CHALMERS M. ROBERTS HELMS, THE SHAH AND THE CIA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01601R000600030001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 34
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 2, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 29, 1972
• Content Type: NSPR

f".'.S9t;IiJiOIN POST
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Helms, the Shah and the
THERE IS A CERTAIN irony in the
fact that Richard Helms will go to Iran
as the American ambassador 20 years
after the agency he now heads organ-
regime then in power in Teheran. The
tale is worth recounting if only be-
cause of the changes in two decades
which have affected the Central Intel-
ligence Agency as well as American
foreign policy.
Helms .first went to work at the CIA
In. 1947 and he came tip to his present
post as director throul=lt what is gener-
ally called the "department of dirty
tricks." However, there is nothing on
the public record to show that lie per-
sonally had a hand in the overthrow of
the Communist backed and/or ori-
ented regime of Premier _Mo.'ia aimed
Mossadegh in 1933, an action that re-
turned the Shah to his throne. I . ne can
only guess at the wry smile thst must
have come to the Shah's face ;'hen lte
first heard that President Ninon was
proposing to send the CIA's top :pan
to be the American envoy.
The Iranian affair, and a sindilar
CIA action in Guatemala the follo.ving
V year, are looked upon by old hands at
1953: Teheran rioting chat orer-
threto the gorcrnment left the Unit-
ec States Point Four office with
gaping holes for windows and doors.
the agency as high points of a sort in
the Cold War years. David 11'i e and
Thomas B. Ross have told the Iranian
story in their hook, "The Invisible Guv
Vcrnment," and the CIA bon., at the
time, Allen Dulles, conceded in public,
after he left the government that the
United States had had a hand in what
occurred,
-t \_ ._ ko - itee,
tivity, there were plenty of other sue x
C~
cessl'ui enterprises that fell short of
and the country was thrown into crisis.
Mossadegh "connived," as Wise and
Ross put it, with Turich, Iran's Co:n-
ntunist party, to holster his Land. The
British and Americans decided he had
to go and picked Gen. Fazolleh Zaiiecli
to renlace him. The nian who stage-
managed the job on the spot was Ker-
mit "Him" Roosevelt (who also had a
hand in some fancy goings-on inl
Egypt), grandson of T.R. and seventh
cousin of I'.D.11., and now a Washing-
tonian in private business.
Roosevelt managed to ;;et to Teheran
and set ill) underground headquarters.
A chief aide was Brig. Gen. H. Norman
Schwarzkopf, who, as head of the New
Jersey state police, had become famous
during the Lindhereh baby kidnaping
case. Sclnvarzkopf had reorganized the
Shah's police force and he and Ruose-
velt joined in the 1953 operation. The
Shah dismissed Mossadegh and named
Zahcldi as Premier but .llossadech at'-
rested the officer who hrau:,ht the bait
news. The Teheran streets filled with
rioters and a scared Shah fled first to
Baghdad and then to Rorie. Dulles
flew to Rome to confer with him. Roo-
sevelt ordered the Shah's ba deers into
the streets, the leftists were arrested
by the army and the Shah returned in
triumph. liossadeh went to jail. In
time a new international oil consor-
tium took over Anglo-Iranian which
operates to this day,thouh the Shalt
has squeezed more and more revenue
from the Westerners.
In his 1963 book, "The Craft of Intel-
ligence," published after he left CI.1,
Dulles wrote that. when in both Iran
and Guatemala it "became clear" that
a. Communist state was in the makinu%
support from outside was given to
loyal anti-Connunnist elements." In a
1965 NBC television documentary on
"The Science of Spyi:gz'' Dulles said:
"The government of Mossadeelt, if you
recall history, was overthrown by the
action of the Shah. Now, that we en-
couraged the Shah to lake that action
I will not deny." Allies Copeland, an
ex CIA operative in the -Middle East.
wrote in his book. "The Caine of
Nations." that the Iranian derring-do
the CIA, humiliated by the 1961 Bay of
Pigs fiasco it planned and ran, has
wi:hdrawn from such large scale af-
fairs as Iran, save for its continuing
major role in the no longer "secret
war in Laos." The climate of today V
would not permit the United States to
'repeat the Iranian operation, or so one
The climate of 1953, however, was
very different and must he taken into
account in any judgment. 'Moscow
then was fishing in a great many
troubled waters and among them was
Iran. It was probably true, as Allen
Dulles said on that 1965 TV show, that
"at no time has the CIA engaged in
any political activity or any intelli-
gence that was not approved at the
highest level." It was all part of a
deadly "game of nations." Richard Bis-
sell, who ran the U-2 program and the V
Bay of Pigs, was asked on that TV
show about the morality of CIA activi-
ties. "I think," he replied, that "the
morality of . . . shall we call it for
short, cold war . , , is so infinitely eas-
ier than the morality of almost any
kind of hot war that I never encoun-
tered this as a serious problem."
PERHAPS the philosophy of the
Cold War years and the CIA role were
best put by Dulles in a letter that lie
wrote me in 1961. Excerpts from his
then forthcoming boot: had appeared
Ilarpcr's and I had suggested to him
some further revelations lie might in-
clude in the book. He wrote about ad-
ditions lie was making: "This includes
more on Iran and Guatemala and the
problems of policy in action when
there begins to be evidence that a
country is slipping and Communist
take-over is threatened. We can't wait
for an engraved invitation to come and
give aid."
There is a story, too, that Winston
Churchill was so pleased by the opera-
tion in Iran that he proferred the
George Cross to Kinn Roosevelt. But
the CIA wouldn't let him accept the
decoration. So Churchill commented to
Roosevelt: "I would be proud to have
was called "Operation Ajax." He cred- served tinder you" ill such an opera-
ited Roosevelt with "almost single- tion. That remark, Roosevelt is said to
hanElect ly" calking the "pro-Shah forces, have replied, was better than the deco-
on to the streets of Teheran" and su- ration.
pervisinrt "their riots so as to oust" Helms doubtless would be the last to
lIoss:den;h? say so out loud but I can intacn.ine his
TODAY 'I'll!" IRAN to which Helms
will go after lie leaves the CIA is a sta-
ble, well armed and well oil-financed
irginte under the SSbah's command
IIt,- IS \1?l-T I)OUII to thin Soviet which has mended its fences with Mos-
Uniun. In 1951 ~Iossadci;h, who con- cow: writhottt hurting its clo,;e relation-
fused lt,'esterncrs with his habits of ship will[ 1C,,~:I iri tlon. The Shalt has
weeping; in public and 1-uniting govern- taken full advaiua:,c of the changes in
meat business front his beti, national- l-'a.t-l% -ei-t rclliuor,; Alcorn the Cold V'~ ar
reflecting that. if it hadn't been for
what I)t 1les, Kim Roosevelt and the
others did in 1953, he would lint have
the chance to present his credentials
to a Shah stilt on the peacock throne
ized the );LitAppro&tedtFor.Raieaselt2QO0tQ5d30leiG?IA*t?RDP80-01601 R00
Oil Co. and seized the Abadan relin- 11-hill, Iron and Cnateniala were the
cry. The West boycotted Iranian oil high points of covert Cla Cold War ac-
 BAL ILYC w I L,1S A2,1'ERICAU.
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To IA Ciiiei
By T11ONlAS B. ROSS
WASHING1ON, - (CST, -
Richard helms, director of the
Central Intelligence Agency,
is reported to he in line to be-
come ambassador to Iran, the
scene of the CIA's first major
coup.
The Washington star-newt,
recipient of several 1Chike
House lulu on appointments,
said this week that President
Nixon has offered the amhas-
sadorship to Helms, a career
intelligence operative of 25
years' service.
The Chicago Sun-Times dis-
closed Dec. 2 that Mr. Nixon
planned to supplant Helms at
the CIA with James R. Schles-
inger, chairman of the Atomic
Energy Commission.
Helm's transfer to Iran is
certain to be warmly received
by Shah Mohammed Reza.
Pahlevi. who owes his crown
to the CIA. In 1953 the CIA's
representative in the Middle
East, Kermit (Kim) Roose-
velt, grandson of President
Theodore Roosevelt, organi. ed
and directed the coup that
overthrew Prime Minister Mo-
hammed Mossadegh in the
Shah's behalf.
Helms was, then a leading
official in the CIA's plans divi-
sion, the so-called "Depart-
ment of dirty tricks." 1;.e
turning point in the coup
against Mossadeghcane
when Roosevelt's agents went
into the athletic clubs of Teh-
ran and rounded up an also: t-
ment of weight lifters, muscle-
men and gymnasts who
marched through the bazaars,
shouting pro-shah slogans and
arousing the masses.
the Shah, who fled the coun-
try at the height of street dis-
orders during the coup, re-
turned afterward to reverse
Mossadegh's nationalization of
Iranian oil. At the same time,
he bro=:e up the former British
monopoly and apportioned
U.S. firms a 40 per cent share
of a new international consor-
tium.
H[einis
One of the firms was Gulf
Oil, which Roosevelt later
tions director" and, later be-
joined as "government rela-
came vice president in Wash-
ington.
Oil now figures even more
prominently in U.S. Policy to-
ward Iran and the Middle
East. A growing energy short-
age in the United States may
force the adrninistrar,on to
rely increasingly on the Per-
sian Gulf, the largest oil reser-
voir in the world.
Helms' appointment is thus
certain to arouse suspicions in
the Arab world that the United
States and the CIA are ma,:eu-
yeinng more aggressively to
preserve a solid oil base in the
Middle East.
t/
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WORCESTER, MASS.
TEbEGRf _ C 2 J 1977
M - 62,339
S - 108,367
One Good Choice, One -:
In nominating Atomic Energy
Commission Chairman James R.
0 Ilcsincr as the nc head of the
Central Intelligence Agency, Pre-
sident Nixon has made an ex-
cellent choice.
The backbone of the CIA oper-
ation these days is sophisticated
technology - spy satellites, elec-
t r o n i c monitoring, economic
analysis, scientific assessment, etc.
The modern spy makes more use of
a computer than a cloak and dag-
ger.
As an economist and political
scientist schooled in stratetic stud-
ies, systems analysis and defense
spending, Schlesinger is at home in
such a milieu. He has done a credit-
able job in his difficult post with
the AEC, which he has held since
August of 1971. Before that, he was
a key official in the President's Of-
fice - of Management and Budget,
concentrating on expenditures for
national security and foreign af-
fairs. _
However, in nominating out=
going 1. Director Richard Helms
as ambassador to Iran, President
Nixon has made a questionable
choice.
Helms would probably make an
excellent ambassador. But is it pru-
dent to assign a man with Helms'
detailed knowledge of many of our
most closely held secrets to a rela-
tively hazardous foreign post?
It will be a great temptation for
various terrorist groups, who would
delight in such leverage over the
United States, or for rival spy net-
works to lay hands on Helms. He
would not be the first American
diplomat to have been kidnaped.
Officially, Helms is retiring be-
cause he will be GO years old in
March and he has felt all along that
CIA officials ought not to serve be-
yond that age.
Unofficially, there have been
rumors that Helms, a charter eim-
ploye of the CIA and the first ca-
reer spy to head that agency, is
being pushed out to make room for
a director more in harmony with an
era of technological gadgetry.
The White House has been anx-
ious to stifle such rumors, and that
may be what is behind the nomi-
nation of Helms as ambassador to
Iran.
But whatever the President's
motives in naming Helms, the ap-
pointment should be carefully stud-
ied by the Senate. Iran cannot be
anxious to assume the responsi-
bility of providing security for such
a tempting target as a former CIA
director.
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DAILY VZIL?D
2 #2 &n !7- 2 1 -31 72
CIA chief returns to scene of crime
KEY BISCAYNE, Fla.-Richard M. Helms will leave his post
as head of the Central Intelligence Agency to become ambassador
to-Iran, Administration sources said Thursday.
Helms is certain to be warmly received by Iran's Shah Moham-
med Reza Pahlevi, who owes his crown to the CIA. In 1953, under
Helms' direction, the CIA organized and directed a coup that over-
threw Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh to restore full and dic-
tatorial powers to the Shah.
The reason for the coup was that Mossadegh, a reformer, had
sought to nationalize Iranian oil, which at the time was owned en-
tirely by British firms. Following the coup, the oil was denational-
ized with 40 percent of it going to U.S. companies.
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r 7, N U is C ?72
A.E.G. Chief to Replace
, 'el s as ....
A. D i rector
!Schlesinger, 43, Chosen
Intelligence Official
to Be Envoy to Iran
By JACK ROSENTHAL
Spec(a1 to The New York Times
KEY BISCAYNE, Fla., Dec. 21
-President Nixon said today
that he would nominate James R. I
Schlesinger, who is chairman of!
the Atomic Energy Commission,)
to be Director of Central In-
telligence.
He said also that he would
nominate the current director,
Richard Helms, to be Ambassa-
dor to Iran.
Mr. Helms's departure from
the C.I.A. was described as a
retirement, consistent with his
feeling that he, like other C.I.A. _
officials, should retire at age
60. He will be GO in March.
There had been rumors that
Mr. Helms was being forced
out of his job.
The White House took pains
to affirm the President's appre-
ciation for Mr. Helms's 30 years
of, public service and for the
.fact that it will continue. At
the same time, the departure
from the C.I.A. is touched with
symbolic overtones.
In the opinion of knowledge-
able officials, it means the end
of an era of professional intel-
ligence operatives and the be-
ginning of an era of systems;
management. Mr. Helms, whol
once interviewed Hitler, as al
reporter, epitomizes a genera-,
tion that developed its exper-
tise during World War II and
subsequently helped to create
the C.I.A. When appointed in
June, 1966, he was the first
careerist to become D.C.I.-Di-
rector of Central Intelligence.
Mr. Schlesinger, by contrast,
is a 43-year-old economist and
political scientist schooled in
strategic studies, systems analy-
sis, and defense spending. 'l he
author of a detailed report on
the intelligence community for
The New York Times
James R. Schlesinger
His new assignment is to al
country whose leader was
strongly assisted, according to'
wide belief, by a clandestine
C.I.A. operation in 1953. The
agency was reputed to have
had a role in the overthrow
of Mohammed Mossadegh, then
premier, permitting the Shah of
Iran to reassert his control.
If confirmed by the Senate,
Mr. Helms will succeed Joseph
S. Farland, who has been Am-
bassador to Iran since May.
The White House said today
that he would return to Wash-
ington and be reassigned to
another post.
According to a private
source, the outgoing Deputy
Secretary of State, John N. Ir-
win, is Mr. Nixon's choice to
become Ambassador to France.
The position has been vacant
since the departure j in early
November of Arthur K. Wat-
son, who is Mr. Irwin's brother-
in-law.
In the first news briefing ofl
the President's week-long
Christmas trip here, Ronald L.
Ziegler, the White House press
secretary, also dealt with the
following appointments topics:
(_'Mr. Nixon has accepted
"with very special regret" the
resignation of David M. Ab-
shire as Assistant Secretary of
State for Congressional Rela-
tions. Mr. Abshire will become
chiarman of the Georgetown
University Center for Strategic
and International Studies on
Jan. 9.
cSpeculation about the direc-
torship of the Federal Bureau
of Investigation should be dis-
counted for the time being Mr.
Ziegler said. One newspaper
has reported that Acting Direc-
itor L. Patrick Gray will be
formally nominated, another
has said he would not be, and
a third has been in between,
Mr. Ziegler said. The fact is,
he continued, that no decision
has been made.
Another vacancy arose in
Washington today with the
resignation of John P. Olsson
(after 20 months as deputy un-
lder secretary of transportation
to return to private. business.
Mr. Hclnta's new position
comes after 30 years in intelli-
i
Mr. Nixon last year, he is ex-
pected to take over at the C.I.A.
as soon as he is confirmed by
the Senate.
Both the Helms and Schles-
inger appointments had been
forecast.
No successor was named to
the A.E.C. chairmanship, which
vlr. Schlesinger has held since
August, 1971. Before that he
had been with the Office of
Management and Budget, con-
centrating on national security
and international affzirs.
Cost Issue Noted -
That experience, coupled with
the Administration's apparent
interest in the cost and redun-
dancy of intelligence programs,
led a close student of C.I.A. to
suggest today that what Mr.
Nixon now wanted was "more
cloak for the buck."
Details about "the agency,"
as the C.I.A. is known in the
Government, are classified. But
it is thought to have a budget
of more than $750-million a
year and more than 10,000
employes. '%lost are involved
se;sment, analysis and esti- Bence work. After ;graduation
(mates. , from Williams Colic:;c, he be-
A "plans division" conducts' came a United Press corre-
clandestine operations, such as sp rodent in Germeny from
tire abortive 13ey of Pigs in 1/35 to 1937. Unt;l 1942, when
vacion of Cuba in 1961. Mr. 1Y w a.3 cnnunissioned as a Navy
1ll,'lnis once directed this di- otiicer, he was in newspaper
)vision, but not at the time of advertising.
the Cuban invasion.
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1JLJ J1 .-
2
Helms to leave CIA
WASHINGTON - Richard C. Helms, director of the CIA with 25
years experience in international spying, is resigning his post and is in
line for appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Iran. One of the commonly STATINTL
cited exploits of the ICA was the ouster of Premier M'oisadegh in the
1950s by means of CIA intrigues.
Nixon said he has decided to keep William D. Ruckelshaus as ad-
minstrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Although
White House press secretary Ronald Ziegler said that Nixon considers
EPA "one of the most important new agencies in government," Nixon
ordered that only 40 percent of the Congressional appropriation, passed
over his veto, should be spent, 60 percent being withheld.
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 17 7
S'd
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Sias-}.?,rs S,aif ',4:^.ce: Given the ~C1C,P~~rc:3d 1:7L-
Pict of the sO.a.l`s C-U,.-bac;:ed
1O2 S',,.ite Louse 1p are :iy ; Cova on Ir a's
byi':: ed rornlai c}1 '" ' a ciat e
TJ!h^l}7T5 in Li,-_
:33t,
when it I~Or :_cil !wIranian
41 ~
C`ol'; in P.t ~. at flick' rd Id. the So iei Union and t '-e lndi-
Ilel:ns, outgoing di ec-or of 2r I:e i sula, Ilel :ls' nornina-
the Central Irteiiig:.rce j tio:S can scarcely have been
Agency, would be the next T'celved with ecuanim ty even
U.S. criba c and :LJ!:uri C'O:intry and eneou .' ell by a
Bypassing the. bul_reatlcracy hostile radical c ovr nr'e'-t in
Ln obtainLag compiianca :l om neighboring Iraq have kept Sa-
a foreign ministry to an am- ?
va: use L-an;
secret lice
bassadorial appointment hens I o
outside the career- forei busy.
service i s net that ra_e an ec '! Wn the past two years
Curre sink's `an31y
rCe 13;:t I~or members oL the
s n ~arviee
Vetc'.a., s,,ir,, have been the target of at
veterans are .. P.Ot..i,,?ci~a up-
usual~ asye s to tf1{'. t;elnls' 1 3 t O:i?..:'?.'lap als' Ot, and
nomination. the U.S. embassy has been the
target of sabotage and assassi-
Higbly Potent nation plots.
First is the generally recog-
nized fact t at the CIA has Security Problem
acquired a lamely mythical Memories of the coup are
but highly potent reputation in far from dormant in Iran, es-
much of the underdeveloped pecialiy anion opponents of
Third World as an agent of the shah's autocratic reg 71e.
"U.S. imperialism" and an in- Against this baclr ourd,
stigator of political in trig::e. kno?r;leclgeable o b s e r v ers
Second is the historical fact agreed, the installation of an
that the origins of this reputa- American ambassador with
tion lie in the CIA's spectacu- H e 1 m 's background would
larly successful 10-,3 coup present the Iranian govern-
d'etat in Iran meet wits a delicate security I
' / direction of Kermit Rcoseve:t, problem.
vnsoa`ie l the ?Ili! ` extern pre- Sources in the Foreign Serv-
mien, Mohammed Mosadegh, ice .:l_o recalled, scme4vhat
and reinstalled the present pointedly, the reception ac-
shah, Reza Pahlevi, as ruler. carded the last CIA a'zent to
'fill.-d is th i Ctrce~;stal:ce 1J e a 1v ! ;1 a G b pi :Jrn <
,.C r0;t
that helms, from 19I2 to In Novemcer idc3, the for-
was deputy di. ector o`. plans mer drector of rural pu-ifica-
at the CIA-the division re- tion inl South Vietrarn, lto`;ert
spoils isle for. plan:" ng and W. Barnet, arri` ed Ln Ankara
carrying Out clandeat:ne orera- iS ambassador to Turkey and
rytlon liko ti" Iranian coup. v:as pr?_e;'.ed by a howling mob
~'?, ?.?at
1h'i slits i:~ _:ed teae Cllvlsio:l of
fro
,r.IC is t;
hicai1 C1:,
For gil :fl.
in!" I il : S'ir'. e ~:; .? `S ln? i :1' '
do' {ii a b:Iict t;:.' t'c?:se j
i}y tea p_,:uii:.y
fact- 1,1(1 osier sF'are c("I!rl ti'
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1 _ 1`3 ti...l;. it
Cl _'.I?. y in t l i?,' ?. l: c :1 [:::.. 1' - ?.
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llelr.la to '.t?C(l:;!'.l.
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 uvi ;v",:ail l 4 1 ;~ L?y Li
STATI NTL
By Fred Lowe the audacity to spend over 5800 million for this affair when the
The government of Iran is becoming increasingly known for its yearly expenditures for health, education and welfare amount to a
reactionary and repressive character-and for its increasingly scant total of 58 million or one-hundredth of the amount spend on
important role in the Middle Last. the celebration. This event caused such an international outrage
There are now over 24,000 political prisoners in the ruling Shah's that most heads of state who had been invite-sl?ybaacked out of
prisons and,there have been 28 executions carried out in the last showing 'tip and only 200 people c.arrie.
three months in cl'oscd military trials. - In tact, to ensure that things ran smoothly, -lOGO people were
president Nixon, by his long detour to visit the Shah after his trip imprisoned before the "celebration" and still have not been
to the Soviet Union last month. has shown the importance he at- released.
tactics to the countnl.
The early 1980s saw the emergence of an extremely popular T1'iltitnry vs grseiri las
leader in lran,'prime Minister Moliamnied Mosidegh, an eloquent In ,1972, Iran has devoted more than 33 percent of its budget
nationalist who challenged the Shah's power and en fled for the (cS95 million) to military expenditures. Guerrilla activity has been
.nationalization of Iranian oil. In 1951 Mosadegh nationaliz.cd the oil stepped up in the last two years 1w liberation tnovcntents in Iran and
.'(after Iran in 1958 earned more revenues from its state tobacco, the government has arrested and tortured thousands of people.
monopoly than from petroleum). But in 1953 a coup deposed him, Iran has also been chosen by the U.S. to he the "Brazil of the Gulf
clearly financed, organized and carried out by CIA agents-- area"--to act as police in trying to crush. liberation nioventents in
J including such notables as CIA-head Allen Dulles, U.S. Ant- the region. The guerrilla struggle in Dhofar, in southern Oi7tart and
bassac[or to }'ran Loy Henderson and New Jersey police chief the successful liberation of Southern Yemen (to form the People's
Norman Schwatzl:opf. Democratic Republic of Yemen) in 1967 have ahcadv c: used
The U.S. proceeded to help the Shah build tip his secret police, considerable worry to U.S. and 'British imperialists.
SAVAK (currently 60,0(K) members) and poured 5`X)0 million in The 20th annual convention of the Iranian Students Association
defense and economic aid between 1953 and 1960. For the five-year in the U.S. (ISAUS) was held in ?lierkcley Jane 17-22 to discuss
period 19b5-1970 military credits amounted to S1.6 billion; for 1971- future activities to bring greater international attention to the
1972 they continue at the rate of $1 billion per year. repressive character of the Iranian governrneutl "Ike grnnp has been
? Iran is lire I:)rgest-ail producing country of the Persian Gulf states outlawed in Iran and the penalty, there for membership is e xtrcmcly
,with U.S. oil companies receiving a'40 percent share,and making severe. Despite this, the group has bi;en enormously effective in
over two-thirds of the foreign investment there. reaching the pub[iC.
Present corn;itioiis ttor c ''Plan future actioits
In the early 1960s, the Shah launched' his so-called "white The conference ended with some vcry definite plans for future
revolution" which was supposed to be a series of reforms which strategies and actions. The. decision was made to form local
Would improve the conditions of the people. lint conditions got committees made up of lawyers, journalists and professors to torte
worse rather titan better. Through 1970, 70 percent of the youth pressure groups that will publicize conditions -in Iran and wit hose
over 10 years are still illiterate; there is only one doctor for every 2s its goal the granting to these various groups the right to ohsertve
322,3 people with less than 12 hospital beds for every 10,000: trials and also prison conditions in Iran.
patients; the average person consumes only about 2.7 pounds of In June 1970, d1 Bay Area ISA members were arrested by the San
meat per month on a 575-a-year income. Over '10 percent of the Francisco police while protesting at the Iranian Consulate t:nrl their
families (Iran has a population of 30 million with 3.5 million cro passports have not been renewed. They are facing deportation and
wded into its capital, Teheran) live in one roost. Most of these. sears in the Shah's prisons. the Confederation of Iranian Students
dwellings are made of mud or wood and because of the govern s~ ill launch a v.?orldwide campaign demanding the Iranian Consulate
meat's uusw.willirigness to improve their fragility, over 49,500 extend their passports. Activities on Northern '.nlifo:nia cantpuses
Iranians have died needlessly from earthquakes in reCe:nt years. will be stepped up and a legal committee will be formed to defend
The Confederation of Iranian Students, including its chapters in the 41' and prevent the Immigration Department from deportini!
the U.S., raised more than 540,00 which was sent to Iran (folfit.eing then. ISA plans to start a research project that will more clearly
the 1968 earthquake that killed 20,000 people in Khorasan) along expose the Nixon Doctrine in Iran. It also plans to hold a e,?orldee isle
With medicine and a medical team. The money was used to build a ,Vietnam Week" after the summer to support the )TG' 7-11(oint
school and a hospital. peace plan and to raise funds for the NLF. Finally, ISA issnCd
statements of solidarity with the workers of- the world, especi.a .\
$COO 1n;1,11oa celebration {bird world workers and the U.S. larrawori-ers and dcel:eeort;r
In October of last year, ona of the most psychotic spectacles ever For f urther inforrnat ion contact the Iranian Suulentt Av,--t tr.',ti
to occur in this century took place in Iran, with the "eels hration" of I' O ` If ur 808, Berkeley, Calif., t t70I.
Iran's 250 th year in xistence, Amidst all this poverty the Shah had
Approve,~.For Release 2000/05130 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000600030001-5 -
-9 AUG 1972
^;A r%r%M f% 1r_n lnnnnr_
 WKSI TNGTON POST
Approved For Release 2000/05/30 CIAD~01601 003
.' Victor Zovz
THE SOVIET WITIJ-
DRA.WAL from Egypt could
well be the very opposite of
what it seems. In Czechoslo-
vakia In 1963, the Kremlin
first, seemed to pull its
troops out, but it then
turned them around to in-
vade the country, Russia fol-
lowed exactly the same pat-
teril in Hungary in 1050, and
some disturbing similarities
are already becoming appar
ent in its dealings with
Egypt.
The pattern began then,
as now, with formal requests
that Soviet troops should
leave. The Kremlin tried to
convince the Hungarian and
the Czechoslovak leaders
that they would be doing
harm to themselves if they
persisted in their demand.
Similar 1 y, President
Anwar Sadat of Egypt first
asked the Russians to with-
draw. some months before
the ixon-Brezhnev summit
in May. The Russians told
him that "this would de-
prive you of a strategic ad-
vantage" when the Middle
East came up for discussion
at the summit.
When Sadat persisted
after the summit, the Krem-
lin tried to persuade him,
according to accounts since
published in Cairo, that the
retention of Soviet forces
would be a "strategic" ad-
vantage not only to the So-
viet Union but also to
Egypt.
WHEN SIMILAR PLEAS
failed to persuade the
Czechoslovak and Hungar-
ian governments, the Rus-
sians had no alternative but
to leave. At the same time,
however,-- they began plot-
ting to overthrow those gov-
ernments, in order to re-
place them with creatures of
their own choosing who
would then ask Soviet
troops to stay. There is some
evidence to suggest. that this
Is what Sadat is afraid of--
and with good reason.
After Sadat's publio, an-
noun
pulit'stRprAYe% v t
~ P T118 ` I.J' 0 V.i+. L1. jr
paper Pravda and broad-
casts heard in Arab states
began to assert that "one
cannot disregard the in-
creasing activities of rightist
reactionary forces" in
Egypt. These forces-ob-
viously represented by Sad-
at-were trying "to under-
mine Soviet-Egyptian friend-
ship." .
But they were also op-
posed, Pravda said, to the
"progressive reforms" tak-
Ing place in Egypt-that is,
to the more far-reaching
changes urged by the left.
Some middle class groups
"are opposing the workers
and peasants and are ready
to make a deal with imperi-
alism for their own selfish
interests," said a Moscow
broadcast, quoting a left-
wing Cairo weekly whose
views seemed closer to the
Kremlin than to Sadat.'
There had lately been a
growing demand in Egypt,
Moscow Radio added omi-
nously, "that the regime
should increase its reliance
on the working inasses."
Sadat evidently took this
-as a threat from the Krem-
lin that it could incite a
left-wing revolt against him
if he should proceed to give
full effect to his announce-
ment that the Russians must
leave. He retorted, in a pub-
lie warning both to Moscow
and to his own leftwingers,
that "I will never tolerate
any fragmentation of na-
tional unity under any slo?
HE CHOSE HIS WORDS
in a way which made it
clear that he was referring
to the possibility oft~ a Mos
cow inspired plot. "No one,"
he said, "should imagine
himself a power center-No,
never." The term 'power
center' is normally used in
the Egyptian press to de-
scribe the group of plotters
led by All Sabri, the former
close associate of Presidents
Nasser and Sadat, who is
now in prison for trying to
overthrow the regime in
order to form a more pro-So-
popular support in Egypt
now. The Russians can ar-
range to overthrow an Egyp-
tian government, while they
.themselves remain in the
shadows, as efficiently as
the CIA overthrew the Mos- t/
sadegh government in Per-
sia in the 1050s to protect
the flow of oil to the West.
A new government in
Cairo could promptly ask
the Russian troops to stay,
or to return--as did the
"pew" government in Hun='
gary and Czechoslovakia.
The Ervniian in the- treet
would hardly rise ? up in
arms if he was told that the
Russians had cone back to
protect him against an im-
pending Israeli attack..
The Kremlin is no doubt
debating now whether to re-
peat the pattern that proved
so successful in the , past,
when the United 'States
made it ?.mply clear that it
would lid. interfere with So-
viet actions in Hungary and
Czechoslovakia. Perhaps,
the White House should
speak now, before It is too
late. -
Viet 144
se 20O W L Cat rFQPRn-Q1601R000600030001-5
left has no r' -al power or
 Approved For Release 2000/dWTl __. __ _
-- June 1972
6?44
The Peiitag ou Pajjm-
A Discussion
The publication of "confidential" materials has inevitably given rise
to a debate concerning a number of different but related problems:
To what extent do the revelations contained in the documents throw
light on events or policy decisions with which they deal? To what ex-
tent, if at all, does the publication of the information contained in the
documents jeopardize the processes of ,executive decisionmaking?
How can the conflict between the public's right to know and the ex-
ecutive's need for confidentiality be reconciled? The editors of the Po-
litical Science Quarterly have in tl:: past published a number of arti-
cles dealing with the issue of access to governmental information and
the terms on winch that access is made available, notably, Adolf A.
Berle's and Malcolm Moos',; reviews of Emmet John Ilughes, The
Ordeal of Power (PSQ, L.XXIX, June 196.1) and Theodore Draper's
review of Jerome Slater, Interi'cntion and Ne5otintion: The United
States and the Dominican Revolution' (PSQ, LXXXVI, March x971).
The recent publication of the Pentagon Papers has given the contro-
versy nc%t* urgency. U.S. Senator Georie McGovern of South Dakota,
candidate for the Democratic party nomination for president, and
Professor John P. Roche, from 1966-68 special consultant to President
Lyndon Johnson, were asked by the editors of the Political Science
Quarterly to`review the Pentagon Papers and to debate in print the
political and legal issues to which their publication has given rise.
Publication of the Pentagon Papers has raised a storm concerning
the right of the press to publish classified government documents.
But the contents of the papers are so sweeping in their disclosures
of official suppression of the realities in Vietnam, so revealing
of the disastrous, secretly conceived policies and practices which
led us into this tragic war, that it is impossible-in fact it misses
their true significance-to discuss them in such abstract terns.
The integrity of our democracy is profoundly involved, not
only in the constitutio.:rtl sense ivitll respect to the vrarmal_ing
power, but in the basic sense of the reality of government by pop-
ular rule. It is axiomatic with us that a free people can remain
free only if it is enlightened and informed. It is axiomatic with
us, as well, that a free press is essential to the creation and main-
tenance. of an enhohtened and informed people. A press which -RP
Approved For ~91%
what our executive leadership knew and what it led the nation
 Y
1 MAY 1972
Approved. For Release 2000/05/30: CIA-RDP80-0 I bb
Teheran, Iran, was the. meeting-site yesterday for President Nixon and a man
whom the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency had restored to powirr in 1953-Mohammed
:Reza Shah Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. North Rume la oil field, third
I Nixon's projected 21-hour stay In the struggle with Britain, Y
tin Teheran was not long enough Mosaddeq was forced to institute largest in the world, into pro-
to do anything except give a psy- radical reforms and to rely more duction and expects to finance a
chological boost to the Shah and and more on the Iranian left, good part of its radical program
his regime, who are heavily de- which panicked the Shah into through sales 'of North t'.umeyla
pendent on U.S. imperialist sup- flight from Teheran and brought- oil. IPC is made up of-you guess-
e
port. But the Nixon visit also in the CIA. As anybody in Tehe- ~ former BAngsh IPetroleum C th)
may be related to the impending ran will tell an inquirer who Roy am Dutch/Shell, Standard.
. ),
showdown tomorrow between the doesn't look like a police agent, ,
major international oil monop- the CIA spent 56 million to over- of New Jersey, the French - 1e
olieand Iran's neighbor, Iraq. throw 1osaddeq and restore the troleum Co., and the Gulbenkian
Shah. But it did not restore the Foundation; .
-' I thus is now battling Iran's
? Daily World Staff writer
To Foley, has taught Mid-
dle East history at various
California universities, and
studied for two years at the
University of Teheran in Iran.
r-- Iran and Iraq are_ often confus
ed in the public mind: Iran is a
non-Arab but Muslim state of 23
British monopoly of Iranian on. -4
Instead, a "consortium". was. old enemy, and the Iranian peo-
set up which gave British oil in-' ple have not forgotten that strug-
terests only 40 percent of its gle. Although the Shah and his re-.
former Iranian oil pie. The rest gime have deliberately tried to.
went to Standard Oil of New Jer- stir up national and religious;
sey, Standard Oil of California, strife between Iranians and Ir-
Texaco, Gulf, Mobil, and seven ' aqui and provoked armed clash
minor U.S. companies. The con- es-on their borders, it would be
sortium agreement is due to-run certain to anyone who knows.
out in .1979, The National Irani- the Iranian people that they sup-
an Oil Company'set up by Mos- port. Iraq in its struggle with
sadeq retains an internal mon- the oil monopolies. And that no
opoly on oil sales within Iran. doubt makes the Shah welcome
but all exports-now more than Nixon, to show people. who real-
one billion barrels a year-are iy runs Iran.
the consortium's property.
Both Iran and Iraq are Per- -
sian Gulf states, and the Gulf
holds '70 percent ? of the world's-
known oil reserves. From the
Gulf area comes 70 percent of
Western Europe's oil and more
than 90 percent of Japan and
southern Africa's supply.
Iraq, the Middle East's fourth
largest oil exporter, recently
gave an ultimatum to the Iraq
Petroleum Company (IPC),, due
to expire tomorrow, to increase
oil production and come to terms
with the Iraq government, or
else Iraq would be obliged to
act in its national interests.
IPC in the past few months
has cut its Iraqi oil output by
50 percent, although Iraq depends
on oil for 65 percent of its rove-
Iranian Oil-Company (110w Bri- nue.
IPC was evidently piqued
tish Petroleum-13P), in v'hich the The
because, with Soviet ntl piqued
I
jo d
r government was the ma-
aqi National Oil Company got the
r stockholder. _.- . ,
million, nearly as large in area
as Western l-urope; formerly it
was called Persia. Iraq is a bi-
national Arab-Kurdish republic,
the Mesopotamia and Babylon of
ancient times.
-Politically, the two countries
could - not be more different:
Iran is a police-state, armed to
the teeth by U.S. imperialism
and still officially described as
an "empire" in Iranian state
documents. Iraq has a progres-
sive government, which now in-
cludes Communists at the cabi-
net level, and on April 10 signed
a - new, 15-year treaty with the
Soviet . Union which gives Iraq
powerful tracking in its national
struggle with the oil monopolies.
In fact, Iraq today its doing
what Iran tried to do when Pre-
mier Mohammed Mosaddeq na-
tionalized the Iranian oil fields
in 1951. Mosaddeq, a progressive
Iranian nationalist, thereby
brought his country into a head-
on confrontation with the Anglo-
Approved For Release 2000/05/30 : CIA-RDP80-01601 R000600030001-5
 l'IOSCOW, ZA RUBE iOM
Approved For Release 2000/03/*'1CillQDP80-O16fOA1PI0QIQL60003
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