SUDAN'S LITTLE-NOTED 16-YEAR CIVIL WAR OVER AT LAST

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01601R000800130001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 3, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 16, 1972
• Content Type: NSPR

STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0160
DES MOINES, IOWA
TRIBUNE
E ? 113,781
laR 16 1972
if I' F %IT /71
SIN; 0. 1 7 S Li d 111
'11r? 11 of uu.,, r, Over
By Charles Foster Ransom
(Of The Tribune Editorial Page Staff)
QUDAN'S 16-year civil war seems to
I?) be over at last, by agreement be-
tween the government in Khartoum
and the South Sudan Liberation Front.
,In this immense territory along the
upper Nile, civil war broke out a year
before independence came, between
the 4 million blacks in the south and
the 12 million "Arabs'' in the north. It
has been a bloody war, little noted by
the outside world because major pow-
er interests were slight.
Sudan got its name from the Arabic
"bilad as-Sudan", the country of the
; blacks, and all Sudanese look pretty
black to the Egyptians, just as the
Egyptians looked pretty black to the
ancient Greeks. Northern Sudan long
ago adopted the 1us1ini religion and
the Arabic language. The much black-
er peoples of the south retained primi-
tive pagan religions or converted to
Christianity. They felt oppressed by
? the dominant northerners, who used
' to make slave raids there as recently
as the 1890s, before the British
i reconquest.
Strife
. Since 1955
As independence from both Britain
and Egypt approached in 1955, the old
hostilities broke out again and have
been going ever since.
The agreement of 1972 calls for a
i large degree of home rule _ for the
? southern area of Sudan under a new
constitution for the whole country.
South Sudan entered the bargaining
process in mid-February from a
strong military position: a re-equipped
[ army, undefeated recently, receiving
regular pay, according to the London
Times.
, There is a mystery about the
source. A rebel representative told a
meeting in New York last fall that no
aid from the major powers was avail-
able because the rebels' foes are
Arabs. The Arab government has ac-
. (noted aid from Russia and its satel-
Approved For Release 2001/03/0
ve,z, r
.c g
C Lest
lites, and from China, Egypt and Lib-
ya. It charges the rebels have had
help from Israel, West Germany, the
United States Central ..?Intelligence
Aalley, Uganda, Ethiopia aiia.homan
(7717n-''o4-ic relief and missionary
agencies. Maybe.
Tried for
Training Rebels
Sudan tried Rolf Steiner for
training the rebels. Steiner is a Ger-
man who was a mercenary leader for
Biafra in its rebellion against Nigeria.
Steiner admitted training some south-
ern Sudanese, but .he claimed it was
only for self-defense of their farms
where he was giving them technical
aid.
Last July's coup and countercoup in
Khartoum left Sudanese Premier Jaa-
far el-Nimeiry convinced that the
Sudanese Communist Party organiza-
tion (till then supporters of his "Arab
socialist" regime) was behind the
army officers' revolt. So he hanged a
number of Communist Party leaders
as well as actual participants. This
infuriated the Soviet government and
its allies and didn't help his own
army's efficiency.
Anyhow, this winter Nimeiry made
another attempt to settle the long civil
war with the south by negotiation, and
44? erk-ft51366
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II' C ILI Q11 El C-1 COED (Drill CZ
f\ 0 0 0 11
1/4.1 I Fl I I I `I I
BY DICK RUSSELL
Contributing Editor
?
.STATINTL
IN A CITY of tree-lined boulevards, Rarely has the corruptability.. of able. Akena Adoko began to poisOn the
ii the morning papers are on sale. Mala- power been shown more clearly than in relationship.
wi's Banda is the first African president the Uganda coup. Last January 25, The coup de grace came late in 1970.
to visit South Africa. He is shown Uganda's Socialist president Dr. Milton Brigadier Akoya, like Amin one of the .
_alongside Johannes \Forster, the South Obote was overthrown by the military strongest military figures, was found
African leader, and the caption says: while attending a conference in Singa- murdered in his home. Amin's tribe had
?DIALOGUE. Troops are massing. along pore. llis replacement was a conserva- been a traditional enemy of Akoya's.
the Tanzania-Uganda border, a headline live, spare-talking major general named Subtle accusations were leveled. The
screams of protracted war and the death Idi Amin, who in 1969 had been gulf between Obote and Amin became
of the East African Community. Con- Obote's closest friend. By the end of. the unbridgeable. Yet observers in Uganda
go-kinshasa has changed its name to the year, the repercussions threatened to are convinced the GSU murdered Akoya
Zaire Republic; the old name, says enipt into the continent's first major to create dissension, not without the
President Mobutu, gave too much ern- war of the decade. Tanzania, which tacit support of the Soviet Union.
phasis to the Bacongo tribe which granted him asylum, had allowed its "There were, definite connections
'dwells along the southern shores of the Chinese advisers to train the remainder with the Russians," said a government.
'great river. of Obote's troops. As early as July, they source. "The GSU people went to
This is Africa,. 1971, an embryo were massing along - the borders with Russia regularly for training. It was so
: emerging from the womb of handcuffed Uganda. Amin replied by shelling Tan- obvious it was ridiculous. Whether this
centuries, a kaleidoscope suspended be- zanian villages, was an international move by the Rus-
tween two worlds. Everywhere, the tra- sians to -get their tentacles into East
ditions of centuries are webbed in the The Coup de Grace' Africa is an open question."
stunning cycle of social change. The Strangely enough, General Amin Last January 11, a secret meeting of ?
larger powers?Americans, Russians, never ? planned the events which cast him the GSU determined to assassinate.
Chinese, even Israelis?kept up their as leader of Uganda's 10 million people. Amin. He remained the prime obstacle
subtle but perpetual search for spheres ? The disruption of Africa's most stable to Akena Adoko's supremacy. Eleven
-of influence. Independent Africa, enter- economic union (Kenya, Uganda, Tan- days later, Obote received a phone call
ing its second decade with one-fourth of zania) might have been avoided alto- at the Commonwealth Heads of State
the earth's surface, nine percent of g,ether. To understand why, one must go Conference in Singapore. He agreed to
world population, and more than 60 back to 1966. That was the year Milton the plot: Amin would die on. Janu-
separate nations, . has reached a cross- Obote ousted thelcountry's last reigning ary 25.
roads. monarch and began a herculean effort
. In important ways, it has been in- to turn Uganda's liostile tribal regions China's Year of Emergence
aeed a year of dialogue. For the first into an effeetive republic. Some mea- Unknown to Obote, adviser Akena
time, moderate African leaders talked of sures were drastic--a one-party constitu- Adoko had a grander design. He would
discussions with South Africa. Though tion,_an unwillingness to hold elections, first eliminate General Amin, the'n seize
their voices were muted at the OAU Despite favoritism toward his own the government ltimself. Obote, who
Conference, several hinted of eventual Lango tribe, and although las form of awaited the. results over 2,000 miles
trade links. Even the isolated apartheid socialism included his several mansions, away; was finished?one way or the
regime showed signs of relaxing its racist the quest was basically sincere, other.
policies. ? But Dr..0bote had a tragic flaw. Like The GSU's forces began massing at
Macbeth, the more power he gained, the six o'clock on the fateful Sunday eve-
Corruptability of Power more it consumed him. He began to fling, but Amin had spies of his own.
In Addis Ababa, the leaders of Sudan imagine plotters in every conference When , fighting began in the streets of
and Ethiopia also forged a break- room, assassins behind every door. On Kampala, sirens sounded and people
through. Few neighbors had been so December 19, 1969, Obote's fears were closed their doors. By midnight, it was
ideologically opposed. Haile Selassie's realized. He was shot in the mouth over. General Amin, in a startling turn-
government remained a traditional mon- while leaving a conference hall. Upon about, was the leader of Uganda. Then
, archy, with Coptic Christian allegiance recovery, he began stockpiling arms in a the retributions began. Personal and
and American backing. Sudan's Presi- Kampala hideaway. He plunged obses- tribal vendettas were squared; every
dent Numeiri was a staunch Moslem sively? into Uganda's problems, working senior officer but one was killed. The
SCCialiSt, with ties to the -Arabs and the 18 hour days, . trusting nobody but GSU was disbanded , its members impris-
Eastern bloc. But since his dramatic himself?and his. chief intelligence offi- oned or kept under constant surveil-
July overthrow-and-return, Numeiri was cer, Akena Adoko. lance. Akena Adoko escaped to Tan-
stronger than ever. For too long, the Akena Adoko S head of the Gen- zania, where he joined Obote under the
-two nations had covertly aided each eral Service Unit (GSU), equivalent to Socialist wing of Julius Nyerere. To this
other's rebel forces; it was time to talk. the FBI. The GSU's mission was to root day, sources doubt if the deposed presi-
And cultural badiers fell,. too. . out Obote's prime antagonists; ? rivals, dent knew of Akena Adoko's backfired
"You must understand that African even some close friends, soon found plans to deceive him.
leaders. are different from European_ themselves in detention. Until 1969, the "Akena Adoko is a soothsayer and
leaders," say's a West African business- commander of Uganda's military had kept telling him all the rest were liars,"
man "In Europe or America, if there is been like a brother to Obote. General says a Uganda official. "The diplomatic
' corruption in the government, the presi, Amin came from a nondescript back- thing would be for Amin to say to
dent would ehi
For IRelf0g*tillti
t aoat eid,i4tipa.juL,..0...botlii`iLook, we got rid of this cancer,
R00138100130001411 be
cprifinued
not here. Power is E a new ling. AtteMI,8--Nia ()lac.]
Approved ForRelease2OppPioc,:-/FIA-RDOM04611
THE SUDAN
The Armed Missionary
, Dressed in a tan safari suit with a mil-
itary cut, he sat at a table in the %veil
,Of the ? crowded courtroom. There was
a long, ugly scar on the side of his face
i:--mute testimony to his occupation. As
ITV floodlights played on his shaved
:head, his eyes glanced over the gal-
leries as if in search of a friendly face.
:He found none?only an Arabic sign
with a .verse from ?the Koran: "If you
are to judge someone, be fair."
Then, as paratroopers trained rifles
at the defendant's chest, the prosecutor
rose to address the five-member mil-
itary tribunal in the sweltering Khar-
toum 'People's Court. "In the name of
God," he declared, "Rolf Steiner is an
enemy of humanity and of the African
peoples in particular. You will not try
the accused alone, but the evil ideas,
the organizations and the imperialist
countries that are still seeking to ex-
ploit the Third -World and drain its re-
sources by aiding and creating mutinies
and waging civil strife."
Khaki-Clod Knight. The scene in the
'Khartoum courtroom last August was
'memorable for more than its drama. It
Marked the first time that a white mer-
cenary had ever been brought to trial'
,in Africa. Last week the _tribunal ren-
-dered its verdict: the German-born
.Steiner, 42, was guilty of aiding the 15-
year-old rebellion of black southern Su-
-danese against the northern Arab gov-
ernment. Steiner was sentenced to death,
but President Jaafar Numeiry 'imme-
diately commuted the sentence to 20
years' imprisonment.
. One reason Steiner was treated with
leniency was that, in a 50,000-word con-
fession, he freely admitted his role as
the Anyanya rebels' commander in chief.
The borderline area that separates the
black Christian south from the brown
Muslim north has become the scene of
international intrigue on a grand scale,
he said. He implicated, in varying de-
grees, CIA operatives, Peace Corps peo-
ple, British intelligence, relief organi-
zations, the Roman Catholic Church,
Israel, Ethiopia and Uganda. Through
his German-speaking Sudanese lawyer,
Steiner pleaded that he was, not a cold
hired killer but a kind of khaki-clad
White Knight destined to right the
wrongs of black Africa.
- Wolf Cubs. Destiny has thwarted
Steiner: in seven wars he has never been
on the winning side. His first military ex-
perience was in the World. War II Nazi
"Wolf Cubs," a branch of the Hitler
YOuth. Two years after the war ended he
ran away from a Catholic seminary and
joined the French Foreign Legion. He
saw action in Korea, Indochina, the Mid-
dle East and Algeria. Steiner next went
to Biafra. "They wanted to play a little
bit of war," he recalled recently, "so I
went there tpplav_war."
APPrOYMbQIIKVPkUsinghl/PW
(good luck) by the Biafrans, he rode
around in a white Mercedes with a
--death'S-hea-d pennant -fluttering fro-m its
hood. Though a capable military com-
mander, Steiner was regarded by observ-
ers as something between a borderline
psychopath. and a gleeful good Samari-
tan. To command attention from his
troops, he would fire submachine-gun
bursts into the ground at their feet.
But when he found a two-year-old
Ibo child cowering in some bushes, its
parents lying dead near by, he per-
sonally nursed the boy back to health.
After keeping some Biafran army
brasshats cooling their heels outside his
caravan one night, Steiner emerged
soaked with sweat and water. '"I have
been bathing my baby," he declared
deadpan. In contrast to this episode, a
trembling young Arab woman. whom
Steiner held captive in the Sudan tes-
tified at his trial that he had snatched
STEINER AT TRIAL IN KHARTOUM
Playing savior.
her baby, and thrown it in a river.
Steiner was kicked out of Biafra in
1968. The next year he entered the
rebel territory in the southern Sudan
by way of Uganda. Quickly winning
the rebels' confidence, Steiner was made
commander in chief. Late last year,
when he illegally entered Uganda to
catch a flight to -Europe, he was ar-
rested. Uganda's President Milton Obote
?who was overthrown two weeks later
?turned him over to the Sudanese
government.
Superior Man. "He was really a freak
in this profession," reflected one of
Steiner's old Biafra mates recently in
Nairobi. "As a kind of self-appointed
messiah, he thought he had a mission
. to fight for African underdogs. The run-
away scholar of divinity was seeing him-
self as a kind of armed missionary, the
0 soli ap.ye iroAnacea
46000130001-2
a little more juju, Steiner may yet be
out in time to filzht another war.
Approved For Releasop2OOW/94TMA-RDP80-01
_1O NOV 1971
VI ET N AM, SU 7,, ALGER IA, BIAFRA
STATI NTL
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....
BY STANLEY DIEISLER, for the first time. In a during the-Nigerian civil
..
- ? - Tim Starr Writer sense, Steiner would an- . war.. . ? a . ,
swer for all the. humilia- ,.. S t c iner's contentions,
NAIROBI; Kenya?Rolf
tions inflicted upon blacks - however, were ridiculed:
Steiner,..the accUsed by t he racist, b r u t a 1 by the' prosecutor; Khala-
mercenary ' who c a 11 e d mercenaries: .. ? ? falla ei Rashid.: .
himself ' a 20th century Steiner hardly fitted the ."C a iia - a 'a fly reasonable
Marquis de Lafayette, was image. Shaven' .bald,- he person accept ' what the
sent to prison by Sudan looked immaculate and as-
man standing before you
? Tuesday for 20 years here is saying? That he is. for cetic. Coed, d i g n'i.f i e d,
fighting on the side of the dressed in eith n er a oK an idealist? That he is
?
southern ;rebels in the Su- ange windbreaker or a cateciorically'different and
dane.se civil war. - ? khaki safari shirt over a other t h a h the C o n g?o
".
He was sentenced -earlier white cOtton turtleneck mercenary? El Rashid
;
asked.
. to death by hanging, but he kept his hands; folded
? "The accused may be 'a
Sudan . President Jaafar neatly in front .of him as
different kind of mercena-
Numeiri commtited the he listened placidly to the
ry, vet he is undbubtedly
sentence.' .- ? ._ a .7 ' ? .
?? :. .. _hours of Arabic testimony one.-"_. - - ? ' .
The. case had evidently. and argument interpreted :? In 'fact, ELRashid went
become an erabarrasment over earphones- into Ger, on, Steiner was even more
to the Sudanese govern- man. At most, he seemed dangerous ? for . he is a
ment. It took almost two like a bored fanatic. ' Mercenary who has con-
months for Numeiri to In his own defense plea, vinced himself - that he is
reach a decision, reflecting Steiner r e f u s e d to be an idealist." ? , :
his. hesitation about -bow lumped with. the Congo .
to deal with Steiner: Last mercenaries, w h o in fie?
? Judge Instructs
-
Sept. 19, a military tribun- called "the scum of our ci-
In the end Dafalla el.
viliza
-:. Radi, the judge advocate,
-al passed its decision on to tion." ?
"This is what the prose- instructed the five-man
Numeiri for confirmation.
He was found guilty of cutor . . . understands by military t rib u n a 1 that t
mercenary," Steiner said reached . the verdict . on
waging war against the
in German. "In this way, Steiner that it did not mat-
'central government, file- everything falls Into the ter whether Steiner was a
gaily importing medicines
and other articles, being in same seuzaa, and the sack is mercenary or note-
thrown at my feet." ? He told them they must
the country without pro- Instead, Steiner likened reach their verdict on. the
per papers and collecting himself to the Marquis de narrow grounds of wheth-
arms and -ammunition to Lafayette, Ernesto. (Che) er Steiner broke Sudanese
be used against. the Guevara ? and Regis De- law by his activities in the
government. ta bray, - ? , - ? . - . :south. Nothing else count-
At the time of the trial, "When a man freely be: ed. a
mbst observers in Khar- heves in - something and . -The judge advocate's in-
toum believed that a jail fights for it, he is not call- structions to the tribunal,
sentence would mean an ed a mercenary." he . said, which came on the bat
eventual, quiet release for S t e i n e r said he had day of the. trial, made it
'Steiner before the sen- joined -the rebels of' the clear that Sudan no longer
tence was completed.- southern. Sudcin because looked on the trial as a
-Discrepancy in Image he believed the black peo-
showcase for the rddress
pies of the south were op-
of -African humiliations by
During the trial, Steiner pressed by the Islamic, white mercenaries.? The
Arabic - speaking peoples
simply dia not live up to j u d g e advocate advised'
?
his advance billing as the
- ? the ?military officers
-of the north. .
great, evil enemy of Afri- "With joy ai\d pride," against dwelling on what
.
ca. . . Steiner said, 'I give up my Steiner had done in Biafra
When the trial began in life ? to the cause of the : and elsewhere. El Radi;
early August, Sudanese of- African people who are in fact, even.' dismissed
ficials wanted Steiner to suffering in the southern much of the evidence
account for what the' be- Sudan so as. to help them ? about Steiner's activities
heved were his crimes take a step toward their . is the southern Sudan as
agahast all of Africa _ freedomitiP4 - a c 1Alicauu
.Frupeoho 604 R60080013;?)
. ,In*PPK411991filicOITINAeleW
.a detested white mercona- sons, Steiner insisted, be has climaxed a complex,
AcR-;e-tll s;1 (11;!
ry in an African tribunal had fought with Biafra strange and, in some ways,
? ? - r 7.1
P (7?1 -/ r?-"?'119
'a-/1 -taa: II LI
Approved For Releas4.26iiiMii0iii!.16A-RDP80-016
1.8 OCT 1971 STATINTL
v10-11-
v(iiJtIII
Fel-111S M-011
BY STANLEY 51EISLEnt
? - Tams Staff WriW
?
JUBA, Sudan--Several
Weeks ago, mortars
screeched out of the tan-
gled, green bush on the
banks of the White Nile
and exploded aboard, one
of the little steamships
that regularly make their
way on a chugging, hot.,
incredibly s 1 o w voyage
from Juba to the northern
Sudan. Eleven passengers
were killed.-
. .The attack, never an-
nounced by the Sudanese
government but revealed
by several foreign and Su-
danese sources, was a kind
of symbolic pronounce-
ment that, despite all the
rhetoric inKhartoum, the
Sudanese ? civil war still
flares on, with all its de-
'struction and paralysis.
This attack by the An-
'yanya rebels of the south
came at the same time
that President Jaafar
Numeiri of Sudan was re-
peating his two-year-old
promise of regional auto-
nomy for the south and in-
sisting that he now intend-
ed to fulfiltit. '
The mortars were not
necessarily a reply by the
rebels -- their rejection of
autonomy. T h e killings
evidently meant only that
.a lot more than promises
will be needed to quiet the
enervating rebellion in the
south. ? - ? . .
Another Meaning
? The attack seemed to
have another symbolic
meaning,. for 10 of those
killed were southerners,
and the steamships on the
Nile keep the southern
town of Juba alive. In the
long Sudanese civil war, it
is the south that has suf-
fered the most.
The war has embroiled
the south intermittently
since 1955 and continuous-
ersIelieve it has led to at
least a half-million deaths
from n wounds, disease and
starvation; and forced
200,000 refugees to flee
across the borders into
Ugand a, Ethiopia, the
Congo and the Central
African Republic. _
It is a cultural war. The
black Negroid peoples of
the south, mostly pagan,
some Christian, want au-
steal food, and intimidate
s.peutherners cooperating
with :the government. e...
. ,The.yastness of, the three
prOVinces of the south is
on their side. Governdient
control is fragile' ? in the
, ,hinterland of most of ..Afrie
--ea .ease.- To: a vil-
lage, government :some-
times' only means a teach-
er, 'a health assistant,- and
a tax collector, If the re-
tmomy or some kind of belseecan keep these offi-?
separation from the gov- clads. out, they keep out
eminent of Sudan, which goVeroment. ? -
is ,controlled by the Arab-
iced, Islamic, brown peo-
ples of the north. ? -
Most outsiders credit the
_ _Limit Control _
In this negative way, the
rebels have lin:lite-A Suda-
Anyanya (the name comes nese control to those
-
from a Sudanese poison
made by grinding a co-
bra's head into powder)
with 5,000 to 8,000 sol-
diers. Though there are
splinter groups and rivals
among the rebels; outsid-
ers believe that, in gener-
al, they are well organized
with large unitsatypewrit-
ten orders, radio commu-
nication, some semblance
of uniforms and medical
teams. ?
Steiner Claim
In his recent trial in
Khartoum on charges of
fighting for the Anyanya,
West German Rolf Steiner
reportedly claimed that
the rebels were helped by
the Israeli government,
the U.S. Central Intel-
ligence Agency, British
Intelligence, President. Idi
ak.mni of Uganda, the Ital-
ian Roman Catholic order
of Verona Fathers and
German Catholic relief or-
ganizations.-
? Most outsiders, however,
'believe that the only signi-
ficant help comes from the
Israelis, ? who drop arms
and other supplies front a
DC-3 on a regular flight
from Ethiopia. Some other
materials may come across
the border from exiles in
Uganda and relief organi-
towns and, villages,' that
t h e Sudanese garrison
With soldiers or Pollee.
Given the size of the' area
and the Sudanese ?? ariny,
th is amounta to few
places. In Equatoria, the
inosta southern arid trou-
...blesonie province,* the .Su-
:danese, according Ob-
servers, control only. Juba
:and four other towns and.
The .Stidanese
also control the routes he-
Iween these bases. when
they use military convoys.
? ...The absence of govern-
'Ineni, control' does not
'mean ?Anyanya contr61----
at, least not in a formal
Way. The Anyan-ya
evidently have set up
.onle sencols. and health
Clinics but, in' ? general,
they can only.wo:rk in hid-
ht. '-If they clainied:
Ire]. 'over any 's:Izeable. VII-
lav, they avourd be
'blasted out by The
neSe army and air :force.
:-"Tlie ? flight Of -the. refu-
,?ee-s- and .most of the 'kilt,
ing in the south evidently
is the result- of heavy-
'handed reprisals from the
,Siulanes,?. army, whic 11
_
keeps half its 35,0.00, inert
in the south. ?
. . .
7 ? 1905 Incident
' T h e m o s t publicized
zations. ': brutality took place in
Like most g u e r i 1 1 a 1035. The incidents were
groups in Africa, the'. ?
' '-kny- laid bare laid bare later in a cage -be-
fore the Sudanese -high
anya t'operate On ' a.' ma 11 court in Khartoum Jus-
scale...They lay mines; am- tice Abdel Magib Imam, a
ly since 1903. It is Mrica's b u sh Sudanese ...patrols, northerner, said the - fol-
longest war. Most AppromedkFeraReieaset2001101/0V ICI?k1RpF43
any reasonable eouot :- .
?;T -At-.11:20 ann-ort July 3,
-190, Sudanese' - soldiers
-began fh?ing into the .na-
tivetuts of Jubaethe-capi-
.:.tal of Equatoria Provinee.
',Insilco Imam called it ?"a
-reprisal or revenge attack"
?and?said the shooting 'con-
tinued until the afternoon
of the next day. At the
end, 360 southerners were
dead and many' -.others
'wounded. ? ? : 7 , ?
? . After the shooting, the
sbidic.,rs ? rushed ? to ? .-the
Juba hospital a half-mile
away where three .sonth-
ern .doctors were ? operat-
ing on the wounded. One
doctor ea shot dead. The
tither "te-o Managed- to..es-
.CiiPe. :As they 'did, they
'San, the soldiers tearing -a
b?l'O o d transfusiOn Ii no
from 'a patient on the.oper-
..ating table. .
July 11, a party cl1.6.0
s'pal LTh erners, ? including
several government of fie.
dals; were celebraCipg_ the
weddings of two couples
in- 'a -private home In _the
town of Wau, capital of
Bahr ?el Ghazal Province,
Sndcienly, soldiers . eau re:
rounclCd the house, opened
fire, and then . rushed-. in,
still 'Shooting. More. than
70 solitherners
ail ill:eluding a 4-year-Old
liOy and ?a 10-year-old girl.
-e
One-Punished-. ?
It has never been: made
clear .whether these:repri:
sal-ere ordered- by the
Snrience.' government in
Khartoum or whether the
northern soldiers ? decided
ori .own toteach
southerners a lesson. In
any case, no northern sOl-
dier was ever publicly pun-
ished.;. for the inciderita.
?The. Vase before the
court :concerned an editor
a*Fr6t1-d- for sedition alter
he printed a news account
of' tie' massacres. ??
Most -diplomats in Khan.'
tourn?be)ieve that these in-
cidents are no longee -.the-
rule the .south. They_
credit Gen. Mobarak Os--
flirt, who, took oyer com--
mand- of the sOuth :after
Numeiri came to power in.
1069, with trying to disci-
used soldiers ?
mainly
s-
001-2
bOntinuod
Approved For-A*1mm 291i0?/041;;(R4&-RDP80-0
28 /AUG 1971
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?By Joltn K. Ccoley
Stab' cor1esPOWL311t of
The Christian Science Plcaitor
- 'Vita-3.4?nm, &Isla-A
Rolf Steiner, German soldier of fortune
nd onetime member of the Hitler youth
toverne.nt, sits for his portrait on live tele-
ision, as his trial for "crimes against Af-
lea" continues.
_The defendant, perhaps one of the most
.:idely traveled mercenary soldiers of all
ime, wears neat prison khakis. He is pale
a contrast to the black and brown corn-
ilexions of his captors.
With shaven skull and chiseled features,
Steiner, chatting to his Sudanese de-
nse lawyer, looks lihe Yul Brynner playing
he film role of Mr. Steiner.
Two Sudanese .commando guards, their
z.t_,ch machine guns slung with muzzles
,ointed at Mr. Steiner, stand immobile,
.aniting him, A red and white sign in Arabic
esig,natcs Mr". Steiner 'for Sudanese ti-.!le-
ision viewers.
Gen. Jafaar government, re?
ently under Communist fire for stern action
gainst Communist rebels, is reinforcing
oth its African and its Arab-natio-nalist
rede.ntials through this showy trial.
?
?
re.zold . .
?
212rd2e5 clizakppear
A few months ago at least one other white
tercenary Was reported still fighting in
nuthern Sudan, a Captain Armand, also an
lumnus of the BiafraArmicoved.For
Most of the former 1015 names in he
The prosecution case, Mr. Steiner's ;alleged
etailed 30-page confession, icludes a whole
istory of the ill-fated secession of Biafra,
there Mr. Steiner fought with the former
liafran leader, Col. Odumegwu Ojultwu, as
tell as of the black rebellion in the southern
udan.
Mr. Steiner'has said in openi court that the
rosecution's case against him, an Arabic
ersion of his supposed confession, bears no
esemblance to the confession he made and
igned in the-German language. He. insists
le prosecution document is a doctored one
repared by East German security experts
torking with the Sudannse police. ?
The prosecution's ?case in this first trial
f a mercenary in Africa has'been a corn-
Tehensive indictment of foreign mer-
e.naries on the continent and their links
4th what it termed "imperialist" . secret
ervice.s.
STATI NTL
11 fp'!- CD ?
IfT6)11 o'D
Li 1,1.)
(1,11.
movement -- such as Iorgio Norbiallo, the
Italian, and Taffy Williams of South Africa,
.or Mike Hoare, Jean Schramme, and Bob
Denard of the Congo, or Captain Coosens in
Yemen -- have disappeared, died, or in a
few cases returned to more peaceful pur-
suits, or reportedly found Use for their ser-
vices in Rhodesia or Portuguese Africa.
Mr. Steiner's alleged testimony, sometimes
minutely detailed to the point of irrelevency,
supports Khartoum's charges of the involve-
ment of Israel in encouraging the rebellion
as a "second front" on the Arab world's
southern lintits.
gi-on:23 iuvolved
The Vatican, the United States Central
Intelligence Agency .(CIA) and Peace Corps,
and many of the sante Western church or
private relief groups_ who sent feed and
medicine to Biafra reappear in Mr. Steiner's
story about the southern- Sudan.
Mr. Steiner, himself, delivered to the Su-
danese authorities by Uganda last January,
emerges as a many-sided, contradictory hu-
man being rather than as some kind of
fascist ogre.
One moment he is showing his black
pupils at the Vbangi Bol training camp in
southern Sudan's Equatoria Province how
to throw 'grenades and demolish bridges.
CP:ran'n MIC.3C1
The next, he is setting up hospitals, self-
.
help agricultural programs and, he says,
"planning to devote :the rest of my life to
Some Western observers here believe the
People's Court may spare Mr. Steiner's life
because of his, cooperation with the court.
Many Sudanese disagree: "How can our
government execute, as it did last month,
11 of our Own people for trying to overthrow
General Nimeiry and let this foreigner--
Whose conspiracy was international and far
better organized?go free?"they ask.
the welfare of southern Sudan and finding
a political, not a Military, solution to its
problems."
Mr. Steiner, who had joined the French
Foreign Legion in 1947 after fighting with
Hitler's teen-age Volk,ssturra in the last
throes of World War II, served in Indo-
China, Korea, the 1955 Suez war in Egypt,
Algeria (in the anti-de Gaunt secret. army
arganization, or OAS), before the Congo and
Biafra.. ?
His alleged testimony said he entered Su-
dan in June, 1.M. He was helped to get into
the south by the Verona Fathers, a Roman
::.atholic missionary order, he added. Once
there, he workedfor-two months with Anga
riya's Joseph Tarrantle one of the rebel com-
manders executed by General Nimeiry's goy.
ern.ment for last month's uprising here.
After contacts in Europe with all groups
interested in southern Sudan, Mr. Steiner
allegedly said he returned to help build an
airstrip, hospitals, launch agricultural pro-
grams, and "create a real guerrilla army ?
Ol-#-6C20011/3/041:1CliAaRDP8OL.01601R000800130001-2
tst riny manuals.
1pAn,-x woRLD
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STATINTL
By WILIAAT,1 J. POTalilitO'fi
LONDON, Aug. 16 (By airmail)?The true enemies of Sudan, where the right-wing
military regime of General Numeiri has murdered Communist leaders and imprison-
ed thousands of others on faked charges of inVolvernent in a coup against the govern-.
ment, have been revealed in the trial in Khartoum of Rolf Steiner, the West German
mercenary Who helped organize a tribal revolt against the government in southern.
Sudan.
Presented to the. court, in the The CIA's main interest in
trial that opened on Aug. 2, was 130 and 1970, said Steiner, was
a statement of over 200 pages the overthrow of General Num-
containing the answers of Stein- eiri's government, which was
er to interrogation when he was then, under popular pressure, ex-
turned over to Sudanese author- propriating imperialist corpora-
ities last December. by the Ugan- tions. Bristol), while pretending,
dan government that had arrest- to support the secessionist aims
ed him for an illegal crossing of the Anya Nya rebels, tried
of its border. Milton Ohote was hard to ally them with the Um-
then still the president of the ma Party of the reactionary Irn?
Uganda. am el-Hadi .el-Mahdi. The CIA
Steiner has made sweeping, re- was only concerned with using
velations of imperialist -compli- the Anya Nya as a pawn to sub-
city not only in . the revolt in vert an independent Sudan and
southern Sudan but also in other ? would have thrown their cause
attempts to overthrow the-Sudan- aside had the Mama revolt sue-
ese government. His detailed ceeded.
statement describes the intens, Arros.st;lppod to Iiriaao -
ive participation of the U.S., Steiner was apparently involv-
British, West German, French, cd in the CIA contacts with the
Istaeli and Saudi Arabian .agen- ? Umma Party, which was prom-
cies in the organization and ised $15 million of CIA financing.
equipping of the so-called Anya Through British links, $18,0'30
Nya rebels, and in fostering the worth of arms had b,.?..-23 supplied
rightist Umma revolt near Ifhar- to the Imam when the abortive
town in 1970, revolt occurred in 'March, 1970,
Paid by Peace Corps - and 12,CCO arms had been stock-
According to Steiner, who has piled in Ethiopia for Umma use
had' a long bloody career as a had the uprising developed. Um-
mercenary all the way from ma forces vere suppressed and
Vietnam to Nigeria, where he the Imam killed by determined
was- paid- by French oil interests acion of the Sudan government,
to aid the unsuccessful "Biafra" - . backed by mass demonstrations
secession, he was originally sent a of .support led by the Communist
to southern Sudan in July,- 1C39, : Party.. : - --
by a West German "food and age ? British intelligence, said Stein-
ricultural organization," a front r-er, played a leading role in the
for intelligence activity.- Umma revolt, and two British
ever, when .he became a corn- ? military experts had been sent to
milder of the rebel forces in help train Anya Nya guerrillas,
November, 1C39, his Salary was 'with eight more scheduled to be
paid by the U.S. Peace Corps ? rsent at the time of stein-'
based in Uganda ' ? el.'s arrest: In the .British press
- He, was paid, he said, an as- a considerable publicity has been
tronomical amount by a CIA giveq, to. the revolt in southern
agent named Mr. Briston, work- Sudan..
ing ostensibly:as a Peace Corp? CIA shifted tactics
member attached to Makarerc , The tura of events in Sudan
University in Kampala, Uganda. 'since Steiner was arrested
Approved For Release* 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601 R000800130001-2
would indicate that the *CIA an- d.
its fellow 'imperialist agencies
made a shift of tactics after the
failure of the Urarna revolt and
the lack of success of the South-
ern revolt. Concentration, it is
evident, was made on driving a
wedge between General Nu- -
meiri and the mass movement led
by the Communist Party of Sudan.
Numeriri's brutal massacre of
Communists and of left national-
ists has all the earmarks of a CIA
operation, and Numeriri's direct
links with the big British monop-
oly corporation, Lonrho, jhave
siace been established.
Significantly, one of the Com-
munist leaders immediately ex-
ecuted vies Joseph Garang, who'
was minister for southern af-
fairs in the Sudan government
and who had done more than
anyone else to achieve a solution
of the Anya Nya problem and
therefore was a chief target of
imperialist wrath. Steiner, in the
meantime, is reportedly housed
in luxurious villa quarters near
Khartoum and is confident of win-
ning freedom with the aid of
his imperialist Paymasters. His
interrogation statement with its
revelations 172S made some time
before Numeiri's ? anti-Commun-
ist shift, and his defenders are'
now trying to repudiate, it.
Approved For Release 201
Sudan
A soldier of
misfortune .
?
FROM A CORRESPONDENT IN KHARTOUM
The trial of the west cern-Ian
mercenary, "General" Rolf Steiner,
which opened last week before a
military court 'in Khartoum, is impor-
tant for two reasons. First, ? the
Sudanese leader, General Numeiry, by
making the trial look scrupulously fair,
is using it to help Sudan and the
world forget the distinctly hurried
conviction and execution 'last month
of 14 men held responsible for the
abortive coup of July igth. Second, it
is the first trial of a mercenary in
Africa; it is therefore regarded as an
important step towards getting these
soldiers of fortune out of the continent.
Herr Steiner is accused of waging
war against the Sudanese government
by helping the separatist rebels in the
south, the Anya-Nya. From a transcript
of his interrogations, the court has been
told at length of his career in the
French Foreign .Legion in Indochina
and of his military exploits in north
Africa and Biafra. AccoOing to the
prosecution, he claims to have been
made commander-in-chief of the Anya-
Nya army by the rebel leaders.
Herr Steiner is pleading guilty to
the charge- of illegally entering the
southern Sudan, but not guilty to all
other charges. Th d prosecution says he
has not denied that he commanded
the Anya-Nya, but he says he was not
fighting for money ; he claims he was
not paid by the rebel leaders, the
" Anidi government," and even applied
for " Anidi " citizenship. The purpose
of the military struggle, according to
his alleged statement, was to bring
pressure upon the Khartoum govern-
ment . to promote a political solution
to the problem of the southern Sudan,
whose pagan and Christian negroid
inhabitants deeply resent the domina-
tion of the Moslem Arabic-speaking
northerners. How much of his supposed
statement represents Herr Steiner's real
?
ari-RpP80-01601R
STATI NTL
Steiner stood for the south
southerners, which is widely regarded
as* an attempt to further Israel's
interests by attacking the Arab world's
soft black underbelly. Both Britain and
the American Central Intelligence
Agency have also been accused of
involvement ; but then no one ever
leaves the CIA off a list like that..
views is not clear, however ; on Wed-
nesday he denounced part of the
Arabic transcript as "lies.".
The trial, which is expected to go on
for some time, has already opened up
questions of foreign involvement in
Africa. It has been alleged that Herr
Steiner was sent to Sudan by west
German relief organisations, and that
he then appointed himself adviser to
the rebels. There has also been discus-
sion of Israel's assistance to. the
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-N1SYOIKiUiES .
Approved For Release 20101/p?tpitilCIA-RFAChRik01
A. Sdanese, CO-arg.: Tars f(y,
, By ann L. KESS
SpecIal to The NE77 York Tine
CAIRO, , Aug. 16-1t is 110
degrees in the former Assembly
-chamber at Khartoum. The
-overhead fans only stir the
heat. Sleepily, six dark-com-
plexioned officers who consti-
tute the court eye the blond,
bullet-headed defendant sitting
at his table, guarded by two
'soldiers with submachine guns.
Such is the setting, as de-
scribed here in Cairo by those
who have witnessed it, for a
trial that has aroused more ex-
citement in anticipation than
in performance.
It is the trial of Roll' Steiner,
the German soldier who insists
that he is more a missionary
than a mercenary, but the trial
has also from the start impli-
cated Israel, Roman Catholic
agencies, the Central Intelli-
gence Agency, Uganda and
Ethiopia in a 15-year-old gun-
villa war in the southern Sudan.
Observers of the. trial feel
that political considerations
such as these will settle Mr.
Steiner's fate. The wider implica-
tions of the case brought the
secretary general of the' Or-
ganization of African Unity,
Diallo Tell', to the opening ses-
sion two weeks ago.
With Nazi T]clf. Cubs'
The Sudan straddles the di-
vide in Africa between Islam,
to the north, and -black Africa,
pagan or Christian, to the
south. A fitful guerrilla war
has been sputtering in the
southern Sudan against the
north since independence, and
some outsiders have apparently
taken sides.
Mr. Steiner, who is 41 years
'old, says that his military ca-
reer began in 1945 with the
Nazi "wolf cubs," a branch of
the Volitsturin, or home guard,
which was made up of mem-
?bers of the Hitler Youth. Two
years later, he says, he left' a
Catholic seminary to join the
-French Foreign Legion, in
'which he fought in Indochina,
Korea, Algeria and at Suez.
His story, as told to sevesel
journalists, becomeslittlefuzzy. He hes said that he made
a trip to the .southern Sudan
1965 to seek means of -get-
iting supplies to the rebel areas,
but resigned from the 1,-cl-dip
iLegion only in 1937. .
'H Pd
e had already been to afra
Unitcei Press lolerriat;onal?
Rolf Steiner
by that time and, although he
indicates that his original mis-
sion there was sponsored by the
French, he says he turned inde-
pendent to avoid being involved
in what he called dirty business
about oil concessions. IIis ex-
ploits as a commander of Biaf-
ran troops are \veil known.
Expelled at last by the Biaf-
sans, Mr. Steiner returned to
the southern Sudan, operating
from Uganda. He was arrested
there lest winter and banded
over to the Sudanese in a ges-
ture of solidarity from the new
Ugandan regime. ?
Contacts With Agents
Mr. Steiner pleaded guilty to
having crossed the Sudanese
border illegally, but pleaded not
euilty to making war, to re-
cruiting mercenaries, collecting
weapons, smuggling and spread- ?
ing malicious rumors. '
Mr. Steiner says he was
stirred by the condition of the
peopktin the south Sudan. He
went to Rome to the Verona
Fathers a missionary order that
was expelled from. the Sudan
veers beroso and which was
Le,ply upset about the fate of
its converts. They passed him
along to Caritas International
and to. a German Charitable or-
ganization, the Society for the
Promotion of African Affairs. .
The Society acknowledges
that it had -contacts with Mr.
. .
Steiner but denies that it gave
him a mission. Mr. Steiner says
that .he was sent to work? out
a route for shipment' of relief
supplies, and that this led him
to consider setting up model
fa rms in rebel- tertiLory---"which,
in - turn, led him to .military.
training to enable his charges
to defend those farms.
Mr. Steiner does not seem to
have been very successful in
the Sudan. Hc concedes that
the main force of the rebels
was under Joseph Lagu, whom'
he described as an Israeli?pro-
tEige. He also described con-
tacts with an alleged agent of
the Centeel ntclligence Agency,
a frzel;_rico jourrielist named
David Robison, and seith British
Intelligence. Iloth agencies at
one than or another, were sup-
posed to have helped the rebels
by way of Ethiopia and Uganda.
Questions of the Sentence
Prosecution witnesses have
testified that they saw Mr.
Steiner training southerners at
a camp. He, himself, does not
deny it, but says contemptu-
ously that if he had wanted to
make war, he would have
blown up bridges and cut off
the south from the north.
Observers say that Mr. Stein-
er's sentence will be decided
not on the. case before the
court, but on a balance of
state interests.- . . ?
On the ode hand, they say,
the Sudanese Government is
aware of the revulsion aroused
by its summary executions of
leftists last month and is inter-
ested in improving relations
with the West. On the other
hand, clemency for Mr. Steiner
would move some nationalists
to say that the regime is kind-
er to white mercenaries than
it is to Sudanese critics. ..
.
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Approved FiSi44-6"iiiier0i/Oiiiiii'FCIA-RDP80-01601
12 AUG 1971
Trp, /fp fi,;!(,z 11 (71!! b:1a (.-
? ?
C1,i (-)it?-?:0
f ' "
L/ CLOjit 1.)..ff t:/1.t(C)'\.s
? s.
By :John K. Ceoley
SW/ correspoclent of -
The Christiost Science Monitor
KhasImmi, Sudan
Gen. Jaafar al-Nimeiry's military govern-
ment indicates it wants to reopen peace.
talks with southern Sudanese to end the
southern Sudan's civil war.
Tobi Madot, one of three southern Suda-
nese in the new Cabinet General Nimeiry
formed after last month's unsuccessful, left-
ist coup against him, made this. aimounce-
meat Aug. 9.
It came simultaneously with prosecution
testirnony in the televised trial of West Ger-
man mercenary leader Rolf Steiner. The
testimony, Mr. Steiner's 200-page confes-
sion, says Israeli oincers and Ugandan lead-
ers, including present Ugandan chief of
state Gen. Idi Amin, aideci. the rebellion,
while the United States Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) was more interested in pro-
moting a coup to end General Nimeiry's
regime in Khartoum.
But the testimony also admits tacitly that -
the southern black rebellion's roots lie in the
-ignorance, poverty, and ill health of Sudan's
underdeveloped three southern provinces,
Equatoria, Bahr al-Ghazal, and Upper Nile.
Mr. Madot said. he had reached agree-
ment with .Vice-Premier and Interior Min-
ister Maj. Abul Kassem Maharnmad Ibra-
him that the. government would stick by
General Nimeiry's promise of June 9, 1939,
shortly after he seized power here,. of "re-
gional autonomy" for the south. ? ?
Dialogue vlstrmed
A "Dialogue" would take place with south-
ern leaders . to stabilize the South, Mr.
Madot said. When Mr. Madot asked. Major
AbulKassem whether this would include the
Anya Nya (the poison that spreads) armed
guerrilla movement, "Abul Kassein ex-
pressed the :government's willingness to
open dialogue without exception with all the
southerners who are now abroad so that a
radical solution can be worked out." .
General Nimeiry's policy statement of
June, 1939, which has been reactivated,
acknowledges the "deep historical roots" of
southern separatism which it. attributes to
British colonial policy in giving .the south-
ern Sudan separate treatment b?:fore Suda-
nese independence in 19F-s3. ?
General Nimeiry's advisers on the south-
ern question were mainly Marxists, and
STATI NTL
many observers here corapare their Concept
. Of "regional autonomy" with the Leninist
one used for some nationalities -as Arme-
nians and Jews in the Soviet Union. ?
The Nimeiry government began to set up
southern youth and trade-union organiza-
tions, ?partly to pave the way for the south-
ern wing of General Nimeiry's proposed
Sudan Socialist Union.
- This is to be a single legal party, in-
spired by Egypt's Arab Socialist Union, to
replace the. old and now outlawed Umma
and other political parties.
Presumably this would facilitate Sudan's
later entry into the projected Arab fed-
eration of Egypt, Libya, and Syria which
the Sudanese Communists bitterly' opposed
on grounds of the southern question and
lack of proper political organization in the
Sudan.
Mr. Madot is Minister of State without
portfolio. The other two members of south-
ern origin in General Nimeiry's latest Cab-
inet, Southern Affairs Minister Abel Aliar
and Public Works Minister Luigi Adok, re-
place Communists implicated and executed
in the July 19th coup attempt against Gen-
eral Nizneiry.
&S. 557ale.7.11 on?.1
In. the Steiner trial testimony Aug. .10,
Mr. Steiner's confessicn identified a man
named "Norman" as one of his CIA con-
tacts. Mr. Steiner said he. first met Norman
in October, 1937, in Bonn. "Norman wanted ?
information about Katanga and anti-Ameri-
can French activities in the Congo," Mr.
Steiner's confession said.?
Norman subsequently requested Mr. Stein-
er's assessment of the Anya Nya as a fight-
lug force and said "United States policy
opposes creation of an independent state in
southern Sudan and secessionist attempts in
any other African country, which was why
it did not support Biafra. . . .
"Norman told "me further," Mr. Steiner
continued, "that the U.S. Government is not
concerned with the southern Sudan-problem,
but we are interested to stage a coup ? in
Khartoum." ?
Mr. Steiner said he nevertheless hoped for
CIA help to augment Israeli aid, which was
insuflicient. The attempted revolt of Saddeg
al-Mahdi, a former Prime Minister and head
of the Umma Party from the Mahdi family's
Abba Island in the Nitein March, 1970, was
encouraged and aided by U.S.. and British
agents, Mr. Steiner's testimony alleged.
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T Ofq
Approved For Release 1914A9A/C1171 CIA-RDP80-01601-7)-6atiffil0001-2
?- ? ?
11 7 jr- c.
4 . lanes
Reuter
KHARTOUM, The Sudan,;the l3ritish organized a rebel-!
Aug. 10?A CIA agent told ilion against the president last'
/West German mercenary Rolf !year by followers of ,the chs-I
lsolved Umma Party, tne state-!
./ Steiner that the United States:
:ment said.,-Saudi Arabia also;
-assisted various rebel groups helped Umma, the CIA man /
In the Sudan to help spread; told Steiner, it said. -
confusion- and sedition which I The CIA agent -told Steiner
could lead to the collapse of,the United States Was inter--
the goyernment of President',-ested in the black African
Jaafar Niraeri, a prosecution secessionist movement only
witness said today at Steiner'si to cause Confusion and spread
trial.. - ? !sedition, the statement said.
The witness also quoted'
Steiner as saying that Britain,
Israel and Saudi Arabia also
assisted the rebels with money.
and arms.
. A military tribunal is trying.
Steiner, 40, a former French
legionnaire, with leading an
armed insurrection in south-
ern Sudan against the Khar-
toum government, spreading
malicious rumors, smuggling
,drugs and entering Sudan
without permission.
.Steiner has pleaded guilty
.only to the last charge and
faces, the death penalty- on the
others.
Prosecution witness Police
commandant Khalifa Karrar
ioday continued reading a
statement allegedly made by
Steiner to his questioners.
One CIA agent told Steiner
"
??
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- HAILS HALL'S STATEMENT ON SUDAN
was very glad to read of Gus Hails -.state-
ment published in the July 27 Daily - World con-
cerning recent events in the Sudan. Hall again
shows us that the Communist Pai-ty, U.S.A. is the
bulwark of peace, freedom, democracy and so-
cialism in the United States and is a world-re-
spected and revolutionary party.
Hall exposed the role of Numeiri, the. C.I.A.
and other reactionaries in the destruction of pro-:
gressive regimes, regimes that really- sock it to
U.S. imperialism. Great. men such as Shafieh Ah-
med el Shiekh shall not have died in vain. They
'shall be avenged! ?
?BLAIR CLIFFORD, Gary, Ind.
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Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000800130001-2
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