conditions
than about codes and ciphers.
On the other hand, Tully's
assertion that, NSA "proba-
bly spends twice as much" as
? the Central Intelligence,
'Agency (which he credits
with $750 million)?while
, lacking the authoritY of an
open-budget document?in-,,
dicates the high cost of tech-
nological innovations in the
field of global surveillance.
?. For the rest, Tully has as- .
- sembled a potpourri of facts,
anecdotes a 0(1 purported,
case histories of the espio-
nage activities of the. several
agencies that make up the
' American intelligence corn-
munity, seasoned it. with an,
national security.
1968, showing "in amazing
detail" the Soviet Union's
plan to invade and occupy ?
Czechoslovakia, and both !
U.S. and West German au. '
thorit es recommended I !
"leaking" the plan to mobi-
lize world opinion against; ;
the Soviets.
"But Ambassador Lodge i!
had orders from Washing-
ton," writes Tully, "and he!
turned thumbs down on the,
proposal. The war in Viet.;
nam, said Ledge, had so
complicated the internation-?
al situation that the United
States could not afford to!
engage in a brinkmanship
contest with the Soviet
Union. Should such informa- I
tion be leaked, he said, the
United States would be
forced to issue a strong
statement, warning Russia
ample fund of secret ingre- ,desist :Washington, just.
Clients and served it up in a
breezy yet credible fashion. 3:
Whether all of the ex- '
/Anita he attributes to opera-
! tives of theApprovediFor Release 2001/03/04
efense ioenigenee
om I I uLc..-?1;i h
->"
?did not want, to get into
such a situation at this time,
'away from looking too
deeply into the finances, ac-
Lodge said." ' tivities and influence of the
It Is somewhat disconcert-
ing to learn from Tully that,
In 1967, Soviet leaders were
telling "neutral diplomats ,
they could 'notbelieve either
Increased bombing or corn- This, too, may change.
mitment of more U.S. troops ' , This year's ABM debate ?
could achieve a military vie- ' brought home to many Sen 'j
? tory, and thus there was ? ators the high costs of bas...;
nothing for the rest of the , ing weapons policies on
world to do but wait for the "worst possible" estimates I
United States to stop the es- of Soviet intentions. Sen.
? calation of a 'senseless and 1Symington's Foreign Bela. 'f
dirty war'." Had that intelli- .tions subcommittee, now I
gence been given more burrowing into U.S. base
weight, both the United agreements around the
States and Vietnam might world, is finding intelligence 7
have been better served, operations to be a large part
It is, in fact, how intelli- of the picture.
gence is weighed that will. But if a Congress grown
most often determine its im. leery of "national commit-
pact on policy. Rarely is rnents" is likely to probe
there so much incontrover- bit more deeply into intelli-;
tible evidence in hand that gence matters in the future,
only one conclusion can don't look for big savings.
emerge, so elaborate proce- The same Congressmen who
(IIIITS exist within the Intel-? question our global military
ligence community for pro--.deployment look to arms
clueing consensus on such ? control measures for enh-,'
? prickly questions as Soviet ?, anced security, and, if these
Intentions in the Middle are to be effective, they con-
? East. Unfortunately, the cede, we must have the
public has no assurance that means, unilaterally, to vet% ,
:TM"
11%9n:big:ilk .bigiAossAlut ify compliance with any ;
R0011400090004liOt. more-
. ;octlY. "comae as has. shied ,?.abd better intellistenesk
Intelligence community on
, foreign policy, on the
' grounds it should not ham-
per or compromise" secret
,operations.
r.a.za,
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP8
CPTC.Vio, ILL.
IUES
M 54 r,,c70
S 712,175
OCT-3 0 1969
hat's
STATINTL
going on in Laos?
Sen. .T. Fulbright (D-Ark.), 'Isons of national security. No one
,? chairman of the Senate Foreign Rela- should quarrel with that. But the ex-
; tions Committee, finds it "inconceiv- ? rt, tent of U.S. involvement is not a mat-
". able" thz-lt the United States is waging ,. ',,,.ter of nationai security. We know how.
, a "clandestine war" in Laos 'without .....1many troops- North Vietnam has in
can public has not been informed. 'nists undoubtedly know how many.
' , ?
1 China has (20,000) and the Commu-
Laos (45,000), how many troops Red
the Congress being informed. ,
1
We find it inconceivable the Ameri:
'
? . '''-.. troops the United States has in Laos.
I Closed hearings on the.UA.involue-. ..',.. The American people have a right to
' meat in Laos are now being held by-,a .'',know also. The agony of Vietnam, the
Senate subcommittee chaired by Sen. . : longest war in U.S: history, has caused
.Stuart Symington (D-Mo.). Symington ,,,,, a deep schism :in , America. Is the
,has said the United States has been :,United States beginning, a similar in-
"at war in Laos for years." Fulbright . ',' volvement in Laos? The administro?
says the. United States is spending at ,,, , lion, which is in no way responsible fur
i least $150,000,000 a year in Laos. to .:. the original Laos commitments, has the
iI
arm and train an army. It supports ..
' '? .duty of telling 'America jug 'what ?is:
I
,
i this force with "an enormous air l'': going on and what is planned.'
t-force, I mean the U.S. Air Force op- , ;-.64,1-i-L--,-;,,,,..4-k-L.4;
lerating out of Thailand," says . Full
I ?
;bright.
1-I
! The Laos operation began in Presi-
dent Kennedy's administration. It is,
Tun, Fulbright says, by the cIktinder ,
I
the direction of the National 'Security i
iAgency, the top U.S. intelligenca,..'
'agency. In Fulbright's, opinion there is '.'
I
'no - constitutional authority for such
activity and no treaty with 'Laos that :
1
'provides for it. '?. : " .
The subcommittee hearings are be-
ing held behindclosed doors for. rea---,-1
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R001400090001-0
5
N.
Approved For Release 2001'
IJA BOOK FOR TODAY
Tully Takes a Look at the
IAIINIL
? By JEREMIAH O'LEARY
?,_'%., THE SUPER SPIES
a g e n c i e s in the cloak- code-cipher traffic and spends
..rty Andrew Tully. William , and-dagger business, NSA ap- much of its time listening in
Morrow & Co. 256 pages. , pears more in the light of a on and deciphering the trans-.
.4.community of experts in dee- missions of other countries, '
'? With Halloween close upon , tronic gadgetry and the Ian- obviously with the greatest,
1, us, this is as good a time as,. guage of codes and ciphers emphasis on the U.S.S.R. andd
any for another of Andrew than in the exercise of such Red China.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0160
r
STATI NTL
GLOBE
- 967
s .377
.si5t1 1969
iLve-era UStlee?
About the only correctly handled
aspect of the Green Beret affair was
the decision of the administration, as ,
relayed by the Secretary of the Army,'
I to drop murder charges against the
eight men involved. ?
+=, ?
The alleged assassination of a
? Vietnamese' double-agent is analagous
/ in some ways to .the Pueblo incident,
V: in that it concerns the overlapping
and often indistinct responsibilities
? of the military and espionage branches
of the defense establishment.
Unlike the Pueblo contretemps,
the Special Forces fiasco did not cre-
ate an international crisis. Here the
victims of military mismanagement'
i? ,are strictly the men concerned, their
reputations and Army careers prob-
\?>--- ably damaged.
?\ The role, if any, of the Central
,Intelligence Agency in the killing 'of
the agent is not so important as the
extent to which the armed forces of
? the United States 'are used as instru-
ments of national intelligence policy.
No matter who ordered the ex-
termination of agent Chuyen, it is
reasonable .to assume that ,it, was an
7: '71,14wc
established practice to use. Special
Forces personnel to carry out spy
missions, including !germination with
extreme prejudice."
It is naive to believe that nations
can wage a war, or sustain peace,
without the valuable intelligence ?
functions of agencies like the CIA.
But what is in question in the Green
Beret affair, as it was in the capture
of the Pueblo, is whether operations
of agencies like theSIA.,.4nd its over- '
seer, the National Security Agency,.
!should use military personnel for its
? ventures.
? The divided responsibilities of the
Special Forces has been known to
vex Gen Creighton Abrams, com-1
mander in chief in Vietnam, who rea-
sons convincingly that the Green1
Berets are Army men and as sucl-0
should be completely under military
control.
President Nixon should profit by.'
the lessons of ,both the Pueblo and
Green Beret incidents and establish
? a policy . that will differentiate un-
equivocally between functions that
are properly military, and those that
? belong to professional spies '? ' ?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R001400090001-0
Approved For Release 20041intetpP80-01601
STATINTL,
la Deep behind the public hearings on the Pueblo seizure:
,a bitter dispute is *racking the Pentagon, the Central In-:.
'telligence Agency and the National Security Agency. In
:testifying that the intelligence officer and 38 enlisted inert
.behind the triple lock "were not working for me," Com-
mander Lloyd Bucher has heated to boiling point the
? ,Navy's?and her sister services'?accurnulatcd resent-
ments against the frec-wheeling intelligence agencies.
i'CIA Director Richard Helms was panicked into an un-::
!precedented sort of public statement: "Neither the CIA,1
'nor I personally, have had anything to do with the mis-L:
siort of the USS Pueblo, the ship itself or any of her!
:crew." This seemed to finger the NSA, and got the NSA 1; ,
;people, also, furious against Helms. Whether Helms wash,
telling the truth or not, he is the Central Intelligence!.
,Director with a general responsibility for all intelligence!
:operations. Helms is also, it is no forgotten in high!
: !places, a Democratic appointee. The rumor runs that hel
' may soon be tossed to the wolves.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R001400090001-0
The Nation STATINTL
Approved For Release 20011g3ilic.hC11A5-RDP80-01601
.................? , . .
677'T. 71 -r:;,-; '`:.? "ii: ''','T 77), ., 7 r tirn.,
1.,,,,./i\&s.1.1.4.ti.VLt A?1.1?142.4.1... 414,1. ,Lis c?v44, ...s.1.0s.:.Lser;.:s4i?se.i
get the warnings. Part Of the failure to detect the 1968 Tet
attack was. traced to intelligence static between. U.S. .
JACK ROBEIITSON
0 Mr. Robertson is Senior Science Reporter for the Fairchild security agencies and the South Vietnamese. . .
Publications, specializing in military and space coverage. lie NSA is also the intelligence power behind the throne of
covered the hearings in Coronado and is now attending' the the Air Force. The Mission Impossible agency has built
Congressional inquiry into the Pueblo case. ? .
five $100 million ground-based spYing antenna stations
around the world. The Air Force runs them, even relays
The two-month Navy Court of Inquiry on the seizure of intelligence data through them from its satellites and 'spy
the Pueblo has proved one thing?that the military hier-. planes, but. NSA Pulls the strings.
,. .
..
archy changes very little. The volumes of testimony read ? . , ,
much like the hearings on Pearl Harbor, the Tonkin Gulf, : Congress will also ask why it was hours before the '. ,?
,the 1968 Tel offensive. If anything, they show that the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of Defense were alerted . : ? ?
Pueblo mistakes could be repeated tomorrow. in the Pueblo crisis. The ship sent its first alert at 10:50
'. Despite the length of the proceedings, the Navy tribunal A.M. Korean time, January 23. It flashed the North Kore- ? ..
'managed to avoid any serious look into the military opera- an threat to open fire an hour later. That was 10 P.M. , ?
tions surrounding the Pueblo.- Therefore Congress is, not' Washington time, but the 'Joint Chiefs were not notified
'satisfied, and the House Armed Services Special Investi
- until midnight; Defense Secretary IvIeNamara was not in-
.gating subcommittee has already opened its own invest'. . formed until .12:23 A.M. By then, the 'Pueblo had been., ? ,
,
gation. Chairman Otis Pike (D., N.Y.) says his panel will boarded and was on its way to captivity.
,interrogate Pentagon figures whom the Navy avoided. ' All Pueblo wires were addressed to the Joint Chiefs. Its ' ! ' ? -
The House unit should concern itself with divided au-' warnings and calls for help should have been, relayed to 1?.: ,
.thority, intelligence breakdowns and command confusion the National Military Command Center at the Pentagon . ??
,
---all matters that the Navy ignored. First of all, it should: within seconds. Commander Bucher said his "critical" - '
dig into the divided command problems of the new Navy., priority wires went directly to the White House also?and
The Pueblo Pueblo was a divided ship. Comdr. Lloyd M. Bucher this was so, since the Executive mansion is tied to the Pen- .:: ?.. "
sailed the vessel, but an intelligence officer, Lieut. Stephen ? tagon war room. No one has explained why the frantic . . ?
.. ..
? Harris, had complete charge of its spy center. ' Pueblo SOS took two hours to reach the top commands. , - s ?
:
' In many ways, the intelligence lieutenant was the most ? lithe Pentitgon brass was not around when the Pueblo ?
. important man on the ship. Bucher got into the spy nerve , was attacked, neither was Rear Admiral Johnson, the man .. .
Ocenter of his own ship only when he could prove a definite im ate
medily responsible for rescuing the, ship. At that ?,.?:. ?, ? -
need to know. When he ordered destruction of security: moment, he was delivering, la welcoming address to the ;'?
:material during the attack, he was amazed to find that ? annual Navy Typhoon conference in Tokyo. He was called
cleaning up the classified attic would take half 'a days.: to the phone and told in veiled terms, "The Pueblo is in '..'.: .?
Harris' spy radio was almost the only contact the Pueblo :, trouble. She may be gone." Johnson had trouble rounding
had back to its base in Japan. Perhaps it is no accident ' up transportation back to his command. He finally corn-
:that she became the.first U.S. naval ship to be pirated its:. mandeered an Army helicopter, got home at 3:10 P.M.
; 150 years. In the days when a captain was complete master . local time, when the Pueblo was already in Communist
of his ship, the command confusion in the midst of the hands. His staff had requested help from the Air Force,
'Pueblo attack would have been unthinkable. . : li but not the Seventh Fleet. His juniors told him that the
; In the new Navy, ambiguity of command prevails all Navy had nothing to send. ? ,
r .
the way back to Washington. Commander Bucher's'boss; But the Seventh Fleet did have help less than an hour's
Rear Adm. Frank Johnson, had a similarly divided house l' flying time from the Pueblo. The carrier Enterprise was
at Japan Naval Forces headquarters. Johnson ran .the. steaming 600 miles away, bound for Vietnam. Its pilots
ships, but Naval Intelligence, acting for the National[ were primed on Vietnamese. targets. The Navy said h. . '
? Security Agency (NSA), ran the spy business. Johnson would have taken hours to brief them on the uncertain
,
got only a verbal report on the Pueblo spy situation before Pueblo crisis. Four. hours after getting the Pueblo's "May- .,.
the ship sailed. His sole fleet consisted of the Pueblo and a day," the Seventh Fleet finally decided to send two.cle-
; sister spy ship, the Banner. He lacked even a PT boat for;; stroyers to its aid, By then, the Pueblo was being escorted,-
help in case of trouble. ? ? _. into Wonsan,,The destroyers would have had to blast their , :: ?.-
" Back in Washington', NSA"ran-the-sPY operations,' way into the port to 'effect a rescue, and Washington had..
,
while the.- Navy Department tried to be helpfUl, Task i no heart for risking a second Asian war. It ordered the:
Force 7623 was supposed to coordinate everyone who had ' destroyers back. ; ' ? ' , : - ..
a hand in the Pueblo, but it didn't. The 58 pages of rites- The eon-inland confusion was so bad that no one both-, -
sages logged in from all the coMmands during the crisis ered to radio any communiqu6 to the Pueblo. Nowhere in.
reveal a disjointed indecision that wasted the hours when the 58 pages of communications is there a single official.. ,
the ship might have been saved. Nor is the Pueblo unique. message to the beleaguered ship. In all likelihood, there': ;
An earlier intelligence vessel, the Liberty, operated under :was nothing to send. Bucher told how it felt to be left to. '
0 a similar split authority between NSA and the Navy. Dur- . fend for his, ship with only two frozen-shut machine guns:
ing the 1967 Israeli-Arab Six Day War, the Liberty, not 'he beat the bulkhead With his fists atter leaving the ship's',
'; being part of the Sixth Fleet; was allowed to wander too message-less radio room, .
,
, close to the war front. When the Pentagon belatedly tried , rs
''.. 'le only word the Pueblo got from Japan was an erro-0 - : . ?
,, ,
to warn theAtiorb rfttr R0.41itqlczooinysig4 r".e9FA4?,15,P. WW1 604RCibal 4000?60dt a mr
? NSA heatiquart'ers and lied awiky., le yertY never i - - - . - :',.. ' ?, - '- --s.-; :.? ?:s,?,. . 7 :-.--
- confirmed
WASITINC;TON SINIt
tikRDP.8970
1721
STATINT
S
, ,
By ROBERT WALTERS ' - 1
- i . ? Star Slat Writer
, .
- . It is 'one of the particular ironies
wee 'ea.0
Item?Navy regulatiOns call for
a Court of Inquiry to meet in open
session unless there are "security
reasons or other good cause" for
we
Navy officials privately acknowl-
a ? edge that both Soviet and Chinese
? Communist intelligence experts
I probably have, demanded a chance ,
? . to look at, the documents ? and
they are savvy enough to under-
, stand what they examine.
r!, The Defense Department has re- ,
r leased one document, the Pueblo's
; "sailing order," which discloses,
With the exception of some messy. only that the ship was to conduct ,
, personnel scandals in the early . "operations" off the North Korean
lOG0s, the NSA has managed to stay coast and "surveillance" of Soviee
well hidden from public scrutiny.:, ships in the Nasima Straits.
..? ?
. closed hearings. The Coronado in- While the CIA has suffered public:. In addition, the documen s ows
of the saga of the USS Pueblo that vestigation has been conducted be- , embarrassment numerous times in that the code name of the opera'
so little substantive information hind closed doors almost as often recent years, the NSA has guarded, tion was inexplicably changed frome ,
has yet been disclosed despite the as it has been open to the press and ! its mahdate for secrecy and avoid- "Pinkroot One" to the difficult.
?
s e v e r a 1 "public investigations 1 ed such humiliation. ,
? being conducted into the vessel's i public.
Item ? The House selacommittee : For example, almost any tourist'
.- . capture and the attention the topic i
opened its hearings March 4 with a . can identify the location of the:
has received, promise from the chairman that CIA's once "secret headquarte s
' A Navy Court of Inquiry hasheen testimony, "to the utmost extent ? (Langley, Va.) but few can nam
? :meeting for almost two months in possible, will be heard in open ses-, tho site of NSA's headquarters, Reference D applies regarding con-
Coronado, Calif., to receive testi- sion." Since then, it has held one (Fort George C. Meade, Md., h'alf-1,duct in the event of harrassment.ei
? ? Inony in the case. A special sub- .public hearing followed by six' way between Washington and-Balti- intimidation by foreign units." e
committee of the House Armed .closed sessions. ! more). ? -? 4.
Services Committee has held a sec- . Item ? The Navy is so security: Similarly, Richard Helms, th Much of the public debate sure.
'end week. of hearings. And the 'conscious ? about the issue that it CIA's director, is a well-known fig-1 rounding the Pueblo's capture ceriP,
Senate Armed Services Committee reportedly has classified even the' ure among Washington's bureau.' ters around the question of whether!
,
e
;has plans for a similar inquiry, biographies of some of the witness-' crat-watchers, but how many pee.:
.Bucher acted properly when con-
?
1 Cmdr: Lloyd M. Bucher, captain 'es to appear before those executive I pie have heard of Lt. Gen. Marshall'fronted by exactly those situationsf? .0
'of the intelligence gathering ship, sessions of the House ?subcommit- 1 S. Carter, the NSA's director? But when members of the Hous,e 1
; i
and his C1CW of fie have been thc tee. ,
"; To he sure, "disclosure for disci?. t subcommittee asked to examinee
,.
subject of numerous magazine coy- , One of the principal difficulties n !sure's sake". has no more jeseeea. References C and D during theire
er stories, a far greater number of challenging such security arrange- tion that "security for security's only public hearing, Adm. Thomas:.
, well-displayed newspaper accounts 'ments from the outside is that the , sake," but there is good reason to , H. Moorer, the chief of naval opera.:e
land a cumulative total of hundreds layman is confronted with a chick- believe that the NSA shares with l tions,
could be presented only in execu-ei
said they were calssified anee
' ?
Cof hours of radio and television?en-and-egg dilemma which goes j the Navy the principal responsibili-t
0-pronounce "Ichthyic One." Fur-
her, it contains this paragraph of
particular interest:
"Provisions of Reference C apply
regarding rules of engagement.'
,something like this: ? ,ty for the Pueblo's mission and, live session. ? -.
e I Pundits, both amateur and pro.' Q. Why won't you tell the public operations, and owes the public; In addition to repeatedly involkes
fessional, have declared the case to more about what's going on behind ? some explanation for its role in the: Ing security, Moorer told the sub-
be an important one because it will those closed doors? 'fateful voyage.1 comittee that "it would inappro-e,
resolve, they hope, many of the; A. Because the material is classi- ! There aro other questions to be; priate and premature for me to-
Important philosophic, diPlomatte fled, and disclosuee would compro- i raised in the area of security. I express opinions" about any areae,
- and military questions of the trou- miso the national security. I The North Koreans captured, 1 which the court of inquirey had ins
bled times. , Q. Well, we question whether the , along with the Pueblo', a goodly Its purview.
I ?
: Among them: Is the Navy tradi-IPublic doesn't have a right to know , part of the estimated GOO pounds of ! He declined to answer severaU
. tion of "don't give up the ship" -what you're classifying and for :classified documents the ship wes!questioris on the grounds that he,
regardless of how many lives are at what reasons. . . ;carrying, according to a Navy in-:was in the chain of command which;
,;
stake ? still applicable? must review the court's recommerel
e A. Sorry, we can't talk about that thlligence expert who testified be.:
' Should this country's armedhecause it would involve a breech fore the Court of ? Inquiry. (He idations before they are made pub-,
'forces receive more sophisticated of security. You have to accept our initially estimated the total to be ,lie, and did not want to be in the,
' .training to cope with the "grey word that it's classified for good ?ego. pounds, then revised his position of "influencing or appear-
'area" situations they encounter reasons. ifigure?cluring a secret session.);
with increasing frequency W ing to influence or interfere' with
While Nevertheless, some disconcerting I ? , . i the court's deliberations. ?
fighting undeclared wars and en- information has leaked out about i Defense Order ' ' ? Rep. Otis G. Pike, D.-N.Y., the-
.
against unofficial enemies? Pueblo case which provide grounds ;merit heard that the Pueblo hadi
As soon as the Defense Depart.? subcommittee's chairman, opened,
the hearing by explaining that he
gaging in intelligence missions the "classified" aspects of ? the L
I Should the Code of Conduct, gov- to at least openly challenge the !seized and some of the documents hoped for the maximum use of pub-,
?erning the behavior of *United procedures the Defense Depart- 'compromised, it ordered the aban.! lie sessions. "We anticipate objec--
;States military men captured bypent is relying upon.
news time.
???.
? donment of all of the materials in. tions to this on several grounds,",
hostile troops, be drastically re., For example, it has become a
vised to enable our forces to betterevidely accepted item of faith 'volved. The captain the Pueblo's' he said, then added: ?
handle themselves when faced with among -reporters ' who covered the:sister intelligence ship, the USSI ? "We are not, however, gong to
!'
S'brainwashing" and other sophisti-.'Coronado hearings that the Nation- Banner, testified that he spent! accept the argument of national se-?
'cated psychological techniques foie al Security Agency (NSA) played a' three. days burning classified docu- curity as a reason for holding closed
extorting 'confessions?" ? major role in the mission and oper- ments assigned to his vessel. , sessions when the subject matter is
I . ; ations of the Pueblo. But NSA's, Thus, thematerial is no longer in. clearly known to our adversaries'
Another Quest;on' ... part 'in the operation never has, use, and at least some of it is in and when the apparent reason for
? been fully discussed in public enemy heeds ? but the Pentagon the request is not to protect nation.'
! To that list, there Should perhaps either in California or in wash. has steadfastly refused to disclose al security but to protect individue
e---? to added another question: Does ington. ? any details of what was contained bals or. groups from embarrass,
documents. Its argument is meat."
the Defense Department rely tee "If- it's ever made public, the in the
that the North Koreans may not .
heavily on "security for security's Pueblo could become NSA's Bay of
'sake," either because of its unchal. Pigs," said one Navy officer, allud-
. ,lenged habits or to avoid timbale, Ing to the abortive invasion of Cuba,
le.a2phig ;,,iitspox in the, early 1040s which still haunts;
Approlie ,or 107# AcYt.
,?
. I .1 ? ?
?
1 ?
uneerstand the, full meaning of the, Unre plied
13
terial they captured.
indicated that the North Kore-! eluestitM3 esubmitted., inewritinfeto,
iieMIROO:011406,099.0 e0
Testimony offered by the Pueblo Pike then disclosed that of '29'
e? ;
? continua& ?
BULLETIN 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R
1
E 671,525
S 728,276
A 3 1941
Henry J. Taylor
British intelligenc
forced to re rganize
7,7?
????,/,'"!
, .
STATINTL ,
.. Washington?President Nix -? Meanwhile, the Konon Mo-.-. Britain spends an estimat- '
' on's security group was in- 4
' formed. in England that unre- lody spy i ring, which the KGB ed $300 million a year among
,
, planted n the British Admir, its intelligence branches. The
waled circumstances have .:
forced Prime Minister Harold alt' under Moscow . agent section called MI-6 operates -:
Wilson to order a sweeping re- "Gordon Lonsdale," went un- Offi f,'agents overseas. The Foreign l? .
ce Intelligence Unit is a A .
i organization of British intellii - detected for 12 years in 'its .. part of MI-G.' MI-5 protects
i gence. . successive steps and obtained, home security in the manner
.- This is important to us, for 'among innumerable other U.S. of our FBI. This contains the
,, the link with 'the U. S. in this
top secrets, our atomic sub- so-called Special Section of ; '? ''? -
, problem is dangerous. ? i
[ British traitor Harold A R ; marine 'secrets at the British . Scotland Yard which is in ef- i
I (Kim) Philby was a SOViC't ' naval base at Scapa Flow.: .
a
,. spy for 30 years, Interviewed -;-, ? ? 7 .
ill Moscow on November 14 ?nortttsn, apparatns
Information Clearing House) .;.
1967, by the London Daily Ex- . The British intelligence serv-' Isorts, files and distributes all '
: press, he was asked how he ? ;
I got to the top of British intelli- ice is nearly 400 years old. It . British and Commonwealth in i
, gence, His answer reveals a was organized in 1573, It
t be..: telligence matter ' and the
, , great deal, "I just arranged gan then with, 53 agents plant- take from ,world-wide British:
1.
t '
, " ed in the courts of .' for-'.commercial companies. These
things so that I was invited, i 1,
'Philby said. ? . ? . ; egn monarchs. And most of .. furnish a large volume of Bri- '
1 He became head. of; the its top echelon has always, fish'. intelligence. ...
1,?; i ! come from public-school Eng-: ' Beyond these, .an apparatus i.
, American Department n Lon-
', don May. I, 1950. He. Contin-',.;land??,,Oxford and Cambridge., lied Central Register; run,','
.
y MI-5, 'collects dossiers on
about 2'million people, incluci-i ?
ing, foreigners. ' -
i
feet, a third branch. A fourth
? the Defense 'Ministry's
C-SICH (Combined Services
ued as a Soviet agent for 14 , The British apparatus is
years after?as the "third, large, 'but only a fraction the
? he tipped off m
; size of our Centur7Intell
gence Agency. The CIA's cu co-con--
'
; spirators Donald Maclean and
,Guy Burgess. They fled togeth-. rent budget (secret) is around ?Root of trouble
? er from Washington to London ..$11/2 billion, a year, according 41,
L 40 MOSCOW. . to the House Armed Services, The inbred nature of Bri?q
/ ? Committee. The CIA alone, tam's secret services has been
,
U.S. plans accessible ? with 10,000. people in its Lang- ? one root of the trouble?notor-.'
? , ley, Va., headquarters and at ?.?iouslY so. In espionage, it is ,L
Philby's top-level rank In least another 5,000 scattered good intelligence to think the ;
1. British. intelligence gave him ' throughout the world burrow- unthinkable. But, as in the.:,
access to all secret United Ing for intelligence, spends ',Philby, Maclean and Burgess
States plans and policies in-, more than twice as much mon- ? cases, British Government)
volving -British -interest; His' 'ey tho' entire' State Depart.' .leadefship. repeatedly refused
' wife (uninvolved in his spy- mCnt ? , believe, that ,others out of ;
, the same top drawer could be,;
traitors. to .England, ;
The most important spies in
y -country arc nationals of ;
at country.'An espionage ap-1
aratus cannot be built on any
other_ basis. Traitorism is ' an 1
international curse ? as posi-
tively. in our country as else-
where?and the , British have
whitewashed him OW Philby. ? Lilo, And a dozen other intelli-? ?been? alarmingly unwilling to ;
; himself demolished the white- genco groups do not complete fully recognize this inevitable
I wash by fleeing to,Moscow. - the' full assortment.. ? danger., ? ,
was' from 'Seattle.' Coin-',
nletely at home in .our,. coun-..,Costs.in'britain ..... .
t try, he was revealing' every ??
I. plan to the 'Kremlin, ? ? ? ??:. Als6,? hardly known, to -our
' The senior Soviet KGB es- ?? public but actually rivalling
pionage ? officer,- ? known as ? ?the CIA in size, there is ' the
.1. Maj. Gen. Anatoli Dolnytsin,.: hush-hush , National Securit
exposed Philby when Dolnytsin Agency the immense and
, defected to the,West, but the ;sprawling. group .that,, among
; British Government actually other things, operated the Puc-
.a
14-1, ? ? '
'
1
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?
IN CAPITAL CORRIDORS .--
? ,
Woos of a Long-Distance Runner
side of CIA and his business frequently takes him to the
. There's a veteran civil servant who works on the overt
,super-security conscious National Security Agency at FL.
? Meade, Md. He is also a dedicated jogger.
Being methodical by nature, the man keeps elaborate
records of his jogging ? distance jogged, time elapsed,
pulse rate, coloric intake, etc. He keeps the records m his ,
, briefcase for periodic scrutiny. . .
. ? The other day he went to NSA, got in with his ID card
but had to open his briefcase for the Marine guard when ho
,was leaving the installation. Out came the cryptic numerals
Tecorcling his daily jogging performance.
? Tho Marino was highly suspicious until the numbers'',
were explained to him. It turned out the Marine is a jogger:
- with a considerably better performance record than the
fortyish CIA man. ?
With the slight smile 20-year-olds reserve for the mid. ?
,. die:aged, the Marine permitted the CI in tov.his way.
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Approved For Release 20021Atieg 15?1-661M11
..L.roubleov6r-- .u.eblo.
, ? ;.
?: .,,.; .L,
?,
. ? The Pueblo inquiry has sparked off an'aerirnoniOus'diSpufe -? 'conducted' in appropri.ate:
Secrecy ?L: betNveen a' gedUP. of Arnerican service. chiefs,-the Cental Intelligen*ce'Agency,' ?
and the National Security Agency (about which the general. public knows even less. than
it does.. about ' the CIA) ThereiS even speculation that because .of the Pizeblo episode the
; head of the. CIA; Millie:lard in danger of losing his top-secret job -;everr,
. ? .
though; Tiresident Nikon had invited him. to .staY'Vti: His POsitiOri 'is 'intrinsiCallY'vul
nerable because he was a Democratic Adminis tration.appointee. ? ? .
'Uncler;heaVy firefroni both Military and political critics, ?Mr Hal.m.s..r.ecently took' the
rare Step of issuing a staternent in self-defence: 'Neither the CIA, 'ri6i I: persdnally.',..Mr:
. Helms declared, 'have had anything to do ? with the missidn'of the 'USS Pueblo, the Ship.
itself or a'riy. Of her crew' ;' This disclaimer, brought more Criticism. on,
his head; for some observers interpreted it as an attempt by Mi Helms' to pass the bnek ? ?
.;:'to the Nsic ? ?!..' !.1) ??
"
This has searcelY'endeared him to ineinberi of that agency' especially as it may well.
have been the NSA, and not the CIA, which initiated the Pueblo operation The corri. ?
;i? plicating. factor is' ...that Mr 'Helms 'also-bears- the 'designation of Director, -Central'
Intelligence; which means that he bears overall responsibility for all intelligence opera-;'
tions, just as the late Mr Allerrpulles did(); ". ?
? . ?
?
' '"-Needless ta'say,?Mir Helrns is in trouble?with'the.navy. Wnatever the navy s chiefs may. ,
.,. thinks'Of Covir,,,. la:ncioiLlOyot r.-acher's actioni'L;and'opinion in' the navy 'aselsewherd
. .
is inevitably .divided his disclosure that 'these people were not.working:for,mc" has
'aroused. deep. apprehension ? and. bitter resentment ? throughout: the service ('These
people' were the :intelligence officer. and' 38 enlisted. men: who worked on the Pueblo 4;:t...
?
'..!,bchind a triple-locked.. door. which the ,commander, himself iequired speCial,permissiOn.';
??;,.? .?? ' ? .? ? ?
to pass). ? , . ? ? ., .
?LCl
_ApprovedfOr Release 20 CAT043ToWT.
Z-93 ,376
FEB 2 1 1968
e2)LJi
By EDWARD 3. MICHELSON 0 11
WASHINGTON (NANA) ?1T)
the new defense budget for the
? year starling July 1 there is ?
a $6 billion item ?"for in-
telligence and com-
munications."
: There is no elaboration, even
! though the figure, represents
. about 13 per cent. of a total
Pentagon outlay in, fiscal 1969
of $80 billion.
el71
7 ,
lifirOULQ
77).
n, en. ,
. .
er-s. er!:!.ln Pi r
t".:// s"?-?'
_ .
:in the North, Baltic, P.lark-Seas,
area of ? the offensive and
, Eastern Mediterranean Feb. 11 the Pacific, and along the U.
defensive capabilities of anyl,by Egyptian bomber pilots S. east and west coasts.
'Ination in a given area of the flying Russian - built Ilyrishin Russian spying ,
!world. - 28 jets. ? t The Russians have surveyed
I Moreover, the intelligence ' The Georgetown was 50 miles the American Naval Base at,
'gather'ed in an area covers the toffshore, north of Alexandria,1 Rota, Spain, the Polaris sub-:
Whole spectrum of electro " when the buzzing occurred. ma rine base at Holy Loch.0
magnetic emanations. And this ! Sticky Situation Scotland and installations on',
Only Few Know information can be used by U., : The NSA is M a sticky Guam, according to Sen.'
In Congress, only a handful S. experts in military elec- .situation even though the Senate Gri(fin. ?
of legislators know the -break- ?tronics to "jam" or deceive the ,Foreign Relations Committee , Aside from highlighting
down in broad terms. But it's:search and reconnaissance, chairman, Arkansas' J. William ,outlays for "intelligence and
? ' radars of a potential enemy. Fulbright, is demanding an-, communications" at a time
' hen the Pentagon is ex-
taken for granted the $ . . .
plus other funds allocated for.:!?, Gapabilities? Known '
defense, is shared among the!! The capabilities of the dee-,
various units of the "in-, ;ironic' equipment used on the,
telligence community," in-' ;Pueblo and other units of the:
vieluding the Central Intelligence :NIS A , - controlled naval
Ageney._LCIA) and the Defense; !auxiliaries are known in the U.,
Intelligence Agency (DIA). !IS to many thousands of eleer
: And at least $2 billidn of the itronics industry workers.
, ,over the "defenselessness" of
total is believed to go to the' Moreover the size of the NSA the Pueblo and other "ferret".
? most secretive of these units, ;forces is hard to conceal.' AP'' vessels.
?tproxirnately 17,000 Defense \
the National Security Agency ! The Navy hasn't had control
;(NSA).of such ships since 1962, when
Department personnel, civilian
! This is one reason why the !Washington - Baltimore area. I :the Kennedy administration.
and military, work in the;
Korean crisis involving the 179 ------------4- - 'created the existing
swers from the Sae p
in e n,t about the personseperiencing "budget stringency"
responsible for "Elint" fleeting research and
operations. Sen. Fulbright's four programs, the Pueblo has also
- page questionnaire could bring 'underscored the limits to U. S..
to the surface the resentment Icapabilities as a military
of high - ranking Navy officials 'superpewer.,
- foot Pueblo, a converted chiefly at NSA headquarters at arrangement. The NSA
'headed by a general or an
admiral and has a large
'number of armed forces of-
ficers.
Even though the Foreign
Relations Committee will be
denied answers to many of
freighter, built during World
War II, and rated too small
and too slow even for sealifting
Military cargo to Vietnam,
commands the limelight.
The Pueblo is called a
Naval Auxiliary, but it is part,
of a fleet of electronic in-
telligence ("I:lint") ships
?- controlled by NSA. The fleet
is. in turn, part- of a world-
wide intelligence network
Intercepting radar and radio
signals and emanations on.
which U. S. survival as the
world's foremost superpower
depends.
The network includes land
an d airborne . "stations"
equipped 'with electronic gear
---?-?11., can instantaneously alert
N?ters in the Washington,
?-?- ??v . ? ? ? ?? ?
Fort George G. Meade, Md,,
within commuting distance of
,the national capital,
: The N S A '4 !intelligence
gathering operatiem to track
missile shots, record atomic
tests and intercept a vast
range of long -- distance
! communications were
highlighted last June ' when
the USS Liberty, a much ,
larger sister ship of the
Pueblo, was badly damaged
off the Sinai Peninsula in an
Israeli air and sea attack in
which 34 of the Liberty's
complement of 125 were
killed. The Liberty was .
deactivated this month at
Norfolk, Va., headquarters of
the U. S. and the NATO
Atlantic fleet, and Is probably
headed for the scrap heap.
Another "Elint" ship of the.
Liberty's size' (7000 tons) thel
GeorgetoWn, was buzzed in the
"Hawkish" critics have
repeatedly cited the shortage of
combat troops, pilots; M-16
rifles aid other equipment that ;
has necessitated the shift of
soldiers, tanks, artillery, ,
helicopters and aircraft from
other parts of the world ?
including Korea. In effect, the
U .S. is held to be incapable '
of fighting more than one war
at a time.
It is also held that the
fighter and fighter - bomber
planes in South Korea for
t e specific Fulbright
such emergencies as the
Ii questions, on security , Pueblo incident were
grounds, the administration is ! equipped for the Eisenhower
being harassed, in main- era policy of "massive" .
taming silence, while trying nuclear retaliation rather
to recover the ship and the ? than the conventional warfare
'crew from the North Koreans. "flexibility" marking Defense
Details of the events leading. Secretary Robert S. Mc-
up to the boarding the ship Namara's ? management
and the ensuing death, of one starting seven years ago.
of the crew members have Defenders of NSA and other .
been widely circulated, with "tritelligence community'?
"no comment" from the agencies are expected to show
rentagon. I that the "Elints" were engaged !
At the same time the ! in determining whether a North
Congressional Record abounds ' Korean invasion of the south
was being organized and to
patrol sea - lanes between
Vladivostok and Haiphong, used
by the Soviets to supply North
Vietnam and to harass U. S.
fleet movements in far-eastern
waters.
in details about the, Soviet
"spy" fleet, many of the ships!
operating in the guise of,1
'trawlers. Sen. Robert T. Griffin, I
1R - Mich., is among the
ilegislators who have inserted I
statements as to the size, speed
n d communications gear,
shins are deployed..
It
e a
??: 1 .1 1g Assi.101
1-0
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AMERICAN
elease. 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01.601a9)140119
001-0
0M4
'Ziev spriest
?
By David Kahn
]
.:
David Kahn h ihe avihor el the book "The '
I
Codebreaken.'" ?
I
I '
vir IS the Largest intenigence organization in ,
the free world ? bigger even than the !
Sentralinti,Iligence agency,,It produces more 1
information than spies. And it ? is the most '
- hush-hub organization In Washingtian.
- It la the National Se-curity agency, the
. American codernaking a n d codebreaking
outfit. It stands, innocently enough, exposed to
-; the eyes of anyone driving along the ,
DBaltimore-Washington expressway.43ut its two t
modern, steel and glass buildings are sur-
rounded by a triple fence, guarded_by United
States marines, and entered only thm. gate-
houses where warning devices buzz ominously.
. For inside, men are engaging in some of the
most secret and sensitive work in the
i intelligence community: the breaking of the
coded messages of foreign governments..
Gibberish plucked from the ether by the 2,000
! posts of NSA's worldwide intercepting net pours
? in on four-ply paper. Mathematicians sem-
! tinize these cryptograms for chinks in their '
. armor, then batter them. with all the tools of
cryptanalytic science. -
In other sections of NSA, statisticians, plot
? the routing and volume of Chinese military
messages to build up a picture of the army
command structure. Linguists analyze the
! chatter of Soviet air force pilots to learn the ,
names of units and commanders; details of ;
new equipment, the state of morale.
Became of the volume and value of the
. information that flows in modern communica-
lions channe/s, codebreaking is the most
important form of secret intelligence in the
world today. It is true that a Klaus Fuchs may
steal a single secret more valuable than any
one message. 137t not even a whole troop of
James Bonds can turn out, day after day.
. information as ;retailed, as accurate, and as
up-to-date as the interception and solution of
huncireds.ef secret messages.
That is why NSA is bigger than the CIA,
NSA's headquar'krs at Fort Meade, Md., with
" ? 1,900,000 square feet of offices pace Is half,
again as big as CIA's beadqua;ters at
Langley, Va., w211 1,135000 square feet. NSA
has been estimated.ta employ 14,000 persons in
the Washington area, compared to CIA's
10,000. Its budgzt has been estimated to be
twice that of CIA's 500 million dollars ? tho
the NSA figure must include the cost of
launching satellites that eavesdrop not only on
Soviet missile countdowns but also on the
microwave circuits of Russian long-distance
telephone calls.
The money is well spent if codebreaking is
doing as much in the present as it has in the
past. The breaking of messages of Mary,
Queen of Scots, disclosed her plotting to
a.ssassinate Queen Elizabeth I and usurp the
'threw of England ? a disclosure that sent her
to the executioner. The solution of an Italian
cryptogram helped exonerate Alfred Dreyfus,
the man of Devil's Island, in France's
turn-of-the-century cause celebre.
In 1917, Britain peeled back the layer of Code
0075 that enshrouded a message of Arthur
- Zimmermann, the German foreign minis-
ter, and discovered hint urging Mexico to ally
itself with Germany in warring upon the
United States. With victory, Zimmermann
promised, Mexico would recover the tern.
tories she had lost in 1848 ? Texas, New
Mexico, and Arizona. Britain gave the solution
to President Woodrow Vacout who made it
public. America exploded in outrage. A month
later, Cangess declarzd
Cryptanalysis turned the tide of World War II
In the Pacific. Early in 1942, codebreakers of
?
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ri0i4 &IL" they
. Mee POQO Vow,
?BuFFAL0, MT.
.11-4111$
Z-231,m
FEB 1 0 1968
Supers-pies Are HumaToon
By YORKE HENDERSON
rT,ONDON, Feb. 10?By an un-
comfortable coincidence the
! 'Pueblo affair virtually coincided
With the publication in Britain
of the new novel "Report From
the Iron Mountain."
+
Uncomfortable, for it rein-
forced the unacknowledged
? suspicion held by many on this
side of the Atlantic that there
exists in America some sort of
supra-presidential ruling body;
a nucleus of Doc tor
Strangeloves. i
,.1* * *
THE sEgps of suspicion were
sown with the embarrassing
disclosure of presidential ig-
. norance at the time of the U-2
incident. Suddenly the im-
.aginings o f thriller-writers
seemed ominously less remote
and the odsterice of the gray
apocalypse-makers just that
I
much more credible.
? Among continental Europeans
a similar mystique used to sur-
round British intelligence. Its
, chiefs were believed to be emo-
? tionless superbeings above the
laws of God and. :men,
ma ni pulating internatpnal
statesmen and able to dote out ,
death, any place, any time.
y The American version was ?in-
t finitely more frightening. These
were the Armageddon men,
dealing not in the fate of na-
tions, but of the world. The
..._, ... _..._ ......... ?
:nesters strategists of the last
battle.
The Centr al Intelligence
Agency was taken to be the tip
of the Iceberg. Its ramifications
were limitless and ? as the 15-2
business seemed to confirm ?
knowledge of its workings
denied even to the President of
the United States.
* * *
NOW COMES the Pueblo in-
cident and again the charge that
the President was not privy to
the policy which directed the
master-minds, but absolutely,
impeccably, one hundred per
Scent objective men.
* *
WHAT A. LOAD of old
codswallop!
Intelligence agencies have
been embarrassing their bosses
eince, Old Testament time*. The
Spanish armada was.
precipitated because t h e ?
.Elizabethan equivalent of the
CIA or the NSA deemed it ad-
visable to have Mary Queen of
Scots knocked off without letting
Good Queen Bess about It.
ship; even that he did not know?:? ? "?????"1""'"
until too late:that the Enterprise ,
had been ordered out to show
the flag.' ?
This time, though, we are told :
that the Pueblo was a tool of the '
National Security Agency, an '
organization beside which thei'y
CIA are Boy Scouts.
Not unnaturally, a generation i
condition by Ian Fleming and
Len Deighton is left wondering
what other agencies there are 4
beside which the NSA are Boy ?
Scouts; and after that, what?
Like one of those Chinese carv-
ings inside ? carvings ad in-
finitum. ,
Privately there , lurks the:
belief that in "Report From the
Iron Mountain" we are being:
permitted a glimpse of the
ultimate men, the very kernel of
the Chinese carving. And ? the
terrifying thing is that they are'.
not power-mad megalomaniacs
or any* of the conventiongi.
' ?
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Available
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egO:M1841411 601
JAN 2 8 1S38
STAT NT
? By Majire
Washinz,on Yost Stair Writer
rE COUNTRY whose spies get.
aught off base usually has no op-
tion but to adopt a posture of pained
s:lanee, like the man with hangover.
cannot cure his problem; he can
outlive it. 7
E at last week tit- non-rules that hov-
- !zed the art of spying, or gather-
.!ligence, were badly shaken
'itLe North Koreans forced the
- able into their Pert of Wonsan,
sas se was off .e.se. By all accounts
:vy was so.cping without tres-
s on North T,:ore-'s sea .or air
land space. It was -sst hurting the
North Koreans -t's threatening them;
it is highly unlit tha: it was inter-
fering with the ..:emmanications be-
cause its job was to listen, not to ob-
struct.
1s7,a'sy ships have done t.i off North
for years the way t...sian trawl-
- s: ?ay off both coasts of the United
er : .d naval auxiliaries doing it
taaes, an irritating presence but part
of a warfare that is measurable only
on a political thermometer. The two
big powers have agreed tacitly to keep
.it that way. It is hardly a gentlemen's
agreement, considering the nature of
the activity that's involved, but it is
a: sairag a working arrangement.
\ ow the North Koreans have upset,
non-rules that the big powers lived
S., for reasons best known to them-
ss:ves (or to Pekinn?eor even Moscow).
Certainly this will bring about an
urgent reapprayal of spy methods,
not only by the United States but by
every country engaged in spying.
The Naked :dighty
ri
HE FACT is, that the United States
cannot bear to be without a sen-
sitive, costly and indefatigable spy ap-
paratus. Neither can Russia, France,
Britain, West Germany or Israel.
Neither can any country that is large
enough to be reckoned as a major ally
or enemy, large enough to feel naked
unless it is reasonably well informed
on what its big neighbors are up to.
Yet for all its vital importance, spy-
ing has one major and insuperable lim-
itation. It can put together an amaz-
ing dossier on what the most secretive
hostile power has in hand, but it can
make only an educated guess ? and
perhaps a disastrously wrong one ?
at what the enemy intends to do with
it.
Sometimes the powers get caught
at it.
In the summer of 1960 an RB47 jet
reconnaissance plane probed into the
Barents Sea far, north of Moscow and
was shot down, Months later, Presi-
dent Kennedy's persuasion was needed
to get the two pfficers released. The
plane was apparently on a mission that
could be called ,a feint, to smoke out
the detection capability the Russians
had going for them on the cold roof
of the world. The fliers found out.
1 -
That year, too, the CIA got caught
off 'base. Its U-2 plane flown b'Y Gary
, Powers was picked off high over Mts.]
sia by a SAM' (surface-to-air missile)
that people didn't think was all that
accurate at sucli a height It was.
? The U-2 affair points up why the,
non-rules of sthe spying business
hardly permit it to be called a gentle-
men's agreement. The plane had been
produced by tockheed for the CIA
in the mid-195)s and by 1956 it hadH
made passes ovse. Russra. e Russians
.. knew about it.They could, 't do any-
hing at the tiAse because ',ley lacked
the technical Means, but they were
very annoyed nd they protested pri-
vately in Washington..
? Washington made some polite noises
And perhaps the U-2 flights were held
off for a while but they Were resumed.
t'Sri A31:41-en`
sor-la sisIrTh
from Norway, and on s,...ne occasions
_
the slower and lower Aings of the day
scrambled in vain to catch the high
intruder. Filially that SAM either
nicked it or came close enough to cause
a flan-a:nut.
Amerieas military snooping is tech-
nically Ciboi a .and highly profes-
sional but, dessite the best efforts of
retiring Defense Secretary RoiaTt S.
McNamara, not entirely coordinated.
It was he who established the Defense
Intelligence Agency to bring about
more cohesion and to cut down the
interservice rivalry that has always
been the , srse of the military depart-
ments.
One technical expert who is occa-
sionally summoned to Work. with DIA
or one of its -members remarked sadly
that the services "infiltrated" their
best men into DIA and that too many
of them regard their own service as
their primary interest, and perpetuate
the rivalry.
A Super Snooper
Y ITS OWN CHOlt"-!:, the coal, al
Intelligence Agen., y vvs..s no
closer with .the Deft use apparatus
than duty requires. The CIA also
cherishes its:separateness from the
even more secretive National 'Security
Agency, the vast co.deLbreaking and
analyzing plant completed ten years
.ago out at Ft. Meade, Md. The NSA is
nominally under tlie Defense Secretary
and its top shit' is., always held by an
admiral or a general, but it generally
operates accorcing to rules known Only
to itself. ,
Unlike the CIA, a widely dispersed
field agency which casts a broad net
for all kinds of politi..stS scientific and
'economic as well as nslitary informa-
tion, the various Dc onse establish-
ments have a narrows scope.
The . Army, through ..ta Army Se-
curity Agency, natural's-, operates from
more fixed positions tnan the othe'STATINTL
two services., As far as ASA's role in
eavesdropping is concern
Approved For Release 2001/08/04 : CIA-RDp80-01601R001400090001-0
installations allow it to mount enor-
mously powerful radio and radar
equipment that can scan a good 100
miles into an otherwise closed country,
and the Army has some 'highly com-
plex bases in Turkey, Pakistan, Iran
and Taiwan as well as in continental
Europe.
Host countries like Thailand, Pakis-
tan and Ttirkey are very sensitive
about such installations on their soil.
Some of them allow so 'few foreign
personnel in, particularly military
men, that it's a problem keeping, the
plants operating round the clock.
The navy has always ? at least
until last week enjoyed e par-
ticular edvantage. It could i-lip up
close to a country that was being ob-
served 'without breaking international
law, and sit there for almost indefinite
periods, listening in on traffic, locating
radar sites and gathering information
that would permit their jamming. But
in military terms, jamming is an ace
to be used sparingly, because it im-
mediately indicates to the other side
that something big is in the wind, like
shooting.
There are sup; )sed to be about a
dozen intelligence-type ships like the
Pueblo in the Navy, and perhaps a
slightly larger number Of oceanogra-
phic vessels with an intelligence capa-
..
WASHINGTON PCV7
hx.D TT !I zi",3
JAN 24 190
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bility. Moreover, the combat vessels of
the Navy have wide varieties of snoop-
ing capability.
Last year the unfortunate USS
Liberty sailed too close to the Arab-
Israeli war and got, badly shot up by
Israeli jets, losing 34 men killed and
at least 15 wounded. The curious thing
about the Liberty incident is that the
Joint Chiefs had become worried that
she was Sailing too Close to the combat
?zone and sent a meSsage ordering her
to move 'away, but 'somehow the mes-
sage was not received.
At- least the Pentagon has emerged
to some extent froin its age of inno-
cence in that it has Acknowledged what
ships like the .Pueblo are up to. One
naval spokesman Observed that "in-
telligence collection by naval vessels
is a rontine activity among major
powers." That's a great advance over
the laughable cover' story first put out
about the Liberty: that she was 'mean-
dering around those waters using the
moon as a passive' reflector in corn-
municatiOns. Or the first one in 1960
about the U-2, that it was a NASA
weather plane that had unaccountably
gone astray.
On the other side of the fence,
the Russians have shown an
energy and ingennity in maritime
snooping? that no other nation can
match. In fact, U.S. Navy experts con-
'
straitly remind Cei ress . he march
the Soviets are . ding the West-
ern navies.
There are repo:Le for ex.,
at least half. a dozca Sovi(e eiectre-nle
spy ships are prowling up a;lri
the U.S. East Coast. They aiie supposed
to be part of a force o: over 40 sued
vessels, a number of them in the Med-
iterranean and the eastexe
There are also literally hundreds of
superbly equipped trawices roaming
,the oceans. They :etch a he. of fish and
process them on the high seas wAti
packing and refrigerating- equipment
that is the envy ,of other nations. 3ut
they also funnel back to Nioseow
.mosaic of maritime information, ?eiit
all of it strictly military but ,ineludinz's
es,oterie oceanographic 'data about the
spas around We.. ien cOuntries. ?
The Purely sn,...iping ships arc called
AGI, or Auxiliary General intelligence.
They can be up to 200 feet long and
equipped with toe most up to date
radio and radar equipment. Sometimes
these ships sail right in between Amer-
ican and other NATO country slips
in maneuvers in the Atlantic or the
Mediterranean, coming .so close that-
they are a hazard. Some years ago, a -
Soviet trawler moved in to photograph.
the submarine George, Washington 60
miles north of Long Island, when It-
was firing dummy Polaris missiles, and
almost collided with a Navy tug. -
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