GREECE OF THE JOURNALISTS: A REVIEW OF TWO BOOKS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 97
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 12, 2001
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 25, 1972
• Content Type: OPEN

STATI NTL
Octob e r 25, ApilroveeMstitatchitatle2.0ertaii044-0:6VROPs80104
In conclusion, a fairer interpretetien of
present laws is inreotle neeried. Tne limited
7:1`..0.11:CC.5 of the Ainevieen nedPie Ph-d:cd In
the hands of F.D.A. shoold be applied in the
real problem ai-e..s?we,-ee problems mani-
feSt themselves. Many ie' Ion newer effee-
tiveeess requireenceos for newer drres eince.
1902, but pi-erne:es on tite morket prier to
19C2 vetch neve ehown no toxicity, er health
problems should remain free of the new tale.
If this takes n new Jew to protect the 0re-
1952 drugs, I ureently request it. The free
enterprise syetere is being unneceesainly
challenged and burdened Wfal CY.CeSS etate
control.
I have briefly brought to lieht many prob-
lem,: arid would be happy to provide doeu-
mrntation and grea-er depth of discussion
on any one or ell of these problems.
Respectfully sribmitted.
floss A, Demmormr,
PresC:C71t.
(----
GREECE. or TIIE JOURNALISTS: A
REVIEW OE TWO BOOKS
---
LION. PATSY "f. MINK
OF HAWAII
IN THE 110USE OF REPRLSF,NTATIVES
Wednesday, October 18, 1972
Mrs. MINK. Mr. Speaker, Dr. George
Anastaplo, a distinguished scholar who
Is both a lecturer in ltberal arts at the
Univereity of Chicago and a profe.r,scr of
political science at Rosary College, has,
written an article I would like
to share with my colleagues.
Dr. Anastaplo's article first appeared
in the Saturday Review in. February,
197/, as a book review and as an analysis
of the political turmoil Cf Greece in
1967.
The article follows:
(Norte?The review was published, in a
somewhat edited form, In the Saturday Re-
view, February 12. 1972, pp.
? (The reviewer, George Ansetaplo, who was
born In St. Louis and 110w lives in Chicago.
Is Lecturer in the TAberel Arts, The Univer-
sity of Chicago, slICI Professor of Political
Science, Rosary College. Ile is the author of
.The Constitutionalist: Notes on the First
Amendment, published in 1971 by the South-
ern Methodist Ueiversity
(Dr. Anaztoplo has been declared persona
n072 grata by the Greek government because
of his articles about American policy In
Greece. Citations to those articles may be
found in the Ccnr7ressional Record, vol. 117,
p. E6129 (June 17, 1971). See, also, Con-
gressional Recant. vol. 118. p. S333 (Jan. 24,
1972),'p. S11500 (July 24, 2972).)
GREECE OF THE JOURNALIITS: A REVIEW OF
Two BOOKS
(By George Anastaplo)
The two books reviewed on this occasion
are John -A. liatrie's 12;,,ewitness in Greece:
The Colonels Come to Po:rer (St. Louis: E.
P. Dutton Co., 1971: 317 penes, 59.95), and
Bayard Stockton's Phoenix With a Bayonet:
A Journalist's Interim Report on the Creek
Revolution (Ann Arbor, Georgetown
Publications, 1971; 306 pa.:,es, $7.95).
Both of these exceSsively partisan hooks
can be useful for the discerning American
reader. Bayard Stockton, an American free-
lance journalist liviee, In Geecce, attempts to
make a ease for the Greek colonels who seized
power in Athens hi Aril 1967. John A. KR-
tris, a Greek journalist with a very good
reputation (who now lives iii l'Oinneapolls),
Etittes the case egainst the United States
. which v.111 probably be accepted SOMO day by
most Greeks, a case which sees the colonels
as little more than American agents. Per-
haps, indeed, that day has already come.
The Stue'eton hook, derpire Its eeert to say
all that can be said for the colonels?and,
even more :ignifieant, dc-Cite willingness
to ignore much of what crinhe real against
them?lies not been received altogether
entrinicsIly in Athens. Mr. Stockton re-
mains enough cf a journelkt to reveal, here
and there (often almost. inedvertent)y)
marked deficiencies in the regime he defends.
in adnition, ono can deduce ltie colonels'
shortereniees by noticing the subject skirted
by their apolotist.
Mostereveninre may be the manner in
which. the longetancling torture charges are
nandted by Mr. Stockton. He will not say
outrielit thet there has not been widespread
deliberaSc' recourse to torittre es of1c151 gov-
ernment policy. Rather, he areues that such
charges crinnot be "totally proved or dis-
proved" end then proceed.: to treat'thern as
frivolous, it not even fraudulent. P. 141. The
colonels themselves have been oblieed to ad-
mit, both by the vitupereeive denials they
Issue and by the reprehensible deeds they
conceal, that neither their program nor their
country's plight has justified reliance on the
torture which is alleged by their critics.
Had Mr. Stockton been in assess-
ing the torture charges, to apply the stand-
ards and accept the kind of evidence he
relies upon to condemn the misdeeds of the
colonels' predecessors, he would have been
obliged to recognize the eXibItLet., since 1967
of systematic torture unknown in any West
European O01.1iHry today and uripreeedented
In peacetime Greece.
Had he been willing to conduct the In-
quiries which foreign journalists can still
make in Greece, he could easily have con-
firmed dozens (if not hundreds) of cases of
savage torture, cases which have been docu-
mented in even greater number in James
Docket's Berberiser in Greece (New York:
Walker and Co., 1970) and in the thousand-
page report (issued In 1970) of the Commis-
sion on Human Rights of the Council of
Europe. For anyone to attempt by equivoca-
tion and sophistry to dismiss so much avail-
able evidence is to raise serious doubts about
his reliability. The reader should be reminded
of the kind of perverse self-deception, if not
even dishonesty, which permitted intellioent
men to ignore for so ninny years Stalin's
barbarities,
Recourse liras been had to torture and to
continued repreesion because the colonels
have not been able, in their ftve years in
power, to secure more than the sullen RC-
quiescence of the Greek people. Tile United
States has been gulled into its unseemly
support of' the regime by repeated assur-
ances of a speedy return to constitutional
government and free elections.
It should be evident that the colonels have
neither the Intention of ever giving up
power voluntarily nor the ability to retain
it constitutionally. Certainly, one docs not
need much personal exposure to these. un-
faithful army officers to realize they are
crude opportunists who are ruthless, self-
righteous and daneerous. "We have all
learnt, we all know," George Seferis (the
Nobel Laureate poet) observed in Athens in
March 1969, "that in dictatorial reeimes the
beginning may seem easy, yet tragedy waits
at the end, inet,capably.. , . The longer this
abnormal situation lasts, the gre.ner the
evil."
The colonels were able to seize power in
1967 because of the imprudent and irrespon-
sible, feuding among the recognized politi-
cians in Greece during the preeediag dec-
ade. This fetich/1g, which was inagnined
with the aid of an excitable press into a,
prolonged constitutional crisis in 1965, Is
exhibited in the Inatris hook. Mr. Katrie's
disregard of the practical consequences of
what he writes is en instructive sample of
the public folly in which Greek politicians
and jonenalists indulged before the colonels
struck. His intemperate denonciations of
the Greek monarchy can only- impede the
forging of an effective alliance emong the
many honorable men, royalists and repnbli-
cans alike, who now find themselves in cp-
p-zisition to the eolmiels.
Now unrealistic his program is Incy be seen
Iii the conditions be lays down for the re-
plocement of the colonels by an acceptable
regime: there is shout such pronouncements
considerable fantasy. as if the colonels' op-
ponents are now able to decide who will
govern Greece. it :lees not seem, to he reel-
iced, that is, that the colonels ore likely to
remain in power for a generation, barring
chance developments or a serious interna-
tional crisis.
Mr. Eiatris's insistence that the American
C.I.A. is really behind the colonels dees not
recognize that such control need not be
poeited in order for one to understand what.
happened in Greece in April 1967. To insist
upon the C.I.A. as decisive is to underesri-
mate the shortcomines of Greeks of el/ par-
ties. It is to be a prisoner of that taste yor
the conspiratorial and the dramatic (with its
depreciation of the role of chance in human
airnirs) which can make Greeks both so en-
gaging and so exasperating. It ignores, fur-
thermore, the growing realization among
Greeks of all persnasions (at least among
those who have remained in Greece) that
something was seriously wrong with the old
way of doing things, that leaders of all par-
ties contributed to the suicidal irresponsi-
bility and posturing which permitted bar-
barians in khaki to install themselves as the
saviours of their troubled country.
The most obvious feature of the Stockton
book for Americans should be its display of
how barbarians can be prettied up as patient.
well-meaning and determined protectors or
law and order. It is to the credit of Greek
Politicians and journalists that no one or
stature among them can be recruited by the
dictatorship to serve as its apologist. Thus.
however irresponsibly passionate they have
been, they do retain the sense of honor which
often accompanied such paseion. Would a
similar regime among us remain tillable for
five years to attract any serious support from
established leaders and writers?
The colonels and theft associates. usually
the most diereputable elements in the army
and out, realize they face imprisonment or
eiteeution if they should surrender power.
That is, they realize that propaganda bar-
rages have not secured for them genuine
popular support.
It Is significant, for instance, that the
newspapers which are described by Mr.
Stockton as roost closely identified with the
colonels are found (elsewhere in his book)
at the bottom of the list of circulation figures
for Athens the concern of the colonels them-
selves that their regime not be identified
publicly with eaecutions. There would be
much more violent resistance to the colonels
among disaffected Greeks today but for the
tacit agreement on all sides that the fero-
cious vendettas of the 194Os should not be
revived.
The only prospect for dislodging the col-
onels. once entrenched, depended upon
judictous seaport by the United States of
the Greek people in their desire to rid them-
selves of their tyrants. But the influence of
the United States has been fading, and with
this the colonels have dared become more
open in their contempt for the free world,
its Institutions and its concerns. I have,
since 1937, seen at close range all the prin-
cipal Greek political figures who are alive
today as well as all the principal members of
the colonels' conspiracy.
I myeelf would much prefer to have any
one of the former (e.g., King Constantine,
P. Rianellopoulos, C. Kareimanlis, (1. Mavros.
C. MItsotakis, A. Papandreou, G. Rallis, 0.
Walls, H. Viaehou) as my governor than
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
eitoto
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
BEST COPY
Available
THROUGHOUT
FOLDER
6/24/98
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
ApproWRIlikelease 2NUM/t4:
EP 372
eview
PATERN L1STIC CAPITA LISM , by
Andreas G. Papandreou. Minneap-
. olis: University of Minnesota Press,
1972:$7.50. -
SOME BOOKS ARE noteworthy for
their contents, others because of who
wrote them. This one is more the lat-
ter than . the former; there is little
strikingly new. in it. However, some
people (perhaps some economists es-
pecially) may 'pay attention to Papan-
dreou, wilb have ignored the same
points made earlier by all those who
have made them?Marx, Veblen, Bar-
an and Sweezy, Magdoff, O'Connor,
Oglesby, Horowitz, to name?a few.
Everyone must have heard of Pap-
andreou by now. He was the cabinet
Minister who, in the elections of 1967,?
expected to lead a new government?a
liberal one. Instead, he was thrbwn in
jail by ,the military junta that seized'
power, and that still holds it in Greece.
One can only guess about' others'
thought processes, but in this case it
seems reasonable to believe that Pap-
andreou worked back from that coup,
to the CIA, to American imperialism,
to what he calls "paternalistic capital-
ism." What he means by that term, in-
cidentally, is not much different from
what is meant by monopoly capitalism,
state capitalism, or simply imperialism,
by others. That he uses the term pater-
nalism to identify a system that, as he
any implication that it may. be ben-
evolent" (p. 6), tells more of the hes-
itancy of his new stance, than of the
stance itself. ?
. Papandreou has nothing pleasant to
say either about American capitalism
or about mainstream economics, both
of which he once proudly hailed. He
was chairman of the Economies De-
partment at Berkeley in the late '50s,
and wittingly or not helped grease the
skids toward more and more of what
he now rejects. The book starts off with
a hard, dry, but polite attack on the
main elements of economic theory, as
? she is written and taught. Except for
those steeped in the stuff, what he has
to say will be barely intdlligible; he is
speaking essentially to those who have
- a lot to unlearn.
Papandreou's heart, and his most di-
rect language, are. found in the chap-
ter entitled "Peaceful Coexistence and
Counter-Revolution," where Greece
moves on and off the stage regularly.
He rejects the notion that the "cold
war" was "cold"?"it actually almost
e'er was" .(p. 121). More to the
point, he argue,s, "it seems rather clear
on the basis of. available evidence that
in the era of confrontation [1946 to
1963, by his dating] .the action was
American and the response Russian"
(p. 123; his emphasis). And for him,
the central point: ". . . in the. case -of
Greece there was no danger of Rus-
sian intervention or involvement. . . .
Notwithstanding ? the rhetoric about
democracy, the U.S.. intervention in
Greece represented above all a coun-
ter-revolutionary action in the service
of the strategic and economic interests
of the United States in the eastern
Mediterranean and the Middle East"
(p. 128).
The American intervention referred
'to began in 1947, with the Truman
Doctrine. From that point on, a line
goes directly (if also crookedly, in both
senses of the term) through the Mar-
shall Plan, NATO, SEATO, CENTO,
and, to among other places, the savage
war against Indochina. His comment
? on NATO is characteristic:
The NATO directorate, a vast
military and economic complex un-
der the direct control of the Penta-
gon, exerciies decisive influence
over the establishments of the par-
himself Atiti entirgvo stgicl of ticipating Western European coun-
. r vea r ease 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R00050049.991-5?
tries?and is in? eed itself a not in-
significant component of these es-
tablishments. Its .network of power
extends from the military elites and
the top echelons of the national se-
curity bureaucracies in general, to
the economic and political elites of
the member nations. And the War-
saw Pact directorate, controlled by
Moscow, has become by now a far
more reliable instrument of control
over the Soviet Union's European
satellites than the local conununist
parties (p. 135).
Papandreou has quarrels with Baran
and Sweezy's Monopoly Capital, and ?
with Galbr.aith's New Industrial State;
but it is gratifying to note that, Where-
as he rejects Galbraith's optimism.'
about the present structure and uses of
power as being foolish (pp. 72-89),
his major cavil with Baran and Sweezy
boils down to the kind of, argument
that Marxists have with each Other
(i.e., the controversy between Fitch/ ;
Oppenheimer and Sweezy! O'Connor
over "Who Rules the Corporations,'
in Socialist RevolutiOn, in 1970-71).
It is an argument not about whether
the economy is run by a small limber
pf corporate giants, but the sectoral
identification or those giants. Papan-
dreou is an eclectic himself, and he
leans toward some combination of
Sweezy, and C. Wright Mills as mod-
ified by Domhoff :
Thus, the focus of power in the:
contemporary. American Establish-
ment rests with the corporate man-
agerial-capitalist elite, the civilian
nonbureaucratic component of the
national security managerial group,-,
the top echelons of the bureaucracy
charged with the management of na-
tional security, and especially, of
course, the military bureaucracy. Of
these components of the Establish-
ment, the most senior, in a' truly
pervasive sense, is the corporate
elite.. The corporate elite underlies,
and is, in the last analysis, identi-
? fied with all of them. The American
dominant class now rules by having
occupied the "core" of the Estab-
. lishment in an effectively compre-
. hensive, all-enveloping way (p. 119).
Something of a far cry, that, frOm the
Marshallian representative firm and
the minimal state- that still sit at the
center of economic theory.
ritZed
Approved For Wew49031i/I04: CIA-RDP80-0
'JAMES '.1.-KILPATRICk 10 AUG 1972 .
On Greece: Some Amends and Amplifriotioils
STATI NTL
Let me come back, if I may,
to the matter of George Mc-
Govern and Greece. ? I dealt
with the story in a column 10
? days ago'. Certain amends and
amplifications need to be made.
Standing squarely ? in the
center of this affair is the
handsome, enigmatic figure
. of ,one of WasnIngton's Most
polished and effective lobby-
ists, Elias P. Demetracopou-
los. Among the Greeks in
'exile who hunger. for the ous-
ter of the present military
?regime, actress Melina Mer-
, couri 'makes the biggest
? splash, and Prof. Andreas
Papandreou, up in Canada,
rings the most violent alarms.
But the exile who gets the
most accomplished is, as Mc-
? Govern addressed hfm on July
? 17, "Dear Elias."
? He is a very remarkable
fellow. In my recent column,
described him as (1) a minor
. journalist in Athens, who (2)
? turned up at a journalists'
meeting in Communist Poland
when he fled Greece in 1967;
and I said he was (3) remem-
bered in Athens as the author
of a newspaper story in 1965,
based upon a forged letter
that gave currency to vicious
anti-American propaganda.
As to (1): The "minor" was
unfair, and I apologize for it.
The conservative weekly, Hu-
man Events, has described
Demetracopoulos as "the fore-
most political editor in
Greece," and Herman Kahn,
of the Hudson Institute, has
identified him. as "the distin-
guished political editor in
exile."
As to (2): He did indeed
turn up at a journalists' meet-
ing in Warsaw when he es-
caped from Greece, but the
meeting was the sixth in a
series sponsored by the
United Nations. He had been
officially invited .to attend.
As to (3): In August of 1965,
when Demetracopoulos was
working in Athens for the
newspaper Ethnos, its pub-,
usher received a photocopy of
a letter purporting to have
been written by Col. Oliver K.
Marshall, then Army attache
at the American Embassy.
The letter appeared to ac-
knowledge CIA responsibility
for an explosion at Gorgopo-
tames the preceding Novem-
ber that killed 13 persons.
Demetracopoulos says that
when he was called in on the
story, he suspected a forgery.
His suspicions were confirmed
by the embassy, which de-
nounced the document as
"clearly a fabrication." Other
newspapers in Athens were
understood to have received
the purported letter also.
In an effort to beat the com-
petition, Ethnos on Aug. 1
backed into the story through-
a lead paragraph quoting, the
embassy as denying the valid-
ity of the forged letter, which
Ethnos then splashed all over
its front .page. Dernetraco-
poulos says the decision thus
to publicize the letter, while
denying its authenticity, was
not his own, but his publish-
er's. In any event, the Story
created a sensation, and was
s 'zed upon the next day by
c Communist paper Alegi for
anti-American exploitation.
Following his escape. Deme-
tracopoulos settled in Wash-
ington. He became a consul-
tant for Brimberg & Co.,
members of the New York ?
Stock Exchange. He continued
to work as a journalist, but,
mostly he set out to win
friends and to influence people
on Capitol Hill. lie cultivated .
such diverse senators as Byrd
of Virginia and Javits of New
York. A -personable bachelor,
he became an extra man for
dinner. Strom Thurmond gave
him a warmly. inscribed photo-
graph. In the annals of high-
level lobbying, he holds a re-
spected place.
His labors against the junta
were rewarded a year ago,
when the House approved an
amendment urging a halt to ,
American aid to Greece. But
his greatest successes came
last month in Miami, when he
first persuaded key Demo-
crats to include an anti-junta
plank in the Democratic plat-
form, and then received the
"Dear Elais" letter from Mc-
Govern. It was in this letter
that ? McGovern gratuitously
spelled out what he would do
- about Greece "in January of
next year."
t -What is puzzling in all this
is the aparent willingness of so
many key political figures to
iSivallow, hook, bait and sink-
er, ? the line Demetracopoulos
is feeding them. He himself is
t,staunchly anti-Communist, but
:eiverthrow of the present re-.
'gime would invite the insiabi-
JIy
and political chaos the
!Ckimmunists most desire. Mc-
rOovern hasn't thought this
ging through ? and MeGov-
Inn- alas, is not alone.
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
0131i1STILN
Approved For Release 2411412210497CIA-RDP80
STATINTL
?rf-.
bi Greece: The Preoent,
IncIde the Colonel's Greece, by "Athenian.".
- New York: Norton. $6.95. ?
By John K. Cooley
In May the noted Greek economist, John
,Pcsmazoglu, known in the United States as
chairman of the Greek Committee of the
Eisenhower Foundation, joined hundreds of
other prominent Greeks of all political con-
victions who have been deported to remote
villages. Ills special crime was to have held a
news conference warning that the Greek
colonels' economic policies were unsound,
.and that Greece could not hope to become 'a
full member of the European Economic
Community as long as it is ruled by the
'military dictatorship which seized power on
April 21,1937.
A few days later, editor 'minis Horn of the
English-language newspaper "Athens News"
went to jail for having published a headline
observing that bomb explosions, as well as
"schoolchildren summoned for the occa-
sion," had greeted the visit to Athens of U.S.
Vice-President Spiro Agnew, a friend of he
regime, last October.
These are merely two of the innumerable
occurrences under- a system which Prime
'Minister George Papadopoulos, the former
Intelligence officer who led the successful
conspiracy of April,. 1967 against parlia-
mentary government, describes as "the
Greece of Christian Greeks." Nearly 45 books
have appeared in English and various other
European languages about this Greece. "In-
side the Colonels' Greece" is the best this
reviewer has seen. ?
The anonymous author is apparently. well-
known to many Greek political emigres and
Probably to the Athens authorities as well.
The facts and analyses he marshals and
documents in his closely reasoned, unemo-
tional text, show 'clearly that he has lived in
Greece, not outside it, for most if not all of his
life..
Is an anti-Communist, scornful of the
u'ay the Greek Communist Party and the
Soviet Union acted in the past and are now
exploiting the present situation without tak-
ing any political risks.
'But he is also without Illusions about the
Greek royal family or the Rightist politicians
who now oppose the officers' dictatorship. Ile
does appear to have considerable respect for
former Prime Minister Constantine Kara-
mantis, living in silent exile in Paris, and for
ousted Prime Minister Panayotis Kanell-
opoulos, who despite several periods of house
arrest and close surveillance in Athens
continues to issue statements and manifestos
demanding a return to democracy.
He refutes the colonels' arguments about
"chaos" and "anarchy" before the coup, or
the "Communist takeover" it was supposed
to prevent.
.The ? booli's main headings disclose its
argument: Part I, The Past, Or How It All
Caine About; Part II, The Present, Or What
It is Like and Part 111, The Future, Or How
To Get Rid Of Them. After explaining
Greece's development from the departure of
the Turks a century ago until thc.. Metaxas
dictatorship of 1936, he dispassionately an-
alyzes the events and effects of World Wa.r.11
(including some embarrassing, details about
the activities of some of the present rulers,
including Mr. Papadopoulos, during that
period)..
'Next he deals with the "liberty in tute-
lage" of the parliamentary regime of 1950-
1963 and what he calls the (relative) "com-
plete liberty" of 1963-1955, which ended when
the inexperienced and ill-advised young King
Constantine forced resignation of the late
Centrist Prime Minister, George Pa-
pandreou. Papandreou 's withdrawal helped.
prepare the ? ground for the conspiracy of
"unknown and undistinguished officers" who
were to shove Constantine aside and into
exile when his clumsy attempt to unseat the
junta failed in December, 1567.
The author describes in detail and in
moderate language how the present regime
works: who-suffers and who benefits from it;
the effects of its policies on education, the
Information media, culture, Greece's stand-
ing abroad, and the stultifying effect on
Greek life in general of the regime's anti-
intellectualism, censorship and military law
under which a man can (and often does) go to
prison for a year for a single sentence uttered
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601 R00050022000105tirmcd
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01g&allb16500220001-5
KEESPORT, PA.
)J
EWS APR 29 1972
E - 37,827
Greek 'Anniversary \
THE OBSERVANCE SLIPPED by almost I
unnoticed in the public press ? the fifth
anniversary of the Greek military regime's
seizure of political power.
The past five years have been ones of
heavy-handedness, political imprisonment,
torture, suspension of Parliament and elec-
tions, and press intimidation. Yet there ap-
parently is no real ground swell of popular
antagonism against. the regime, outside of
a relatively small circle of Athenian in-
tellectuals.
To many outsiders, the question might
be, why?
And the answers range from the abun-
dance of employment and ? television sets,
*washing machines, beer and cars to the
stocky figure of Prime Minister George
Papadopoulos. For the past five years the
former colonel has -maneuvered shrewdly,
making himself the undisputed strongman
of Greece.
The regime maintains its control through
a large police force and the 150,000-man
army, both of which have been upgraded
In pay, perquisites and. status to form a
new privileged class in Greece. The army
symbolizes law and order, and this deeply
appeals to many in the .small towns and
rural areas of the nation.
One wonders why military rule has been
so successful, but a look at the nation's
economy may supply the answer. Give a
pence a well-paying job and plenty of corn;
forts and it's unlikely that he'll complain
'too miich about other conditions.
Per capita income has risen 33 per cent
since the colonels took over in 1967., Stores
are crammed with TV sets, refrigerators
and a multitude of other appliances. Cars
also are becoming easier to acquire even
though the . price is still high. However,
unemployment is non-existent. In fact,
Greece exports 300,000 workers to Western
Europe.
!Greece's major growth industry is tourism
with some three million visitors expected
this year, AO per cent more than last year
and projections envision a steady increase
of 25 per cent annually for the next several
years. ,
Although there is some complaint of a I
lack of freedom, there are many who say ,
there is, more freedom in Greece today- than.:
there was prior to the military takeover.
Restrictions on the press have eased in the
past year and the number of political
prisoners continues to decrease.
Of course. as in any nation, there are
those who will fight the ruling power and
Greece is no exception. The intellectuals
are battling the military leadership and in
keeping with the fashion of the day they
blame most of the nation's ills on the United
States.
The_01.4, is, alleged, had a hand in
the colonel's coup of 1967 and still is
responsible for keeping the regime in
power. But some opposition leaders who have
spent time in jail believe the Athenian "outs"
have made the U.S. the whipping boy be-
cause of their own lack of will or ability
to undermine the military government.
\in
It seems that you have a difficult time
preaching revolt when the people have plenty
f work, see foreigners flocking. to their
ountry for visits, have money to spen
d a variety of consumer items to ma
it a little more camfortable.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
NATIONAL GII:03 TO
Approved For Release plogvantil : CIA-RDP8
ii,,
. , 1.--,,,,
. . S':1,.,..10
r -,i7-,...i. ? i ,?;1:,?i? ii ,..!-1 -, i 7
.''
a I .
1 ' . , ? ! - : i
(II , !' ; ' 1 Hr-iir,,:, IF ..
...I.,. , ...., ...i t..,,f, .,,li. , 7,
E41
j t: I 1 '
,.ia, t....5;..:1) -- .,L... .:::,...?;
ii?i,...:?,,, i -i ":'.4.--1 . -,/ ..4( ,
By Dan Georgakas been the main benificiary of the coup: Stavros Niarchos
Since its seizure of power in April 1967; the military and Aristotle Onassis have received huge tax concessions
dictatorship in Greece has followed a path seeking to to get them to invest in Greece. Less well known figures
transform that country into a virtual colony of U.S. im- from the group have gotten similar privileges.
perialism. One of the latest junta giveaways has been to place all
At the same time the junta has sought, with much less publicly owned land in Greece up for auction. This
? success, to crush the Greek resistance movement, amounts to millions of acres and thousands of islands and
U.S. aid to the !unitary regime has continued without islets. Most of this land will end up in the hands of the
interruption in spite of congressional acts to delay extpatriate millionaires and their friends. . Another
shipment of certain heavy weapons. The U.S. govern- example of junta financing is the blinding of tourist-
ment's enthusiasm for the regime was reinforced when complexes at public expense and then leasing them to
? Spiro Agnew visited Greece in the summer of 1971 amid private parties for management and profit. Thus the!
great fanfare. junta's vaunted drive against corruption has amounted to
Agnew's visit was followed by an agreement that Athens little less than the replacement of the royalist cliques by
would become a new official home port for the U.S. the colonels' own coterie of rural gentry, nouveau riche
Mediterranean 'fleet. This will mean tens of millions of and international capitalists.
dollars annually for the troubled Greek economy. In No popular support . ?? -
? .
February, President Nixon released all frozen' aid to Popular support for the regime has remained nil. Not a
Greece, including the shipment of new jets, single prominent political figure of pre-junta Greece,
1 he brazen Nixon blessing of the fascist junta is the final whether rightist, leftist, or centcrist, has been won over.
ffilsser of long-standing U.S. policy. The first overt in- Less than ten deputies from the last legal parliament have
terference came in 1948 when Truman ordered massive collaborated. Recently two archbishops and sixty bishops
military assistance to the royalist government. This aid, took public positions against the regime. ? - .
which included the experimental use of napalm, coupled Such conservative and somewhat "safe" protests reflect
with conflict within the socialist world over Tito's struggle the general mood of the nation. The funeral of George
with Stalin led to the defeat of the Greek left in the civil Papandreou, the last legal premier, was turned into a huge
war. Tens of thousands of patriots went into exile and an anti-governmant rally when hundreds of thousands
equal number were jailed. shouted the slogans which had terrorized the Greek
The 1950s were dominated by the governments of establishment in the early and middle 1960s. Every such'
Costas Karamanlis who.ruled With a tough hand and full gathering is a tinderbox carefully guarded by the police
U.S. support. Even during this period, however, officers and army. Even a film as innocuous as Woodstock had to
within the Greek military developed clandestine groups be banned because peace slogans and wild cheering took
with ties to U.S. intelligence. These men were trained in place in the theater when Erni Hendrix rendered his
Ithe U.S. By the early 1960s when the Greek masses were parody of the American National Anthem. Only constant
again in motion, the CIA contact man in Greece was surveillance, arrests, beatings and torture keep the
George Papadopoulos who would emerge as the junta superficial impression of tranquility.
strong man. .
While worldwide pressure has brought the release of
many prisoners and an abatement in torture, the resistance
..
CIA line wins out ? has not very effectively taken advantage of the junta's
For a time U.S. policy was undecided between the State massive unpopularity. There has been no significant
Department's trust that George and Andreas Papandreou clandestine organization of workers, no rural guerrillas,
could keep Greece dependable while retaining the form of only limited urban warfare and no large-scale participation
parliamentary democracy and the CIA's desire to insure of youth who were the spearhead,of the mOvement in the
dependency with its colonels. The debate was won by the 1960s. ? -
CIA when it became clear that the general elections Much of this failure can be traced to the disillusionment
scheduled for May 1967 would bring the center and left felt by the masses toward all pre-junta figures and
sane 80 percent of the vote with great expectation from organizations. The king, his clique and the right wing are
the masses of fundamental changes. The colonels were blamed for setting the conditions of the junta in the first
given the go-ahead to use NATO weapons and a NATO place. The center is thought to be mainly a movement of
contigency plan to take over the government, only rhetorical struggle. The greatest disillusionment,
The colonels moved swiftly to crush opposition through however, is with the organized left. Almost all cadres of
.a policy of torture, exile and imprisonment. Every public the Communist party and the United Democratic Left
and private organization was purged of persons with any were completely unprepared for the coup, despite prior
connection to the mildest progressive forces in Greece. warning signs.
This ruthless disregard of national interest was masked by The collapse of the left can be traced to a large extent to
I psuedo-nationalist jargon about "Greek Orthodox the ineffective popular front tactics of the left. Un-
Christian purity" which not even the colonels took
seriously. , prepared to seek power in their own name, their resistance
activities have been primarily verbal, emphasizing the
A key man during these events was Tom Pappas, the political prisoner issue and sentimental feelings about
Boston ' industrialist who raised over $1 million from Greece rather than engaging in class politics with im-
Greek shipowners for the Nixon-Agnew election cam- mediate socialist goals.
paign. Pappas has the Standard Oil franchise in Greece
and his foundationAMdllkgifKcb!pot The United Democratic Left now has no viable:'
VD ifotsimapcm-ftwebslovilo fRadidOtiMooi -5
duits. The expatriatemillionaire group e ea s s
_ `
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2001/08MY: CIARDP80-01601
1 APR 1972
Greek democracy fights on ?
One of the reasons given in the White House's why-we-
are-in-the-Vietnam-war catechism is that the people of
South Vietnam should have the right, freely and democrat-
ically, to determine their own destiny.
One need but turn to Greece to see what Nixon has in
mind, even when there is no war.
Five years ago today. a fascist-militarist junta seized
power in Athens. It established a concentration camp re-
gime; torture became the medium of justice; democratic
and trade union rights were 'crushed.
The junta putsch was inspired, encouraged; and paid
for by the White House through the CIA and the Pentagon
agencies. The colonels have paid off, opening the doors to
the U.S. monopolies. The big payoff, however is the trans-
formation of Greece into a base for the U.S. Sixth Fleet, a
forward base against the Soviet Union and the other social-
ist countries, and against the Middle East. Greece's en-
slavement by U.S. imperialism is thus a threat to world
peace, a time-bomb against detente in Europe. The inter-
ests of the American people demand Greece's liberation.
On this fifth anniversary of the junta's seizure of pow-
er we urge our readers to demand of the White House that
it get all U.S. military and espionage forces out of Greece;
and to demand of the Greek Government (Embassy, 2221
Massachusetts Ave., Washington, D.C.): Cessation of
torture, freedom of all political prisoners, and a general
political amnesty.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
DLELY 173PID
Approved For Release 2001/03/PVCIWDP80-
By WILLIAM J. POMEROY
LONDON. April 20?Tomorrow
(Friday) is the fifth anniversary
of the 1967 coup in Greece that
brought to power a fascist junta
of army colonels who had CIA
backing.. Despite the ruthless dic-
tatorship they have fashioned,
featured by concentration camps,
torture and the extinguishing of
political, trade union and other
human rights, the popular strug-
gle against the fascist regime
has continued to grow, both inside
Greece and on an international
scale.
This year a joint call has been
-made by the various Greek resis-
tance movements for April 21 to
be made an International Day of
support for the Greek freedom
Struggle and of aid to the victims
of 'the fascist junta. An appeal is
made to Americans in particular.
The 1967 coup was nurtured by
the CIA and in the NATO military
agencies of the U.S. government,
and today the Nixon Administra-
tion is seeking to reap the harvest
of those fascist seeds by acquiring
Greek naval bases for the U.S.
Sixth Fleet.
? World conference
The appeal was comprised in
the main resolution of the Second
International Conference against
dictatorship and for the restora-
tion of democracy in Greece, held
in Paris on March 17-19. It was the
broadest and most successful con-
ference that has occurred to date
on the struggle to abolish the. junta
regime.
Present, were delegations and
observers from 21 countries be-
sides a wide spectrum of Greek
organizations themselves. The
French Committee for a Demo-
cratic Greece, the British League
for. Democracy in Greece, the
Swedish Committee for Dem-
ocracy in Greece, the Norwegian
Committee for Greek Democracy,
British and Irish trade unionists
were among them. In the Soviet
delegation were the composer
Aram Ka tchaturian, and Galina
? Ulanova, the ballerina.
Greek delegates
Greek organizations that sent
delegates or from which invited
leaders came included: Demo-
cratic Defense (the Center
Party's resistanceAorm
the Communist NW/ It
(KKE), the Pan-Hellenic Libera-
tion Movement (PAK, which is
headed by Andreas Papandreau),.
the Patriotic Anti-Dictatorship
Front, the Central Council of Anti-
Dicta torship Committees, the
Agrarian Party and Cooperatives,
the Committee of Political Refu-
gees, the United Anti-Dictatorship
Movement of Greek Seamen
(EASKEN).
One of the main problems in the
struggle to abolish the dictator-
ship has been the difficulty in
bringing about unity, both inside
and outside Greece, of the varied
left, center and conservative re-
sistance groups, which' have tend-
ed to follow the pattern of the pol-
itical parties and organizations
that existed in Greece prior to the
fascist coup. The Second Interna-
tional Conference showed an en-
couraging growth of unity and co-
ordination, as well as a broaden-
ing of international support.
United by oppression
This trend has been fostered by
experiences within Greece, where
the fist of the junta has been
brought down on all opponents of
the regime, regardless of their
political affiliation or belief. Com-
munists, Center Unionists and
rightist Radicals fir.d themselves
in the same jails and concentra-
tion camps for resistance activi-
ties and are compelled to work
together.
Most important of the unity pres-
sures is the simple fact of general,
unreconciled ep,aion to the
junta by tho overwhelming ma-
jority of the Greek people. Mass
trials are a continual feature of
the country's life, as new resis-
tance workers come forward to
replace those arrested. Pres-
sures and maneuvers to compel or
attract leaders of all parties to
recognize the regime or to collab-
orate with it have changed noth-
ing and have left the junta as iso-
lated as it was at the beginning
of the dictatorship.
The unity trend has had its
most impressive manifestation in
the response within Greece to the
appeal for General Poi'
Freit3ReleasszaZI
- lease of all political prisoners
? without exception and the procla-
mation of a general amnesty. Cir-
culated in the latter part of 1971,
it was signed first by 470 person-
alities from all political trends
and from all sectors of Greek
society ? academics, lawyers,
judges, writers, clergymen, trade
unionists, even military men.
Although the fascist regime
Tortures exposed
hounded the signatories, depriv-
ing many of their livelihood, bSn-'
ning them from employment, and
arresting them in some cases,
430 of them maintained their sup-
port for the appeal and, more sig-
nificantly, were joined by hun-
dreds more, bringing well-known
signatories now to over 1,000. The
General Political Amnesty Cam-
paign continues, and its success
permeated the Paris Conference.
The fight for the freedom of pol-
itical prisoners has brought the
most glaring spotlight of exposure
on the fascist junta, which has
tried .to squirm away from it by
releasing a number of the prison-
ers in December, 1971, and in
January, 1972. In doing so, it has
pretended that political prisoners
no longer exist in Greece.
Ur.der pressure from foreign
journalists, however, the junta's
Minister of Justice admitted on
Feb. 10, 1972 that there were in
fact 334, of whom 270 had been
sentenced and 64 were awaiting
trial. Since then it has been as-
certained, as of March 13, that
there are 323 sentenced political
prisoners and 72 others awaiting
trial, with more being arrested
all the time, including some of
those who had been released.
Conditions of political prisoners
have, in fact, worsened. In Nov.
1970 the junta terminated visits
and assistance to the prisoners
by the International Committee
of the Red Cross, to whom ac-
counts of torture and maltreat-
ment had been given in the past.
Torture and confinement in dark,
damp and insanitary cells has,
been resumed, attested to by let-
ters smuggled from the prisons.-
STATINTL
STATI NTL
: CIA-RDP8t1:C46611R000500220001-5
WKSHINGTUN kOSt
Approved For Release 2090/M497r1A-RsCREig9fIL601
Greek
tile Never Stro ger
Papadocracy" Is Hallmark
? ? by William Toulti, that Papadopoulos' military
umslueesrunes
rule has never been stronger.
? ' ATHENS?On a recent As one opposition politi-
overcast day in the freshly clan summed it up: "There
scrubbed main square of is no effective force today to
Messolonghi in western challenge the regime, nei-
Greece, Prime Minister ther inside nor outside
George Papadopoulos told Greece."
the assembled throng in his
strident, stilted accent: To many outsiders, the
gnawing question is why,
"Our progress and that of after five years of heavy.
our children will be halted handedness, political impri-
only over my dead body." sonmcnt, torturing, suspen-
No one In the applauding sion of parliament and elec-
provincial audience or tions, and press intimida-
among the dozens of secu- tion, there is.no real ground
rity agents on duty doubted . swell of popular antagonism
- the determination of the ? against the regime outside a
' stocky, scowling 52-year-old relatively small circle of
former colonel, though Athenian intellectuals.
there may, have been a few There are several reasons:
In Messolonghi, and many Partly, it is because the re-
others in Athens, who ques- gime maintains its control
tioned his concept of prog- through a large police force
reis. and the 150,000-man army,
On April 21, the military both of which have been up.
regime marks the fifth anni- graded in pay and g tatus to
versary of seizing political form the new privileged
power from a fractious and class of Greece. .?
fragile Greek parliament,
thus ending democratic gov-
ernment here.
Since then, Papadopoulos
has maneuvered shrewdly.
The army symbolizes law
and order, and this deeply,
appeals to 'many in the
small towns and rural areas
of Greece.
making' himself the undis- ? Further, the powerful
Greek Orthodox Church has
tacitly backed the regime,
one of whose slogans is "a
Greece of Christian
Greeks." The wealthy busi-
ness community also sup-
ports the government, which
advocates free enterprise
and generous tax exemp-
tions.
The regime does not have
to worry much about the op-
position, since it is disorgan-
ized, almost chaotic, and has
failed to unite around a sin-
gle leader or political nu-
cleus.
But perhaps the most im-
portant underlying reason
for the success of the re-
gime is the great consumer
boom. that has only belat-
edly arrived in Greece.
Per capita income has
risen to more than 51.200, up
puted strongman of Greece,
)nd, _in the process, he has
undeniably solidified the po-
sition of his regime.
Greece's political masters
used to be referred to collec-
tively as "the colonels," but
the phrase is now passe. Pa-
padopoulos is the su-
. preme: prime minister, de-
fense minister, foreign min-
ister, minister of govern-
ment agencies, and most re-
cently, he has taken over as
regent for self-exiled. King
Constantine.
The official symbol of the
regime is a Phoenix rising
from flames guarded by an
armed soldier. But cynics
today tend to describe the
government rather as "papa-
docracy," and anything re-
sembling parliamentary de-
mocracy based on free elec- one-third since the colonels
tions is not yet in sight. took over in 1967.
An extended trip through Stores in provincial towns
Greece today produces the are crammed with television
Inescapable ccApte,VESCI-sF aerReleas ev200g1/
drawn from both pro- and machines, and other appli-
anti-government elements in ances. Greece, although still
this nation of 83 million
as Regime Enters Fifth Year
an underdeveloped country,
has more than a half million
sets.
Beer-drinking is on the
Increase, since it is consid-
ered a status symbol in a na-
tion whose cheapest esink is
wine.
But the biggest status-
symbol of all is the automo-
bile. Over the Easter holi-
days, fully 200.000 cars left
the Athens-Piraeus metro-
politan area for the country-
side with 600,000 people?
out of a total population of
2.5 million.
Unemployment is nonex-
istent in Greece. The Coun-
try, in fact, sends 300,000
workers to Western Europe,
and the remittances from
them and Greek seamen
abroad are expeeted to
bring in $500 million this
year.
Greece's major growth in-
dustry is tourism. The na-
tion expects 3 million visi-
tors this year, 40 per cent
more than last year, and a
steady increase of 25 per
cent annually is expected
for the next several years.
New hotels are sprouting
up throughout the mainland
and on Crete, Rhodes,
Corfu, and smaller islands.
Economists predict a 7 to
8 per cent increase In real
growth.
The economic danger
spots, however, are rising
prices and a large trade def-
icit. But as one Western
economist said:
"A developing country
like Greece needs to run a
deficit to import the materi- In some book stores, cop-
als needed to industrialize. ies of Guevara, Marcuse,
and Brecht are sometimes
available, though in the
provinces a nod from a gov-
ernment agent is enough to
discourage a bookseller
from stocking anything con-
sidered controversial.
Opposition sources esti-
pate that there are at least
100.000 paid government in-
formers in Greece?doormen,
concierges, taxi drivers,
waiters, news vendors?and
some 30.000 in Athens alone.
In villages, a platoon of
local militia also acts EtS tile
tives," says a widely trav-
elled professional man.
"They remember the civil
war that killed 350.000 peo-
ple from a population base
of 7 million. Few Greeks
want to undergo another
bloodbath for the sake of an
emigre king or some old pol-
iticians.
"Thus, most Greeks are
content with their lot today.
For those who decide to op-
pose the regime, the going is
tougher. I would not say
that they live in fear, but
rather in the shadow of
fear."
Most opposition figures
agree that Papadopoulos has
eased the restrictions on
personal liberties during the
past year. ?
These opposition sources
say there are now only 343
political prisoners in jail, 25
of whom have been paroled
because ' of poor health.
There are 30 or more in jail
who have not yet been
charged. .
Thus, even the opposition
admits that the military re-
gime may be correct when it
claims that there are fewer
political prisoners in jail
today than at any time since
the civil war of 1947-49.
Restrictions on the press
have also eased. Technically,
censorship has been abol-
ished, but Greek papers op-
erate under a tough press
law.
Newspapers recently car-
ried an anti-regime state-
ment signed by 130 former
deputies.
And Greece has a good line
of credit to Western na-
tions,"
Critics of the regime
charge that the economic
takeoff was set in motion
before the military take-
over. Whatever the case, the
Papadopoulos government is
clearly reaping the benefits
of the consumer boom.
How do Greeks thrive in
other ways under what
amounts to the dictatorship
of Papadolpoulos?
Oadit;leOfiregtiMalaiMROGO5G00201301.-5
and islands are conserve,
continued
Approved For ReleasiszinnOtO4n1Q1A-ROR6'01-101101
16 APR 1972
Greece Today:
Military Rule
Never Stronger
BY WILLIAM TUOHY
Times Stall Writer
. ATHENS ? The Greek
military regime next Fri-
day marks the fifth an-
niversary of seizing politi-
cal, power from a fractious
? a n d fragile parliament,
thus ending democratic
government.
They have been five
years of heavy - handed-
ness, political imprison-
?nient, 'torture, suspension
of -.Parliament and elec-
tions, and press intimida-
tion.
Yet there is no real
ground swell of popular
antagonism against the re-
gime, outside of a relative-
ly small circle of Athenian
Intellectuals.
.: To many outsiders, the
gnawing question is, why?
And the answers range
from the abundance of em-
ployment and television
sets, washing machines,
beer and automobiles to
the stocky, scowling fig-
tire of Prime Minister
George Papadopoulos.
Shrewd Tactician .
Since April 21, 1967, the
52-year-old former colonel
has maneuvered shrewd-
ly, making himself the un-
disputed. strongman of
Greece, and, in the pro-
cess, undeniably solidified
the position of his regime.
Greece's political mas-
ters used to be referred to
collectively as "the colon-
els" but the phrase. is
passe. Papadopoulos is su-
preme. He is prime minis-
ter, defense minister,
foreign minister, minister
of government agencies,
and most recently, he has
taken over as regent for
self-exiled King Constans
tine.
-
But Cynics today tend to
describe the government
rather as "Papadocracy,"
and anything resembling
parliamentary democracy
based on free elections is
not yet in sight. -
:Never Stronger
An 'extended trip
through Greece today pro-
duces the inescapable con-
clusion, drawn from both
pro-government arid anti-
government elements in
this nation of 8.5 million,
that the military rule of
George Papadopoulos has
never been stronger.
The regime maintains its
control through a large po-
lice force and the 150,000
? man army, both of
which have been upgrad-
ed in pay, perquisites,
and status tci form a new
'.privileged class in Greece.
The army symbolizes law
and order, and this deeply
appeals to many in the
small towns and rural
areas of Greece. -
Fu rth ermor e, ? the
powerful Greek Orthodox
Church has tacitly backed
the regime, one of whose
slogans is "a Greece of
Christian Gr eek s." The
wealthy business commu-
nity, also, supports the
government, which advo-
cates free enterprise and
generous tax exemptions.
Opposition Disorganized
The regime does not
have to worry much about
the opposition, since it is
disorganized, almost cha-
otic, and has failed to
unite around a single lead-
er or political nucleus.
As one opposition politi-
cian summed it up: "There
Is no effective force today
to challenge the regime,
either inside or outside
Greece."
But perhaps the most
Important underlying rea-
son for the success of the
regime is the great consu-
mer boom that has only
belatedly arrived in.
Greece.
Per-capita income has
risen to more than $1,200,
up one-third since the col-
onels took over in 1967.
? The official symbol of- S to r e s:itt provincial
the regime is a r6ektvpscottroiketn4d 4 -
rising from flam rift ,
ed by an armed soldier, washing machines, a n d
O4O-11
?
other. appliances. A devel-
oping country, Greece
nevert heless has more
than half a million.. TV
sets
. .
Beer-drinking, for in-
stance, is on the increase,
sinceit is considered a sta-
tus symbol in a nation
whose cheapest drink is
wine.
But the biggest status
symbol of all is the auto-
mobile. Over the Easter
holidays, fully 200,000 cars
left the Athens?Piraeus
metropolitan area for the
countryside with 600.000
people?out of a total pop-
ulation of 2.5 million. ?
Car 'and Gasoline
Greeks will pay up to
one-third of their yearly
Incomes to purchase, and
maintain a car. And though
gasoline costs more than
90 cents a gallon, con-
sumption rose 14% last
year.
The new gambling casino
on Mt. Parnis 20 miles out-
side Athens is jammed on
weekends --L. with middle-
class businessmen ? and
the line of parked cars ex-
tends so far down the road
that mini-buses ferry cus-
tomers to gaming tables
manned by mini-skirted
dealers, g i rls imported
from Britain. -
"We are not ready to
fight for democracy," ex-
plains one left-wing writer
sourly. "We are too busy
paying for our cars and
our TV sets." ? ?
'Workers Exported '
Unemployment is
nonexistent in Gr e ec e:
The country, in fact, ex-
ports 300.000 workers to
Western Europe, and the
:remittances from the m
and Greek seamen?abroad
are expected to bring in
$500 million this year.
Greece's Major growth
Industry is tourism: The
nation expects 3 million
Visitors this year, 40%
more than last year. And
pr o j ections envision a
steady increase of 25% an-
nually for the next several
years.
New hotels are sprout-
ing up throughout the
.WA-WM11-0
sites are jammed. On the
road to the Temple of Del-
phi, the driver likes to
point out the crossroad
where, he says, Oedipus
killed his father.
?
Inflation, Deficit
Economists predict a 7%
to 8% increase in real
g r o v t h. The economic
danger spots, however; are
rising prices and a large
trade deficit. But, as one
Western economist adds:
"A developing country
like Greece needs to run a
deficit to import the
materials needed to indus-
trialize. And Greece has a
good line ofcredit to
Western ndt4ons."
Critics of the regime
charge that the elements
of the economic takeoff
were set in motion before
the militaty take - over.
Whatever the ease, the Pa,
-padopoulos government iS
clearly reaping the bene-
fits of the cnsumer boom..
How do Greeks thrive in
other ways under. ivfia
amounts to ? the dictator-
ship of George Papado-
poulos?
Recall Civil War
"You intist remeMber
that most Greeks in the
provinces and islands are
conservatives," says 'a
widely traveled proles.:
sional man. "They remem-
ber the civil war that
killed 350,000 people from
a population base of 7 mil-
lion. Few Greeks want to
undergo another blood
bath for the .sake of an
emigre king or some old
politicians. Melina Mer-
couri, after all, is not
Greece.
"Thus, most Greeks are
content with their lot to-
day. For those who decide
to oppose the regime, the
going is tougher. I would
not say that they live in
fear,- but rather in the sha-
dow of fear."
? Another Greek, a young
businessman, adds: "Many
Europeans and Americans
who complain about the ?
lack of freedom in Greece
today never really know
what Greece was like
cun-
16041r90501:124,Ot 1-5
emocr regimes.
out-
smaller islands. Tourist
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601RIAW0M0001-5
AUGUSTA, ME.
KENNEBEC JOURNAL
- 15,952
APR1 ii8le
Five years of Greek colonels
Greece, the birthplace of democracy,
has now endtired the longest lasting
Military dictatorship in its history.
When the army colonels, headed by
George Papadopoulos, took over on
April 21, 1967, they pledged it was "only
to secure the conditions that will allow
democracy to function in Greece." Five
years have now passed and the pros-
pects for national elections look dim.
Material prosperity, the absence of
strikes and the curbing of inflation
have all tended to numb the political
consciousness of the people.
An elaborate police and-informer net-
"work has spread throughout the land.
Mario Modiano writes from Athens that,
"The regime's greatest achievement
- has been the discovery of the 'golden
mean' of repression. To discourage
active opposition, Prime Minis t e r
Papadopoulos has left the dividing line
between what is and is not permitted
deliberately vague."
Arbitrary action by the army has
strengthened this uncertainty. For ex-
ample, when a girl is caught distribut-
ing leaflets calling for elections there
is no need to arrest her, reports Le
Monde. It is simply arranged "to have
her raped by four or five far from' ?
reluctant paratroopers".
C. M. Woodhouse, a British authority
on Greece, wrote in the Observer,
"Nothing will shake the conviction that
the Colonels were brought to power by
the CIA." Greeks, said Woodhouse, talk
of America's "hermaphrodite policy" of
supporting an oppressive dictatorship in
order to prevent the loss of a strate-
gically vital ally. Vice President Spiro
Agnew's visit last October to his native
village ? accompanied by Papadopou-
los ? confirmed the image.
Everyone in Greece? says that the
colonels "can't go on forever." But the
prospect of any alternative authority
grows steadily more remote. Former
political leaders like Andreas Papan-
dreou are fading from public conscious-
ness. Organized labor has become a
tool of the colonels. And after five years,
the western world has become
accustomed to Greece's dictatorship.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
NORFOLK, VA.
PILOT Approved Fo
MAR 1 9 197a
m - 127,079
S ? 174,257
By Don Hill.,
The Virginian-Pilot Washington Bureau
WASHINGTON.
T H E CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY?The CIA, dreaded, accused,
and. abused on seven continents?has
joined the college PR lecture circuit.
But unlike its fellow campus crawlers
among government agencies and spe-
cial pleaders, the CI,A wants its public
relations program keptslitin-hush.
Secret publicity? This tricky exercise
was attempted last month at Hollins
College, Roanoke, Va., at a weekend
conference entitled?honest?"Freedom
and Thought Control in America."
? A senior CIA official made a speech to
More than 100 students, at least one
newspaper reporter, and a girl with a
tape recorder.
The handsome, gray-haired speaker
?who had been identified in advance
publicity only as "John Maury, federal
employe"?was introduced to the open
audience as a spokesman for the Cen-
tral Intelligence Agency.
?i Maury actually is a high CIA official,
In charge among other duties of the
agency's congressional liaison.
His remarks, Maury told the mixed-
bag group confidentially, should ,be
."kept in the family."
The girl with the tape recorder said
afterwards she planned to make tran-
scriptions for anyone who wanted them.
Maury subs9quently proie,?:?-:d that
news reports of his foray would require
. the , CIA to "review its effort s" at
"trying to maintain some sort of com-
munication with the academic commun-
ity."
Queried for this report, he said last
'week, "Well, we wouldn't want to be ac-
cused of going around propagandizing
on college campuses."
It's hard to see what else the CIA was
doing. According to Dr. Henry Nash,
chairman of Hollins' department of po-
litical science, Maury told him the Hol-
I image.
In his talk, Maury painted a glowing
picture of CIA operations.
The agency, he said, is "the eyes and
ears of the policy makers and it is our
job to collect enough informadon so that
they will not blunder into dangerous sit-
uations."
Later over cocktails, Nicholas Von
Hoffman, the Washington Post's impas-
:sinned leftist columnist, who was a fel.
conference participant, twitt ed
!aury about that.
Von Hoffman unkindly mentioned the
73, cf Pigs, as "one of the agency's
?
agency, Maury responded, only
-s information; it doesn't make
?
The spnl?ler had some titillating tid-
bits for t: le au ::ence. It is little known,
he said, but the s2rior Russian intelli-
gence officer cn citiLs.y the day Francis
Gary Powers via:, hot down, May
1960, was working, American intel-
ligence. The officer 7.-as later caught
and executed.
a
Despite the criticism to which it is
subjected, Maury said in his speech, the
CIA's activities are-directed and scruti-
nized by a number of federal organiza-
tions and the Congress.
?
How about the CIA's subsidizing of,
the National Student Association, an in
ternational scandal when the story
broke, Von Hoffman asked Maury over
drinks.
There was no other way to provide
the money for those students to get to
international conferences, Maury said.
But, Von Hoffman asked innocently,
hadn't congressional committees al-
ready decided not to appropriate funds
for this purpose? Didn't the CIA thus
thwart the will of Congress?
"You don't understand," Von Hoff-
man says Maury replied.
It's not really a secret that the CIA
long has attempted to maintain contdct
/With college campuses. That, after all is
Iv where it must recruit the bright young
minds that will don the cloaks and wield
the daggers of the future. That also is
where the scholarly studies and overt
'information gathering that are the basis
for 90 per cent of intelligence are cen-
tered.
STATI NTL
Von Hoffman apparently di'n't take
time to note that some circles don't con-
sider the 1960 U2 incident an American
intelligence triumph either.
The CIA, however, Maury said was
able with accuracy to determine the ex-
tent of the Russian long-range missile
threat and this information helped
President Kennedy triumph in the Cu-
_
ban missile crisis.
There was some heckling from Mau-
ry's audience, according to people who
were there. A woman told .Maury she'd
lived in Athens a year and was appalled
at the CIA's role in supporting the mili-
tary "colonels coup" in that country.
Mau* shot back that he'd been in
Greece for six years and had been Ath-
ens agent at the time of the coup. Some
of her statements were inaccurate, he
told the woman.
After the speech sessio n, Maury,
Von Hoffman and others retired to the
lins visit was home of iiii7633,4tima
OtWeti IF6flatiteasei20 :c
see whether the can speaK to stu- heckling.
dent groups to try to sort of refurbish its
_Maury had noted in his speech that the
CIA reaps some of its criticism because
it's a facet of American morality "that
we feel that anything done in secret
must be a little naughty."
Like secret publicity maybe?
Maury also had said that intelligence
workers "learn from mistakes and fail-
ures."
There may have been a lesson at Hol-
lins. The newspaper reporter was
-drawn to the Maury speech because of
advance publicity sent out by the col-
lege. It said that a "federal government
employe" would discuss intelligence ac-
tivities. CIA agents often describe them-
selves to acquaintances simply as "fed-
eral employes." "That just meant CIA
to me," the reporter said.
"I know," said Jane White, the stu-
dent chairman who arranged the confer-
orkl e0c1R01101500122000 45that way,"
?
LOS MGM'S
Approved For Release 2001/13/M: CIA-RDP80-01601
5 Wig
Mood in Greece Today-- STATINTL
Helplessness and Fear
? C. DI. WOODHOUSE . ?
that their power-base lay gets hogged down in tech- tempt for foreign opinion.
In the CIA's. Greek equi-. nicalities that ought to be "The army will not toter-
valent. the KYP. . left to experts, like price ate foreign intervention,"
Consequently, the oppo- control. Businessmen corn-
sition is bitterly critical of plaining about the level of declares the government
the Americans. At the rents for commercial prop- press. It knows very well,
? same time supporters of ertv are surprised to be that every visit to Athens
the government despise? ,
tola that "only the prime by a NATO official a
the Americans for yielding minister" can settle the French MiniSter. a British'
to ' blackmail. Their her- matter. And Dep. Prime general,. an American vice
maphrcxlite policy" was Minister Pattakos' preoc- P resident, is foreign inter.
one of the :ssss- unkind de- vention?on the. side .of the
cupation with trivialities
scriptions 'I.-heard. Is a standing joke: government.
But although the. This floundering in the . . .. s. ..* ' ?
government is securely in lownr reaches of adminis- . . .
po'...;:r so long as the tration contrasts strangely These ambivalent atti-
,Americans regard Greece with the gr-andiose tucles towards the West ?
'as indispensable, the col- phraseology of go y ex n- are part of the Greek heri-'
onels show signs of being mem propaganda. But if tage. They passionately
uncertain what to do With ceems that the. Propagan- want to be accepted as Eu-
their power. They too suf- da no longer attracts any ropeans,- without becom-
ter from stenokhoria. ? attention, nor . "does the ing a European dependen-
They regard their revo- ? government .care wheth cy.. ?
If the present mood of
the Greeks had to be
summed up in a single
word, the most accurate
would be their own word,
stenokhoria. Its literal
meaning of being cramped
in a narrow space has giv-
en way to a wide meta-
phorical connotation.
Distressed, embarrassed.
humiliated, bored, frus-
trated, annoyed, disillu-
sioned, helpless, bitter, fed
up: all these feelings, se-
parately or in combina-
tion, are included in sten-
okhoria. In one or other of
? these senses it applies to
the government, to its op-
ponents. and to the pas-
sive majority.
The resentment of the
opposition needs no ex-
planation. In the pr o-
vinces it is less articulate
. The author of "The Story.
of Modern Greece," C. M.
Woodhouse began his asso-
ciation with.Greece in 1943
when he tookcommand of
the Allied military mission
.to the guerrillas the
Nazi-occupied country; his
'article is from the London
Observer.
lution as continuous and
permanent. They have
even tried to devise an
ideology, their two chief
theorists (Georgalas and
Papakonstantinou) b o t
being ex-Communists. The
prime minister's boasted'
aim is a? total psychologi-
cal transformation of the
Greek people.
?
* ? ,
? The translation of this
aim into practice is so far
unimpressive. In terms of
security and prosperity
.the revolution is said to be
it does so or not.
A characteristic cri du
The blue-and-white slo- ?
cue ur appeared in tlic;
gans all over the country-
press at the time of the
side are in many places
death of the poet George
Sepheris. A young ? grad-
battered a ft d tarnished
and neglected. uate wrote a letter deplor-?
Both sides, however, are 'Mg Greek subservience to
intensely conscious of the-?foreign judgments. Sep.he-
impact on foreigners. E\-- ris, he said, was rated
ery Western reaction?par above Palamas only be-.
ticularly British?is care-
fully monitored. ',why do cause he was awarded a
you so dislike the Nobel Prize: "The eagle
Greeks?" asked one of my was 'slighted, the sparrow
took the prize." He
actri,,cautances. with
reached out for a general
reference partly to the Cy- moral. "We must throw
than in Athens, but not well advanced. Papado- prus dispute and partly to away the rotten relics of
less deep. It is a minority, p present criticisms.
o.0 1 0 s has now n r o- the bad old days," he
but a growing minority. clamed aneducational Contrary symptoms wrote. Native worth must
n administrative.
'Many who acquiesced in and an re-
cause ? great joy to the be properly appreciated,
and foreign intervention
rejected. "Is it not time to
change our .character?',We
aru not Orientals, we are
the revolution at first. now volution. The first corn- government and sorrow to
see no further use for ? it, prises. plans for selective its opponents. Best of all
and even doubt whether.it secondary education and a
. . was the reception in Lon-
-was ever necessary. At the reorganization of urns ersi- don last autumn by Sir
same time they see no ty curriculum. The second .
Nlec Douglas-Home of the ? Greeks."
A perennial dilemma is
prospect of getting rid of inclttsies an enlargedcon- Givek foreign undersecre-
it: hence the feeling of sultative assembly, elected tary. For days beforehand
helplessness, reinforced.by on a system of corporative
fear. representation as under we were told in the press
? that it would happen, and
- Mussolini's fascism. and a
By common consent; the
only prospect of changing decentralization of for days afterward we
- the government lies, with go from were told-that it had hap-
the,- Americans. Nothing o far ernment. . . pened. There was virtual-
-f carrying nut lv no interest in what had
a gran( i design.. t. e
will shake the general con- been discussed: The meet-
were
that the colonels 'srovernment gives the im- ing was the message.
pression of feeling its way
were brought-to power by At the same time theie is
une:!sily from problem to _ s
the CIA the . Only reason
'. a trongly expressed con-
implicit in his anguished
phrases. Greece does not
belong either to the Mid-
dle East or to Europe. To
be Greek is better than
either. But Greece must be
assimilated to Europe be-
fore Europeans will recog-
nize it. The old .systern
.failed in the task. Can the
military dictatorship suc-
being the undoubilt*RISV16 eTease 2t001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80Sefilb01R0220011e1220001-5
12
STATINTL
Approved For Releas0/2341f03Z0.4
. 3 MAR 1972 ?
rpoEl Von)cilaz
Cyprus un ma7
By WILLIAM J. POMEROY
LONDON, (By airmail)
? Close on the heels of the an-
nouncement of U.S. plans to estab-
? lish a permanent base for the Med-
iterranean 6th Fleet at Piraeus in
Greece have come demands from
the Greek fascist regime for
President Makarios in Cyprus to
submit to conditions that would
place Cyprus under NATO control.
These developmepts are part of
U.S. military strategy affecting
both the Middle East and the south-
ern rim of the socialist countries.
? On Feb. 11 the Greek military
junta served a note on Makarios
demanding not only that he sur-
render allegedly imported arms to
the UN peace-keeping forees on
CypritS, but also that he dismiss
cabinet members considered "hos-
"tile to the Greek government" and
bring in representatives of the
"enosis" movement associated
with the right-wing Gen. George
Grivas. -
On agenda for years
These demands would destroy
the independence of Cyprus and
pave the way for Cyprus to be
dragged into the NAT-0 structure.
This has been on the NATO agen-
da for ,years, and there have been
successive plots to overthrow or
to murder Makarios, and parti-
tion ? the island between Greece
and Turkey (both NATO mem-
bers).
At present there are two British
bases on Cyprus, at Akrotiri and
Dhekelia in the western Greek
Cypriot area. These are air and
ground troops bases. The U.S. is
reportedly seeking to establish
another naval base for the 6th
Fleet on Cyprus and to be the
chief stirrer of the present plot to
subvert Cyprus' independence. .
Last August Gen. Grivas, with
the complicity of the Greek junta
and with the CIA not far in the
background, returned secretly to
Cyprus from exile in Athens and
began to organize underground
forces for the overthrow. of Ma-
karios. ?
Grivas raises the slogan of "eno-
sis" or union of Cyprus with
Greece. His intrigues have had the
backing of the 1,500 Greek officer
detachment which heads the Cy-
prus National Guard. The Briusn
Guardian reported on Feb. 13 that
he is hiding in pAipipis03/611*
Greek army on Cyprus.
Freedom from British colonial
rule, won by Cyprus in struggle
and hard bargaining in 1959, left a
Greek band in the National Guard,
the two British bases (for which
rent is not even paid), and strife
incited between the Greek and
Turkish communities. Communal
strife in MI, fanned by NATO
intrigue, brought in a UN peace-
keeping force and also resulted in
the stationing of a Turkish army
contingent ot 600 in the eastern
part of the island.
Popular front
In all this time Makarios has
been supported by a form of popu-
lar front of Cypriot nationalists
and the AKEL, the Cyprus Pro-
gressive Working People's Party
or Communist Party of Cyprus.
AKEL's representation .in
Makarios parliament is kept to a
minimum in the interests of unity,
but the party enjoys mass support
and is easily the strongest politi-
tal force in the country. It is the
mass backing for Makarios that
has checke4 imperialist intrigues,
as shown in ?the demonstration of
10,03 in Nicosia Feb. "15 who de-
nounced Greek-NATO interven-
tion.
The Greek note of Feb: 11 char-
ged that AXEL was about .to be
brought into Makarios' cabinet
and that AKEL was creating its
own armed forces. On Feb. 15 the
general secretary of AKEL, Eze-
kiel Papaioannu, denied both of
these allegations, declaring that
while AKEL fully supported Pres-
ident Makarios it had no wish to
join the government.
. Greek Cypriot attitude -.
Grivas and his backers have
counted on the affinity of Greek
Cypriots with the Greek people to
try to promote their subversion
against the Makarios government.
The true nature of that affinity
was shown, however, in a demon-
stration of thousands of Greek
Cypriot students outside the Pres-
idential palace in Nicosia Feb. 16.
They chanted: "We want union
with free Greece, not with a dic-
tatorship" and "Down with fas-
cism!"
Independent Cyprus has its
strongest supporters in the Soviet
Union and in the socialist coun-
tries of East Europe. Last June
1413rslitestegmteri2001/03i0*
visit to the Soviet Union and re-
: CIA-RDP80-016
f?
(##
ruila
STATINTL
ceived a pledge of strong backing
against imperialist intrigues.
It was the reported delivery of
278 tons of arms from Czecho-
slovakia ? 15;000 automatic rifles
and other weapons and 7.500?cases
of ammunition ? to the. Makarios
government on Jan. 21 that gave
Cyprus the means to resist the
Grivas subversion and other. in-
trigues, and brought the Greek
fascist junta's note of frustrated
outrage.
Statement by Greek CP
The Communist Party of
Greece, in a statement issued by
its Political Bureau on Feb. 11,
said:
"The Republic of Cyprus is in
immediate danger. The events of
the past few days in Cyprus, the
rumors and threats accompanying
them, confirm past and recent
revelations that a coup is being
prepared to bring down the legal
government of Cyprus. ELDYK ?
the Greek Armed Forces sta-
tioned on Cyprus ? and the junta
officers in command of the Cypr-
iot National Guard and the armed
conspirators under General Griv-
as, have been given the job of car-
rying it out. ? . .
"This coup is led by the U.S.
imperialists, the CIA and NATO,
and is the first phase of the plan
agreed to at Lisbon and Brussels
for the imposition of a NATO solu-
tion on the Cyprus question.
"Confirmation of the conspirator-
ial plans against Cyprus and of the
direct and active participation in
them of the dictatorship, are given
by .the junta's ultimatum to Pres-
ident Makarios, and the top level
meeting to discuss Cyprus, held
in Athens under the chairmanship
of General Zoitakis, in which the
dictators George Papadopoulos
and two Deputy Premiers of the
Junta Government, General An-
gelis, Foreign Minister Xantho-
poulos-Palamas, the former Jun-
ta Ambassador to Cyprus, Pana-
yotakos, and chiefs of the National
Guard and ELDYK, who had been
specially called to the Greek capi-
tal, took pert.
"The conspiracy, which is being
intensively pressed, is part of the
permanent attempt of the U.S. to
strengthen its military and politi-
for spring oar d bases for aggres-i
Sive adventuriim, which they are
preparing against the socialist and
Arab countries. The junta agree-
ment with the U.S. for the estab-
lishment of permanent bases in
Greece for the U.S. 6th Fleet is
part of this plan."
ftiViteetWAM
MO500220001-5
LI Approved For ReleasHOM63 or
19.?. pm
FEB 72
glom
_ cOuld do much to topp e
ltf? any ureeks View U.S
junta. In the days of democ-
States could perhaps have one
racy, he explained, the United
Greek government replaced by
As Barrier to Democracy another, but he said he doubted
By HENRY ICA1VIIVI
!pedal to The New York Ttm?
: ATHENS, Jan. 29 ? After
'nearly five years of authori-
tarian rule by the junta, many
'Greeks rank the United States,
Alongside Premier George Pa-
padopoulos as a principal bar-
tier to the .restoration of de-
mocracy.
' This view emerged as a con-
sensus of scores of interview's
.
In the course of an 18-day visit,
'Including trips to two provin-
cial centers.
While persons formerly ac-
tive in public expressed their
disllusion with America most
explicitly, conversations with
people In all walks of life
disclosed a high degree of iden-
Aity of views between the
'.former leaders of Greek politi-
cal life and ordinary citizens.
'Politicians were less fearful,
-however, about allowing their
opinions to be quoted.
The conversations covered
the spectrum of political
leaders, from Panayotis Canel-
lopoulos, the conservative Pre-
mier whom Mr. Pavad000ulos
Overthrew, to Ilias Iliou, leader
of the legal substitute of the
Communist party, outlawed!
since the Greek civil war. (All
party activities are ? outlawed
now.) Among those interviewed
were left-wing activists, right-
wing generals cashiered by the
Junta, intellectuals of many po-
litical persuations, former and
.present officials and urban
workers.
While conversations did not
Include peasants because most
do not feel free to talk politics
with strangers, people in regu-
lar touch with rural areas as-
serted that the same views on
-the Government and the United
States prevailed there.
In the Most extreme ? and
most commonly held form,
the view is that the United
States sponsored the military
coup d'etat of April 21, 1967,
or had advance knowledge, but.
failed to warn the Canellopou-,
los Government.
"J don't believe the Unitedj
States was responsible for the
coup," said Mr. Canellopoulos.i
"but 99 per cent of Greeks do."
However, the former Premier,
Who represents the most moder-
ate attitude toward the United
States, shares 6P-gitkOgt
American pone},
primarily by military consider-
ations and that the Americans
that it could do so to what he
will therefore give their friend. called a "police regime."
ship to any government in
had contributed through what
Greece that lives up to ? at-.
h
rangements allowing them am-
e called "stupid errors" to
create the impression that it
pie military facilities.
The current negotiations for not only accepted the coup for
the granting of "home port" American national reasons but
facilities to the Sixth Fleet,
also actually supported Mr. Pa-
which would allow thousands padopoulos and that it believed
of dependents of sailors to take his occasional assertions early
up residence in Greece, wor. in his regime that he planned
ries and angers many Greeks.
to return representative govern-
They see such a move as an-
m .
ent to Greece. ships, had not been heard from,
other sign of friendly recogni- Among the errors charged by l he said.
tion conferred upon the junta Mr. Averoff was the coupling "I should not be surprised,"
to satisfy American military de-
i o n. 1970 of the full resumption the general said bitterly. "The
sires at the expense of the military aid, reduced after mother of the junta is the Pen-
po- r
litical wishes of most Greeks. the coup, with an assertion that tagon, the C.I.A. and the Amer;
it was being resumed because jean arms manufacturers."
Strategic Value Seen progress toward democracy Bitterness at the United
The talks are adding fuel to ,
was being made. States is reflected in the at-
the widely voiced complaint that
"They should have coupled titude of Greeks who once had
the United States considers it with a statement that Amer- extensive relations with the
Greece essentially as a piece lca hoped it would lead to such
of real estate of strategic value progress," the former Minister
In the event of a renewed out- said.
break of fighting in the Middle Mr. Averoff differs from
East. sterner critics of the United
John Zigdis, a political mod- States in. not favoring an im-
He said that the United State
'release and bot were pu e
but his disappointment has
grown so deep that he has with-
drawn them.
A Saddened General
On the other side of the poli-
tical fence, a former general
of conservative and strongly
royalist tendencies returned
from exile last year saddened
to learn that in his absence
his wife had received tokens of
continuing friendship only from
the European officers with whom
he had served in the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization.
The Americans, with whom he
had also formed many friend-
American Embassy and social
relations with its members. In-
dividual accounts can be sum-
marized in an accusation that
in the first years after the coup
the United States Embassy os-
crate and highly respected for- mediate halt in militry aid. But named those who had been
mer Cabinet minister, was in. he agrees with the generally its friends. Since then, accord-
terviewed in a hospital the day held opinion that such signs of ing, to the accounts, American
after his temporary release be-
cause of illness from the four-
and-a-half-vear prison term lie
is serving for having expressed
opposition views, "I hope the
American Government will soon
understand that it is more im-
portant to have the traditional
friendship of the Greek people
than only the free use of Greek
territory." he said.
The official United States po-
sition, as expressed here, lends
weight to the argument: "The
national security Of the United
States has top priority here and
will continue to have.'"
The friendship for the United
States, which in the past was
almost palpable in this hospita-
ble country, appears to have teacher, Miss Freddi Kalogerx-
eroded astonishingly. In the On this subject, as well as . ..s
io interviewed by telephone,
consensus of Greek and diplo- on many others, differences that
. said she was "100 per cent
matic observers including
Americans, this is the result of
a view expressed by the
strongly pro-American former
Foreign Minister, Evangelos Av-
err.!,f-Tossizza.
"In the minds of the Greeks,
the regime is American, cre- junta.
ated by the Americans and sup- Among those who have dras-
ported by the Americans," he tically revised their views of
said. "Everybody tells me that America is Michael Papacon-
the Americans have only to lift
a finger to bring them down."
Minister Notes a Change
However, the former Minis-
American esteem as the visit by
Vice President Agnew last au-
tumn and earlier visits by Sec-
retary of Defense Melvin R.
Laird and the Seretary of Com- embarrassed by a practice, be-
merce, Maurice L. Stans, were gan in 1969, of having children
unnecessary gestures used by from the American community
the junta to bolster their 'stand- school sing Christmas carols for
ing in Greec and abroad. Premier Papadopoulos. The mi-
nor event is treated by state
Giving the Green Light television and the pro-Govern-
"Agnew was the first impor- ment prees with elaborate at-
tant Western personality to tention, enraging opponents of
conic here since the coup," Mr. the junta.
Averoff said. "He will give the Embassy officials tell inquir-
green light to many others." ing newsmen that the idea orig-
Many former close friends of mated with a Greek on the
the United States are more hufaculty at the grade school at
rt
and disappointed than Mr. Av'et, the Athens air base and that
off, who described himself as the embasy had no control over
a man "without illusions." the school. However, the
officials have sought to renew
old friendships ? often to find
that the Greeks were unwilling.
The embassy has also been
formerly divided 'not only t.flCAmerican," from Chicago. She
principal parties, the liberal expressed admiration for the
Center Union and the conser- junta's achievements. Her pu-
but also groups within each
vative National Radical Union, pits are American airmen's chil-
dren whose school fees are paid
party have faded in the face of
common opposition to the by the Defense Department.
Greeks Bitter About Issue
The caroling controversy, dis-
missed as insignificant by
American officials, was brought
stantinou, a former Deputy De- up with bitterness by most of
fense Minister and Center Un- the Greeks interviewed, from
ion deputy. He felt so strongly former Cabinet ministers to
that Greece heeded to remain workers.
close to the United States, even The deposed politicians, re-
ter, who, while hostile to the after the coup, that he used his presented by Mr. Canellopou-
Papadopoulos Government, has time in prison, where the junta los, George Mavros, leader of
been the leading proponent of had put him with many other the Center Union, and Dome-
withyo unpopulaktics/ of te
resentatives, said he did not He completed. them after _his
believe that the United States
OE tease ON kg .tititi Taro trios Papas rou, president of
? 4 4
? .
/
7tPl
60t1R00 00e1 -03at
r.,11 el
STAT] TL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP8M16gARgb0220001-5
NEW YORK, N.Y.
POST
EVENING - 623,245
WEEKEND - 354,797
JAN 26 1972
'Concerning Greece
? It Is a mark of nobility
that The Post comes forward
? with editorials concerning
the gunmen of Athens. The
harsh dictatorship in Greece
, is just one more little un-
? pleasant fact in our lives. ,
Your editorial of January
20 reminds the American
people that their apathy reen-
forces the cordiality that '
exists between Nixon, the
Pentagon and their puppet.S.
In Athens. Visits by Agnew,
Lai rd and an unending
. parade of American brass
. have armed the junta with
a degree of defiance of the
". feeling of the Greek people
and the international corn-
. munity.
-American foreign policy
has Mimed Greece into a
nuclear base. Most Greeks
understand that America
never intended to and cannot
now defend Greece. Never-
theless, it uses its territory
as headquarters for the
entire CIA operation. Greeks
haveAmple ground to believe
that the Greek army and
security forces are under
direct American command.
6.4,S1 R.G42:2EM?...E.21.2Ssiso
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For RelegqititliibiYa : CIA-RDP8
16 NOV 1971
The ViraglAingtom neri.7.1130..ntotmil
STATI NTL
Greek IT ui e,a arad Taint of -the
By Jack Anderson
r Sen. Lee Metcalf (D-Mont.),
'it combat soldier against the
avis in World War II, has (ids-
overed a Nazi taint in the
U.S.-supported Greek military
junta.
The outraged Metcalf has
evidence that George Papa-
dopoulos, the junta strongman,
personally helped rehabilitate
Greek officers who betrayed
their Country by fighting be-
ide the Nazis
Some of Metcalf's data indi-
cates that Papadopoulos ac-
tually collaborated with the
Nazis in World War II. The
Greek Embassy told us this
? was "malicious and untrue."
? In fact, an 'affidavit. in our
bands reports a -statement by
Phillips Talbot., who was U.S.
Ambassador to Greece at the
time of the 1967 junta coup,
that "we were aware that
some of them were collabora-
tors." Talbot now tells us he
doubts he said it.
We have also learned that
the veteran CIA station chief
In Athens, James Potts, has
had Many reports of the jun-
ta's dark Nazi past.
Metcalf dug out part of the
story from a dissertation by
Howard University political
scientist, Dr. Nikalaos Stay-
: TOIL
The Nazis trained, financed
and directed Greek "security
battalions" to hunt down the
gallant Greeks who were
arrying on the resistance.
kliZtS
,
!cording to Stavrou? the Greek iWar II would count toward tion to have the necessarY
government "stipulated that government pensions. ? valve modifications Made
'those who betrayed Greece 1 This is a little like giving The scalding steam deaths,
:during the war would be pun- lAxis Sally and Tokyo Rose so- the wire indicated, were
ished." ' lelal security rights for the caused by faulty design, faulty
? But some extremist right- time they spent broadcasting installation or both. A court ig
inquiry in Norfolk has been
sifting evidence to determine
the exact cause.
wing officers returning'. from
exile hated the Communists
more than the Nazis. Their
view, Stavrou said, was that The tragedy is that the
the traitors were "good nation- of other prominent junta per- Navy, in the past, actually
alist officers." The Nazi collab- ?sonalities to see what role fired a pipe inspector, Oscar
.orators and the returning 'they played in World War II. Hoffman, for demonstrating
extremist exiles joined in a These include H. Demerou- the kind of diligence that
"Holy Bond of Greek Offi- tis, a militia commandant on would have turned up- such
faults. Meanwhile, we havd
heard disquieting reports that
for the Nazis and Japanese.
We have learned that Met-
calf not only is searching out
the e)ast of Papadopoulos, but
cers" from which many of the the Aegean island of Euboia;
Greek junta military men of Koukoulagos, who reportedly
today have come, has r e t 1 r ed from his posh the Navy did not learn from
. . bank job; former Central Jr.- fhe Hoffman fiasco, but has
Nazi Collaborator? ,..telligence head, General Alex- (also covered up warnings l'a
Another Metcalf document ander Natsmas for whom Pa-
is a confidential "discussion padopoulos worked and Gen-
other pipe inspectors. ?
Even as the Navy. tried Id
paper" published by the HUd. eral Nigolaos Gog,oussis, a. find out whose goof killed the'
right-wing militarist. " Trenton sailors, . we have ob.'
tained a copy of a confidenttal
son Institute "think tank" and
written by Greek resistance
leader Elias Demetracopoulos.
It cites reports in Le Monde
Diplomatique, an influential
French paper, that Papadopou-
los served the Nazis in World
War II under "Major Kottkou-
lacos, commander of a secu.-
rity battalion armed and
equipped by the Germans."
Dernetracopoulos reports for the eyes of top command-
that Papadopoulos, after seiz- ers, said "hundreds of these
ing power in Greece, rewarded valves have been in service for
his old commander by making years with no known eata-
him head of the nation's gi- strophic failures" except in
gentle Agriculture Bank. the Trenton case.
Steam Dead's
The Navy is inspecting
hundreds of steam valves in
the Wake. of an explosion
which killed or injured a
dozen sailors on the USS
Trenton. . ?
A Navy Message to the fleet
around the world, meant only
report on another fire aboard
the USS Roark. We told of the
fire on the destroyer eat-Her
this year. Now, the restricted
report has .verified our find,
?
ings. es.
The document declares that
on Jan 19, 1971, lubrication oil
from a strainer caught fir&
and burned insulation, belch-
ing up "a large volume of
black syirlke and six toxic- or
irritating 'gasses."
Most damningly, the NAVY-
report found that the strainer
Incredibly, . Papadoptilos Neverthelesss, "it is impar. and its shields had been fei:.
also issued a brazeh decree tant that means for preventing ported "unsatisfactory" during
that the time served by over pressurization be imple. sea trials before the Navy a?
Greeks in the Nazi-trained se- mented promptly. . . For the cepted .the ship?but nothing
curity battalions and other active fleet, it is recommended was done about it.
. When the war was o during
ver, ac- quisling units World that . . . commanders take a
. ? ?? ... ?
? ? ? e
c-
jfiell-McClure SynclIcata
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIAIRDP80-01601R000500220001-5
FASEINGUN STAR
Approved For Release 4,0iiimmemi: CIA-RDP80
?
tL 'Zee
Fll Ili' I H. S.6
? By JEREMIAH O'LEARY
Star Staff Writa
A House Foreign Affairs sub-
committee staff study on Greece
describes the U.S. Embassy in
Athens as having "very low
morale" because political re-
porting of embassy officers is
subordinated to rescuing Ambas-
sador Henry J. Tasca and his ca-
reer from errors.
The document, prepared by
staff consultant Clifford P.
Hackett after a one-month as-
signment there in August, was
furnished to newsmen yesterday
by Elias P. Demetracopoulos, an
exiled Greek journalist.
? Committee, staff administra-
tor Roy J. Bullock confirmed the
authenticity of the study, but
said it was only an internal
memorandum that has no status
with the subcommittee on Eu-
rope.
' Identification Deleted
"The subcommittee won't be
very happy that you have this
document," Bullock said. De:no-
tracopoulos declined to say how
he obtained the study from
which he said he made copies,
deleting only the number identi-
fying to whom it was issued. --
Since U.S. aid was resumed to
Greece in September 170, Hack-
ett's study said, "The'morale of
the embassy seems to have de-
clined in direct proportion to the
falsity of the perceived trend
(toward restoration of constitu-
tional government by the Greek
military dictatorship).
"It is not exaggerated to state
'that there is general dismay in
both the embassy and in the
State Department in response to
both this 'trend' winch has now views of both the government
proved illusory and to the politi-, and the opposition on the future
cal reporting from the embassy of American assistance.
which served to reinforce what Hackett's study said he talked
LS now recognized as a false per- with about 20 opposition leaders,
ception." ranging from far right to
Hackett continued: "The polit- leftist-liberal but that he spoke
porting would be subordinated to
the 'exigencies of rescuing that
ambassador and his career from
those errors."
The study said it was clear
that the CIA _and U.S. military
I aid mission in Greece continue
' to share a "sharply different
view from that of the political
section" on the political reali-
ties.
Amid this "general dismay,"
Hackett's study added, "Over
this divided embassy presides
an ambassador now disabused of
his earlier optimism concerning
the regime's democratic inten-
tions but sharing the political
section's pessimism about any
prospect bf chane:ng the sturdy
Greek dictatorship even if Wash-
ington were to direct such a
change."
The prospect of a change from
Washington, he deeIared,
seems remote since the an-
nouncement of the visit of Vice
President -Spiro Agnew. (The
study Was written before Ag-
new's recent visit to Greece.).
Bullock said Hackett is a for-
mer USIA employe with Europe-
an experience and was an em-
ploye in the office of Rep. Benja-
min S. Rosenthal, D-N.Y., chair-
man of the subcommittee on Eu-
rope. - ? :
? Demetracop,oulos, the exiled
journalist, criticized the paeseat
Athens government and U.S.
military aid to Greece in testi-
mony last July before Rosen-
thal's kubcommittee.
Rosenthal initiated Hackett's
trip to Greece on July 22. The
assignment was to obtain infor-
mation on effects of American
policy, military relations and the
STATI NTL
American. Embassy political
section was distressed at what
was called the "steady develop-
ment of the military government
and the apparent American Ina-
lity to make clear our unhappi-*
ess with the junta. The unhap-
piness seems to focus on events
since Ambassador Tasca arrived
20 months ago." ? ?
Hackett reported to the sub-
committee that Tasca's initial
assignment was to "justify" full
resumption of American aid. He
said it was difficult to assess
how much embassy staff pessi-
mism is due to the realization
that "nothing can change truly
in American policy so long as
the ambassador remains" and:
how much to the evident invul-
nerability of the military gov-.
ernment.. ?? ? -
? Views in Opposition .
Hackett found a paradox in
that Greek opposition leaders
believe the United States could
exert a nearly decisive influence
on the longevity of the regime
while embassy staffers believe
Washington couldn't prompt a
change even if ordered to do so.
Tasca, a 58-year-old career
diplomat and former ambassa-
dor to Morocco, assumed his
post in January 1970. A native of
Providence, R.I., he has been a
deputy assistant secretary of
state for African affairs and has
served in Bonn, Rome and with
NATO.
A similarly critical report
about U.S. foreign policy toward
the Greek military government
was issued by the Senate For-.
eign Relations Committee in a
staff report in March. The re-
port said the State Department
and the embassy in Athens %aye
too much credence to junta
statements that parliamentary
government would be restored
and gave away leverage when
the U.S. embargo on arms for
Greece was lifted last year.
'
leal reporting has, in the judg- with only one representative of
?
Meat Of several embassy off i- the government, a middle - level
.cers, been tailored to fit the civil servant in the foreign min-
Istry.
This man, who Hackett said
was suggested to him as appro-
priate for making a courtesy
call, told the committee staffer
that Greek politics were 'not a
proper American concern.
The study found that .the
present ambassador's (Tasca's)
preconceptions of what he hoped
would be a trend toward consti-
tutional government.
"Athens is seen as a very un-
desirable post, despite its ameni-
ties, where assignment means
service under an ambassador
who has seriously erred in his
perceptions of political develop- ?
ments and where political re-
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Releas940f)(1103/Qk: CIA-
25
Charchaz. leCA-
17.7110.GRitCY AlCLINPO:NT
By Andress Papandreou.
Deutsch. 3:71 pooes.
This is Andreas Papapdreou's persanal
:apologia for the part he' played in.
Greek; politics between 1960 mit-1'4957;
-Arid-.an :exposition Of his Prein;seAlrat
it was the. Americans who overthrew
?parliamentary government in Greece.
It thus fits into his present strategy
for establishing himself as the accepted
and undisputed leader of the left-wing
factions lin exile and in Greece.
Mr Papandreou's interpretations of
the discreditable and tragic develop-
ment of Greek political life both
before and after the coup d'6tat on
April 21, 1967, and the remedies he
proposes .are certainly not held by all
the opponents of the present dicta-
torial regime. This is evidenced by
.the failure of ethe active resistance
groups both abroad and in Greece to
.coneert their actions and their policies.
Mr Papandreou remains as controver-
sial and divisive a figure in exile as
he did during the seven years he was
politically active in Greece.
'Andreas Papandreou, the son of the
late George Papandreou' first Caine
pito conflict with a Greek government
:When as a student, he was arrested in
.1939 for underground activities against
.the Metaxas government. On release
'he 'eft for the United States where he
h?d various university posts until
-1959.:-.When he returned to Greece.
;When his father became prime mini-
ster in, 1964 he took. his son into his
cabinet. He quickly made his mark as
an advocate .of radical economic and
'administrative reform (ironically, many
of his ideas have been put into effect
..by the present Military regime), as an
.opponent of any compromise on.'the
,Cyprus issue and as a declamd enemy
,of the Greek establishment.
He made enemies, too, among lead
;int, personalities of his father's politi-
.caf' party, the Centre Union, who.
:feared both his, radicalism and his
fambition to I take over the party
ieadership. Mr Papandreou does' not
.'give the relationship between himself.
and, other Centre Union personalities
ithe, weight. it .deserves, nor, of course,
.does he see his admitted courting of
?
the militant democratic orgamsa_
.
dons" be.tween 1965 and 1967 as
; i
gving reasonable 'grounds for suspi
.cion ?that lie envisaged leading a
popular .,front government.
;? There is no doubt that the attempt
:to discredit him and ruin his political
'future by charging .that he was the
Political leader of a group of army
oflicers'?plottingeto- set up a left-wing
'dictatorship wag 'pure fabrication, 'and
On this Mr Papandreou successfully
defends hithself. What he fails to.
establish is that this plot against him,
the 'subsequent -dismissal of' his father,
by the king, ,the coup on April 2 1St.
'and.even..the abortive counter-coup by
King Constantine in Deceinber,-196,
were dl part and parcel of. a ' plan
devised by the American CIA.
Mr Papandreou clearly, believes that
If something is stated often enough
and with enough conviction it will be
believed. his book is threaded :with
countless assertions that Colonel Papa-
dopoulos was the CIA's chief agent in
Greece, that the Creek Central Intelli-
gence Agency (kYP) was -but an
extension of its American counterpart,
that the Greek. armed forces were
under the dire.ct Control of the Ameri-
can Pentagon and that , the king, the
queen mother and the leadership of
the riglytLwing party, the. National
Radical .Union, were. likewise :playing
the, game of the ,American. Thus, he.
concludes. that in fact . Greece is
America's Czechoslovakia. It has now
become the vaSsal. of :the American
military-industrial power complex. ,
: This is lively; heady stuff . and will
come as manna .to those who see the
fingers .of the CIA in' every troubled
pie, but unfortunately Mr Papan-
dreou's 'documentation is less .thin
impeecable. It . rests On report
'allegedly submitted to in 1968 by
an. unnamed " disaffected member of
.PapadoPoulos's, .junta'. 'noW.Jtvmng
abroad.":. This is not good entitigh:.':.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
STATINTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-
LAKEWOOD,. N.J.
OCEAN CO. TIMES ?
E 5gTo 17 197i
(-)
JSLILL
By TOM CULLEN
Onfl
.11 r
.? ATHENS ---"(NBA) --
"Greece's military govern-
ment has few visible ear-
marks of the fascist dictator-
ships of the past. ?
-? You will cOme across no
one getting his arm twisted
in broad -daylight, as was
the case in Hitler's Ger-
many. Nor is an re-
quired to wear a yellow
? badge, as Jews were under
Nazism. Whatever else they
may be, the Greek colonels
do not appear to be racists.
? Reliable sources say that
whatever torture the Greek
police practiced on political
prisoners in the .past has
now heel-1 stopped, largely
thanks to the pressure of in-
ternational opinion.
It is perfectly possible for
an Ame-rican tourist to enjoy
a holiday here without ever
:meeting up with anything
more menacing than a traf-
fic cop. The overseas visitor
can revel in the glory that
was the Acropolis or sample
the delights of ouzo in a
taverna without ever being
aware that anything is amiss
beneath the surface.
Yet many Greeks are Un-
happy and find the Military
-regime headed by Premier
Papadopoulos oppressive it
not ? stifling. This is pailicu-
larly true of the intellectual
and, professional classes..
Iliad not been in Athens
since lc;63, and Greek
friends I had looked up then
were delighted to learn that
was back in town. They
were less so when I told
them that I was not on holi-
day, but On a reporting as-
signment.
Premier *George Papadopoulos
A regime slie)t .through with contradictions.
nervous fr ccnver-
sation might be overheard.
I did not blame these
?
?Greek friends for not want-
ing to .talk to a reporter
whom they hal not seen in
marK in print that could be
traced to its source might
cost them their jobs and
'there were wives and kids'
to think of. ?
The Papadopoulos regiinc2
is shot through with contra-
dictions, every positive pro-
ducing a corresponding neg-
ative. A few days after I ar-
rived here the government
released 234 Communists
being held prisoner on the
island of Leros, announced
that the prison camp was
. being shut down_
One made excuses not to But Chastos Sartzetakis,
see me: His mother-hi-law the 'courageous judge. inthe
had turned up unexpectedly, Lambrakis murder case who
and he was going to be busy was portrayed in the fiction-
showing her the sights. An- zlized film "Z," is still beim.,
LD
other whom W-
walk:. _cafe . wa
other r e a s o n, apparently, ' - The third Greek friend
than that he refuses to bow whem I looked up in Athens
to the colonels. is Spyros,. whom I first met
Opponents of the regime .when . he was a psychology
like Stefanos Stefanopoulos major at London University.
and Panayotis Kanelopoulos, Since then he has done bril-
both former prime ministers, liant work in the field of
are allowed to see foreign child psychology, has read
reporters, but elections in papers at scientific confer-
Greece are no nearer than ences in America, where he
they were four years ago has made many friends. This
when the c ol on el s took made Spyros' present mood
Power. ? of anti-American bitterness
Precensorship of articles
all the more shocking to me.
before they ppear . ' Constitution Square the
"I was driving - through
a in the,
press has been abolished,
but editors live ? in fear of 'o t h e r day w h e n I was
what they can print. F stopped by a traffic light,
ample, the publishers and For stopped
glancing over, I saw an
staff members of the anti-
A me r i cc n Air Force ser-
government newspaper Iltli geant in the next traffic
nos were gi v en sentences
lane,!' he told me. "lie WaS;
ranging up ? to? five years for a big, beefy guy with a Cigar
p ub ii s h i n g an interview stuck in his mouth at a
which refei red to the' need jamit' angle. Suddenly I had
for a "national government
? an almost i im
ram' his car.
nsane pulse' to
"
to deal with the C y pr u s ? .
.? ? ? "I am a peaceful man, as
miTd1iReieds'en2001103/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601ROOdg
dtdObloT:'5' mY friend
crisis. OARS.
snincli?ll.a,DApipfrigved For.Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0gehrligi3500220001-5
STATE JOURNAL
`SED if) 371 '!,
* '
S ? 70,067
he Turriligence GoTite
i? i ,
...._,... ,
I, , 1! ',, I i ,) )
i \
, , , , , . ,, ,, /
i I I-, -c---,,-, ,.------r---,k - ._,. - --,-,(71-,--1 If. /, ?
,i
- k.....i.N
A . t ine/9' IA. C'e?-?._1., V a rt_
i 1 til .cii \?
.,-... ,....? ',....< `,....., i
?
.........77.-",,,,,...
_ - k . ? .-1 ..,?????-:-.?
---.?-?-r-,....7.,?, n_.....; .
' --,, .110,)i ti li. 11./..,..;n1 i .. ?, !I 1)?,,.il 7 i
. --r/.1 .;:.7/3 (-17, 'Cl./7\":?-v'')
I 1
j i t) ) ' r ' ?1 Ai H 1 1 k", II ?,,, s
.' - -- ?-?,- .,,-;,-%--?-t-,.'-.,,,..5- J. ' p y
, ; , .z.,.. .).:-.... 0?.-,..:?:,-..-; ,..... ..,........,
,.,. .1 .. I!
-
By I,EW SCAM:.
? ?
Copley News Service '
,
?,? Perhaps no area of our gov-
ernment having a direct bear-
ing on our attitude in ;fie cold
war has been more controver-1
sial, yet less understood than:
:our intelligence network.
It is partly that we don't
? know what the Central Intelli-
? gence Agency does, but if it:
does what we think it does, it
goes against our sense of fair
'play and that is had.
The popqlar notion is that the
. CIA is a law unto itself. It is be-.
' lieved that' it freely interferes!
in the interna.1 affairs of saver-
cign nations, And that it
throws anti-American goveni-
ni n t s, even democratically
elected ones, to install anti-
Communist governments.
Some writers have capital-
ized on these beliefs, shadowed
Thein with a cloak and fastened
Before World War II, fly.,
armecl services had ..relled got it ,wasn't until 19-17 that ?
c rs created the. CIA. 1
heavily .upon civilian specialists ,es.t
in wars and, when fighting fashioned- after OSS and
was born durirg the year that
WaS ov6r, they sent. the special-_ 0,01 war was &dared.
ists home and forgot all about '
the need for intelligence. Actually,- Congress in 'setting
? vo, CIA deleaated it a single
Gen. George C. "Alarshall i_onrction, I tc pce, and noth-
once described tin-, Army's for- .1 Mg more. That it does much
cign i'ltelligence as "little more more is without question, WI
than what a military atiache
could learn at a dinner, more
or less, over the coffee cups."
'Five months before the Japa-
nese attack on Pearl Harbor,
Harry Howe ?Ransom reports
in "the intelligence establish-
jiost what a.nd. whcl'e it does it is I,
harcl to say.
There Is a theoey among in- i
tolligence agents, the good
o Ics, that there should ??alpiost
l?vays."" be no failures. If is
better, so thc theory goes,- to
m President Hoosevelt leave a problem unsolved than
summoned Co]. (late. Maj. to risk failure or discovery.
Gen.) William J. Donovan to Still, there have been
draft a plan for a new urcs.?:_ the. Bay of Pigs, the t'2
gence service. designed for the incident. ?
requirements Of a global war ? Taking into account CIA's
and patterned in thc main after poliey toward supereaution, it ?
the. ?Lritish, 'would seem reasonable to as-
.
Donovan Was a successful smile that for every failure
lawyer who had svon the Medal there must have been, oh, ten
of Honor in World War I. . pr more successes.
"He was an imaginative, ag- The fa i lures have be 211
pinned, on the CIA while
successes almost never are.
Not (,,finitely.
Some have suspected the CIA
but in the American tradition of of having brought on th2 down-
public- service he seemed quail- fall of Nkrumah in Ghana and
ficd to 'assemble what. was to
.then% with a dagger and ?vritten .gressive man," Ransom writes,
books to support them. Fortu- "who had traveled abroad ex-
nately, most were.credely %via- 1.en5ive1y. So far as intelligence
ten and rudely received. 1 work went, he was an amateur,
Still, many congressmen and:
some journalists continue to
? ask, why have an intelligence
community at all? IVIbstly the
questioners are those to Nvhom
"intelligence" connotes
saboteurs and political acti-
vists.
ThOK living in tile inteBi:.
gence community consider the
question absurd. But it de-
serves an answer.
Any president of a large cor-
poration, and, indeed, any chief
of state, must have "intelli-
gence" if he is to fulfill his re-
sponsibilities.
lielimy get _it from newspa-
pers, 'from briefings by his sub-
ordinates or from ruorts from
consdltants. Wherever, hc must
have intelligence, Approve
ses of the word, or he will not
survive long.
Sukarno, in Indonesia, of having
become the f ore -r unner of, installed the military junta in
CIA." Greece and of having thrown
Sillotik out of Cambodia.
But these redits, if they are,
do nothing more than support
During World War H the.
clo-
csi approach to a central bite,
ligence system was the Iddely
nns
publicized Office of Strategic] the otio of observers who
Services ? the almost legen. See the CIA as a molder of tcm-
clary OSS. porary geog,raphy?and a shaper
It is difficult to
of tentative history. ?
assess ?
worth of OSS because its offlol -It is the smc attitude which
cial history still re Miles ?Copcland who once
main s classn.
? d . ? ? ?, worked. for the State Depart-
? ? raditional de-
credit, .despite ment and the.clA, writes of in
tractors, in\ t f ?Iueole his "The Game of Nations:"
. ? ,o
butions to allied victory, espe- "In the intelligence game,
cintly in Burma and in defeat- competitors seek to 'gain the
ing the axis in North Africa and greatest possible advantage)
in aiding the French resistance short ofgoing to wa.r*"
1ForRelease22001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
STATI NTL
STATI NTL
4..1Y innua.
Approved For ReleaAeiiialf1/037/b4 : %Th-T;ttiO.o
t.
. py C. I. SULZBERGEll
ATHENS?The American dilemma
In Greeccois in a sense whether to he
liked by the Government and disliked
by the people in .order-to shore up
sagging Mediterranean Strategic posi-
tion, or whether to jeopardize
'lability to Stand by NATO and Middle
East.. commitments in order to affirm
-preference for democratic rule.. ...-
James C;. Locenstein and Richard
M. Moose, special investigators for the
Senate Committee on Foreign Rela-
tions, aptly stated this by writing:
"U.S. policy has had two declared ob-
jectives: to maintain Greek military
cooperation ? with the United States
and NATO, and to bring about the
restoration of democratic institutions
in Greece. Both objectives became en-
meshed in the matter of the embargo
on heavy arms." . .
'This has developed into a boiling
Issue here since the House of Rep-
-resentatives voted in Washington to
suspend such help unless the Presi-
dent invokes a special "national se-
curity" escape clause. And, mixed
with the matter . of the American
legislative restriction is that of
- American popularity.
? The United States is getting the
'worst of both worlds. The Govern-
ment is furious that any restrictions
should be placed upon pledged aid to
a loyal NA-.TO ally that maintains the
longest military service period and is
perhaps in the most exposed position.
At the same time the opposition com-
plains .that Washington supports the
"colonels'" regime and introduced it
in the first place.-
Part of this complaint arises from
. the fact that prior to the Lowenstein-
Moose visit the American Embassy
apparently minimized contacts- with
political leaders of the previous re-
gime, -virtually all of whom are in
.opposition, and 'seemed to seek un-
necessarily cozy relations with the
Colonels. ?' Moreover, too many U.S.
'officials. including military and naval
commanders, permitted themselves to
? be photographed in posed .pletures
here.
? All this encouraged organized prop-
aganda on the extreme left to fan
flames against the U.S.A. The Greeks
have- an unfortunate habit of blaming
others 'for their own mistakes, -per-
haps because they' refuse to tarnish
their ,excessive pride. known as
phi/otimo..
With an ambasSador who, on State
Department instructions, avoided call-
ing - King Constantine for
'eighteen months after comingo here,.
. . ?
Policy t;
G
.FOREIGN AFFAIRS
although .accredited to the sovereign,
and withcontinual displays of grouped
American and Greek officials, an im-
pression was inculcated that this re-
gime was of our making and we liked
it. Furthermore, the local press has
recently been publishing anti-regime
testimony culled from the U.S. Con-
gressional Record and emphasizing
criticism of the American Embassy.
-A compendium of opposition opin-
ions, largely anti-U.S., has been printed
in London representing the views of
exiled leaders. This claims (to cite
Markos Dragoumia, -a former deputy)
that "if U.S. support were withdrawn
for just 24 - hours the junta would
collapse." It also says (quoting John
Katris, a journalist) the 1967 coup was
"positively supported by NATO and
agencies of the American Government."
Similar opinions are widely held in
Greece itself. But the evidence is wholly
unconvincing. The United States for
long withheld various kinds of mili-
tary aid and even when former Pre-
mier Karamanlis, the most prominent
political emigre, called for a Greek
Army revolt-----nothing happened. As
for U.S. connivance in the coup, nei-
ther the Embassy nor the C.I.A. knew
of it in advance and, in fact, ex-'
peeled an entirely different group--
royalist generals?to attempt a similar
exercise.
At this instant the United States is
unpopular with .both the regime and
the masses for contrasting reasons.
But -there is no need to react to this
situation with emotional extremism.
It is a Greek, not an American, habit
to touch the stars with One hand and
the mud with the other.
The. United States neither produced
the coup nor keeps these ,coup-makers
in power. One has but. to recall that
only one Man was killed when it
occurred (and that was accidental)
and when King Constantine summoned
a counter-coup with his generals not
a single Greek fought for the colonels'
overthrow. .
There is only one sensible policy for
Washington to follow now. It Should
continue' in every possible way to
Press the Athens Government to re-
store freedom and it should maintain
full contacts with the opposition while
enjoining U.S. officials from foolish
endorsement of -an ideology we -don't
admire. .
)7' r P 1F-A
...
? ? .
? But, at. the same time, it should
recognize that Greece as a NATO ally
is entitled to modern armament. We'.
don't have to love this regime any
more than we have loved past Portu-
guese or Turkish regimes while ful-
filling our NATO obligations. And we
require Greek air and naval bases to
Implement U.S. commitments in an
area otherwiselarwly hostile. ?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601RIN0A5N2L0.001-5
YORK, PA.
RECORD
M ? 33,894
111,1 16 1971
?,.t AL
R-
A new effort to ban arms aid to
Greece and its dictatorial junta was
defeated narrowly in the House
Foreign Affairs CommiLtt e Wednesday
after a State Department official
testified that the strategic importance
of Greece to NATO outweighed her
suspension of constitutional govern-
ment and civil rights.
Greece has been ruled by a junta of
army colonels since a 1967 coup. A
three-year American embargo on
heavy arms shipments was lifted last
fall despite opposition in this country
and from ousted Greek democratic
elements new in exile. The Nixon ad-
ministration seeks to allot Greece $118.
millions in military aid during this
fiscal year.
. Opposition to this aid was led by Rep.
Wayne Hays, Democrat of Ohio, whose
amendment would prohibit all military
aid to the Athens regime unless the
President found the assistance "vitally
required" in the national security
interests of the United States. Hays
said Wednesday he would carry his
fight to the Hoose floor.
After the House committee's vote, its
subcommittee on Europe heard
testimony from witnesses denouncing
the Greek Government as a "fascist
dictatorship based, On torture and in-
timidation."
Mrs. Margaret -C. Papandreou,
American-born wife of Andreas
Papandreou, who is the son of the
t, iLs-1 st4
Vs'
Li vj
former Greek premier, George
Papandreou, testified that the coup had
been engineered by the Contral_Ins
telligence. Agency and the State
Department and implemented by the
National Security Council in February,
1t67, because of the opposition of her
husband and his Center Union party to
a proposed partition of Cyprus between
Greece and Turkey.
Mrs. Papandreou's testimony and
other objections to U.S. support of the
junta voiced during pre-vote hearings,
echoed those of a former premier,
Panayotis Kanellopoulos, last month in'
an interview in Athens with Baltimore
Sun correspondent Oswald Johnston.
Kantillopoulos said that the American
argument that military considerations
compel Washington to support the
regime is "the greatest error
Washington has made."
'The United States should give first
place to democracy & human rights.
The geographical position of this
country is nothing if the people living
there are not ready to do wholeheart-
edly what is asked of them in a critical
hour." -
We're afraid the Nixon ad-
ministration, like its predecessors, is
goofing in Greece. just like Nixon and
his predecessors goofed in South
Vietnam. There, too, support of the
people will be necessary to accomplish.
our aims in Indochina. But will we have.
this support any more than we have it
in Greece?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
eir?ri
Approved For Relea OblY011`04): cigkargpco16o1
j JUL 1071
pri
)'f 71p
op,
Oki.J.A ItiaZi
TO Ii
House Unit Defeats Measure
?Floor Fight Planned
By FELIX BELAIR
. Special to The 'Now York rite,s
WASHINGTON, July 14?A
?
proposal to ban arms aid to
Greece was narrowly defeated
today in the House Foreign Af-
fairs Committee.
The commitee rejected by a
14-to-12 vote an amendmesnt
to the Administration's 83.3-
billion foreign aid authorization
bill. The amendment had been
proposed by Representative
Wayne Hays, Democrat of Ohio,
who said he would carry his
fight to the House floor when
the measure came up for action
.there.
The committe's 'action came
as Rodger p. Davies, Deputy
Assistant Secretary of State for
Near Eastern and South Asian
Affairs, told a Senate Appeopri-
ations subcommittee. that the
strategic importance of Greece
on the southern flank of North
Atlantic alliance outweighed
her suspension of constitution-
al government and civil rights.
? After the House committee's
vote, its subcommittee on Eu-
rope heard testimony from four
witnesses denooncing, the Greek
military Government. It was
termed a "fascist dictatorship
based on torture and intimida-
tion" that "will .weaken the
moral foundations of the NATO
alliance."
No Economic Aid
The 'Hays amendment would
prohibit all military aid to the
Athens Government unless the
President found the assistance
"vitally required" in the na-
tional security interests of the
United States. No economic aid
for Greece is planned in the
current fiscal year.
Recently, declassified fignres
on the military aid allocations
planned by the Nixon Admin-
istration for the fiscal year that
began July 1 include 8118-roil-
lion for Greece. This total
would include the sale of
million in in new weapons on
credit. Twenty Million dollars
would be in the form, of a
grant and the remaining S38
million in the form of "excess"
equipment no longer required
for United States defense pur-
poses. ,
Approved For
.Mr. Davies told the Senate
Appropriations Committee that
"we snared the concern of many
members of Congress over the
question. of constitutional gov-
ernment and attendant issues,
such as civil rights."
"Since the coup in April ci*
1967, we saw some tangible
signs of a return to more nor-
mal democratic forms and pro-
cedures and we hoped that
these would continue at a pace
which would result in a restora-
tion of full constitutional gov-
ernment at an early time," he
said. ?
? "Some progress has been
made, but . our relations with
Greece have been made dif-
ficult by . the failure of the
Greek authorities to move
more rapidly in that direction,"
Mr. Davies said. "We have
had to weigh this situation
against Greece's dedication to
NATO and her steadfast 'sup-
port of that organizatioe in a
geographic situation which
places her against Warsaw
Pact borders."
Mrs. Papandreou Testifies
Criticism of United States
policy toward Greece was given
before the House foreign vi-
le irs subcommittee by rs. Mar-
garet C. Papandreou, the Amer-
ican-born wife of Andiees Pap-
andreou, who is the son of the
former Greek Premier, George
Papandreou, and leader of the
Pan-Hellenic Liberation Move-
ment.
Mrs. Papandreou, who now.
lives with her husband in
Toronto, asserted that the
"coup of the colonels" had
been engineered by the Central
Intelligence Agency and the
State Department and hnple-
wilted by the National
Security Council in February,
-1967, because of the opposition
of her husband and his Center
Union party to a proposed
partition of Cyprus between
Greece and Turkey.
"The Americans could have
foreclosed a military take-
over," the witness said. 'If
they had made a clear
declaration that any attempt
to impose totalitarian rule in
Greece would Mean immediate
withdrawal of all economic and
military aid, the severing
of diplomatic relations an
serious problems with the
NATO alliance, no coup would
have been possible."
"The failure to say no was
the green light to go ahead,"
Mrs. Papandreou said. "IL con-
sidered that because of Greece's
critical geopolitical position,
military considerations were
more important than the fatal
? Mrs. Papandreou asked
Representative Benjamin S.
Rosenthal, Democrat of Queens
and chairman of the subcom-
mittee, to demand from the
State Department copies of the
report of the Human Rights
Commission of the Council of
Europe with its charges of
torture of Greek men and
women who "had their teeth
smashed out." She said the ?
report had been "classified" by
the department.
"Is this another service to
the Greek junta?'' she asked.
"Is this to hide from ? the
Americans that we support,
government by torture?" ;
e1feeAenkol1'idiO4 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For ReleasA0.91/.9/0411:RCIATRalli
V.01
JUN
? :,-INTE.RPRETIVE REPORT- -
0 .
I. ?
irf?riLi
11J fi VV.
:rill
s By ANDREW BOHOWIE,C Strain Affecting Ties
Star Staff WtHer
Despite lissurances by many
ATHENS ? Slowly but 1111- Greek officials that "all is
Mistakably, the United States well" and "we are friends,"
is losing its ability to influence the strain of the situation is
,the course of events in Greece. 'increasingly creeping into
On the surface, all signs of Greek-American relations. In
American presence are still, the long run, it may cause
here. Heavy American arms greater complications.
are again arriving in Greek At a recent meeting of the
'ports after a three-year em- Council of Europe in StraS.-
bargo. The U.S. 6th Fleet oper- bonrg, U.S. Asst. Secretary of
-atina in the ? Mediterranean State for European Affairs
'tan ?drop anchor in almost any Martin J. Hildebrand report-
Greek port. and American edly expressed the view that
,misssiles pointing at the Soviet the army-backed regime en-
-Union are deployed in the joys the "broad support"
country. the Greek people.
Although a number or ob-
?
Greece continues to be an
servers agree with Hs assess-
Atlantic Treaty Organization meta, it was not a popular
'and despite its own policy of statement in Western Europa
friendship a n d coVeration which generally remains crit i-
_ tries,
with Soviet bloc co
cal of the junta and its inter-
takesun a cautious appoach to Ilal policies.
any idea of reduction of mill-
Despite the fact that politi-
tary forces. cal persecution in Greece now
The major factor causing is no greater than under the
setbacks for the American pol-- PreVi"S parliamentary re-
icy here centers on the nature gimes, Europe remains op-
of the regime ? a basically posed to the junta which stems
right wing military junta re-
from the bloodless coup of
fusing, for the sake of its sur-
April 21, 1967.
vival, to return the country to Charges Involve CIA
traditional parliamentary de-
mocracy. Charges have been made by
- some reputable West Europe.
U.S. Public Opinion . an politicians that the US/felt the amount was insuffi-
_ - - _
portance of a return to parlia-
-mental.), democracy.
. A full application of the con-
stitution, the release of all po-
litical prisoners and general .
elections would "clear the air"
and eliminate Greece's ostra-
cism, is Tasca's view.
But the 'colonels" have to
consider the problem of their
own survival. Although in the
past four years they have
scored a remarkable economic
success, politically they are
still basically insecure.
That is why all American
arguments in favor of general
elections and at least some
form of transition have carried
little weight. .. ?
T h e ? reestablishment of
heavy American arms ship-
ments ? to the tune of $56
million?was viewed as an ?
essential measure aimed at
permitting Greece to function
as a full-fledged NATO mem-
ber in the insecure Mediterra-
nean.
Tile opposition ? vocal
mainly in exile ? attacked the
shipments as a proof of Ameri-
ca's collusion and support for
the colonels.
Some junta- members were
not elated simply because they
A large segment of Amen-
Central Intelligence Agency cient for the needs of the
? ,
can public opinion remains "runs Greece."
highly critical of the junta. In reality, while there is
While the regime in Greece some obvious cooperation be-
tween the American military
resents this criticism, its oppo-
and intelligence services and
nents ? feel it is not strong
o gh. the Greek army, the United
Former politicians now in ,States has little influence The United States has less
opposition and a sizeable. part 'ere. and less to say in Greece. As
of the Greek population feel Stability in Greece in the time goes by, American influ-
American is the regime's generally unstable and explo-
main backer. This, many dip- sive Mediterranean area is
lomats believe, ruin
-s tht viewed as crucial by Amen-
chances of America's leverage can diplomats. Yet the same
here if and when the regime diplomats stress they do not
changes. -. desire "stability at any price."
It is. a difficult situation in The United States, they insist,
which few elearent answers "is not committed to the colo
nels at all cost."-
and decisions ate possible. It
complicates America's role in Because no other possibility
this strategic -Mediterranean has loomed on the Greek polit-
enough. ical horizon, the United States
country, damages its populati-
has little choice.
- ty and exposes American dip- In his contacts with mem-
lomat in Greec to consider- bus' of the ruling junta, U.S.
able strain. Ambassador Henry J. Tasca
has tried to insist on the ha-,
Greek army.
In the viscious circle of ar-
guments and. counter-
arguments, one thing appears
certain: ?
ence is bound to decrease. And
if one .day the Greek colonels
decide to relinquish their grip
on the country, the United
States would be even 'in a
weaker position.
e
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
$vN
Approved For Release;potyRif6f : ciA_KftzTJY_Dt6
e 01 0? 1(1a IA A
ear4
f v 0
? .1!..40 t....., .
Rightists, Conscrvativc,?Center Politicians
?
? ?
Junta Weak And Unpopular
By OSWiLD JOITSSTON
Sun Stqf CcirresponAnt . ?
AthellS?AbOilt two weeks ago, from prison last year, or Andre-
ono of the clandestine 1-"xler? as Papandreou, the highly vocal
ground organizations tlmt occa- sea of a former eenter.leit
prime minister The left. ring is ? . . ? efforts the recognize
sionally ruffle the serenity of the
colonels' regime in Greece cir-
culated an unusually strongly
worded anti-regime pamphlet
among the tiny foreign press
corps here. ?
The flyero called on all local
officials put in office by the re-
gime to reslgn. or face eventual
punishment as "traitors." It
threatened .the colonels them-
selves . with the firing squad.
And it. scoffed at the regime's
frequent claim that only its
Army-backed coup in April,
1667, prevented a Communist
takeover then.. ?
Gang Of Perjurers -
The coup, declared the pam-
phlet; was not carriezt eat by the
Army, but by a gam= of perjur-
ers, traitors and unworthy
colonels who had been absent
?from all battlefields.
I The blast, despite its ve-
hemencei did net come from the
'once - unruly and vocal, now
largely expatriate, Greek intel-
lectual left. Under the rubric
"Greek Anti-Dictatorial Youth
Movement," the flyei' was signed
with a rubber stamp "Colonel
iPorfyris"?pseudonymous leader
!of a para-military ultra-con-
servative opposition movement.
:To knowledgeable observers
.f Greek politics today, the
'001,011a POI' [yriS" flyer only
emphasized a trend that has
become more and more, pro-
nounced as the colonels now hi'
their fifth year in power, have
become more and more en-
trenched. - "!?1
Right Wing Criticism.
.Most criticism of the regime !
nowadays ia coming from the!..
right, except for occasional
blasts from expatriate leftists;
such as Nikis. TheodifrA4,..1U,
Communist compo...M:NVf
3 Main Arguments ' The regime is ''utterly ? un-
In talks with . opposition lead- popular" he declared recently. It
ers, three main arguments is unstable, too unsure of itself
emerge: . to lift martial law, allow demo-
1. The regime is weak-, unpo- cratic elections or implement.
pular and unsure of itself, the constitution it:promulgated
2. The Army, supposed under-
pinning of what strength the re- and with much fanfare caused
gime has is demoralized, fa.c- to be approved by an overhelm-
.tion-ridden and weakened by the ing majority in a referendum
'nearly three years ago.
. !
:upheaval - that put a clique of "The regime has failed to in-
middle-ranking officers in com- . troduce. even a' single institu-?
;wand of the nation.. . ? ? itional reform in Greece in the
: 3, The main hope for a return :last four years, he explained, .
ito democracy in Greece is a ' ? Both oppo-silionists attribute to
I push' against the colonels from this weakness Prime Minister
:within the Army, mainly by ?fri- . George Papadopoulos's current
jeers loyal -More to the nation, efforts to open contacts . witha
and to the exiled Ring Constan- some of their Pre-coup col-
tine than to the regime. . leagues in the political field.
Underlining the argument is a
And while both men deride
? ? t f disappointment and ,
almost entirely silent. . , disillusion that the United States these ? Y
. ;
: as a matter of considered mili- .that the move has seriously up-
But the criticism that is heard is ? set many of the tougher, more
tory and diplomatic policy,
is not limited to the bravado of ,giving the regime political and puritanical middle-rank officers
linderground shock troops. Much? upon whom the colonels relied
of it comes from responsible moral support.
leaders of the political parties ? Mr. Kanellopoulos, in a recent for their primary support four
interview, made the point this years ago. This, too, they see as
that \vere in power before the way: _ , _ _ _ _ . . a sign of Weakness.
colonels took over. Unable to I The American argument Mall The key. aiturnent wed in
participace in politics, they aro ;military considerations, espep-' favor of the continuing' large-
nevertheless an important fac- tally the position of Greece as a. scale American 'military aid to
tor today if only because the.; NATO menfoar occupying' a Greece has been that NATO's
regime s unwilling strategically vital place in the
them. outright. ? ? Eastern Mediterranean compel
They include such men as Washington to support the re-
"the greatest error
Panayotis Kanellopoulos, leader gime
of the conservative Radical Un-. Washington has made." however,' that the stability,
ion party, and prime minister of ? Instead, strength and preparedness of
"the _United States -
Greece when the coup fell four I should give first place to democ-
the Greek armed forces aremn-
years and two months ago, and racy and human rights. The geo-
known quantities. ?
graphical position of a country,
even if it is a keY position, is
nothing if the people living there
are not ready to do wholeheart-
edly what is asked of them in a
critical hour.
"I don't think the Americans
whole southern flank depends on
a stable, militarily reliable
Greek ally.
? A visitor here will soon find,
George ?i.avros, head of the ri-
val Union of the Center party,
the political vehicle of the late
George Papandreou. ?Together,
both ? parties represented by
these men totaled 30. per cent of
It. vote in the last national elec-
In the view-of the opposition
here the answer is -- that the
Army is. not worth the invest-
ment the United States has put
in it.
The government, unsui?pris-
tions to be held here in 1964. should interfere to change the . ingly, -does not agree, hod nei-
Colonels Upset regime. But it should stop inter- ? ther do NATO and American of-
According to seasoned observ- fering to ? support such ?a re- ficials. - ; .
gime." - ? . Combat readiness is classified
- .-
ers here, the persistence ?-of - m ? ?
"A Very 'Weak Regime" . 'as ".super h," and Greek mill-
centrist and Conservative oppo - armed tory men are highly praised for
. sition to their undemocratic re:- . As for the Greek
policy: .. professionalism. and a 1.1011011-
gime is upsetting to the colonels fOrces; the key to U.S.
?i only because . ?. hard;`?The value of the Greek mill- sense willingness .to co:operate
. with the complex NATO chain of.
dismiss as Communist-inspired. . tory forces is -much lower than
Partly for the same reason, ? before 1907. Morale is low, main- command. ?
ly because there is now a cora , An important factor . in the
the "responsible".opposition has. , anti-regime contention that the !
ti aat between he armedforces
fueled some of the sharpest den-Army has suffered since the !
unciations of Aindican policy and the Greek people.
April, 1967, coup has been the ;
"I believe it is a very weak
towards the regime. In the eyes fact that some 3,000 to 1,000 of fi-;
regime. R has no organized po-
of. many, such criticism is tell,
cers, many seniors included, I
litical base among the people.
ing precisely because it is
have been retired in the past:
The only base is the armed
stripped of the once-fashionable
four years.
forces-?-and even now I believe
fantasy that the! colonels' coup a ?? ?
he Greek officers would not be This has broken the back of
? was really an American plot
engiaeered by the CIA. . willing to suppori such a re- , the officer corps, it is contend. -
gime" the 68-year-old former ed, leaving behind men who are
As. Mr. Kanellopoulos, a strict
prime minister said. either super-loyal to the regime
conserVative, put . it recently
? Mr. Mavros, as inheritor of
"I camsut believe that myself?
duForRekidse2??4/Q3Um.04- ''ikiSIO8Pfirtet401 ..1' 4d66.idtidiltt"'
? i i r rue
less vehement in his judgment. -
to the detriment of the Army as
- Greek today that t s n
_ _ pautinned
140 YORK B02.;'J
Approved For Release 091/FC),471: CIA-RDP8
STATINTL
..
(1
1:72 9r,L.1 -
vio!ence nd harsh discipline. "Your
1 U c
'rods are only for pissing," he warned
.his Men, and if any of his followers.
Les Kapetanios: . country; instead these men were
.
hounded down and imprisoned and molested
women or stole peasant pro-.:
La guerre civil:, grecque l94 1949
. by Dominique Endes. ... shot. This, and much more, remains He.
:duce they
establish were summarily executed.
Fayard (Paris), 493 pp., 30 Fr. largely unknown outside Greece,. be- rity did unprecedented secu-
in his domain, but in the process
?
DeMocracy at Gunpoint: cause no revisionist historian has so far became the object of fear and vilifica-
refuted the cold war mythology about tion on the part of the old politicians
the.Greek Front .
?
, by Andrea Greece.
s Papandreou. . and intellectuals of Athens.
;Doubleday, 365 pp., 57.95 LI-
iAim., great the need for a reappralsai,A-res's success in organizing resist.-
of Inc history of the Greek resistance
ance bands accentuated ?h is differences
I'dan's Freedom
and how useful such a reappraisal with George Siantos, Secretary of the
?by 'Andreas Papandreou.
. Conununist Central Committee which
-Carnegie-Mellon (distributed b-y
would be are evident in Les Kapet- controlled the mass resistance organi-?
Columbia University Press),
onios, the pioneering study by the zation, the EAM or National Libera-
.
72 pp., $4.00
French journalist Dominique Endes. tion Front. Siantos was determined to
Nightmare in Athens Based on extensive personal interviews -follow to the letter the current Soviet
1-;
Margaret Papandreou. as well as published sources, Eudes's line of national and international unity
i ondice-Hail, 390 pp.,. $8.95
!;, work contains ' much- hitherto unpub- against the. Axis. He summoned Ares
a.
lished information. Certainly it should to Athens and lectured him on the.
Write sur Is C.1?Zee'
be translated into Many 'other lan-. need to cooperate with the old prewar
by Anonymous. gu ages.
- political leaders, with Zervas and his
La C Lausann
ite (eY, 252 pp., 21 Fr. . .
The hero of Les Kapetanios is Ares "nationalist" guerrilla. bands, and with
elouchiotes, who might be described ,
Greece: February 1971 ' V
? the British agents led by Christopher
as a Greek Tito who failed. Like his i
A Staff Report Prepared for the Use . Woodhouse. Ares protested that the
of the 'Committee on Foreign Relations, Yugoslav counterpart, Ares was a Corn- ' Central Committee was unaware of
munist leader who, during the Occupa-
deliberate and coordinated intrigues
United States Senate.
.
tion, sought to ensure Partisan hcge-
U. S. Government .Printing Office, -against the. Partisans by Zervas and
-16 pp. molly against both native oligarchs and Woodhouse, and he urged the Central
_
foreign powers. But Ares was a in
Committee to move from occupied
L. S. Stavrianos !figure, doomed both by flaws ;n his:
Athens to the liberated areas of Free
ONVI1 personality and by S t
Imagine what would be the common - n -ta?lini s- Greece in order to build an UnC0111-
elief today General Westmoreland
party leadership -slavishly committed to promised resistance movement.
b if
the Kremlin line. Against this leader-
had won the war in Vietnam several Siantos'S firm refusal even to
ship Arcs had no chance because he
years ago. Ho Chi Mush would be 'consider such a move reflected another
remembered as a -bloodthirsty corn-
lacked Tito's ability to formulate a.
serious disagreement: the gross. under-
munist traitor, while Emperor Bao Dai, ,
nationalist communist doctrine, and to..
estimation of the Partisan bands by the
Diem, Ky, and Thieu would be hailed
organize and lead a nationalist coin- Party leaders. Many Party officials
i
- ? - -
. as the ,Aaviors of their country. We munist party.
Rather Ares was a typical guerrilla were graduates of the KU7V-7-the
.wouleknow nothing of My Lai, and
chieftain?a fearless, commanding fir,_ Cominter'n's Communist University of
.we would have "forgotten about ,na-
ure, a brilliant tactician in mountarn the Toilers of the East. These "Kut-
Palm, defoliants, "free fire zones," and
fighting, but far too impetuous and vistes," as they were called in Greece,
? mass "relocation" of peasants. Instead-
undisciplined to work were thoroughly indoctrinated in Party
we would be treated to tales (which with the plod-
ding mediocrities of the Communist.' orthodoxy and blindly loyal to Stalin-
' ultimately we would accept as the full
Party hierarchy. Accordingly he was. 1st Russia. AS a consequence, they
story) of whoiesal -atrocities in POW
always an outsider. This was especially adhered rigidly to the traditional Marx-
camps and of mass graves which would
- so after he signed under mysterious ist belief in the primacy of the urban
be: exposed and publicized, as they proletariat in revolutionary struggle,
were when the My Lai story
___... _first circumstances a "declaration of repent-
: and, conversely, to the assumption thatP
, . . . . . . .
ance" which freed him from incarcera-
.
broke. the peasant Partisan bands were mere:
? ? tion during the Metaxas dictatorship. of
Such transformation of fact into auxiliaries to the crucial urban conflict.
the late 1930s. But unlike other signa--
myth,- and myth into fact, has hap-of Greece. Unlike In view- of conditions in .occupied
pened in the case .
tories, Ares promptly resumed the .
strug,nle against the dictatorship after assumption,
this ,was a critically erroneous
Westmoreland, who failed in Vietnam, which was to end in
release. the ,British General Scobie and the his r .
With the Axis occupation of Greece catastrophe. By contrast, the partisans
American General Van Fleet won their
. ,,.. few people in 1941, Ares finally came . into his.
: in Yugoslavia . and China grew in
. wars m Greece. As a result, ? Strength, for Tito and Mao had the
now realize that Greece entered the . Own. In the mountains of Roumele he:
resources and independence of mind to
postwar period with a state apparatus . became a folk hero?thea leding resist- !
resist the Kremlin. Siantos and .., his
pervad 4
ed from top to bot n
tom gith 'ace fiohter in all Greece, a glamorous,
quislings.' .Few peo .
p pirpygt qlsw Rolease 2001 /08/04,*telAQRDIV2141%ciltwuby,pyppyPI?Tp .
nin. Greece no resistance fighter ever guard in their black be became
1 b? I urceoninn Partisan forces. To Siantos,
--received a medal for his services to his legencary. True, he was feared for his
Pn 1415:rins 'were from an entirely
*
t?.
i;
1.;
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-R
DAILY WORLD
8 3122 1971
?
STATI NTL
-am, f artrrr?? I,,,rmiormt.n.......,07........4,J26.9.4......,..,...1 a .....,,....tialaz........awap. ?-..,.-e.r.,, .....r.7,-..,....... t.,...C.A.-=',..?^1X..,,,,C.747.,
I
171-ft", 47/7,7,4 @I\
hltellectuals defend Cuba
SANTIAGO DE CHILE?Eighty prominent Chilean intellectuals
issued a statement in Santiago on Saturday condemning those who
tent their names and talents to an imperialist-inspired slander cam-
' Paign_against Cuba. The statement was in direct reference to the so-
Cillled "Padilla case" in Cuba, and pointed out that poet Fleberto
? Padilla had admitted he slandered the Cuban revolution and had con-
. facts With CIA agents. The Chilean intellectuals sharply attacked a
statement issued under the name of French novelist Jean-Paul Sartre
? /Ind several others protesting Cuba's handling of the "Padilla case."
The Chileans said: "We think the time is ripe for every worker
in the Cultural field to determine his place and his position in the
Construction of a new society. There is no room for hesitation on
this question. We believe every progressive writer must. be a revo-
lutionary and support the people."
We completely agree With Fidel?Castro's remarks that it is no-
.tessary to intensify the struggle against imperialist ideology and
oionialism in culture. We believe national cultural v.alues must be-
iong to the entire people and not to unrepresentative groups of indi-
tiduals..We support the Cuban's. efforts to build a new socialist so-
CietY." The statement was signed by Chilean National Literary
Award winners Juvencio Valle and Carlos Droguett, writers Gunter-
hid Atias. Antonio Scarmeta? Gonzalo Rojas, painters Jose Balmes,
:Guillermo Nunez and 73 other Chilean intellectuals.
New U. .S,.i.c.,,d1o.stailon C recce
? ?M..0Ni1c1, Greece?The U.S. and the Greek fascist junta last
Weekend Signed a new agreement extending the broadcast rights of
Ell.e Voice of America radio station for another 14 months and pro-
Viding for the Cstz:blisnment of a new VOA station at Ravalla, in
hoi-thwestern Greece. The new station is very powerful (2,590 kilo-
Waits) and Will be backed up by a "Radio Free Europe" station
Which is to be set up nearby. Radio Free Europe, is a branch of the
1}.5, 'Central Intelligence Agency. Reasons for the moves closer to
the i'ugoslay border were not disclosed. .
Ap koved ForRelewat-e-20-01/03/Cr4-: CIA---RlaP80-04601R000500220001-5
2
Approved For IR`MeaStcri001/03/0g-rAglekrripP8
X4/1 ?r. p
fiC-) Juric.o!
This spring is a double anniversary
for Greece. One-hundred-fifty years
flea Greeks began their nine-year
?, ggle for independence from Turkey.
our years ago, with what many Greek
democrats believe Was the complicity
of the CIA and the U.S. military mis-
sion, a group of Greek army officers
seized power. They still have it, thanks
in part to a U.S.. foreign policy which
is still based on fighting ths- Cold War
against Communism.
To stay alive, what the present fas-
cist government in Athens needs most
is %%that only Washington can?and
docs?provide: the prestige of approv-
al. With no free press, the average
Greek may believe that actively oppos-
ing the junta is useless because it has
American backing. He sees and reads
about the open friendliness of U.S.
diplomatic and military missions
-laseard the Colonels, whose best
e (sof" that they arc the legitimate
defenders of the "free world's eastern
flank" is the continued American mil-
itary aid to Athens.
Particularly galling for anti-fascist
AmerLeans should be the mendacity of
some State Department officials who
work hard at selling to Congress the
Pentagon's line on the junta. One of
these officials told a Senate subcom-
mittee last August that the anti-junta
leadership in Greece favored unre-
stricted resumption of U.S. military
aid. That testimony came less than a
month after my return from Athens,
where I had found the opposite to be
true.
In a committee hearing, moreover,
Deputy Assistant Secretary of State
Roger Davies reportedly told Senator
J. W. Fulbright that the Colonels were
making progress toward the restora-
tion of democracy. Such an outright lie
would have doubled-up with laughter
the Greeks I had met.
Fulbright's acerbic skepticism did
not daunt the Approm9d1Flott'R
junta-apologists. In later testimony,
they clahnstl that anti??junta leaders
wished. the resumption of U.S. arms
aid for patriotic., nationalssecuaity rea-
sons.. That claim turned the trick-----for
the time it succeeded in silencing Ful??
bright and other critical Senators.
How could they argue against the pura
ported wishes of the very Greek dem-
ocrats they wished to help in restoring
democracy?
The incident raises a familiar clues-
tio?: how can the American people's
elected representatives evaluate for-
eign policy matters which concern far-
away places? Ideally, of course, Sen-
ators and Representatives, no loss than
Cabinet members and the President
himself, should be able to rely on the
honesty and accuracy of U.S. intelli-
gence agencies, the Pentagon, and the
State Department. Yet, Fulbright was
sandbagged into silence because he
had not been in Greece and therefore
could not know first-hand that the
genuine anti-junta leaders opposed
and still oppose 'U.S. military aid to
the. Greek dictatorship.
The answer to the credibility 'ques-
tion was met in part earlier this year.
In February, Fulbright's Foreign Re-
lations Committee sent to Greece two
staff experts whose findings, released
two months ago, contradicted a State
Department paper issued in iJanuary.
elease
dOIVIOCITCy whon you taoc:14"
Piarotti in the Now York. Po?,t.
Fulbriglit's aides, James C. Lowenstein
and Richard M. Moose, reported that
although "all institutional laws neces-
sary to put into force the constitution
were prornulgted by the end of 1570
tts promised by the Greek government
. . . , the constitution is by no means
yet in.cffect. . . ."
To Americans who have long ago..
nized over the coddling by successive
U.S. Administrations of fascism in
Spain, Portugal, and Latin America,
as well as in Vietnam and Thailand,
the staff report's conclusion was no
surprise: ?
"The policy of friendly persuasion
has clearly failed. The regime has ac-
cepted the friendship and the military
assistance but has ignored the persua-
sion. Indeed, the regime seems to have
been able to exert more leverage on us
with regard to military assistance than.
we have been willing to exert on ,the
-regime with regard to political reform.
We see 110 evidence that this will not
continue to be the case."
Senator Fulbright is. not, of course,
the only representative of time Amer-
ican people to have raised critical
questions about the efficacy, if not the
morality, of this nation's defending
"freedom" (and markets) against
Cornmunism by sponsoring right-wing
governments which suppress the drive
of foreign peoples for genuine self-
determination. But. in getting facts,
Fulbright and others must obviously
do it with a little help from their
friends?who apparently can be found
neither in the State Department nor in
the White House.
Oddly enough, it may be from the
Commerce Department that the 'truth
will out. At a luncheon in Athens at-
tended by several junta ministers a few
weeks ago, Secretary of Commerce
Maurice H. Stans uttered some public
words which may yet win him the
Martha Mitchell Blabber-Mouth of
the Year award. Stans thanked the nice
Colonels for the "sense of security that
the Government of Greece is impart-
ing" to U.S. business firms. ;
?R.ALPir. Z. HALLOW
(Mr. Hallow, an editorial writer for
the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, has dis-
cussed the Greek situation with demo-
200410,3104epOM-RDP80-0460tRo00500t200010vern-
ment officials in Athens.) .
'S 7846
STATINTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04? CIA,7RDP8.0-0
C'4
CONGRESSIONAL RECOR'D A.1 la
of a supra-eantrol agency Could alter the
situation in a short time and provide an
improved capability for the development of
subversive direction of civil disturbances.
Meaningful degrees of subversive influence
and organized control arc distinct future
possibilities in the United States civil dis-
turbance problem.
(2) Anti-Vietnam/Anti-Draft Movements
Anti-Vietnam and 'anti-draft movements
have increased in scope and number in the
past two years. Protests against war have been
common for many years and have generally
followed the pattern of marching, picketing,
and, distributing literature by individual
group's-. The first nation-wide attempt to co-
ordinate these peace movements was effec-
tively made in the spring of 1966 by the
Spring Mobilisation Committee to End the
War in Vietnam (SMC). In 1966 the SMC
coordinated and staged anti-w-ar rallies in
San Francisco, New York City, and a num-
ber of minor demonstrations in other cities.
Because of the success of the SMC's initial
endeavor, the anti-war movement established
the National Mobilization Committee to
End the War in Vietnam (NMC) to act as a
permanent coordinating committee for dem-
onstrations. Originally distinct from, but
aligned with the NMC in ideology, were the
anti-war/anti-draft groups. At the present
time, even though the anti-war/anti-draft
groups profess Individuality and separation,
from other groups, their similarity of aims
and actions operate to have almost the force
and effect of an interlocking directorate simi-
lar to the Nal?. Very strong support to the
anti-war movement is also forthcoming from
such "left" groups as the Communist Party,
USA (CPUSA), the CMUSA youth front group,
the W. E. B. Du Dais Clubs of America (DCA),
the Students for a Democratic Society (SI)S),
Youth Against War and Fascism, the Progres-
sive Labor Party and a veritable host of small-
er organizations. Tactics of the various orga-
nizations have- undergone a change from pas-
sive actions to more militant actions, with
"direct confrontations" now the main objec-
tive. Although the majority of anti-war pro-
testers appear reluctant, for moral, practical,
or legal reasons, to engage in public demon-
strations of a nature which violate existing
laws, there is a significant minority of pro-
fessional agitators and young students who
advocate either violent action or so-ealled
disobedience of such a nature that viclence
Is almost sure to ensue. Although many of
the more articulate voices in the peace move-
ment counsel against illegal actiores; it ap-
pears that they have slight influence on those
persons already committed to such action.
(3) Subversive Conspiratorial Aspects
a. Peace movement
Although it cannot be substantiated that
the anti-war and the anti--draft movements
are acting in response to foreign direction, it
must be pointed out that by their activities
they are supporting the stated objectives of
foreign elements which are detrimental to
the USA. Many leaders of the anti-war and
anti-draft movement have traveled to for-
eign countries, including Cuba, East Europe
and North Vietnam to meet with Communist
leaders. Therefore, the possibility exists that
these individuals may be either heavily in-
raleliCed V 01.1trisht dominated by their for-
eign contacts. They May, in turn, influence
their followers, the majority of whom have
no sympathy for the Communist cause, but
are unaware of their leaders' affiliations.
Groups, such as The Resistance and the Stu-
dents for Democratic Society (SDS), have
openly announced their continuing inten-
tion to violate the lase by aiding and abetting
Individuals desiring to criminally evade the
draft. Both these groups have become in-
creasingly more militant and are co-sponsors
of illegal demonstrations against the draft,
the military, and civilian and government re-
cruiters -on college campuses.
. Civil rights movement
The Frogreasive Labor Party ? (PLP),
Marxist-Leninist group, was able to capital-
ize on an incident in order to spur Negroes to
violence in Harlem and Dedford-Stuyvesant,
Nev., York City in 1914. Another Communist?
oriented, Marxist Leninist group, the Revo-
lutionary Action Movement (RAM) has been
shown to be conspiring to commit murder
and wanton acts of vandalism, The Student?
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
and in particular its chairman, H. Rap
Pro-an, has been instrumental in aggravating
tense situations in ghetto areas and in pro-
longing civil disorder. While most civil rights
leaders are moderates and the majority of
the Negro population abhors violence, a suf-
ficient number of individuals seem suscep-
tible to the violent rallying cries of the mili-
tants to make these individuals dangerous
to society.
c. Friendly forces
USCONARC and CONUS Armies, and the
U.S. Army Intelligence Command support
the Department of the Army by continuing
current reporting of information on civil
disturbances.
. .
2. (C) ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS .01" INFORMATION
(EEC)
All CONUS-based major Army commands
and subordinate commands will report In-
formation as obtained to satisfy Deportment
of the Army EEI relative to:
a. Plans, operations, deployment, tactics,
techniques, and capabilities of individuals,
groups or organizations whose efforts are
to reduce U.S. military capabilities through
espionage, sabotage, subversion, treason,
propaganda and other disruptive operations.
b. Patterns, techniques, and capabilities of
subversive elements in cover and deception
efforts in civil disturbance situations.
c. Civil ciieturbance incidents or disorders
which involve CONES military installations
or personnel.
d. Theits of significant quantities of weap-
ons and ammunition from civilian companies
or industries. Thefts of significant quantities
of government weapons and ammunition
from Active Army, Reserve, National Guard,
or ROTC installations and facilities.
e. Strikes, civil disturbances, and labor
disturbances which affect military installa-
tions, or other strikes or labor end civil dis-
turbances of sufficient magnitude to indicate
a probable employment of federal troops to
preserve or restore order.
f. Information concerning opposition that
may be expected by military forces if called
upon to maintain or restore order. Specific-
ally, possible courses of action, methods and
capabilities, weapons. and support.
g. Impact or significance of changes in
federal, state, or municipal laws, court de-
cisions, referenduma, amendments, executive
orders, or other directives which affect mi-
nority groups.
h. Cause of civil disturbance and names of
instigators and group participants.
1. Indicators of potential violence:
(1) High unemployment rate among mi-
nority groups.
(2) Noticeably heightened crime rates
among minority groups.
(3) Dissatisfaction and complaints arising
front disparity di average income between
the whites and the non-whites.
(4) Declining rapport between law enforce-
ment officials and minority groups.
(5) Migration of large numbers of a mi-
nority group into a city slum area.
(C) Protests of the minority community
relative to conditions in slum areas, such as
de facto segregation in housing and schools,
lack -of jobs, lack of recreational facilities,
police brutality, and overcharging, of goods
and services by local merchants.
j. Indicators of imminent violence:
(1) Presence or participation in local ac-
tivities by militant agitators.
(2) Increase in thefts and sales of weapons
and ammunition.
(3) Increase in efforts of extremist, inte-
grationist, and segregationist croups to in-
stigatMviolence, e.g., increase in numbers of
handbills, pamphlets, and posters urging
acts of violence.
(4) Increase in number of incidents of
window breaking, false fire alarms, thefts,
and other harassments of damaging nature to
the community. -
(5) Reports and rumors of planned vio-
lence.
(6) Presence of known instigators of vio-
lence. . .
3. (Cl ORDERS AND REQUESTS Fon INFORMATION
a. Supporting plans of USCONARC and
CONUS Armies, and the U.S. Army Intelli-
gence Command will include provisions for
rapid reporting and dissemination of re-
sponses to the above FlEI in the following pri-
ority consistent with appropriate' security
regulations:
(1) Task Force Commander
(2) Army Operations Center (AOC), DA .
(3) MOW or CONUS Army wherein the dis-
turbance is imminent or in progress. ?
(4) USCONARC/USARSTRIKE
(5) CINCSTRIKE
b. Comanders will insure that units and
personnel are familiar with announced. EEI.
c. Local liaison with federal and civilian
agencies by the military intelligence operat-
ing elements of the USAINTC is encouraged.
4. (C) INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
OPERATIONS
a. Information required to accomplish the
misison of the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, will
be obtained through all resources available
to the commanders, to include intelligence
reports, estimates, studies, and special studies
prepared by the commands.
b. OACSI, DA, will prepare and dissem-
inate reports, estimates, studies, and special
studies, as appropriate, from information
obtained or received at the national, level.
c. The primary organization for direct
support of the Department of the Army in
the coverage end reporting of information
on civil disturbances is the U.S. Army intel-
ligence Command. The Command's opera-
tional planning will include provisions for
providing civil disturbance information to
the task Force Commander upon announce-
ment of his appointment anml thereafter.
d. Upon dispatch of Personal Liaison Officer
by the Chief of Staff, 'U.S. Army, to the area
of anticipated trouble, ACSI, DA, viii, In
turn, designate an ACSI point-of-contact
(ACSI-POC) who will respond to satisfy the
requirement of the Chief of Staff, Army
(CofSA) Personal Liaison Officer.
5. (U) MAPS?apropriate maps for the
objective area will be provided by the Army
Map Service,
6. (U) Counterintelligence summary (See ?
Section 4 of the Civil Disturbance Planning
Packet pertaining to the objective area and
...gcrjprent SPIREP).
GREECE ?
Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, the
situation in Greece is a matter of con-
tinuing concern to Americans and people
throughout the world. On April 21, Mr.
Elias P. Demetracopoulos delivered an
informative address to students at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
I feel' the address will be of interest to
Senators, and ask unanimous consent
that it be printed at this point in the
RECORD.
There being no objection, the address
was ordered to be printed in the REcolu),
as follows:-
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0160W11500220001-5
DAILY WORLD
18 MAY 19T1
Cyprus press hails
Itilakarios' plan to
visit Soviet Union
.! force of 10,000 troops to "restore
order." Undoubtedly, this West
. German NATO force would have
remained on Cyprus permanent-
ly. Plenty of incidents could have
been provoked between Greeks
and Turks to create a pretext for
keeping the troops there. With a
West German military garrison,
British air bases, and the U.S.
Sixth Fleet centered on Cyprus,
imperialism could have tried a
real come-back in the Middle
East. Fortunately this project
failed. ?
2) The Greek fascist military
junta which seiled power in Ath-
ens in 1967, strongly supported /
if not directed by the U.S. Central
Intelligence Agency and the Pen-.
? ? Daily World Foreign Department . .
The announcement that President Makarios of Cyprus
will visit the Soviet Union on June 2-4 has once more foc-
used world attention on this island republic in the eastern'
Mediterranean. There is likely to be considerable specula-1
tion in the capitalist news media about why Makarios is'
I
going to the USSR at this particular time. .
'
The Cypriot press, whicb hie ? From ancient times, a majority
come out unanimously in favor of of the people of Cyprus consid-
the trip, has stressed the imPor" ered themselves Greek. But from i
tant point that In a time of ex- 1571 to 1878 the island was under '
treme tension in the Middle East, attornzn Turtle: r..1e and nn !m-
Makarios' Soviet visit can help to portant Turkish minority com- I tagon. The Atheni junta tried to
underline how the USSR has al- munity developed on Cyprus. The ? use Cypriot feeling for -"enosis"
is still boycotting the government,
? I
, 3) The threat of intervention
1. up by anti-Greek incitement and
? PEO, affiliated to the World
?bst)uiniaToitielgi:weeyi with rigninG rneecetheen past,
s. t:to Turkish estab-
lishuurpkipos:
for placing the island under the
opposition of AKE and LPEO,
its fascist rule over the
island.' The so-called "National
Front" on Cyprus campaigned
rule of the Athens junta, estab-
lished secret arms dumps, and in
March, 1970, tried to assassinate
was largely due to the determined
Communist Party of Cyprus) and
PEO is the All-Cyprus Labor Fed-
eration whose leadership is al-
Federation of . Trade-Unions,
Makarios.
AKEL is the Cypriot Progressive
People's Party (formerly the
to gain any popular support, it,
72,000 organized tradeunionists
governments have used mainly
most entirely from AKEL.
on the island. ,
takes in more than 40,000 of the
their claims to . Cyprus, backed
If the National Front plot failed
. . _ ____
1 4 i thiteY,IsbelanaddedThbye TurkiDr. Fsallzie?1 Kmniuchukun.,
' although 15 out of 50 legislative .
. seats are reserved for them by
the Constitution.
ways defended Cyprus independ- present population is roughly
ence. . 600,000, of whom 82 percent are
Cyprus, an island ar 3,572 square Greek and 18 percent Turkish.
miles, is about as big as Delaware Greeks and Turks on Cyprus
and Rhode Island put together and
lived together about as well as
Is located at au eatremalY Wale' .could be expected until the inde-
pendence struggle against the.
British colonialists began- in
earnest in 1955, with Archbiship
Makarios of Cyprus' Greek Ortho-
dox Church becoming the symbol
of that struggle.
Divide and rule policy
Britain took advantage of the
division in the island's population
the way it did in Ireland, India,
Palestine and elsewhere. When
Cyprus became independent in
1931, with Makarios as President, I
deep hatreds had been created..
* between Greeks and Turks. These!
hatreds erupted into something!
like civil war in the 1960's. and asi
a result a United-Nations peace-1
keeping force is stilt on duty on
1:
PRESIDENT MAKARIOS ?
gic spot in the eastern Mediter-
ranean 40 miles south of Tur-
key, 60 Miles west of Syria.
In 1956, Cyprus became the
'staging area for the British- ,
French attack on Egypt, about 150 '
miles to the south. Britain stili
onretryl;n1ISM/M
r% Pi
. appeal&to help the Turkish min-
There is every indication that ority on Cyprus. At-the moment,
other forces would like to use ? the danger froi.n. Ty_ r_k_ex.w..sil
the ancient . policy of creating mond of all.._ ?? . .2.:...;
division in order to rule Cyprus. ' In all the crises which widcb?c.379/.1 .
Major threats . has. -in.
Independence come from:
The major threats to Cyprus' .;
been forced to undergo
: the past decade, the Soviet Union
1) The U.S., through NATO.
1 has steadfastly supported Cyprus
? independence. During the March,
When Greek-Turkish fighting ! 1970, incidents, the USSR had to
broke out on Cyprus in 1963-64, .
the U.S.opposed sending UN make that. support unmistakably'
? !plain '.
peacekeeping forces, ? and backed ?? to the U.S. The Cypriot
!, public therefore welcomeir news
dualanotray t G rman Dommismiya
500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP
DENVER, COLO.
POST
E ? 252,198
s - 344,155
77-"41
'Id hi - 4
Z. AKIDilir:AS
alup_../.corppoter! program."
ff /T1
i{,!'s.
?
Cs:a./ 0
-
STATI NTL
By Irt:ENA 1,1:,Dia.EWS
DnVcr Post Staff Writer ( i'' ,,,-:???!.?., r7 rl r
"My wedding is coming up' ',?---., i !''' ; ( ' i i 1 /
\.,,,:,, 1, -..;
soon, ItIr. Prime Mister. I! :. - j ' - - 1-i 4/
would like Cyprus as a gilt." )!.
The quote is attributed to the my talk and the ambassador
"arrogant, ill-mannered, uneclu- condemned me in a public
catea, spoiled brat" King Con- statement for my criticisms.
stantine of Greece NV1-10 is in "I met with him and pointed
, exile in Italy by another Crock out that my remarks were
! political figure, also in exile, nmeh milder than anything Sen.
Papandreou was in Dem!er to c h a r g e d . His an swer W as, 1We'll just have to keen trying."
. - - --..? Dr. Andreas Papandreou. W i I 1 i a m J. Fuibright ever
I speak: at the University ofra-I,nat's true. But Fulbright is
,
j Denver Tuesday night in the !,!,:t !iin,e.rican and yo!a're a
,re,...!..
DU "Focus" lecture series.
-!!,7 ii' Ii
Does he see any hope for the
grim picture of Greece hp
paints?
"As a good, proud Greek, I
have to answer yes to this. But
don't ask me when this will be,
Jaw
Papandreou, considered by Papandreou said he was
many as one of the world's !imprisoned in Greece for eight,
'leading economists, in an inter- .nonths by Inc military junta. !
-x-ir5V.-at Tim Denver Post Build- He no'.; lives in Toronto,
log wedncsday pot most or the Canada, where he teaches, and
blame for the existence of also travels throughout Europe
Greece's military junta onthe where a skeletal underground
royal family, notablyQueen !group (of about 1,00 persons)
Mother Freclerika. is organizing under the name
. Panhollenic Liberation Move-
CALLED FOP. HELP meat. The group collects money
:.."She served as the avenue and support and considers its
for CFA virtual control of mission "a long, uphill, slow
-charged. "She strgugle to bring democracy
C alled President (Lyildcal) hack to Greece."
Johnson after Kim>. Paul died .;Am.0-0.1(3. E02J4-t?s
and asked for his help in run- Asked if he is the leader, he
ning the country because her !replied: "Let's say I'm first
son was tco inexperieaced." ;amonE, equals."
l??PaPamiretal also said it was -1 He said the worst thing in
the U.S. government that mas- !Greece today ? and the reason
lerminded the military cup iwhy another uprising is unlikely
AM. At that time, his father, in the immediate future ? is
the late Prime Minister Georg: ,,:the suspicion "of even brother
Papandretat, and Andreas! v,!er-i against brother."
imprisoned at Averoff, a prisoni He doesn't foresee immediate
normally used to inearcerate!public elections and cites the
criminals in Greece, lexistence of martial law as an
!..The Harvard-trained econo- C x a in p 1 c of "the situation
mist said the coup was blood- !there." He also said that Greek !
less because it was ."a truly ;Prime Minister Papacinpoulos is
modern one in that it was corn-i "an extremely heavily guarded'
puter programmed." man, whose home is surrounded
"Before the coup, I was giv-i by tanks and well-placed ma-
.ing a talk to the foreign Jr:
? ? chine guns."
C!
- nalist club at the Grande Bret-. He said the U.S. wants King
taq,ne Hotel in Athens in Fcbru- Constantine back in Greece .
ary 1937 titled 'The Cards Are even though the military junta
Stacked in Greece,' " he ye- would rather not have him back
calls. -"I spoke against Ameri- because "for the U.S. the king
can intervention in my country is the cne permanent conveyor ;
and criticized American PHU of American influence. Junta
APPr if4trArrgqigg'
001103104Y;dClAdRDP60a01601R000500220001-5
Atli- row and tne U.S. wants more
resentatives waled out during than th-
TM
Approved For RereasGU
DAVID TONGE in Athens .takes up the story of
the :investigating Magistrate in the film. "Z,". who. has. just, been
charged ..--;OvitiVplapiling dgaiiiie the _regime.
Ian who, unmasked Greece
People throughout the world
who have seen the film "Z
will remember .its hero, the
nollapPable investigating
magistrate who eventually un-
masks the gendarmerie general
and others who .arranged the
murder of the deputy.
This story Is based on the
political murder which
occurred in Greece in 1963 of
the Left-wing deputy, Mr Lam-
jnakis. The magistrate whose
difficulties are portrayed in the
film, Mr Christos Sartsetakis, is
In prison and has just been
charged with planning bomb
explosions against the regime.
It is difficult to find people in
Greece who believe he is guilty,
or that these charges are what
he is really held for. To most
people the point is that eight
years ago it was Mr Sartsetakis
who in his investigations of Mr
Lambrakis's death brought out
for the first time the real power
of the secret services in Greece
? It was bey who were
probably responsible for the
death, and to this extent the
Lambrakis affair is a harbinger
of the 1967 coup. This coup was
planned by Mr. Paoadopouloi
and others from the secret
services. .
Today it Is- those services
which, with the army, rule
Greece, and at least two other
members4of the present Cabi-
net are known to have figured
in the Lambrakis affair. How
many more of them were work-
ing behind the scenes?
The trial proved far frdni
moment of truth. After 67 days
and hearing 200 witnesses the
court acquitted the officers and
sentenced the driver and the
passenger who had bludgeoned
Mr Larriblakis to sentence;
totalling less than 20 years.
Both are now free. Mr
Sartsetakis is not.,
To understand this one has to
remember that in the mean-
time the King had dismissed Mr
Papandreou's Centre Govern-
?ment and that the secret ser-
vices had been drawn back into
power. If they also protected
those who had scrved them
would this be surprising? ?
For Mr Sartsetakis to have
Indicted these services he
would have had to have
attacked the main bastions of
'Greece's power. structure ? the
Palace, the Government, and
the Army. The Palace's rOle
seems the most mysterious.
One former Centre Union
deputy has told how he
received a leak of a secret list
of proscribed names from the
royal palace on Corfu. His name
was on it, as was that of Mr
Lambrakis This was two?
months before the death of Mr
Lambrakis And in the mean-
time Mr Lambrakis had particu-
larly angered Queen Frederika
by the part he played In arrang-
ing the demonstrations which
greeted her on her .visit to
London. ?
As with the murder of Presi-
dent Kennedy, investigations
Into Mr ,Lambrakis's death
never really cleared up the'
mystery Of who had ordered the
assassination. Mr Sartsetakis
was able to indict _those who
'tarried it out, the car driver,
.Kotsamanis, and his passenger, .
Emmanoulidls. He also had
Imprisoned the gendarmerie
controller of Northern Greece_
General Mitsou, and three other
. officers, including the local
? security chief. .
But these.' four Were only
Indicted on lesser charges.
? Their role in giving the orders
?
,for Mr Lambrakis's death was
never settled, nor was it ever
found out who had , ordered
.them to act. ? ? -
Few people failed to notice
that Emmanoulidis, who struck
the blow, had been the Queen's
personal bodyguard in 1962 ?
and this, In spite of having a
- ? - ? - ?
long criminal reeord. The iinpli-
cations of this have never been
clarified, but what was brought
out fully was the growing
power of a series ofNazi-type
organisations which had grown
up in the 1950s.
The book, "The Lambrakis
Affair," now forbidden' in
Greece, claims - that these
.organisations were set up by
the private office of Mr
Karamanlis, then , Prime
Minister, working in collabo-
ration with the information
services of the Ministry to the
Prime Minister.
The present Government
spokesman, Mr George
secre6 servle
Georgalas, an ex-Communist
with training in Agitprop, the
Communist propaganda school,
played a leading role in these
services, according to the book
He had been greeted by KYP.
the Greek equivalent . of the
CIA, on his return from
.Hungary, personally having
dealings with Mr Papado-
Another figure of today to
poulos, who was then in KYP. appear on the scene was Mr
Dmitri Kapsaskis, now the
Mr 'Georgalas then became a
founding member of a group Colonels' faithful coroner, who
which in 1958 violently,broke
up a meeting of the -Friends of
down. The Secretary of
Northern Greece at the time.
Mr Ioannis Holevas, now the
Colonels' Minister of Mer-
cant Marine, tried to make
p for what he may possibly
ave known about before and
been unable to prevent.
Peace in Piraeus. All of which
may explain why he has wasted
no time in criticising Mr Sartse
takis. .
Since the latter's arrest- he
has accused him of political
adventuring and partiality in
his judgments. Mr Sartsetakis
cannot answer nick. and point
denies all torture allegations
and claims that 'Mrs Niarchos
died of barbiturates three hours
after taking them, which
doctors generally find most
improbable.
He arrived in Salonika with
no apparent professional excuse
and quickly wroti repbrt
saying that death was by impact
of the pavement. The other
coroners refused to sign
out that ? he was three times
Those ho
It
described by his superiors as W went against all
one 'of th country's best this have suffered. Mr Sartze-
e takis was one, a gentle cul-
judges, and that the Minister of ?
Justice in 1962 praised him in tivated man with a puckish
Parliament for nis investi- sense of humour, and a bril-
gations. hant. reputation. But he was
-
- ? first dismissed from his post,
These.. organisations which then forbidden from working:
were set up by the extreme For !him the wheel has swung
Right were well known to the full circle, as it has for ethers. ,
security authorities. They were The journalist, Mr : George
frequently used is a sort of Romalos, who in 1963 published
unofficial police force. On May documents proving the secret.
19, 1963,. they collected 3,000 services, support for the
members of three Salonika'
groups to protect General de extremist groups, was arrested
.
Gal 1e who was visiting the
town. Three days later it was
the same groups who attacked.
Mr Lambrakis. General Mitsou,
it is claimed, used .to support
them financially.
Mr Karamanlis's reaction to
the news of the death was to
shout: Who in God's 'name is
ruling Greece," and probably no
one in the Government wanted
so extreme a step. But the
Frankenstein's monsters they
had created to deal with com-
munism had outgrown their
political masters. Four years
later various parallel organisa-
tions set_up in the army were to
replace the, politicians
altogether.
Once the murder had
occurred, all that the Govern-
ment could do was try to play it
in February arid like Mr Sart-
zetakis disappeared into the
hands of the military police.
Their trial, if and when it hap-
pens, will show just how far the
Lambrakis affair is continuing
today. There is every indica-
tion that to Greece's rulers it is
as important now as then. The
gendarmerie officer who
arranged Mr Sartzetakis's arrest
was the son of the general
whom Mr Sartzetakis had had
arrested seven years earlier.
C David Tonge
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
STATINTL ? i
? :
UNION
M - 77,427
t 6
A Cs 71.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R!
SPRINGFIELD, MASS.
IIIII
.1
.LtAy?z,?
7) )1 ?
[73
"
'LI. 04
:11. ?
c;
. .. .., ,. . . ,................... ...?...
....,.. . '
. , . . ..-. %. . . . . -- , . ' , ' ,-?
? . ,.-..,... -- -.,-..---,.... : ?, , . ,.. .... -, ..,--...-.,....,?,:,
- ?,................ . ...?... ... .
? ............. .?... ... . ... .. ,...
--:::-...i.:i'???.:':'....'.'..1..!:::::-f-_,--. .--".l..- --..
. ........ ?........ ,..,-,
............ ... ., ,. .
? ......... ? , . ...
- . ......... .. ............-.... ......
- .. ... ., .:.? .. - .
-:;-?,::::::?-.:.--'..,!--`?4.... --....., . - '::::-..----!: ':.'-: --- -- :'
GEOIZGE GEOIZGAI,AS
Poy?'er Behind the Junta?
-?
!' By TOM CULLEN
' Special to The Union
ATHENS ? Secretary of
State George Georgalas holds
one of the highest positions -
in the military junta which
governs Greece. George
:Georgalas is a former
Communist who for many
.years was a paid Moscow
agent.
Brain Trust
Many responsible Greeks'
whp are opposed to the
."colonels' government" of
George Papadopoulos con-
sider Georgalas, the brains
behind the dictatorship.
.Whether he is in fact the
unta's mastermind is an
ipen 'question but he. cer-
:ainly enjoys the confidence
Papadopoulos to whom he
s directly responsible and
Inything can happen in the
:ooking-glass world of
?resent Greek politics.
There can be no question,
however, concerning
Seorgalas' Communist past,
though the government does
its best to hush it up. For
many... years the depu.tv.
minister operated in Eastern
Europe as a sort of Kremlin
Version Of James Bond.
Actually Georgalas injects
a dash of color into the
otherwise olive-drab world of
the military junta. On the
one hand, leftists accuse him
of being a CIA egent;.on the
other; -many of the Army
officers who surround
Papadopoulos have no love
for him, being suspicions of
his Communist past. He is
a favorite target for an-.
tigovernment newspapers
which use him to snipe at-
he regime.
Tall, dark-haired, blue-.
eyed and handsome,
Georgalas was born in Cairo
of Greek parents and was
already a Communist when
- - -
he arrived in Athens at the
age of 18. "Educated in
Greece and abroad" reads
t h e official government
biography of Georgalas.
What the government han-
dout does not mention is that
Georgalas was arrested as a
student agitator at. the
University of Athens and
UL to continue his studies
In Paris he was . selected
by the Reds for guerrilla.
warfare training, smuggled
back into northern Greece
for the tail end of .the
Communist-inspired civil
war. Georgalas arrived too
?late for the ---aCtiTal fighting
and managed to avoid arrest
when the Reds 'were later
rounded up.
In 1949 Georgalas was sent
to Moscow to a school for
political commissars, where
he proved to be one of the
most promising pupils. It
was in Moscow that he met
his wife, who was a Greek.
refugee-from the civil war. ?;
Changes Sides
Georgalas' first assign--
ment after, graduating,. with;
honors as -a Kremlin agent
was in Budapest, where in,
1954 he was put in charge,
of the "Voice of _
Communist broadeasig
beamed to Greece. He was ,
in Hungary during the 1956
and:Communist . uprising.
. Whether this had anything to
do with his.decision to defect
to the West the following "
ApproVedaFor Release 2001/63f014?
A 6-1)
? lj r-
1./67 0
Qj Vi L.
? The opportunity ocourred-
e when he attended an In-
ternatidnal Youth Congress
held in East Berlin. He
simply crossed into West
Berlin, was picked up by the
CIA and was de-briefed.
Afterwards Georgalas
worked for the KYR, the .
- - -.-
Greek Intelligerice Servjce ;
?=RDP,80-01.601R000500220001-5
/
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0160
E 337-1 C01\-TGRESS:Cr?TAL 13..7.CCRD ? l'Exleils7w:s of Remarks
Ice opportunitits will be available on an
equitable basis among signidcant segments
of the population of unemployed persona,
giving consideration to the reletive Lumbar>
of unemployed persons in each such sag-
ment.
Section 9. Treining and nzan;;olver services
This section provides for training and
manpower services related to the public
service jobs, allowing 20 percent of the funds
under the legislation to be used for such
purposes.
Section 10. Special rcsponsibiLties of Ms
Secretery
Subsection (a) of this section provides
that the Secretary shall establish procedures
for periodic reviewa by an appeopriate agency
of the status of each peraon employed in a
public. service job under the legislation to
assure that (1) in the event that any parson
employed in a public service job under the
legislation and the reviewing agency find
that such job will not provide suMcient pros-
pects for advancement or suitable continued
employment,. maeirnum efforts shall be made
to locate employment or training oppor-
tunities providing such proenects, and such
person shall ba offered ap.peopriate assist-
ance in securing placement in the oppor-
tunity which ha cheeses after appropriate
counseling, and (2) as the rate of unemploy-
ment approaches the objective of section.
4(c) of the bill?when the authority for
further funding under this leeislatian would
be detriggered bacanae the overall unem-
ployment rate is falling below .1!:, percent?
or financial assistance will otherwise no
longer be available under the legislation,
maximum efforts 0,all be made to locate em-
ployment or training opportunities not sup-
ported under this legislation, and persons
who have been employed in. public service
Jobs under the legislation shall be oiTered
appropriate assistance in securing placement
In the opportunity which he chooses after
appropriate counseling.
Subsection (b) peovides that the Secretary
shell review the implementation of the pro-
cedures established under subsection in) at
Intervals six months afte.r funds are first ob-
ligated under this legislation -and at six
month intervals thereafter.
Subsection (c) provides for the Secretary
to reserve such amounts as he may deem nec-
essary to provide for a continuing evaluation
of programs assisted under this legislation
and their impact on related programs.
Section 11. Special provisions
This section contains general and adminis-
trative provisions.
Section 12. Spacial report
This section provides that the Secretary
shall transmit to the Congress at least an-
nually a detailed report setting forth the ac-
tivities conducted under this legislation, in-
cluding information on the extent to which
participants in such?activitles subsequently
secure and retain public or private employ-
ment or participate in training or employ-
ability development programs, and the extent
to which segments of the population of un-
employed persons are provided public service
opportunities in accordance with the pur-
poses of the 1e3islation.
Section 13. Deftnitions
This section contains definitions of terms
used in the legislation.
The term "public service" 13 defined as in-
cluding but not limited to work in such fields
as environmental quality, health care, public
safety, education, transportation, recreation,
maintenance of parks, streets, and other pub-
lic facilities, solid waste removal, pollution
control, housing and neighborhood Improve-
ments. rural development, conservation,
beautification, and other fields of human
betterment and community lenprovement.
The. teens "unemployed parsons" ineens
(Al peetons who ere witlioet jobs and who
anti are available for work., ene (B)
adults :"..":10 or trivet e; farainea receivo welfare
asslatence benedzs who arc deiermined by
the Secretary of Labor (in consultation. with
the Secretary of Ilealth, Education, and
Welfare) to be evalleble for work, and who
me either p21:30115 without Ins or parsons
at work in Ins proelding insure:dent income
TO enC:Dle such peraons and their families to
be selfssopporting without welfare atsist-
anc6. The deteretination of whether persons
are "without Jobs" shall be reene in accord-
ance with the criteria used by the Bureau of
Labe: StTISTiCS ol the Department of Labor
In denning persons as unemployed. This
definition of "unemployed persons" is not
applicable to the term. "rate of national un-
employmont (seaaonally adjusted)" used in
the trieeering provisions of section 4, which
term ref-era to the sceaonelly adjusted unem-
ployment statistics announced by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics on a monthly basis.
Section 14. Effective date
This section provides that the legislation
shall be effective upon enactment and makes
clear that the determinations with respect to
the triggering provisions of section 4(b) shell
take into account the rate of unemployment
for a period of three consecutive months even
though all or part of such peeled may have
occurred prior to such enactment.
CTREEIi. REE.IISTANCE LIVES
1;01i. DO:I ED-,",',7117),3
"O catteoaxta
IN THE: HOUSE OF ISEPRESENTATIVZS
Monday, May 3, 1971
Mr. EDWARDS of California. Mr.
Speaker, for the many millions of the
people of the world who loves Greece and
who pray for that great country's return
to representative government, the voice
of Melina Mercouri is one of courage
and hope. Indefalible in her efforts to
rally world opinion against the military
Junta that has now been in power in
Greece for 4 years, Miss Morcouri has
written for the New York Times of April
21, 1271, the following article that de-
scribes precisely the spirit of resistance
that still resides in that unhappy land:
GREEK RESISTANCE LITITS
(By Melina alercouri)
Paess.?We once had an unwelcome guest
in our house. It was during the wartime oc-
cupation of Greece by the Germans. Nati of-
ficers were *billeted in people's homes. We
drew Gunther. Gunther had a constant need
to prove that he was of the "master race."
He did so by brandishing an enormous revolv-
er and commanding us to watch him urinate
on the living room floor. Then he would wave
to us with the revolver and say:
"If you don't like it, why don't you do
something about it?"
I am reminded of Gunther when frienc:s,
or pretended friends, ask: "If the Greek peo-
ple detest the colonels' regime so much, why
don't they do something about it?"
Any fairLy impartial observer of the Greek
scene will tell you that at least. I repeat,
at least 90 per cant of the Greek people op-
pose the regime, which took power in a
coup four years ago today. Yet to date there
has been no large manifestation of resist-
ance. Can one then deduce that the Greek is
a coward? Let anyone tempted to think so
study the record of Greek resistance against
the Nazis. Their courage was an inspiration
to all el" Eerope. Their einciency was ap-
plauded by Churchill. Hitler, in what he con-
sleeved praise for the Greek fighter, spcke of
his "contemet for claaelt."
No, we Greeks llOTO no death 'a lain We
equate love of liberty with love of life. The
cheek is only too. v.-cll ewers that the colo-
nels' reeime subsists only by force of arms,
by conrt-roarilal and by torture. No knows
that Mr. Papodepoulos, who was the coord-
inator of the C.I.A. With the Greek intelli-
gence service, was an able studene.
He has created a vart spy system in Greece.
Spies are present in ovary office, in ever3
teats of eeeey schcol, in spores clubs, in
municipal aemloistratione, in public places.
The toerist, seduced by the sun and beauty
of Greece, may net know that the waiter
who serves him an euro, or tha taxi driver
who tekes hint to the :tampons, could be on
the spy payroll. But the *Greek knows it.
Yee if active resistenee is slow and cau-
tious in forming, the Greek has used another
weapon, the weapon of isolation. The col-
onels are isolated. They have only their tanks
and their spies. Not one single politician of
any stature has in any way joined or given
support to the regime.
Who supports them? Sed to say, their bul-
wark is the American State Department and
the American Pentagon.
Spokesmen for the State Department, In
justification of heavy arms shipments to
Greece, have stated that the Greek regime
-was. moving toward democracy. Permit me
to say that not only is tends not true, but also
the State Department knows it's not true.
Of course it would prefer that the colonels'
erect a more presentable facade, but so far
the results have been pitiful.
There are many Americans who deplore
and militate egainse their Government's
support of the Greek junta. We know them
and cherish them. There are others who
say:
"Of course we hate dictatorships, but there
are military considerations. Greece occupies
a strategic position. It is the southeastern
flank of NATO."
Let us then forget human considerations,
or moral considerations. La this foolish age
when peoplea assign their destiniee to Penta-
gon determination, let us have a look. at
military considerations. In time of crisis,
what kind of ally could the present Greek
regime be?
The junta, to stay alive, had to purge 2,000
officers from the Greek Army. These included
the very best of the NATO-trained forces.
Does not military consideration compel an
examination of uhat this means to the effi-
ciency of the Greek Army?
To name all the officers purged or impris-
oned by the junta would make a very long
list, but it is a list of men whose hostility
will one day explode. They resent bitterly
that the junta, to maintain power, has re-
sorted to bribe and purchase. Those who
were not purged saw their salaries tripled.
'Does a mercenary army melte a reliable ally?
I submit that for military consideration.
But there is a longer list. It numbers eight
minion. These are the Greek people. They,
who once admired the Americans, now see
them as the main support of their oppres-
sors. Admiration has turned to rancor. If in
rime Of crisis the American Pentagon be-
lieves that she Greek people would support
a hated regime, or would forgive the country
that armed them, they are making a historic
blunder, a blunder of monumental propor-
tions.
If the moment comes in which the junta
has to divert its rigid surveillance of the
Greek people because its army is needed
elsewhere, then as surely as night follows
day the Greek people will rise up and crush
them. On that day the question will no
longer be asked: where is the Greek resist-
ance?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For ReleaseineMni4;SIA-RDP8
21 APR iS71
{')
ter--1
,
eta'
?
? /
C,...i ;
This drawing drawing is by a 6-year-old Greclagirl
whose father is a political prisoner in that country
4-e,air a kdi,a- Resistance
By hIELINA alERCOURI
PARIS?We once had an unwelcome
guest in our house. It was during the
wartime occupation of Greece by the
Germans. Nazi officers were billeted in
people's homes. We drew Gunther.
Gunther had a constant need to prove
that he was of the "master race." He
did so by brandishing an enormous
revolver and commanding us to watch
him urinate on the living room floor.
Then he would wave to us with the
revolver and say:
"If you don't like it, why don't you
do something about it?"
I am reminded of Gunther when
friends, or pretended friends, ask: "If
the Greek people detest the colonels'
regime so much, why don't they do
Something about it?"
Any fairly impartial observer of the
Greek scene will tell you that at least,
I Twat, at least 90 per cent of the
Greek people oppose the regime, which
took power in a coup four years age
today. Yet to date there has been no
large manifestation of resistance. Car.
one then deduce that the Greek is a
coward? Let anyone tempted to think
so study the record Of Greek resiatanc-
against the Nazis. Their courage was
an.inspiration to all of Europe. Their
efficiency was applauded by Churchill.
Hitler, in what he considered praise
for the Greek fighter, spoke of his
Lives
No, We. Greeks have no death wish.
We equate love of liberty with love of
life. The Greek is only too well aware
that the colonels' regime subsists only
by force of arms, by court-martial and
by torture. He knows that Mr. Papa-
STATINTL
Department knows it's not true. Of
course it would prefer that the colonels
erect a more presentable facade, but
so far the results have been pitiful.
There are many Americans who de-
plore and militate against their Gov-
ernment's support of the Greek junta.'
We know them and cherish them. There
are others who say:
"Of course we hate dictatorships,
but there are military considerations.
Greece occupies a strategic position.
It is the southeastern flank of NATO."
Let us then forget human considera-
tions, or moral considerations. In this
foolish age when peoples asaign their
destinies to Pentagon determination,
let us have a look at military consid-
erations. In time of crisis, what kind of
ally could the present Greek regime be?
The junta, to stay alive, had to purge
2,000 officers from the Greek Army.
These included the very best of the
NATO-trained forces. Dees not mili-
tary consideration compel' an examina-
tion of what this means to the effi-
ciency of the Greek Army?
To name all the officers purged or
imprisoned by the junta would make a
very long list, but it is a list of men
whose hostility will one day explode,
They reseet bitterly that the junta, to
maintain power, has resorted to bribe'
and purchase. Those who were not
purged saw their salaries tripled. Does
a mercenary army make a reliable ally?
I submit that for militaryconsideration.
But there is a longer list. It numbers
eight million. These are the Greek peo-
ple. They, who once admired the Ameri-
dopoulos, who was the coordinator of cans, 'now see them as the main sup-
the C.I.A. \vide the Greek intelligence /port of their oppressors. Admiration
service, la.Y.P., was an able student, has turned to ,rancor. If in time of crisis
He has created a vast spy system in the American Pentagon believes that
Greece. Spies are ? present in every
office, in every class of every school,
in sports clubs, in municipal adminis-
trations, in public places. The tourist,
seduced by the sun and beauty of
Greece, may not know that the waiter
who serves him an ouzo, or the taxi'
driver who takes him to the Acropolis,
could be on the spy payroll. But the
Greek knows it.
Yet if active resistance is slow and
cautious in forming, the Greek hts
used another weapon, the weapon f,-,f
isolation. The colonels are isolate l.
They have only their tanks and their
spies. Not one single politician of atte
stature has in any way joined or givea
support to the regime.
Who supports them? Sad to say,
their bulwark is the American State
Department and the American Penta-
gon.
Spokesmen for the State Department,
. in justification of heavy arms ship-
ments to Greece, have stated that the
Greek regime was moving totvera de-
mocracy. Permit me to say teat not
the Greek people would support a hated
regime, or would forgive the country
that armed them, they are making a
historic blunder, a blunder of monu-
mental p rope rtio ns.
If the moment comes in which the
junta has to divert its rigid surveillance
of the Greek people because, it army
LI' needed elsewhere, then as surely as
night follows day the Greek people will
rise up and crush tieeia. On that day
the question will no longer be asked:
whereas the Greek resistance.?
Melina afercoura the actr'ess, lost her
Greek citizenship and property because
of her outspoken opposition to the
present Government.
"OnternPANitiVed For- Re I eas6Y2OrilifitY04 budA-RM0-01601R000500220001-5
-
?
Approved For Relearsre_2001/93.104 : CIA-RDP80-01
2
Ity )OS ANTE:5101,.-.3.3
ATHENS---I spent this Nev., Year's
Eve plantiro bombs at th,rece Alnar!can
targets in Athens.
I would leve called anyone a lunatic.
who would have. predicted this back in
.1f237 before the colonels backed by
Americans tool: over our country. As
otir 17CiA)1.1 5 n!tf:d, we. receivc word
that the booth at the American mili-
? tary canteen at Omonia Seinte went
off as did the one at the Congo Palace
'Hotel occupied by American military
personnel. Our contact who passed
near the third target at the .set time
reported back that there had been no
explosion.
We had to make a dl:ficult decision.
? This was the first time that one of our
? bombs had not gone?orf and we could
not risk the police finding the mecha-
nism intact. Someot.e h.oci to go ban..
? The youngest volunteered. We waited
? in the small hours of the morning, fear-
ful that he might:blow himself up as
two others of anotlr Organization did
outside the U.S. Endy,t?sy in ,c_o,ptn-do:,r,
? or that he might be caught and tor-
tured, as hundreds have been, until
ho reveale, everything. At dawn we
heard his footsteps on the stairs. As
. he entered, he took from under his coat
the detonator and the plastic ,explosive.
The day I was first approached by a
menfoer ofiE.M.A. (Greek Militant Re-
sistance) and asked to hide explosives
was the day I had to face myself and
- could no longer sect: refuge at the leo:el
of words. Lefore th7-t day I had resisted
my consa:nce with arguments of
cold reason: -"How 't Ca I fight a well-
. .
? .
?
OrSarl!",:(1 311C army, how can I
fight the junta which has behind it the
whole power o: the United States, how
can I hide onythinL; from the, connip-
otonce of the C.I.A.? It is absolotelyll
illo2,1cal that a few men iniproolsing ?
primifte arms should dare to try to
lift this dead weight of t.tel and con-
crete! which has fallen on cur coontry.
0: court,: it tov7.e,:cotr.t,lo to live
under this ei,::L'Atorship, to live v.-ithout
the basic free doms, the basic respect
for human beings, hut I an.: iMpotent?
and one mast face reality."
I tried another more clever argu-
ment: "V.'hy Lot concentrate on my
career, becoma first A success without
altogether denying my principles, and
then I?nreal my ideas in the proper
time rind? place? If all young people
did the same, then a time would crime
v.'11C!I the jnatan would fnil.undec the
pressure of the new geoeration."
The result of this "reasone.blethink-
ing" was that I soon. cl::spieed reason
and despised myself.' The truth was
that I did not want to rich my persooal,
well-being and security. Vhen I de-
cided to hide the bombs, I felt a sense
of enormous relief, of liberation, for
the decision to join the struggle was
the natural consequence of may beliefs,
of my whole life.
I might have remained passive if wa.
did not have our Greek pest, so many
killed, so much pain, SO many ..times
- having to build up from nothing. Per-
naps a would have reacted differently
if we had not so often been disillu-
sioned by the powerful of the world
trampling ea our ideals. I felt a ter-
rible pc,:t.zoal responsibility toward the
STATI NTL
People who believed in ideals and
suffered for them, both to these inothe
past and to those 17.110 today fill Circe%
prisoits. I had the feeling 1 had be-
trayed them.
?
low did such a change occur in me,
a person wino had no inclination to-
ward violence, and in others? That is
relly for. the powerful of the world
It' answer, the Nixons and in,.
revs, the generals and the diplomats,
who pie), a separate game fTom..the
people of the world. They have alien-
ated themselves from the real basis of
human life which is the happiness
peOple.
I have studied American history and
admired its great men from Lincoln to
Roosevelt. I cried at Kennedy's death.
We are :;brrt.? for what will fall on the
American people, it is not their leaders
who do the fighting in Vietnam nor
who will suffer for what their leaders
have gotten them into in Greece.
Though our strength is small, we
will go on, contributing to the larger
fig.ht in the world where the will of the
people opposes the leaders. Poti...er can
command, power can rule, hut t1i soul
of a people has a different kind of
power which cannot be suppressed for-
ever. The pOwer machine of the Penta-
gon cannot understand this as it is not
In-its technological dictionaries.
Our history shows that freedom is
born in pain. A price must bco set on
tyranny and the tyrants must pay the
price.
Elefilteros Anthror,'as. is ? liOnt de
plume of a young mcmbor of the Greet:
unde
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
? STAT! NTL
Approved For Release 20011031.04: CIA-RDP80-
DENVER, COLO.
ROCKY LIT. NEWS
M ? 192,279
S ? 209,887
1.11\R 197j,
On senaTors and Greeks
1
- THE SENATE FOREIGN RELA-
TIONS Committee, has published an at-
tack on the military junta ruling
Greece, and our colleagues of the East-
ern Establishment press are .giving it
favorable coverage.
They are billing it respectfully as "a
Senate staff report." its thrust is that
the American embassy in Athens is too
cozy with - the regime, which is mildly
dictatorial, and that the State Depart-
ment isn't doing enough to pressure
Greece back on the democratic path.
It turns out that the report is the
-work of two former foreign service offi-
cers, employed by the committee, who
spent a week in Greece. It's possible
they know more than the 86 State De-
partment people, 47 information offi-
cials, 7 military attaches and lord
knows how many CIA agents stationed
in Greece?many ortinTirfor years?but
we wouldn't bet on it.
The embassy is denounced for being
"quick to praise . . slow to criticize",
the ruling Colonels. (Is this bad diplo-
macy?) and the U.S. ambassador, Hen-
ry Tasca, is painted as an apologist for
the. junta. Imagine! An ambassador
hasn't provoked a row with the govern-
ment to which he's accredited. Natural-
ly, the committee is thinking of sum-
moning Tasca for testimony.
Throughout the report runs the idea
that it is up to the United States to do
something about the junta, and -to see
that Greece again has free elections and
parliamentary rule. .
This activism is strange ? coming
from the committee. We fail VI under-
stand how. Chairman J. William Ful-
bright can be so negative and isolation-
ist about Southeast Asia and so gung ho
about making Greece shape up.
None of this, we hope, will be taken
as a defense of the Greek colonels. It's
true that they overthrew an elected gov-
ermnent (albeit an inept, thaotic and
corrupt one) and use heavyhanded po-
lice tactics when challenged. But it's not
the business of the United States to re-
verse every- dictatorial regime. (If it
were, there would be more flagrant ex-
amples than Greece to start with.)
The Nixon Administration sends
arms to Greece not because it approves
of the junta; but because it wants to
bolster the southern, flank of NATO.
Also, it is in Washington's interest to
have, good relations with Greece in ease
the A-fiddle East blows up. -
Ther'Irtr-nmething arrogant in the
committee's view that the United States
knows what. is best for Greece. The res-
toration of Greek democracy is up to
the Greeks. After all, they developed
that form of government and had an ad-
vanced civilization when the ancestors
.of . most Americans were painting them-
selves blue or skulking in caves..
`
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 20011q3Aq4,4-ppiZ&A61-15
ir VI,C,' I ': ; i", C IT, t; r c--.1,?--,r?--'7 h ? Stockton views the colonels es proud and
------- .'''.----------- -- sensitive hldepandent nationarsts,- who are
/7 the tools of no outshle interests. He notes
YTI: P-IT, ? 1-,Th.) .7e. j k'
--1.., i [ .??' I. 'i,. f: i;: , C,..i. V: Y i', !...t I,'.. ' tile econonlic Fogress being roi:.de in the?
(
.;...if V :..".U.:t ;?:..1.; LEL/ ;:;. (!,.,16. ;01 .j. ?
country .ancl -sc'es the celon'els are guiding
?,,1 ."(l" l'ej.. -. the country toward a ? western type of
. ? . - ?
0. f! N ? MIT) OCr aCY, ? altho the American liberal
.s.-, -r- 4-, .
)!i...; 0 ,
t . .
establishment will not concede it fd. a
BY WALTER TRONAN minute. -'
, . .,. .
ASHINGTON, March ? 7--,- Books this praise is mixed with
v
. .
? ?i-t, which oil the rg--!.er of both the criticism. he details the blunders of
? ? vur a *
J
\,
left and the right can be ossumcd the 9ele'413,..i.nel9diPg the i17::111.-erit6rPeell"'
to contain a ge:r3ly measure of the truth. liar to many. of the military and' suspicion
Such a volume: is the recently published i 9f the press- He warns thai:the regime
"Phoenix With a Bayonet," an Ambrican 1Shcluld not: be driven :to seek closer ties
journalist's interim report of the Greek with Communism. He is critical of the
r 6 velut!on, :i5s112d slow pace of reform,? especially of the
by G e o r g e town1Greek burocracy. ?
Publications of Ann -l? ' .:::::: ,?-?.-'''??:.-..... i Stockton, -V..-ho lives hi Greece with-his
Arbor, Mich. . .-,:::--..-':.-::.?.. ? '''??,.7',, 1German wife and three children, is con-
Already the au_ i?'?-: ?,...?.:.?.?.?:?:.:,.......... - . Ivinced that if an? election were held to:
thor, B a y a r.d ,'.',.._.:- . ..?-:.::,._?"..:?.:"?i .., ' !rnorcow Premier PopadopcIous would be
Stockton, is -iv- C.,..?,.....:...--...1:::.-? .,. : ..1 I Ireturned to power because he has brought
.
jag the silen t --;:::',i-''? :-;-!?? .?-?.:T.ii:.. ;.'? . :.?1 !.
increased prosperity without runaway in-
treatment. The king, .an attractive figurehead,
' horn the . '.c-? '' ::?'...'--,: ??. .-::-.: ? ?I
liberal establish- :,::-?::'? ? '???? ?-?:1?-''--1--: may co:m.s. back some day as a result of
- . a free elcction. . ? .
meat because they --v. --,?.-,.,....?,.- ?,_ ?
. ? ?
H
are opposed i I, The author states that there is a warning
n .:":"?''.'. .???; , '
prineiplc.. to mut. 1 ...7..-?'.:::',...,- ::::'-i to itmericans in the Gree's crisis and that
tary ? regimes. T,,:,t, - -- -,.--?' ----- ???:-?--.?.---?...? ,...'; is that a definite threat exists that, some-
his criticism of the Trehan -? thing simitsr ceuld happen here. However,
junta, o ft en. by . ' this conimentator can't see any group of
American colonelstaking over th3 govern-
name, riake it d,3ubtful that the bock will
meat or even a inilitary base,: for that
ba republished in Greece or be applauled
by- the right. " -. matter. ? . - . . ..
'_The Greek case offers to the heart-
Still, his woA is of importance to all .'
sick, the dubious, the worciel and aimless
Americans bccanse it shows the geed the
and those. who yearn for authority a po-
:peaceful revolution has already accem-
te.ntial compromise between straight mill-
can interests, because Greece offers the
plishcl. It concerns an area vital to Allied-
dietatership?as often seen in. the
. i.t'Y
only anchorage for United States men of underdeveloped countries of the
..kr9vellhig
!.:%-liddle a
Est,. Africa allot latin America?
war in the Eastern 11-fediterranean sheuld
. .1and the . free-wheeling, prraissive be.v11-
. war expol...le..in the Middle East.
- ' 1 &red denecraey of the west," . Stockton
-' IfT will be y.nnoribered that on" April 20, I sys. "A powci? seizure. by the few is. an
.1t: ,a group of colone.ts ?seizod power easy solution for indolent communities
a revolution which did not cOst a sin* :whose faith in their own systeln and whose
We. Tileir lea':er.wes and is Gect...!:. Papa.- 1 willinguess to galvemize Cut -way of life
dopolous, a plIllosophoe-so:dicx, wilt) l!Ti3F.:S. i into positive, democratic activity, is .too
some -clay to bring free ?eleetions to his :weak." s- ? - . - ?-.. .. .
.country or says he does.
- King ?Constantine, a personable young
charmer went into exile. This common- .
.tator tnet and talked with the former king
when he. was -crown prince, so he can
. claim a morsel of personal knowledge.
The king attempted to regain power late
in 1957 .in an abortive coup Which Stock-
..
ton details.' . . ..-,-.
Greek. exiles, who have managed to -
release :much of. their passion and pro} .
udice in - the American press., . have .,
charged that the American military and
1 . -
the Central Intelligence Agency master-
minded the military take over. They have
told many stories of cruelty and terror,
i.:.4viai*-6i:i414--e's 2'15151'16-3/04 : CIA4RDP80-01601R000.500220001-5
. STATINTL
Approved For Release 2001/93/04 : ciA-RDppo-o
rap:, :Jas.
tarc
On .senaors and
rri
1HE Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee has published an attack on the
military junta . ruling Greece, and our
Collegues of the Eastern establishment
press are giving it favorable coverage.
- They are billing it respectfully as -"a
.Senate staff report." Its thrust is that
,? the American Embassy in Athens is too
co* - with the regime, which ? is mildly
dictatorial, and that the State Depart-
Ment isn't doing enough to pressure
Greece back on the democratic path.
It turns out that the report is the work
of two former Foreign Service officers,
employed. by the committee, whO spent
a week in Greece. It's possible that they
know .more than the 86 State Depart-
ment people, 47 information officials, 7
military attaches and Lord knows hoW
many CIA agents stationed in Greece
Many of them there for years ? but we
wouldn't bet on it.
? The embassy is denounced for being
"quick to praise . slow to criticize"
- the ruling colonels. (Is this bad diplo-.
? macy?). And the United Statesambas- ?
?sador, Henry Tasca, is painted as an
apologist for the junta. Imagine! An
-ambassador hasn't provoked a row
* With the government to Which he's
,STATINTL
accredited. Naturally, the committee is
thinking of suminoning 'rasa: for testi-
mony.
Thruout the report runs the implica-
tion that it is up to the United States to
do something about the junta and to See
that Greece again has free elections and
parliamentary rule..
. This activism is strange coming from
the committee. We fail to understand
how Chairman J. William Fulbright can
be so negative and isolationist about
Southeast Asia and so gung ho about
making Greece shape up. .
None of this, we hope, will be taken as
a defense of the Greek colonels.' It's
true that they overthrew an elected gov-
ernment (albeit an inept, chaotic and
corrupt one) and use heavy-handed pc-
lice tactics when challenged. But it's
not the business of the United States to .
reverse every dictatorial regime. (If it
were, there would be more flagrant ex-
amples than Greece to start with.).
? The Nixon Administration sends arms
to Greece not because it approves of the -
junta, but because it wants to bolster
the -southern flank of NATO. Also, it is
in Washington's interest to have' good
relations with Greece in case the Middle
East blows up. ? ..
There is something arrogant in :.the
committee's view that the United States
knows what is hest for Greece. To resto-
!ration of Greek democracy Is up to the
-Greeks. After all they developed that
form of government and had an ad-
vanced ;civilization when the ancestors_
:of most Americans Were painting them,:
selves blue or skulking in caves.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 :.CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5.
1
STAT I NTL
Approved For Releas#1,3991/03/04 : CIA-RD
18 J.,111.1ARY 1971
WHAT THEY SAY ABOUT THE COLONELS
T'Nct 'CT-)
LNJ V l!snaronCsrojin-,_'_, ?1/4D
U
Pew, editor and .associate publisher of the Troy (Ohio)
, Daily News, has made three trips to Greece since the military
coup of April 21, 1967; to gather information and conduct
? the interviews for this article. His most recent visit was from
September to December of 1970. The three trips to Greece
since the ?military take-over were preceded by a one-year resi-
denee (1964-65) by the author and his wife, and by other
trips to Greece that date back to the early sixties.
Athens
At the Athens International airport my wife was subjected
-to a thorough body search. All women on the flight re-
ceived the sarae treatment. Landing as we did soon after
the multiple hijackings in the Middle East, we had grown
accustomed to the strict security precautions that had; be-
gun in Dayton, Ohio, and increased in thoroughness as we
app.toached Greece. But my wife and I were at first at a
loss to understand this search of body and luggage in
Athens, since xs?e: had deplaned and were not transferring
to another flight. -
It was too late, as far as we and the other pas-
sengers remaining in Athens were concerned, to hijack
an airplane. it wasn't until several days later, when we
were discussing the airport procedure iith some Greeks,
- and after the events surrounding the visit of U.S. Secretary
- of Defense Melvin R. Laird, that the reason for the search
became obVious. ?
The Greek aUthorities Weren't looking for weapons or .
bombS bound for the Mideast; they were merely using this
as a cover to look for weapons or bombs meant for local
use. Why the, women were particularly singled out is &till
not certain, but it's a good guess that somewhere back
.along tile course, Greek security had received a tip that
a woman was bringing something into Greece that would
not be approved of by the colonels.
But as we had returned again to Greece to find out just
what the Greek dictators do and do not approve (and
there are items a lot milder zhan plastic explosives on their
unapproved lists); and, in turn, to discover the extent to?
which the people approve or disapprove of the colonels,
. the.airport experience was a good occasion to start asking
our question:. "What. do you, as a Greek, think 'of_ the
? 'colonels?"
The first- answer came from a professional man,
who elaborated freely on the reasons for the opinion he
expressed: ? -
Power has gone to their heads. Like a Greek dancing
? high on ouzo, they are so intoxicated by their position
they hardly know what to do with the people they have
absolute rule. over. .
.With all this troUble in the Middle East it suits the
United States to keep these. guys on here, and we find
that an absolutely disgusting motive on the part of Amer-
ica. Can you blew: us? TheA, Ahe cp.lon.els] learned the
tricks they useN1149145M-Fgr Mal EMS0,2001403/
CIA and they learned and used them well.
. .
Now the United States military treat our cictators as
? though they are all brothers of the same "free world"
military fraJernity. These Greek brothers are celebrated'
as some of the boys who have really hit the big time.
I mean, they have a whole country at their dispcw.1, not
just an army. Your own military people love them and "
admire them..
You 'should have seen the reception the colonels got
from the Sixth Fleet when it was here. The U.S. sailors,
poor lads, were all dressed out on the decks of their
ships, cheez-ing our colonels-L.-military men of. Greece
exemplifying what the good 'army life can lead to. God,
what a farce it all is. Only for us Greeks it's .beginning
to wear a bit thin. -
Just how thin- the eation could wear was. emphasized
? by the bomb blast that thundered through the Athens ,-
National Gardens on October ?1, ,moments after Secretary
Laird had laid a wreath at the tomb of Greece's Unknown
Soldier a few hundred yards away. But the bomb blast
aside, the Greek military junta has hardly been, able to
. contain its glee ovef the visit by Laird and his travel-
ing companion, Adm. Thomas Moorer, chairman of the
U.S. Joint Chiefs ot,Staff. Laird is the highest ranking
U.S. official so tc honor the colonels since the take-over,..
? and his coining to Greece is viewed by both the rulers
and the people a; the final stamp of American approval
? on the military dictatorship:
The degree of official satisfaction is best illustra.ted by' a
translation from the Athens newspaper,..Flefalieros Kosmos,
(Free World). Beneath the headline, "Laird: I repre-
sent Nixon," the story read: ? "Laird's arrival in Athens
coincides with exceptional and loss; crucial feament in.
the Mediterranean and the Middle East. . . aTheSe anxi-
eties were stressed by Laird. . . . ? It is significant that .
Laird finds Greece a true_ ally standing firm. to its obli-
gations, thanks to the insight of the revolutionary leader-
ship."
Another Greek :newspaper, the Nea Politeia, was ?
even more blunt in describing the terms of the embrace be-
tween the two Pentagons (the Greeks have named the
building housing their military establishment after its.
American counterpart): "U.S. leaders fully realize that a
nation, however big and powerful it may be, cannot de-
pend exclusively on itself and needs the cooperation and
support of friends and allies, on whose frank cooperation
and support it can count as long as its policy towards
them is based on equality and avoids any unreasonable
interference in their home affairs." "Interference in home
affairs" is here obviously meant to read: just keep the
arms and ammunition coming and leave your "unreason-
able" democratic principles at home.
It is no wonder the- colonels view the Laird visit with
such complacency, -since it Came within a month after the
United States .announced that it would resume. sales of
heavy arras to Greec.,The resumption had begun sacret7:_a
04n!ceiA-Rrip8lver1so 4RICRY01500220110f*n
colonels to another, so to speaa?and came to neaon aniee
;as, much military aid as was authorized by Conga ess. Bat
STATI NTL
:hr)s
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-R
10 icji0
?
'? ----,? ?Th,-(--;; 1-, C.i.
' 4 ' ' '' '' t. I .? ,.--?! r; ;,- '
J. ?i .'1.r'.' . ,_.;:_ ....,. ...,....._._. _. ,...."
. .. , li i?-- '1 ;'? I, 1'. -:
(,)
1
1 .
' CI-Cia:..:,:!:-:-: :;:al..-1:-: --?'.'j-?:.c:', .;:::.
-,--. , ??,.? 1 -
,... ,,,, ?. , , ,_, .......-....: . ........., Ii?..,.::?1:L ?...,%,?1:-? eXP:I'''''...i :?-? f.2'1::'
,..- C., Lt?c? ;;,,,,...11!.:ml,t. ' - .V., ? - '-' ?-,'-'-?-?-, ???' --; .1-0(..?1 !II (.:ireCe to tout: in a
. Did 0.,,,,;?, :,..?....., ,,..?,::..., ,..c;0...... rf. rill :1....ary .1..:-,...--....-t-.r.v..-.:": zi:-....-.
.., ... i..?., ;,.... , ?..... political campaign \vith
, sympathetic It.: 1.7.1c a,:tii.111.4 1.:1:-?'t 'C.:- I. '...0 L....... '? "."?. '''' ''''.' 1 1 1 1 i 11 1 1 i
, ? : of 7.111 j.; ant, in 4,1;,0, is..,...i.c.:. ,ityi Ausolinu .n ,ne s,.ya-t o..
? States? - Portiug a dictatorial solu- the 'We!--"teen eteinperaci.es.
. .
t:-. t -t. ? --, .rt. : ?7 c,,...., Little did the 't,7nivof,-n
,?t.....t
case l.` T.:tet...:1:?:?);:: i-o., ' tton in Greece.
- d tr:e now to iln6.--2?:.stt-ttici. the Di was vesiioned ,,i,aut of Atinneotit graduate reit-
. - ...
lize hack in P543 (when
znentality thinfjs? I kittllw IIOLiUIIfI lt,t.; ma the Imittlt--???Ane
aryl tt-hicli in fact I dre,?ts in a denlist's 01:10c2
: they few t e j ite?r.- (lid not exkt," added in that she
).--ipanducou, ? %,'I?111(1 e e en-
.. is ,nat? cularly concerniug 1 con-
. there 1)1 4.4y 1-,-hich II1Y hus- CretA -rlto
`-'?V ";*il"t1;1L J. iii 11\\*RS sto,Tosed to
? 1.,1zr.?:"...:::r;_?,., ;??.:.,..,-.7:?-.-??rs itt'll"e)- to ' e D-2 nave , t ?-?
? " 'r
refoi tits he felt NVere badly
4 out of (lreeee and
flu CC In a (01. Pi trying
? Greece out of NA,'170."
?
orofes,:or of eennenties at
C-lit-:,?-?.;,'_: prilt-,-., ittin7..t.t.t-_- trettl PT .11 cl I 17 :rni-lat.;',:ll".-f; I 'lite outsp017.en author - --
..:..,. ...-,...,,...?-.1,-.; 1--.7-., ?:.--e,-.?01-,i--..,:t tti.t.l.: ."1?41 7-i?-? 't , ,? ? ? se?-ertil .Anierie?an urtiver".
I...,...' 4...........,'2,...,,,..._ '...,.... ,,-._..,...,,.. ,.., -? ';??????? ? . ? ' ' ? I ?- ?1. -r, -- ,-. '11,0 11 I., If C? , ,
? ? I ? 1 . ? ' '
C ''''''''''' '''':.1.:.'.-.- (:''' 1 i ..:'1?: 1 ' 1 ''C'.1 0:;Il.CCe:';', ....' i botherod tlie?t tl?.-t niost s"es'The11-11-1'111g UC Berke-
- (it: es- t i ct II. i ilea 1:,,o,,,? ! ley.
1.:-.?,. 1.,-...,...e,:. tt..,:....,,7 v-Ni..t.%. Li e ;Yee 1.1.1 v.?-anti-,, -:?'-, ???? i \t?as that 1 v,-tis a woinan - .
......._. -
1 e 1 "0 ti r involveinent in
t
t t ":;:s-11-s? in 1-,tist':-:," '1???_ ? thr'--:-'-'ve's ''-1.--' e :7:"'7"-;'--1?:'''
r:?ol.?. ,--..-e-l..? ' '? ? -? t.l. ?,
? thl-,Y c,10,,:',, .-i f?l! ?tF-z-"-1-l-y-?---'.l--? t ?11''--?:.7.;-
l -dCliuteinl:,- ,a" ffth-s eune o ngr
- ' 1 Cat i 00 ht Greekpotieal f i -c:1)hlined.m r as-
.
,-j.. ? T,,y . (lintA hk, Pert-,:ofireou '< Reline- in
It1 LS; I.,..: l. - `,- ? ? - ' , ?-? Ct
."?''''.???'.? -7 ?I'''?-??' -.? "..fs ? C'' a r:'-'-i'0:.%',-V. IL ... L:'' ?'''' C" 1:..11t. rilhey v,1.,,:med I \?.as it.).59 when -we arrived in
. .
l'7"-- ?---t"--. (-? "---:-- ---1- . t..1 ec-.-.ec.c., s,vr,e-.7e I:IO 10:::::- , A th e n s .-.,vit.11 0 it r four
t-,.,;;',,,... ;-_,,..-- ;7?.;,_;T. ?-:!..,..]:-,..! -,:?--,i..,?-:.'..? I do ?.?117 ol ',Lc pc..-ol:,:c..- .....:.?..7.... o.-i-i?? ''..i"g ff'i. inleric'r"" hirc?ii for a. rui?i?ilit
let.: t,...?:,_:_:- h-.,.-:o..:?.-i,llt., a -...;.a.-,--!.. .li !):'e-,...:::c.,cl 1-f..,,. a. 1:?:ctliet-,, slat the United States when ,yez:.r of sti.tdy.',
? .7.i?-.,t:l. i7;1;.r..'r :??:?::7!..2fl7.. I 1 3 .tt , ..: 3.,;P.3.-.2 110 pfi.2.-- P,i: ( il al 1 V I\1, III1 1!..aS h i..
1-1,.-0,-,,,i,",;?irocia had hoc-_:y1
..,.......:,-...,1.. .?:.?,.....-..n,.--:?.y.;-:?:..?17. 1 te.,,? ..., ....?,,;...,.., ,,,,..-,,,...,;.. 111,.! 1:nitcd St-li C3 31 Ot t? g10 f.r0111 1.7C. a yo.,11-, re-
. e.'-Itro .h tit siinPlY to tl',1' rlr'd for lialf.a ,--ear air d
- -
.1'i:tent :."..::;.7.:.4:,4:-...? ..',7-;::::,?"....:?,yi ;; ritY stolsY, allj-t(7.0.t;lt "I have stide its stndport of tlemo-, then ioft?ag,,i.1-, for orcsoi,c,
??;...2,-,;,..-,.tc,--,1 K. r,t-?,-_,;,,,,, --7.i.e,-,,, c;,.?2.:,7?z , trier"; to 'ne...1-.7.r...7.i?-?-...,' at_ltnit,- emtie. rule in Greeee." . this time to fulfill a joh as
? .2-;?:.--.t....7,-,..:r?t! , ,-.,:,;(--? :r ;.,, . t C 311 I V.; ..?.;C, 0 111111 C . (I 1 1: e C tO I: to the
ie,7.e.t?---,--i-...r.....,-, ':,i..7 ba.T;,..2-,?,:_ "Thaite ;-,i2e ti:-,-?,:..s -,,,or,r,,-.-1 .1 1-?0110.,\,,018. the hearing, lillar.h.? tif Gr ecce and to di-
.4,..t,-,--:,Th..,,i--, -0-_,,,i2,1,-..?.?.....-? ccli,..e n-ty fatlt,---r-iii.-la..\V
oc ' fc,-...,,t,,...., (0 rC:ei:,:!?':3 .4..?Trl-iir.27 rr l' ! ri-i o -..t.. a r g a r e t Pap,truIrcott o 1 1.-I:.(r,?17.0.ctlil,,,ei;;?z.,er1(.1..t11-111. 0-1 Ec'.1-
?.potA.,,,, ;;;...,,,,,,_?rtc.....e. -1;:,, z..., ?:.:-:.-,,., rninister,7 Clea,-..-e :i?-ta-,-5;,,,-.,.. countl she had gained eon, ' ,i.,,.;1.1, 31-10.1 iths pa..,z.?ed
, ti;.:.3. ;."...:1,:r.:.: ?7:ri..-ii:-...1.1:',;?:".
.? ? - . , CI -.L.CY,r) and. ray wn ?1-a-
sit:lei:able notoriety. 7Cile? a,1,1 _\,,,,iro,,,,; roccil,-,-.,.d his
next clay Dr: -picture ?was .. , - . ,
et-.,. (?,.:-? v,--,--7.-.'?,ttic: 1)a-flit's ael,i.o:x.t. . ,
tits, niast tro.n. tile rigni..-.-
1.1?:)olt-.c??-!-ii, .-'./.,:?:?:-,,-i r,!??.-,-,.'-- 0,-,..!.:.T. "The hc,01,-. -.r.i..:71&;--?:..,-, ;..1.,..-. printe;-1 on the' front pT,t, ,
- fa:co.:it,- f.1-,t..i fir!.i.-.71 Gi,,.2,?_,a.... --,,, not-no ciesi.i-,;,? ,,,,'',,,,,-,,:; 7 ?,:?. . of a Greek ne?,\-spap- ? --'1 il'? 11''S:3 in 'c'T's.Pcm? to
?.1 ,,,It-
.....-.-e.t-,,,?-,!. ?_,.-.-;,-..?7... c..,.-..-?:?:.-.:,,,--....,.. -tha- Cr,i.:::1.-: 1-.K...-c?,1, 0.0111. next. to it a picture Of :\ fa- .1-.-?1-'''...J-? '''.-: :'..-11-6.11.11-Cl r'?.-
....,
Ca.71::,,,_:.;,.. ,.,::.,,,r,..e J.,;_r?,.,,,2;..i., r,,,-.1;_-.,... ;.-,trc?-,....,, ,...,,..0,...,Th to 1.1tilne Ntt. `.17 he part-.11.1e1 ??(''-r'''''.'llcnrig l';:t(iii'ttl chan-
t-lc:1,7,fL?;,,,,?-ae.r.;?,.t,:-, *the ' junta n-?-_-,-,,,;:ii:;-.2.7' )?:-,/,-, -drawn was that T, too, ha . f.,`:'s LI ..-;,;1'?e?L', e'1,1-.le"..:4-...i1i.
.
. pro,t.-_,:s7e.t?.t.. ;tr., f2.c..2.-.:.-.so.,?-,--&, z,,?_-, -porr7ter. ,.;.7... :...: Cr 1.::. I': 1.1. rC.7:1I r-ttaelsed 1 11? (2-1--A?" ? . 1.0 1-a.:10. - .1IS fir.allOW,*(1S Or
I'atert \vherl Carl11-)aili" 'Ping.'"1113 will' s'sl'Il.. - '
? ? . ?;... y:: t. t. 1?!-, .,,I.Ithol-zt, (... ??,..,-_,. ?i?:. 1.31g 111101 'Ii Greece- lvitli ?"At that point Ai-ich?o;1.s
? . Erl,....,. -0?,.)::, e.:,..p.:,......_,,,_.; ?,i1..,, :.?;!--,0?,,,ifa.,-,, ?,...,,,,,3 -.?;-?,,-..,y.):?.-1_ II-0:.:1.? hushaii(1, -who by. thea had docided to reentor
..?._.....?. ___,,, ,,- , _ ,"... ? ' L. - 1,,:id becon-R.-! his fat; Ices Cr rerl'k. 1)01 itir.'S ,V .1.114 his fa-
l: r.) . .V.':.'"?.r. .3 '.t'..;"",;.? "'?,...;" -
,? ,? i 1 ; L?;1';',. ';'?'',;',-. i1----??? 1, - ? lC'll?-h-fficl if-mil ni..(1. 11.1- tiler, 111e11 Carit::? 1.11c? coi.ip
:?tlili2.,...7.:i.1.-..!,, - i,.6 ,i.,1-..c.,..,-i,!_y,An i ?-?,- ; '-;?'.'???`-',- ti.U.k. i-,i'j-,;;.' .3' ' - r? ' ' ? L I
,./.,;;?-.,`1,-;:, 1,, . - :?,, . : ?, , ; ???,?--,.. ?;,.,?,.,,..... ,,1. , ,?.?, 1'11-31.",111:ent, to Icador,lnip or ,,,.-i(l. elL.;[.,,, luli::, .11!01 it his In_
?''' 1,1:-.-; GeplOC1-it le, .oppo.-;1ijon, 1)1.1...?sou. not 1,-n)v.-ing tt-hei h.-.
?????-?-,,?'..?-?-?,...:{ .2.:L ::::.!.!?,,?.j.....r. ..?,.., ..1 '-,.: i).:.1?12.,:; ?0:: j,?,,j::?."-:1..- ..?
PiS,L;ZI: I.: L-7.1'-'.;,::?:,.:!. I Vi.;11-i''.. ... C:L"J"' .:'(: "fa':2 1.7-;:; l'?11-.'":!..- :\ 1 a r g a t? e t Paoatull:eott er A31(7fees' life 1v0u1'1 he
so cdrl'hes.e \1 IC tittles
;o ?,' --- -".. j i'',..' ''' '''' '-' - E'-''."'""1-1 the "ec?1;"Ile''?
trutotyn 0:,`.: . O. ..-:.ci-v...:22-,.,- of 10 i) ii1(.1 i'w:-.;pa iv."
li.n,...:-.-..,1?J.:1,: tir.ls ::nd 'Ye:??? ,,, i 4, 4 ro
nte-..17?, 7 ?,.v.-....: suitity,f-...,., li---- v?L (1i3cuvl-A.'-:'` `n" v'''' I To has this turmoil ttf-
liD,:: .1..?.C;,.,7 ,.....;.-7,. .,., _ I i ,,...... ,;. .
1 I.''. -gt71:s arta 3.0nh:?:> P201)10 !lad . feet et.1? the lives of the Pa-
,.
i37;2 fro :I.-, r--- 'I---../ 1;?-l.l.,7'-i:L., 1.).,1 wry pfeitsed Witli ? ptintireous' four eliilt.',.ren,
ant,: intt-trro.::,.1.,?2d t7,?... four 1.,...ciat I il??(/ (1,;),..,,c,?; Di?n.i.0?., 1 (leorge, . 1.8, Soidltia, 16,
h??-?:: 't
?i-,. ot ..._-1;3,?,,..,t,i,-_,,!i,..?..,.,,,.-2.,,,-,i?ai;-.. - -'..:;:'?,..........,0;,, .,.,..7:.,.., our tours not orily.d.RI they. \lek' 1.1' `1?11(1 j\!1('Il'-'?' 11'
...l- r ,-.. e 7.7 ,-.1 ? ci t?e i t CIA-RDP80-016
.a?Anrwor?????????????amea............
PITTSBURGH, PA.
POST-GAZETTE
- 24,938
. .
, ,) 7-------*
fi * *
us-reece (ct, iv ELECTRICITY has b e e ii '
. _ . .. brought to the ? villages' ande-
-, . peasant debts exceedincr $330'
Th 17 1 ' the Ce'r---' ' r? ?
.,...., ..... 4 - 4 a 4 ., .4_ _ '- ? ' ..... k..1 't .were caScei." hd by the agricul-
.,
p Lt , Trp_.. 0 611 1. ' :i ?, .; il ? p ( .4 ? 0
. .
. . ? . twat bank. The fiscally con-n
.a.a- /111 - - - 1 1, .,..1 : servative Averoff sees this aS.
-I, i- g CV 4-' \ 1-'1 Q i 1.21, , - .
. ?
Orillirie07113 Se q.Y.0' . JIAL;',1-.1)'ulie-'1,1c-4-elL but one example of maladmin-,
ATHENS ? With the press
tightly censored and the army
firmly in control, there's not
much the _
Greek demo-
crats can do
to restore de-
mocracy e x-
cept hope that
Western n a-
tions and es-
pecially h e
.United States
pressure t h e
Colonels into Mr. Averoff
gradually relinquishing power.
? -- The rumor here is that the
reason neither Russia nor the ,
. Greek communist party is
. doing much against the re-
- gime is that Moscow believes
continued martial law is mak-
ing conditions ripe for a take-
over.
, Official U.S. sources claim
most of the professional Greek
armymen would like to see the
government broaden its base
and. not rely so much as it
does on the milital-y. These
sources are somewhat confi-
dent that the junta allow
municipal elections in the, fall
of next year or on the fourth
anniversary of the "revolu-
tion"; that is, the Colonels'
coup of April 21, 1967. led by
' Col. George. Papadopoulos,
. who was a Greek intelligence
agent serving as liaison officer
between the KYP 'the Greek
CIA) and the U.S. Central1, Intellizelmee Agency.
Evangelos Averott, the
much respected foreign minis-
ter-in the right-wing Cararnan-
lis government from 1953 to
1963,. sees the future a little
, differently. A member of the
ERE (National Radical
Union) conservative party, he
foresees the possibility of the
dictatorship perpetuating it-
self as in Spain...
* * *
AVEROFP, 12 years older
rtTlawn aon4t1hirflaikliaisfacci For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
? I
? ; istratio "The
.By Ralph Z. Hallow
fost-Graeti??? Editnri5i Writer . ? ;
says that some high-ranking
army men are saying among
themselves that the "revolu-
tion" has failed, that they
should return the country to
democracy .and that the army
shouldn't mix into politics.
This he sees as an opening
wedge for his plan to join the
present government, giving it
the respectability it sorely'
needs and has been unable to
get (the Colonels have com-
pletely failed to co-opt a single
respectable or respected dem-
ocratic politician into lending.
his name and prestige to the
junta by accepting a portfo-
, ho).
The tradeoff would be that
to get Averoff now, the junta
would have to sign publicly a
pact stipulating that elections
would be held soon, on a
? specified date.
The junta, he believes, is
,attracting some young Greeks
to it bui simultaneously seirl-
ing most Greek youth into tie
ranks of the "Maoist-ty?e
groups" who promise dircct
action against the dictator-
ship.
His is obviously a vulnerable
position, allowing his critics to
call him an opportunist or
even a collaborationist. Not.
even his own party endoses
his back-door approach. .
"There are many politieians.:
whose passions drug them into.
wanting what is not pmsible,
not practical," rejoins- N'37. Av-
croft, adding, "This d'ctator:
ship will end either through..
compromise or b 1 o o d.
against blood."
"That's why an accommoda-e
tion with the Coloneb must be,.
made to bring eemocracy
back" before the youth is
lost," he says. . .
Even the junta's dedicated.
opponents, howev>r, concede.
some accomplishments by the.
re itne. ?
economy 1!
, y s
turning over but' with conspica
uously disquieting signs. We.
are eating today the bread of
tomorrow," he wrote. in the
Sunday Times (of London) a,
year ago. He still believes,
that.
As for the junta's much-her-
aided morality ? even puri-
tanism ? Averoff believes he,
can point to more corruption:
and favoritism now than wheii
the politicians 'rule d.
worse now because there's niri
free press to watchdog thi:
government.
? ,
"Some 300 members of par-
liament did a little dirty work:
under the democracy; today,'
it's 5,000 officers doing it,"'
according to critics:
* *
"GREEKS know this," sny.
one democratic politicians bit-
tory, "hut the Americans in;
Greece do not."
Anti-Americanism ? whiCf:!
may account for the open'
hostility I personally encoun-')
tered as an American in sev-
eral contexts from Greek work--
ingmen ? is beginning to!
form, according to anti-junta--
politicians because many
Greeks think the Colonels -are
sponsored by the Americans...
The attitude of some official
-
U.S. personnel here did notil$
ing, in my opinion, to contra
diet that assessment, and that
unfortunate thesis may ac-,
count for the apparent Ameni-
canizationof the present:
Greek tragedy, the last act a
which the Greek people shall,
write themselves, even to tM
last letter ? Z.
VI
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RD
,CHICAGO, ILL.
SUN-TIMES
,
- 541,086
.S - 697.966
,
BOok-.10 2 4 1970 j
STATI NTL
At'-rest and torture in Greece.
By George Anastaple
Both "House Arrest" by Helen Vlachos (Gambit, $6.95) and ? ?
. "Barbarism in Greece" by James Becket (Walker, $5.95) ad- .
dress themselves to the .conscience of free men in the West by
' laying bare the deceit and torture needed to maintain in power '
-. the tyrannical regime of junior army officers who overthrew
h. Greece's government in April, 1967.
? He 1 en Vlachos was, before the colonels struck,
, Greece's most distinguished publisher and editor. She was
i? known by everyone to be royalist, conservative, anti-Commu-
nist, wealthy and influential. When the colonels came, she
i
; promptly shut down her newspapers ? and kept them shut
. down despite repeated efforts by the colonels to entice and
; - then to force her to resume publication. Her refusal to collabo-
rate led eventually to house arrest (with her husband) and
fthereafter to her escape to London/
: MRS. VLACHOS' BOOK is valuable for her reflections upon
what a free press means today: She sees "the good journalist
s...... . as the last of the free adults in this regimented world." She
A Y
not only recounts the coming of the colonels, with their tire- .
:, some claims of having saved Greece from communism, but
1 she also exposes their claims as false, self-serving and even
, ludicrous.
.. The coup was partly made possible by the imprudent feud- '
1 - big from 1963 to 1967 of the politicians, Imes:. and Palace of .
1 Greece. What makes Greece both exciting and vulnerable is a
. developing sense of self-importance. Each Greek is prepared ,
'
to lead his country to glory, few are prepared to submerge' ;
? themselves (except in the face of foreign invasion) to a coin-
/: mon purpose.
? . '
LIBERALS CONVENIENTLY DETECTED inch an invasion i
In the maneuverings in Athens of the American CIA. Con-
servatives were more effective. in conjininrifirldfeign .'
:. threats, partly because of the distorting legacy in Greece of a
1 cruel civil war a generation ago: They could, Mrs. Vlachos ?
admits, publish "whipped-up warnings of 'Communist danger,' .
always a useful pre-election vote-winner for the parties of the
I right. in which we had also indulged." ,
However responsible Mrs. Vlachos may have been for con-
, tributing to the political paranoia and the self-righteousness of
,
'. the colonels (they were among her most devoted readers), she .
was perceptive enough to see that such upstart extremists i
't
: could not be the saviors of Greece?and she was courageous
; enough to immediately declare herself in opposition to them. .
i The American government, on the other hand, allowed itself to ?
i be taken in by the colonels' pretensions. :
i MRS. VLACHOS HAS tong been among those Greeks who ,
? ', ' are "genuinely pro-American, believing our.s4)ves very lucky ,
- ..../ , as a small and isolated nation to have :I-- .- z.nd support of (
. this great democratic power. And r?... .: ,cerely, in (the)
e
. , early hours of the Junta coup, not con;t ,,,=. t.vo not aecept it as
't; an American-conceived plan, but we ekpectt?(.: a violent reac-
.tion against it Asopsoat,et*Asefttioase 2001/03
Helen Vlachosi "Whipped-up warnings
. : . in which we also indulged."
But the American attitude toward the present Greek regime .1
need not depend on our desire to help restore "freedom and
democracry" to this faithful ally. What we can and should
insist upon, if we are to continue our considerable support of
the present regime, is a minimum of decency. On this question -
James Becket, a sober American lawyer. Is decisive in his
"Barbarism in Greece." ?
BECKET CAREFULLY DOCUMENTS, with illustrations-I
drawn front a dozen case histories, the extent to which the
most brutal torture has been deliberately and systematically
used the past three years (on more than two thousand men
and women in a country of only eight million) to crush resis-
tance movements and to. discourage political opposition in
Greece. Prolonged torture has been Inflicted upon priests, con-
servative3 and army officers (including, to our shame, some
Who fought with us in Korea), as well as upon libeials and, '
Communists.
.; The names are given by Becket of 126 torturers and of 32
places of torture, as are the names of 426 tortured people and
of 12 Who have been "killed by the authorities" (including, we ?
are told, an 8-year-old boy who was tortured "to force him to
reveal his father's hiding .place"). So far as we know, no
policeman or soldier has been punished for torturing prison-
ers. But "some defendants have been given up to three years ?
extra for 'insulting the tribunal' when they have talked about
5
their tortures at their trials."
-It was on such evidence that the Council of Europe was/
prepared in December, 1969, to expel Greece from member-
ship. (The colonels quit a few hours before they were due to be k
expelled.) ?
IT. HAS BEEN CLEAR for at least two years now that the
colonels' government (with its Orwellian motto, "A Greece of _Ar
Christian Greeks") has had recourse to torture an a scale and -I
01 an intensity unknown in peacetime Greece. The current t
American-sponsored "pacification" by the colonels of the ;
Cyprus issue has set them on a 'course which is explosive. In
this, and In. other respects, the present Greek' regime may 'yle
enda NATO even, more than it has.already. I . .
teaches at the 'University 0/ Chicago
Ana at Rosary.Cotieza in River Forest. ?."'
*-k
?
04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-WAN1601
June :29, 1970
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD SENATE S 10133
The purpose of this prohibition is to dem-
Onstrate to the Greek government, and the
world, that the current military regime does .
not enjoy the backing and support of the
U.S. Congress ?
The United States should not supply mili-
tary aid to governments whose actions are
anathema to our own principles.
By the narrow margin of 45 to 313. the
Senate failed to endorse the committee's
recommendation. In view of the devel-
? opments in Greece since the Senate's
action, I think it is even more regret-
table that this body did not register its
disapproval at that time?when it could
have said to the generals in Athens that
"this country will not give you any more
arms to use to repress the freedom of
your people."
But, fortunately, we now have an op-
portunity to correct that mistake. Since
the coup in 1167 the United States has
agreed to supply a total of nearly $300
million in additional arms to Greece?
through the grant, sales, and surplus
programs. A considerable amount of this
is piled up in warehouses, undelivered
because of the partial restriction on,
shipments?which amounts to but a tap
on the wrist of the generals. We should
?. not glut this pipeline of open support
further. We should draw the line on
further aid and say that the U.S. Senate
does not wish to give more weapons to a
government that demonstrates its utter
contempt for the democratic values in-
scribed in the premable to the NATO
Charter.
I hope that the Senate will' adopt the
amendment.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, will the
Senator yield for a question?
Mr. CHURCH. I yield to the Senator
'from New York.
Mr. JAVITS. Mr. President, I should
like the author of the amendment to
listen to this colloquy.
? I notice that the first clause of the
amendment reads "unless specifically
authorized by law hereafter enacted."
Does the author of the amendment
and the manager of the bill contemplate
that, if we authorize a program for
Oreece which Is discharged, this amend-
ment would not foreclose submitting and
getting together to go ahead with it and
that it might be much larger than $300
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, the Sen-
ator from New York is entirely correct in
his statement.
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President, I hope
the Senate will agree to the amendment
of the Senator from Indiana.
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, *will the
Senator yield to me?
Mr. CHURCH. Mr. President. I yield
the balance of my time to the Senator
from Indiana.
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, I should
like to make a few comments.
The Senator from New Hampshire said
that we were singling out one country.
We are not singling out Greece. We aro
not anti-Greece. We are not anti-Greek
people. We arc not antidemocracy of the
type Greece brought to the attenUon. of
the world.
We are saying that this present regime
is not within the framework of the ideals
of Americanism.
Mr. President, I would like to quote a
distinguished President of the United
States who said:
NATO means more than arms, troop
levels, consultative bodies, treaty commit-
ments. All of these are necessary. But what
makes them relevant to the future is what
the alliance stands for. To discover what this
Western Alliance means today, we have to
reach back not across two decades but
through the centuries, to the very roots of
the Western experience.
? When we do, we find that we touch a set
of elemental ideals, eloquent in their sim-
plicity, majestic in their humanity; idejils-
of decency and justice, and liberty, and
spect for the rights of our fellow men. Simple
yes; and to us they seem obvious. But our
forebears struggled for centuries to win them
and in our own lifetime we have had to
fight to defend them.
These ideals are what NATO was created to
protect. It is to these on this proud anni-
versary, that we are privileged to consecrate
the alliance anew. These ideals, and the
firmness of our dedication to them, give
NATO's concept it's nobility, and NATO's
backbone its steel.
This is all we are asking for. We are
against dictatorships. We are against
disrespect for the rights of our fellow
men.
This is what the amendment is all
about. The President whom I quoted was
President Nixon in a most eloquently
worded statement delivered to the NATO
Ministers in August 1969.
This amendment is within the very
? ideas and ideals of President Nixon.
These ideals should be carried out.
Mr. President, I ask unanimous con-
sent that additional documents in sup-
Port of the amendment be printed at this
point in the RECORD.
There being no objection, the material
was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,
as follows:
AMENDMENT
? Mr. President, those who believe that
America should continue to equip the Greek
army for military reasons would do well to
bear in mind that the present amendment in
no way threatens the junta with a precipi-
tous withdrawal of support.
Even if we decide to prohibit future mili-
tary aid, the Greek junta could still receive
a minimum of 88 million dollars worth of
American military equipment.
Because the amendment is not retroactive,
funds already approved for Greece would not
be recalled if the amendment is passed. Only.
future allocations would be prohibited.
At the end of the last fiscal year, 897,-
237,000 in funds'already allocated for Greece,
was still unused. That 97 million dollars
which the Defense Department calls "unde-
livered appropriations" is literally money in
the pipeline to Greece. Shutting the value
on the United State's end of that pipeline
will not keep that 07 million dollars from the
bands of the Greek colonels.
' Military appropriations programmed for
this fiscal year amount to $24,298,000. In
other words, a total of $121,735.000 worth of
military equipment was available for deliv-
ery to Greece this fiscal year. Of that 121 mil.
lion dollars, the Department of Defense esti-
mates 833,819,000 will actually be delivered
by the end of this fiscal year.
So, even if future appropriations are pro-
hibited, 888,118,000 worth of military equip-
ment will still await delivery to the Greek
junta.
Prom a military point Of view, the proposed
amendment promises to be loss effective
than manj of Its supporters would hope. But
Ilse moral and political arguments for sup-
porting the present amendment are very
compelling.
To pass the amendment would be to serve
public notice that the United States will not.
condone the development of a dictatorship in
Europe. It would reaffirm our allegiance to
the principles of democracy and freedom at
a time when that reaffirmation would mean
so much to Greek citizens now struggling un-
der this oppressive regime.
And, it would demonstrate our solidarity
with the other nations of Europe who rightly
perceive that the death of democracy in
Greece is a threat to the strength of NATO.
MILITARY REASONS FOR SUPPORTING HARTKE
AMENDMENT
Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, it is fre-
quently argued that, regardless of politi-
cal and moral factors, we should continue
to support the present dictatorship in
Greece for military reasons. I would like
to outline briefly why I do not find this
argument very compelling.
First, NATO is more than a military
organization. The purpose of NATO lies
In the defense of a form of civilization.
The defense of the geographical area is
a means to that end, not an end in itself.
If we destroy from within the form of
civilization which NATO is supposed to
defend, the defense of the geographical
area becomes meaningless.
President Nixon stated most elo-
quently, NATO's true purpose in his
statement before the NATO ministers in
August 1969. Allow me to quote ?from the
President's address:
NATO means more than arms, troop levels
consultative bodies, treaty commitments.
All of these are necessary. But what makes
them relevant to the future is what the
alliance stands for. To discover what this
Western Alliance means today, we have to
reach back not across two decades but
through the centuries, to the very roots 'of
the Western experience.
When we do, we find that we touch a set
? of elemental ideals, eloquent in their sim-
? plicity, majestic in their humanity; ideals of
decency and justice, and liberty, and respect
for the rights of our fellow men. Simple, yea;
and to us they seem obvious. But our fore-
bears struggled for centuries to win them
and in our own lifetime we have had to fight
to defend them.
These ideals are what NATO was created
to protect. It is to these on this proud anni-
versary, that we are privileged to consecrate
the alliance anew. These ideals, and the
firmness of our dedication to them, give
NATO's concept its nobility, and NATO's
backbone its steel.
Second, Greece needs NATO more
than NATO needs Greece. There are
powerful military reasons why it is in the
best interest of Greece to remain allied
with NATO. Those who believe that
Greece will voluntarily withdraw from
NATO must believe that, in the event of
armed attack by Communist forces.
Greece will submit peacefully, an insult
to the courage of the Greek people or will
be able to resist the Soviet Union success-
fully?an insult on commonsense and
military reality.
Third, in the past, Greece has always
been a strong and enthusiastic supporter
of NATO. To argue that Greece might
withdraw because of our action today
would suggest that Greece no longer SUP-
porta NATO as it did in the Past
Fourth, the Greek regime has caused
a complete disintegration of the Greek
Armed Forces and assigning the remain-
Approved 'For Release 2001/03/04 CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2o44f63Yer1PCIA-RDP80-01601 STATI NTL
10 JUN 1970
GREEK JUNTA'S FOREIGN POLICY
The article in the June 4 Daily World, "Trade
agreement reached between Greece, Albania"
will certainly cause confusion. This is what the Col-
onels and their CIA bosses want: To present the Ath-
ens' junta as seeking good relations with the Social-
ist world, thus to gain the tolerance (or the sup-
port?) of the liberals abroad, and simultaneously to
help it blackmail those Western governments _which
are trying to find a pretext for supporting the mili-
tary regime.
The junta-controlled press rsveatedly have
"warned" the NATO countries ea the Colonels
will turn to the East if they don't refrain from "in-
tervening into the Greek affairs." Foreign Minister
Pipinelis gave the same "warnings," though in a
diplomatic way, during the sessions of the European
Council last December, and at the NATO meetings
in May.
Facing enormous financial difficulties and an un-
precedented trade deficit, mostly because the ma-
jority of the European countries have cut down on
imports from Greece, the junta tries hard to expand
trade with the Socialist bloc. However, and con-/
trary to what some American newspapers sustain,/
the latter is cool to the overtures. The recently
signed trade agreements between Greece on one
'hand and Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungary on the
'other, are routine; the volume of Import-export Is
'kept to the before-the-coup level, despite the serious
efforts the Colonels made to increase it. ? "
- ?An Informed Greek, New York,
. Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDF'80-0,16
MOB YOM TDIES BOOK UMW \;..
31 NV 1970
Democracy at Gunpoin
The Greek FronL
By Andreas Papandreou.
365 pp. New York: Doubleday & Co. $7.95.
STATI NTL
? ? 1 ")
Barbarism in Greece
A Young American Lawyer's Inquiry into the Use ot Torture
In Contemporary Greece, with Case Histories and Documents,
By James Becket.
Foreword by Senator Claiborne Pell.
147 pp. New York: Walker & Co. $5.9.5.
By DAVID HOLDEN
It is not necessary to carry a torch for the Greek Colonels to suggest;z
that ever since their midnight coup three years ago they have had a disprepor-
:i:. ? tionately bad press in the Western world. Disproportionate, that is, not only to
what is said about comparable regimes elsewhere, but also to what is known'
' ? about Greek history, ancient, medieval and modern. ?
Perhaps I should say what ought to be known, for it is one of the features,
of much Western comment on contemporary Greece that its authors seem'
often as innocent of real Greek history (as distinct from the mythical variety)!
as they are of the real composition of the moon. If the one is made of 'green
cheese the other, it seems, is a splendid record of heroism and democracy, suk
Mr. Holden is chief foreign correspondent of the London Sunday Times.1
lied only by the conquest of the beastly Turks. Hence the Colonels are con-,,,
demned as "un-Greek," and their actions are seen as a betrayal of all that'
Greece has ever stood for.
Now this, to put it mildly, is a distortion of the facts. Leaving aside the du-
bious claim of the slave-state of classical Athens to be the cradle of democracy,
? at any rate as a modern American or Briton might understand the term, what
'about Byzantium? For 1,000 years the flower of all things Greek, its political
? institutions were autocratic, its rulers were despots?and only a quarter of them
died natural deaths. Or take the painful story of the modern state of Greece.
t Born in factional strife and murder. on the sufference of the Great Powers. out
Of the centuries of Turkish rule, it has rarely known anything that most
7 Western nations would can political stability. In the last 50 years alone it has
? suffered two civil wars, eight military coups d'etat and a change of government
? on the average nearly once a year.
:
It is true that until shortly before the Colonels' coup one man, Constantine
Karamanlis, had survived as Prime Minister through eight years and three
? elections, and in doing so had conveyed the impression that Greek politics were
maturing. They were not?or not much. His regime was exceptional, for rea-
sons that had as much to do with the cold war as with him, and the events that
' followed had a half-comical, half-tragical air of d'enr vu.
The quarrel between the King and the Prime Minister, George Papandreou.
? the factionalism and personal jealousies of the politicians, and the tendency of
; the political forces to polarize between extremes, with reckless inflation of the
, Communist menace by the right and demagogic irresponsibility on the left?all
this had happened before in one way or another, not once, but often. Even the
? ;Colonels, when they came, seemed bound to some old Greek script.
t When George Papadopoulos decreed that miniskirts were unlawful, he was
only doing what General Pangalos bad done after his coup d'ettit in 1924. And
.1 when he talked of "national regeneration,* commanding all Greeks to be honest
and hard-working and worthy of "their 3,000 year-old heritage," there Was little
in his program that had not been mapped out by General Mamas for his dicta.,
torship before World War IL ? 7 ? ? 7 - ? ? ? ' -a-imeas.46.;i1;
. .
"7%
- Approved For Releaie 2061103/04 CI.
Approved For ReleaseTikrintiggrePtilaikDP80-0
29 MAY 1970 STATINTL
1 An? , A t.?1,r,.
: ?
4ti-Anrterican-.: zr.a
D A With few exceptions (who
t. ? .
tend to be ostracized for - ? . ., , DEMOCRACY AT GUNPOINT:
their nonbelief); all Greeks .1" ' , . THE GREEK FRONT '.1 ?
/:itre _convinced that the ''' . , Andreas Papandreou
' pnited States, through the -
(Doubled's. 365. vv. 61.55)
? - PIA, engineered the coup of
April 21, 1967,. that brought. ' Reviewed by Al/red Friendly . .-. .., ??
the Junta to power. There is The reviewer is based in London and has reported irons
i
n) documentaryor accepta- Greece for The Washington Post, of. which he Is ? as '
ble factual evidence for this associate editor.
iconviction; credence in it .
.
also requires the premise Moreover, injecting an un- ? It is also a tour de force..
that the CIA is not only vii- wonted qualification, Papaw to write a history of postwar
iainous but insane. One is dreoti concedes with respect Greece without mentioning.
deft only with the argument to his informant, "It is possi- the Marshall Plan, except; .
!that where there is so muchble that his. facts do not al. for a passing comment that
ysmoke there must be fire, a ways. Correspond- to historic Greece was subjected to,
dubious supposition at beat reality." But,. Papandreou American tyranny because .
ee
ndered more so, as Marx is sure,
? va once noted during the interpretation do
eivreefin etc: the theall major economic deci-'
sions had to be approved by.
McCarthy days, by the exist- coup by men who partici. the chief of the AmerIcan
'ence of machines that man- pated in it." - iAID mission. ,
ufacture end* lay down But qualifications event
. Papandreou's book will be,
smoke screens.' those rarely' offered, are,useful to the scholar who
f ? American ?? responsibility elsewhere. forgotten takes it as an ex parte, prop-
for the overthrow of Greek throughout the book. Ru4,aganda story of a principal.
;democracy Is. the. thesis of .mored CIA Involvement at a actor, a political conniver of.
:Andreas Papandreou's book, lower level becomes the of& the left, as the colon* were
;It' is restated with the insist- cial;formally adopted policy of the right. Put together.
lence and constancy of the of the Pentagon, then the
with oithe.t.i.a ci; c.o.ou nii.t.t.
Aherne in Ravel's "Bolero" State Department and fi- "'",?-, ...m''' ' -49,,,-.7,,e,,,,--it"?'7.
:but without its ultimate con- nally the White House it- ma,,,"""" it,,'"?,,,,,-,A,4h,i- ---stio's,__,-'''WPI
:luest of the hearer. In the self: America decided that --":"'"'-."- ---'"-----`'.."-
end, one has only Papan- Greek democracy should be
dreon's word for. it. overthrown, and thereupon
, This is too bad, for -..I overthrew it. The author.?
'something that does not uses this thesis ince Pre-',
need his word for ti?Amen. crustes used his bed: what.
can influence in postwar ever ?the inconsistencies or,
manifest impossibilities;
Greece was obviously emir-
they are made to fit. By tine
mous; an objective account
.
of what it was, how it was. method you can prove that
Used and what it really ac- it was Abel who slew Cain.. .
complished for good or evil The younger Papan-
would be of greatest value. dreou's furious political
But Papandreou has given strivings beginning about
us only a strident, confused 1964, his unbridled political
and personal anti-American ambition, his hairy flirtation
tirade, clouded with the; with crypto-Communists and
musty. odor of paranoia. , his formidable demagoguery
; The . nearest the author are today considered by
comes in 365 pages to pro. some anti-Junta Greeks to'
would accept as evidence to
tenting. what a historian have been the principal fee-, . ..
tors that frightened a fool-'
ish King . -Constantine into
support his thesis , is the
upsetting constitutional got,.
Memorandum of a man he
ernment and paving the way
identifies as a Junta conspir for the Colonel's coup. Pa-
ator who since defected and pandreou's responsibility in
left Greece. The memo al- the Greek tragedy is hot
leges CIA connivance
through the person of the negligible.
n' is something of a tour'
coup leader and present
Greek dictator, George pa., del force for him to wril . a
padopoulos, who, it is pretty purported political history.
of the times without men-,.
'CI\ clear, was at one time or an. payroll. tioning this central fact.
/ other on the CIA
H
. But, in the words of the Occasionally?it appears a
memorandum, "When I Y
most by ' inadvertence?he
? sa
lets a crumb of information
that Papadopoulos was an
into the account from which,
agent of the American CIA, I.
.. 4 tis' an otherwise informed .
do not ref A t', ..-,' -.? :
Its leadershi. 737 ,.aoraiaeimedau240011,081,04 : CIA-RDP8a,o1601kocici:spo2oo.oi,5 '
?a lad daee! the story were;
within the CIA." , ?-,i,;- -' 411aboUt.., . *:.. :` .
Approved For Release 20011f33104.: CIA-RDP8
DAILY WeIRT.31
27 MAY 1970
Interview With t
- By ALLEN ZAK
LOS ANGELES, May 26? ?Ars jously. Kazantzakis' works have nerney.06 ... . , , ?,.? ., ..
Helene Kazantzakis, widow of not been banned despite his ?hud "This is our- iodine, she ?
Nikos Kazantzakis, the Greek manistic- and democratic views:said, '"Both Greek sail -t
poet and novelist, is a diminutive nor have those of Mrs. Kazant-ienn.?.7 .,., ..... .., .. , - ....- .,
pale, seemingly frail woman who =kis. despite her open defiance ; , . ? 't1":-7.
I
would hardly be noticed in a sen- of the Greek mtarists.
ior citizens' Saturday night pin. Kazantzakis is best known in
ochle league. the U.S. for "Zorba, the Greek".
Her appearance is deceiving.and "The Last Temptation of
When speaking of the .. miiitaryChrist" among other novels.
junta in Greece, Madame Kazant-His wife has published essays and
zakis is fire and ice, and doesn'ta book on the life and ideas of her
fear offending her Americancelebrated husband.
audiences by placing heavy re_ Mrs. Kazantzakis was aware
sponsibility for Greek fascist con-of the impending 1967 coup days
trol on the U.S. government, before it occurred. In France at
"Greece since World War Two," the time, she got on the radio to
said Mrs. Kazantzakis, siin thewarn of the danger to the Papan-
world's first example of Vietnam_dreou administration via a con-
ization. The U.S. and Britain letsPiraeY involving the Greek
Greeks fight Greeks to gain con-Royal family, King Constantine
trol over us." and Queen Frederick, the Greek
? She was in Los Angeles ApriiGeneral Staff, and the U.S. Cen-
29, where she appeared on tele-tral Intelligence Agency.
? vision and before a meeting at the Before that coup took place.
Retail Clerks Union Hall in Santahowever, which was aimed at
Monica to speak against etaking over the Greek government
Greek junta. ? prior to an election in which cen-
. She detailed the step by step trists and leftists promised great
betrayal of Greek democratic strength, a group of army colonels
forces at the close of World War beat them to the punch.
? II by Britain and the U.S. That didn't take the U.S. gov-
She told her predominantly ernment off the hook, in the view
youthful audience how Winston of Mrs. Kazantzakis, but only
Churchill, near the close of the showed that "sometimes the State
war, had ordered rearming of Department and the CIA don't
'Nazi collaborators and turned always know what each other id
them against ELAS, the Com-planning." ? '
munist-led anti-Nazi resistance "A victory of the Center Union
movement. The collaborators, (a coalition of liberal parties)
who betrayed thousands of their,would have resulted in a govern-
countrymert to the German in- ment friendly to the U.S., but the
vaders, were supported by the U.S. government only wants us as
U.S. under the Truman doctrine, slaves," said Mrs. Kazantzakis
she said, and the result, she de- in an interview with this reporter.
dared, was the destruction of the She said organized resistance
first popularly supported political against the junta was small but
movement in modern Greek his-active. The resistance is split into,
tory. ' , three wings: Centrists, leftists,
The Greek Royal family wasand royalists. Mrs. Kazantzakis
aim tainted with wartime collab- dismissed the royalists and con.: ..
oration, she asserted. trists ("The Centrists want new
Many of the same fascists, she elections.. for what?), and said
noted, are now in positions of that the best hope for an over-
power under the present military throw of the military government
dictatorship. . lay with the left. .
The Greek junta's suppression An ancient Athenian oath was ?
of anti-fascist, democratic and cited and translated by Mrs. Ku- '
even classica awe Fei alialiosse12091i11381Mt: CIA-
well documentd, but myster-!cleatb all who would abolish deni.,.. '
TIL
Approved For ReleaseRibliftti1ilitIA-RDP80-01
27 MAY 1970
STATINTL
Foreign Affairs: The Many Shapes of Chaos
By C. L. SULZBERGER
; SERQUIGNY, France?The
'Mediterranean has traditionally
,been regarded as a vital seaway
Tby the Western world and,
more recently, as NATO's crit-
!kat right flank. Yet rarely in
'peacetime, if such a euphemism
As permitted, has the Mediter-
ranean been more disrupted.
,?Today it is a mare nostrum
for , neither West nor- East.
'Large American and Soviet
;fleets and smaller allied flo-
:tillas play an edgy game of tag.
:Both ends of the famous sea
are politically punctuated by
:dictatorships?in Greece and
i
:Spain. Between them s in-
creasingly chaotic Italy.
Eastward lies war, between
;Israel and the Arabs. Relatively
;non-viable national revolutions
dominate the southern, shore.
Only France and Turkey, among
littoral states, are neither un-
'stable, undictatorial nor com-
mitted to armed conflict.
? American diplomatic influ-
ence on the southern coast is
limited by our support of
rael and it is embarrassed on
-the northern coast by associa-
?tion with non-Communist.
? .Europe's best known vestigial
dictatorships, . those of Franco
and the Greek colonels. Secret:
?tary of State Rogers. has a
,chance to urge easement of the
iqfest ?when , yieits_Madrid ?
Thursday and- to suggest the
start of liberalization before
Franco yields power.
In Greece the situation is
more complex. As with Spain.
U.S. interest focuses primarily
on access to, air and naval
-bases to offset the ' growing
Soviet Mediterranean fleet and
the growing network of So-
viet military -facilities thrust-
ing toward Libya and Algeria.
? Disorganized Opposition
Spanish opposition to Franco
and Greek opposition to the
colonels is' extensive but dis-
organized. This lack of unity
.. makes it easier for the dicta-
-?torships to warn against the
alternative of Communism,
. which is endorsed by only a
small but 'relatively effective
minority in each country.
Although Spain was once
famous for having fostered his-.
tory's sole sizable anarchist
? party, the word "anarchist."
., like almost every other politi-
cal definition, was first in-
vented in Greece and all Greek
opposition movements, left,
right and center, are tinged
Evith anarchic divisions. The
colonels are fully aware of this
and play the game of divide and
..rule with sl;iII. .
?, It is silly to blame Viz.: ;-ii -.;;?
ton for sponsoring the colonels'
coup in the first
? though, this is the ? prikeleAt:
, claim of Communists and fel- 1ally hostile officers.
low-traveling propagandists. , Mikis Theodorakis, a re-:
'The famous C.I.A. did not know nowned Communist composer,!
about another proposed coup b was also jailed,, then released.
discussed among Greece's sen-, by the colonels. A French op-4
tor generals. Nevertheless, it ? position politician claims credit/
? surely didn't sponsor that one for his freedom although French;
either because it wasn't even , Government leaders say they -
attempted. As" for the colonels had arranged it. i
?most 'of them were unheard Theodorakis now promotes a; '
of in Washington before they. "national resistance council" to:
scrambled to power. ., include all elements. However,a -
? It is slanderous when An- the Communists themselves are
, dreas Papandreou, a former' so split that the movement has'
American citizen and univer- '. 'fallen flat. Theodorakis op-I
? sity professor who was first ' poses Papandreou's call for vio-?
arrested then released by the , lent action and believes "we' '
colonels, labels the April 21st. have many other rheans to ?
coup d'etat "the American ver- overthrow the colonels?' He.
sion of the invasion of Czech(); complains of Moscow's supports
slovakia by the Warsaw Pact." , for the "most dogmatic and
Papandreou calls for coopers- ? least progressive elements", i?ri
the Greek Communist party. ? '
tion among resistance move-
ments and organization of corn- . Meanwhile the Soviet Union'
mando units to oust the colo- and its allies maintain cordial, .
relations with the colonels. The
? nels by armed action. Although
he is allied' to Antonio Brillakis,' sKremlin's only contribution to;
?gr?eader ? of one Greek resistance is to blame the Uniti
Communist faction, his pro-", ed States in its own propaganda.'
posal has been coolly received.-
for supporting the Athens re-
'' gime. Thus, apart from France
s Imposed 'T ranquility
. , (less than fully allied to:
A' sizable? portion of the, ,NATO). Turkey (where anti-
., Greek middle class and farming Americanism grows) and Is..
? communities accept the colo- ; rael (Which complains of in.,
' nels' rule for the imposed tran-. adequate American support),;,
q?ty it provides?lather the.!, the whole Mediterranean is in, '
. N.,..), many Italians liked the -varying degrees of turmoil,'
? "trains running on time". under ?.revolution. or counter-revolta, .
,. Mussolini. Moreover, the 'cola-. tion. Washington , has . shown:
''nels hanzetire4. most: otenm,lliere is little we can do *bout ILA
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Rel2M1deatOsetVCIA-RDP80
24 MAY 197G
Uirr, 0-4 /Togo*
? a LI .1)
ef71. ?
. ?? .er'? ,r`T r> 13o
DEMOCIIACY AT GUNPOINT: The Greek Front. By .
Andreas Papandreou. Doubleday. 365 pp. $7.95.
By George Anastaplo
A conspiracy of junior Greek Army officers, exploit-
ing American training, equipment and concerns, sub-, -
jugated their country on April 21, 1967 to a tyranny
which has consolidated itself in power the past three
years by purges, torture, deceit and bribes.
Andreas Papandreou, a Greek-born economist wh
enjoyed a distinguished professional career in Ameri-
can universities for twenty years before returning to
'Greece in 1959 for eventual service as a minister in his,
father's government, has given us an insider's account,
of the events leading up to the constitutional crisis that
began in 1965 and gave a handful of unscrupulous of-
ficers their long-sought opportunity to seize power.
Papandreou's account is valuable both. for the in-
formation it provides us about what was said and
done by influential Greeks in the Sixties, and for what
it rit ...........tc. tiisplay (sometimes inadvertently) of the
sporadic turbulence and irresponsibility of Greek poll-
It i an account which is distinctively (and in .
tri3uini.4) Greek in that it is dramatic, plausible and
'intermittently persuasive and almost completely ob-
livious of the fact that opposing accounts would be .
similarly plausible and persuasive. It was such single-
mindedness which permitted Greek politicians in 1965-
1967 so to insist on their relatively unimportant doc-
trinal differences as to make it easy for ruthless military
opportunists (who are radically different from them)
to seize power. It is significant that, despite the presence
of the colonels, the politicians of Greece still. find it
difficult to close ranks and let bygones be bygones.
One critical difference between Professor Papandreou
-(who is now at York University in Toronto) and other
Greek politicians is his imprudent frankness. In this he
is more an intellectual than a politician. Thus, he him-
self reports that his cighty-year-old father was moved
to berate him when the colonels struck and the Papan-
dreous found themselves prisoners:
Didn't I tell yott? The Paraskevopoulos government
ran interim coalition government.] was our last chance
for avoiding a military takeovei. With your militant
stand against f such a governincntl, with your strong
statements against the King, with the distrust you in..
stilled in the American contingent here, this [military ?
George Anastaplo teaches at the University ,o1 Chicago'.
and at Rosary College, River Forest, Illinois.
STATINTL
takeover] became inevitable....
The author, on the other hand, sees as his critical
defect not the lack of sufficient self-restraint but rather
'1 the fact that he did not press vigorously enough for
radical reforms while his father's party held power in
1964-1965. Even so, one glimpses again and again in
this book the desperation of the late George Papandreou
? as he tried to control his headstrong son. .
Andreas Papandreou's frankness would be more fit-
ting in the memoirs of a very old man, with his public
career behind him, than in the political manifesto of a
middle-aged man who hopes to devote his many talents
to the further development of his country. One need not
decide how much is valid in his bitter criticism of other
opponents of the Greek colonels, at home and in exile:
Certain things cannot be said publicly without making
it most difficult thereafter to secure the cooperation
necessary among former political rivals if Greece is to
be peacefully liberated from her military tyrants. In his
? partisan and often ungenerous criticisms, which neglect
long-run political consequences, Professor Papandreou
, is curiously like Vice President Agnew. Both men dis-
play a volatile combination of intelligence, ambition,
forensic energy and political inexperience; both, it
should be added, can and should be better than they
'mistakenly believe it expedient to appear in public.
Papandreou probably overstates American respon-
sibility for the coup which crushed the troubled con-
stitutional government of his strategically vita.I coun-
try three years ago. But whatever the truth may be about
the role of the Pentagon, the CIA, and the State De-
partment in Greece then or now, it is likely that anti-
American sentiment will prevail for years to come, and
supplant all the beneficial effects of our massive eco-
nomic and military aid since the Second World War.
Conservatives and royalists have already begun to say
what Andreas Papandreou was saying long before the
.colonels struck -7- that the U.S. is primarily responsible
for the miserable state eaffa. irs in Greece today.
Certainly, at least since April 1967, the American
:government has been pursuing in Greece an unimagina-
tive and perhaps even cynical policy insofar as we
have a policy at all ? that is at least as irresponsible as
the one the Greek politicians foolishly pursued before
the colonels came. The United States refuses to repudi-
ate the dangerously incompetent tyrants who must con-
tinue to parade "the American alliance" in Athens if
they are to survive in power. We are losing our last clear
chance to help our true Greek friends form a coalition
government that could avoid political and economic,
disaster.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-016
TEC IIISTENER (PUBLISHED BY B.B.0.)
21 May 1970
Robert Hunter on the CIA'
t ?Is it a department of dirty tricks,
or an organisation of fact-gatherers?
Did it underwrite the seizure of power
by the Greek Colonels?
STATINTL---
? ???
;? ? ? ? ,
V
? ? ? ?
?".;'? r.
?
????
4.1'. ?
,!?.4'.
:44.71: 6j, I?
14
1 re.'; ? ."
-
? .
-*
,-; : 4.., ? . L'I . .? ii: ('
? . ".? '.'.? ??,4.. ?:4? ?z'44:.'.:. i4 *44
. ......v.4, . ? ' . 4.',.v;i:,. ,,......'.`,. .;.,1:- ;:; ?.?'. ?.? ? .'.?4,. . 4 4 .0 .
Nt?, 544/ .?
I.? ,??l. 'l
,
..i. ?..?
?
(.. $31 g....% ....,,,..?,...6 . fl...; ???1'.. 0,4 .
' : ,Il '''? '.
1!.....'?i..P... ' ? i?... ' ' w ? . : .'"'..t. ? . : .;-...;.,? , ::?
?. , r,
? Itt' ? ? "1..! ,?it:..I:... ,:o ,..
11?ki: :it , ? ' . " s,' .,
.. r? .. ., :?? ... e ' . ip
..... 4.'' 4 p? ?? ,. h ?...e. I ?
.
?AS ?A 40 L ? .. ?
...t. (:?:?:'.. ; ' 1. ' ;:,,.' .? 1 i T ? . 54 14;;j?SP
... ,
bi,..
' ? ' .'? ?'' . .P : ? '
! 1
1., ; - i '4 .; . . ? 4 .... :..:
, ? t:?? ?.?
... ? ? .
?
? ? ',40 ..1'fr: ? ,
tr. -.?..
1... ? ? ?
? , ? ? :IA
? ev?.,, ? ,
? A;t 74:44.464.. ? 4..
ve ?
,.
141. ? ,
..,k\, ...
? t 4 . .
Lk........h....i.
!
In the Ashcnden stories, Somerset Ittaug? ; Richard Helms, Director of the CM
' ham put a human face on the British Secret .:?
Service. No matter that the Hairless Alexi- ?. everything right. Not so with the Central
,r.in killed the wrong man: this bumbling ' Intelligence Agency?or the CIA as it is
helped soften the image of a nithiess and everywhere known. No humour here; just+
ever?competent machine dedicated to doing ?;. the sense of a sinister and heartless manipu,
- His Majesty's dirty . business, and made -lotion of the democrats of a hundred count'
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
boatinued
Approved For Relead 2001A0100:VA-RDP80-016
18 MAY 1970
STATI NTL
Hecklers Md a Ch
For Paradi g Greeks
At the height of the annual Greek Independence Day
Parade up Fifth Ave. yesterday, a group of about 100 ,
balloon and placard-cai:rying persons staged a chanting I
but orderly counter-demonstration behind police bartsti,
cades at 72d St.
They yelled such slogans as Palace Guard, who were flown in
"CIA-Get Out of Greece" and from Athens for the parade.
"Faseits state, Fascist state." They missed the demonstration,
dropping out 'of the parade at
. Thousands March G8th St. to go to the reviewing
Thousands of sons and stand.
'daughters of Hellenes matched The demonstrators were mem-
along the parade route from 59th bers of I American Committee
to 79th Sts. to commemorate the for Dt2lii.),T:ks'Y and Freedom in
149th anniversary of Greece's in- Greece. Associate Professor John
dependence from Turkish rule. Shenis jf i.he State University in
The rainy weather diminished the N cwark, chairman of the corn,
number of expected"'srpectators. mittee, accused the Greek govern-
Leading the contingent was a meat of "paying for a parade to.
company of white - skirted advertise a dictatorship. There is
gvaones, members. of the Royal no 1Lecckorn in Greece" ,
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
STATINTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-011111.1111
WHFFLING, W.VA.
NEV1S-REGISTER
* MAY 71910
E
30,102
S- 59,244
AT WHAT PRICE?
U.S. Missiles
In Greece?
IN AN EDITORIAL last week discussing how
,
the Defense Department had secretly supplied the
repressive Greek junta with nearly twice the
amounts of military aid authorized by Congress, we
mentioned how the Pentagon'had referred to Greece
' as one of our four "forward defense countries" in
Europe. . 1
Now the frill Implications of that term are begin.
. ning to surface. French publisher and politician Jac-
ques Servan-Schrieher after a visit to Greece the
other day declared that the CIA is backing the Ath-
ens junta and envisaged aenteexatng divergence be-
tween European and American interests there.
Speaking in Strasbourg at the time when the Council
4
iof Europe was indicting the Greek government for
oppression of its people, Mr. Servan-Schrieber said:
1 "In Greece the basis of the problem is Atlantic
and military. No one is unaware that the United '
States has made Greece its principal strategic base
tg In Europe and that it has installed there its princi-
pal missile' bases. With Spain, Greece is an ancho-
rage point of the American military system in Eu-
?
irope, and the CIA plays a role all the more dan-
gerous because, the organization there is often self-
; governing and personal, as in Southeast Asia..."
E Well now, Mr. Servan-Schrieber may believe
1 that Americans are aware that we are maintaining
a nuclear base in Greece, but the truth is that not
! even our* Senate Foreign Relations Committee has
I been told of such a move. The committee's chair-
.;
' man, Senator Fulbright, has been arguing for some
; time; that if not the public,. at least responsible
? ,
t.members of the Senate have a right to know where ,
our foreign nuclear installations are and what
/agreements have been made, with foreign countries c
respecting them. Senator Symington also has sought
for some time to break the secrecy surrounding
deployment of American nuclear weapons overseas:
but
, but with little success. It would. seem that in light of '
S these latest reports, that the Administration tn .
iWashington owes it at least to the Congress to tell j
exactly what we are maintainingthi Greece and' at i
' what price;
?
Senator Fulbright .has stated that the presence
of American nuclear missiles alters the framework
, of our foreign policy toward the country in question,
'had may involve us in its domestic politics by giving`
us an interest in maintaining a particular regime in
power. That may explain the Defense Department's 4
.
lavish policy of providing arms aid to the Greek
, military dictatorship.
. '
; There have been reports circulating that the
t Nixon Administration is considering lifting altogeth-
er the embargo on military deliveries to Greece
because of pressure from the Pentagon? which is
t on-earned over the situation in the Eastern Medi- .
terranean, where the Soviet Union reportedly has
been building up its fleet. It follows then that Mr.'
Servan-Schrieber probably has accurate infortna- i
tion when stating that we have made Greece our
principal strategic base in Europe and that we have
Installed there missile bases. '
-
If all of this is true we certainly 'are playing
' with fire in still another part of the world. Such a
situation has international implications because of
the strong sentiment in Western Europe against the.
authoritarian practices of the Greek colonels who
overthrew the constitutional government and today 1
' rule by brutal decree and torture. Do we not re-
member the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and the
promises we made then to remove our own missile
bases from Turkey? At least shouldn't the Congress
of the United States know what our military is doing
.....-....'
* j
.._, __,,,,...._rn ,....,... 4.,)?., , .. ,...? .....J ? - ' .' ..'.' '
In all parts of the,werld? We believe so.
-4--'--'"Approsidd"FO:eRereSSe20'0' /03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/pypiatajtjA-RDP80-016
ma7 -LYN STAT I NTL
o'Theodora!tis'urges' G re
... ?
Le Monde
Paris .
r Mikis Tlicodorakis broke a 16-day self-imposed silence
'April 29 to give his first 'press conference since his unexpected
. release by the Greek regime and his arrival in France. For the
I n'this situation many 'Greeks take refuge in comforting illti-1
. first time he felt truly free and ready to resume his work as a
sions, Theodorakis says. Some say the dictatorship is so ridic-:
:political militant and as a musician. ulous that it is bound to -Ii natural death in the not too dis-i
When he handcd the famed composer over to French radical
tant future. They feel that Greece's exclusion from the Council:
leader Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber on April 13. Greek' -
ot Euroe will for.ce the Americans, through the pressure of i
,;Prime Minister Gcorp Papadopoulos told thspoliticiantwitha '
Westernp public opinio. n, to abandon the colonels to thcir fate. 1
. smile: "I'm putting an exposive packap in your hands?I wish '
? .. But there is an opposing point of view which secs the junta as
i
i youIt jwas clear the leaderof the juntawas aware Servan-Schrei-
,oy.
' ?
a permanent feature, enjoying as it does in practice the militar-
? bees statement that Thcodorakis would not engage in political Y' economic and financial support of Western Europe as well
'activities on French soil was only a matter of form. Nonethe- as the United States. i
, less, he was happy enough to be rid of such an awkward pris- . Both are thus resigned to the fait accompli, while cherishing,
. oncr. For no jail could hold this curly-haired, baby-faced giant, the misplaced hope. that circumstances will impel the regime to
: of a man obsessed by the idea of revolution. ? blow a more liberal course. .
?
..' The outlaw turned prosecutor casts a threatening shadow. ? Theodorakis, who was one of the founders of the Patriotic ?
over the regime. Even his jailers and torturers could not help. Front resistance movement, explained the conclusions the or-
bumming the tunes of his songs against tyranny and would .ganization draws from these analyses of the situation. "The
sometimes render him small services. , Greek people must begin by shedding their illusions and our
; His continued presence in Greece?particularly behind . duty is to help them do it. They have to learn to depend on.
'
bp?became intolerable for the regime that thought it could ..their own resources, at least 'until the Socialist bloc, Western
i neutralize his influence. ,. , ' , Europe and the Middle East states undergo-a radical change of
? There must have been some thought of liquidating him. On heart in their attitude to the Greek resime.". - ?
? the night of Aug. 20-21, 1967, when he was arrested, his cap- ' . ? - ? .=
tors took him to a fir grove outside Athens, where, hands. . .. ? .i
bound behind his back and with spotlights trained on him, he A
program Is required ,
0 was told he was to be executed. '.
. "What are you feeling now?" an officer asked, as he pressed But he recognizes that some specific program . is required iv
a pistol to the composer's chest with a trembling hand. to. galvanize' Greeks into actively opposing the dictatorship. :
.."Shame." the composer replied. "Because you speak Greek." i "They will be called on to make great sacrifices and they
He is convinced that secret American pressure was behind l' have the right to demand from their leaders a program with
Vthe April 21 coup. "By imposing a peace of the graveyard on , precise objectives worthy of these sacrifices.
us, the Central Intelligence Agency wanted to assure the futurei "When it is all over the people should be able to count on .1.
? ? of NATO bases on our territory, and to guarantee the safety of. the establishment of ireinvigorated democracy with all?and I., I
Greek and foreign monopolistic capital in our markets," he mean all?the liberties restored and the army back where it :i
said. "George Papadopoulos and his colonels are merely prox- belongs, in the barrack rooms. They should also be able to %
ies for the United States." ? _ . depend on a redistribution olthe national wealth on a basis or ..
, That Theodorakis has no great regard for the present mas- social justice. '
_ ? .
lets of Greece is the least one can say. "Unlike the Nazis they ' "The state apparatus, stripped of its reactionary and incom- -
have no ideology whatsoever to propose. They are semi-liter- ?
pstent elements, would implement a new economic, social and '.'
ate, they hate all forms of culture, they are anti-Greek and cultural policy to improve the lot of the underprivileged and ?,.
chauvinistic at the same time, and take anti-Communism to working classes. It would bring in young people to assume pos-
,absurd lengths. They have the mentality of small-time fas- ? itions of responsibility and the entire population would take an ?
'cists." ? active part in thc running Orthe 'country.
, And the man who wrote the Music for "Zorba the Greek", It is an impassioned picture of the Greece of tomorrow that'
caps his distate for them with the crowning insult: "These peo-? Mr. Theodorakis paints. This ?leader of Lambrakis ?
:plc love outmoded tangos and military marches...."- ' Youth-named after Gregoris Latnbrakis, the EDA (Union of
t
"Just as Hitler conquered Europe, but not its peoples, so the Democratic Left) deputy forSalonika, who was assassinat- 1
*George Papadopoulos has taken over the machinery of state,. ed' on May 22,1961?has been' sdreaMing of his new Greece,
' without winning the souls of the 'Greeks," he said. . ? ... ?pirough30 years of oectipaGok civ:l! 'war; prison,. internment
: The composer-activist feels that resistance to the regime has kind denArtatioli.. ....... , ,...... 1 ..! ... ,...., ,,!,..: . .. . _
been largely passive to date because the coup itself and the ,... . r- .. . _....... , ..,? , = -;? ., ,....' i.....- . ... --...-..t..-."-? .. ? ;
ease with which it was carried aut took the population by sur- ,,?' -. - _,,,`? . ' ' ???? -- ... ...:
.prise. He says that the people, subject to pitiless repression ', "PerPetual militant- '? ' - ? ? . - -
implement by the most modern methods, are taking part in l. -. ,? -''.?. ? .- ? ? _ -
. .- ?
a resistance movement whose many aspects are not always vis- . Behind the indefinable gentleness of his expression, the tend-,
0ible to the outside world. He admits, however, that the Greeks , er irony, flashes of humour and bursts of laughter, there is a
late not yet ready for a showdown. ? ' . ? i' steely determination which shows through in the declaration of
' ..? : 1 " '' this self-styled "perpetual militant?' ? ' ,
? . ?
be people are discouraged .. . .. . - 1
, . , - ..! ? ;1 "Before we can lead the Greek people to victory we will
Hundreds of thousands of people died and the Greeks 5uf-1' have to bring togither all the various resistance organizations. -
feted cruelly under the German occupation and the civil war': from whichever point of the political compass they come. un-.
8 the political parties, which h
. that fouowednilayeteeekfeiralltliassee20151107811t WARR* 4:14:704
-Ave been in decline since ? ,
. , w.rd, the ect ', I-Arm, lorlPicta
...' L ' 3
11, trttIrCe. It iSivt0?: .
'. Wert not ii.ble in tore will,. , ? - bit ? ,
? . . ,.
, I. IYI ilet. rilOrta..':. ?... .??.' .."#?N ; . .. ". '
?
? riss
fres s tip n CC
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-016
DAILY WORLD
3O APR 1970
STATI NTL
"Greek leader accuses Washington
' WASHINGTON ? The United States promoted the fascist putsch
in
in Greece in April 1967 and' is doing everything it can to keep the.
colonels junta in power. Andreas Papandreou, a prominent Greek
leader in exile, said here in a speech. He said that the Pentagon
and CIA consider Greece the most important strategic beachhead of
NATO in the Mediterranean. The "Prometheus' coup was worked.
out by the CIA and NATO, he charged.
Papandreou said that if the Pentagon halted its 'aid to the Greek
fascists, they could not stay in power more than a week. ?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release. 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP50-AW11-118-6b500220001-5
LOS ANGELE3 MIES '
3 0 APR 1970
(.
Greek coinOoSer Mikis Theodorakis i
said in Paris that "American iniperi= 1 NyNt i .
. alisni" was proPping up, the mifitary. -r1411.::
government in Athens and appealed
nor EurOpet moral and 'material aid? ;
to end the "Fascist dictatozahip:"
?
The tOmposei, retehtly freed !Mtn a, s
Greek prisort,-saiN'"NAT011..Anictit.)
can generals are , there? td ' ltitii 4
Greece. into illuat miliuiry-base. I
? Andlehirtd.the:n1 tithe CIA, 0(0161
alto ?plipatpitent in* VW: Pentlal . ,
o4 .1 .. ? , t ..i! ? ??ti,114. .44. . ..,
-4L - ...: . -L. -, - "I ..., . 4,? ?
. . ,
? 1.?
?
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 CIA-RbP80-01601R000500220001-5
 VO?11110,-,.:
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0155-Kkair0500220001-5
I.
PHILAT".:T.PIIIA, PA.
INQUIRER
1.1 ? 505,173
S ? 913,045
APR 29 1370
apandree s
itter VRaws
egime
Of the CIA, Greek
DEMOCRACY AT GUN..
L.-POINT: The Greek Front. By
% Andreas Papandreou. (Dou-
bleday & Co. 339 pages.
67.95.)
sp WICE imprisoned, tortured
-L and exiled, Andreas Pa-
: pandreou is understandably
? bitter about political condi-
.tions in Greece, and especial.
?ly the tight military dictator-
-ship . that has been running
the country since 1967.
- Many Americans think of
'Greece as the beneficiary of
, the Truman Doctrine, saved,
from the Communists by-
,U.
S. Intervention; and as a-
reliable NATO ally.
Papandreou looks at it dif.
i,ferently. Ile regards Greece,
*-since the U.S. filled the vac.
uum left by the departing
::ItritIsh after World War II as
an "American colony," and
its armed forces and intelli-
gence services as extensions
pot' the American Military Nis.
.45ion and the CIA.
? Examined closely, Greece
bears many resemblances to
' South Vietnam. without.
;American troops and Ameri-
can casualties. The U. S. sup-
ports and sustains the ruling
? government, no matter how
undemocratic,, no matter how
many thousands of political
, prisoners are jailed .and tor?t
toed. . ? " ?
?
?
?
? ?
DAPANDREOU quotes a
I former chief of the CIA i
Greece, when his father,
? George Papandreou, a former
premier, was refusing to go.
? along with U. S. policies, as
saying "Go tell your father
' that in Greece we get our,
way. We can do what we
want and we stop at noth-
ing,"
Andreas Papandreou spent
the years from 1939 to 1959 in
this country, studying, serv-
ing in the armed forces dun,
ing the war, and teaching.
. When he returned to Greece,
he became active in politics
and his faill,'r's party, the
- Center Union.
The party clashed with
' King Constantine, with the
.; rich Greeks of the Right Es-
tablishment, and with the
CIA. It wanted the king to
restrict himself to his consti-.
tutional limtis; it wanted the
army to obey the lawfully
elected government; it
wanted America to treat
?
reece as an ally and not a ,
satellite.
George Papandreou became
premier when his party won
an election, but the king
forced his resignation. When..
- new elections were about to '
be held, and all 'indications .
I: pointed to another Papandre. ,
ou victory, both the king and '
' the army planned separate
takeovers.'
? ? ?
yOUNG colonels, backed,
? according to Andreas Pa- '
? pandreou by the U. S.,. got
ahead of Constantine and,.
' seized power under Col. '
George Papadopoulos. Papan-.
? dreou says that it did not
. make much difference to the.
U. S. whether the king or the
army took over, except that
the CIA had close relations
, with Papadopoulos. This, says
Papandreou, was the "first ,
successful CIA putsch on the
European continent.1
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP8Q-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-
- BALTINORE MIX
27 APR 1970
r
Greece Feared
CIA Springboard
?v Paris, April 26 LB?Jean-Jac-
ques Servan-Schreiber claimed
today that the situation in
Greece raises the danger of sub-
!"-mission of all Western Europe
to the United States Central In-
telligence Agency and military.
Mr. Servan-Schreiber, author
; of "The American Challenge"
and former editor of the weekly
news magazine L'Express, is
now secretary-general of the
F small, leftist French Radical
Socialist party.
After accompanying the
t Greek composer, Mikis Theodo-
rakis, out of Athens two weeks
; ago, Mr. Servan-Schreiber con-
tended that the real powers be-
hind the regime in Greece are
r. the CIA' and American military.
t- In a two-page column in
L'L'Express today Mr. Servan-
;4. Schreiber-Astill president of
I L'Express publishing group,-
3 said his claim was followed by
pressure from CIA-related
.80tirCeS.
He said he Was told he should
` not annoy the CIA because the
,= North Atlantic Treaty Organiz-
Vation needs a stable govern-
Z, ment in ?Greece 'in order to as-
sure the defense of the West.
But Mr. Servan-Schreiber
f, argued that such preoccupation
'with external defense risks e
k gendering weakness internally:4
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80701601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 20CROM : CIA-RDP80-01
2 7 APR 1970
GREECE:
Flight to Freedom
Tap top, it's you.
Tap, tap, its 1. .
Which is to say,
In wordless speech,
I'm holding on, I don't give in.
These lyrics, recently smuggled out trial were 'sentenced to lighter penalties '
of Greece, were written by the cele-1 than had been widely anticipated.
brated composer Mikis Theodorakis , In Paris, there were fumors that, in
while in an isolation cell, where he corn- exchange for Theodorakis's freedom, Ser- ; ?
rnunicated with a fellow prisoner by tap- ? van-Schreiber had agreed to defend ,
ping in code against the wall. Arrested Greece before the Council of Europe,
for pro-Communist activities shortly after which last week voted to release a 1,000- :
the military junta seized power in Ath- page report on the junta's use of torture "
ens, the 44-year-old Theodorakis has 'against its political opponents. And spec-'
spent most of the past three years under ' ulation only increased when Servan-
detention. All this time, he continued to Schreiber, in a: statement that seemed
write his music?a mournful blend of By- aimed at., partially exonerating the colo- ?
zantine and folk themes?often beating nels, charged *...that "those who govern-.?
out the rhythm on the bars of his cell. Greece are tl* CIA and the American.
And during these years, Theodorakis, -military." But only Theodorakis himself . ?
composer of scores fouthe movies "ZorbM,. could reveal Servan-Schreiber's role..
resistance to the military regime. Last was in seclusion' at a sanatorium outside
the Greek" and "Z," became a symbol of And for the time being, the composer 1
week, he realized in life what he had Paris. "Mikis is recovering very well,"
celebrated so often in song?freedom. ? said Melina Mercouri. "He had a tor- t ?
Theodorakis's release from prison was . tured life in and out of prison. Now, after
arranged by Jean-Jacques Servan-Schrei- so many' years of fighting for democracy
ber, the former editor of L'Express and ? and liberty, he has the right to. explain
now Secretary-General of France's new- his situation '? . ?,
.ly renovated Radical Party. Approached .; ?
by a group of Greek students in Paris,
Servan-Schreiber had agreed to inter-
cede on behalf of 34 anti-regime intel-
lectuals who were on trial for sedition in
Athens. Never one to shun the glare of
publicity, Servan-Schreiber flew to Ath-
ens aboard his private Lear jet and met
with Greek Premier George Papadopou-
! los, who reportedly told him that nothing ,
could be done for the defendants while.
the military court was still convened. In-
stead, Papadopoulos offered to free .,
Theodorakis. That same day, Servan-
Schreiber picked up the ailing Theodo-
rakis at a hospital outside Athens and
the two flew back to Paris. Looking pale
and shaky as he stepped off the plane,.
Theodorakis was surrounded by well-
wishers and tearfully embraced by ac-
tress Melina Mercouri. "My body is
here," he said, "but my soul is still in
? Greece, where I left my children and
my wife."
Arms: The junta's motives for releasing
; the composer seemed apparent enough.
Theodorakis badly needed treatment for ?
1 a recurrence of the tuberculosis he had
contracted years ago, and the regime
saw an opportunity to curry some rare
favorable publicity in the West by mak-
ing a humanitarian gesture. Moreover,
the Nixon Administration has made it
clear that it will not lift the U.S. ban on '
shipments of new model' weapons to
Greece until the colonels in Athens soften
their dictatorial rule. In response, the
?
several j 0, 4cnCirditaitti2.001 /03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
, I ? . unta r
t p
an easing of martial law. in Greece. And ? ? ?
? Jast week, the defesidAnisin?the sedition
4
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0
NEVI. XOR8 2111X6
ONASSIS IS URGED
TO AID PRISONERS
z ? ?
Frenchman Says Millionaire
;- Will Press Greek Regime
Spectal to Tae New York Times
PARIS, April 25?Aristotle S.
Onassis, the Greek shipping
magnate, and other important
businessmen have agreed to
help in applying pressure on
the Greek military Government
to halt its political persecutions
and release political prisoners,
, according to Jean Servan-
vSchreiber, the French writer
and political leader.
Mr. Servan-Schreiber, who
has been active in the last two
weeks in behalf of Greek pris-
oners and who has said.he ob-
tained the release of the com-
poser Mikis Theodorakis, said
in an interview that he had
seen Mr. Onassis several times
during that period and had told
him that the prisoners had to
be released.
"Otherwise," Mr. Servan-
Schreiber said he had told Mr.
Onassis, "there will be such a
revolt in Greece that you will
Jose your investments.'
Mr. Onassis agreed with this
analysis and said he would
help, Mr. Servan-Schreiber said.
,The writer remarked that with
'a program to invest $600-mil-
lion in the next two years, Mr.
Onassis has "the strongest
:voice in Athens."
Mr. Servan-Schreider said:
"What Mr. Onassis tells the
colonel,' I don't know. You
have to use the power you
have and Onassis does."
Cites Foreign Help
In his campaign to mobilize
opinion against the military
regime, Mr. Servan-Schreiber
cited the help of Thomas A.
Pappas, a prominent Greek-
American business man who
heads Esso Pappas in Greece
and who Is friendly with the
Administration in Washington.
Ile also enlisted Gilbert Tri-
gano, a Frenchman who is head
of the Club Mediterranee, a
tourist business that annually
Sends thousands of vacationers
to the villages it operates in
Greece.
"I went to Trigano and asked
for a blank check," Mr. Servan-
Schreiber said. "I wanted au-
thority to tell the Greek Gov;
eminent that if they did not
tree the prisoners, they faced
closing of the tourist villages.
Pisan? anklifiromed...Fo
2 6 APR 1970
Betiiiied of the Club Mediter-
ranee's importance other tour-
ist organizations in _ Europe
would follow suit, Mr. Servan-
Schreiber asserted.
Up to now, only Mr. Theo-
' ilaralds has actually ? been
?ireed. The regime has also
, promised the release of Jean
,Starak-is, a French journalist
of Greek origin who was sen-
tenced two weeks 'ago to 18
years in prison for plotting
against the regime.
The French Government
claimed credit for freeing Mr.
Starakis who said he would re-
turn last weekend with Mr.
Starakis but failed to do so,
neither confirmed nor denied
theofficial French version. Mr.
Starakis's mother returned to-
day from Athens without her
son but expressed confidence
he would be released soon.
Mr. Theodorakis, who is in a
private clinic under treatment
for what Mr. Servan-Schreiber
described as chronic tubercu-
losis, will make his first public
appearance since his arrival
here at a press conference next
Wednesday. Mr. Semen-Schrei-
ber said it had been agreed
when he obtained the com-
poser's release that Mr. Theo-
dorakis would not organfze any
political activity against the
Greek Government but that
there had been no commitment
about Mr. Theodoralds's free-
dom to speak out on political
Issues.
H Plans to Withdraw ?
Mr. Servan-Schreiber, . whb
recently became secretary gen-
eral of the Radical Socialist
party after making the weekly,
L'Express one of France's big-
gest publishing successes,-has
been accused by his rivals of
intervening in Greek problems
to advance his own pblitical
cause at home.
Revealing some sensitivity to
this accusation, he said that
next Tuesday three of four
prominent French nonpolitical
figures, whom he did not name,
would formally assume charge
of the campaign on behalf of
Greek prisoners. ,
"I am withdrawing from the
limelight," Mr. Servan-Schrei-
ber said in acknowledging that
his presence in the forefront of
the campaign made it mdre
vulnerable to political attack.
He said the new group would
have available the business fig-
ures he had cited and whom
he described as 'my friends."
He emphasized they had the
power to reduce or increase
their investment in Greece, and
It& said thattimr_hiaoLessne
1-NNelf*e tW, 0411.1i,
STATI NTL
terests- coincided with the de-
fense of moral values. Mr.
Servan-Schreilier added that
the Greek leaders were also
sensitive to the moral pressure
ordinary of Europeans.
He was critical of what he
viewed as the predominant and
? semiautonomous role played by
the Central Intelligence Agency
and the Pentagon in Greek af-
/airs. When he returned with
me Theodorakis made the
charge that Greece was run by
the C.I.A. and said he had
proof, though he did not give
details, the charge added to the
controversy concerning his in-
? tervention. .
He later said that one ele-
ment of proof he had gathered
in a weekend. in Athens was
? the fact that "when I knocked
on several doors the only re-
4P9ice .withz #1. C?14.6,-.
CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
4)
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01609A9A?R220001-5
ntrfs
2 8 APR 1970
Is Greece An American Nuclear Base? .14
i
, Senator Symington's commendable effort to American military system in Europe, and the '
I
break through the secrecy surrounding deploy- CIA plays a rble all the more dangerous be-
ent of American nuclear weapons overseas cause the organization there is often self-gov-
kes on fresh interest in view of reports from ' erning Sand personal, as in Southeast Asia..."
reece. - ? ? Mr. Servan-Schreiber may think "no one is
The Missouri Senator, with the backing of ;, unaware" of American missile bases in Greece,
Chairman Fulbright of the Foreign Relations % but in fact the American people are unaware 1
Committee, has been contending for some time . of it. He may be right or wrong, but certainly !
hat if not the public at least responsible the. Foreign Relations Committee of the United j
embers of the Senate have a right to know States Senate has the duty to know whether.
;where our foreign nuclear installations are and Greece is or Is not a principal base for Ameri- .
*hat agreements have been made with foreign , can nuclear missiles. , '4
'countries respecting them. , After the Cuba crisis of 1962 the United I
? As Senator Fulbright has said, the presence 1 States was supposed to have withdrawn its .
of American "mikes" alters the framework of Jupiter missile bases from Turkey in order to
'our foreign policy toward the country in ques- avoid giving ? the Soviets any new .excuse for:
tion, and may involve us in its domestic pol- trying to install nukes on our doorstep as we
'Ries by giving is an interest in maintaining a .,', bad installed them. on theirs. As nuke trajecm
particular regime in power. These are reasons toriee go, however, Greece is virtually identical ')
enough why somebody besides the milttary , with Turkey. If we are using Greece to hold 4
should know what is going on. ' ? , a nuclear pistol at Russia's head, the Soviet ;
Now, as if to provide chapter and verse ref- r" expansion of missile deployment and many
erences to support that argument, the repres- ,, other aspects of its foreign policy might be I,
sive military government in Greece comes to , come more understandable. ? ' ? .i
.attention. Explaining why American policy . Also illuminated would be the United States !,
toward the Greek colonels' tyranny is so chart- : L. Government's 'attitude toward the Greek colo-1
. table,. Titne magazine this week state s that. ,., nels..If they are providing us with nuclear
, Greece figures More prominently than ever in 1 ,bases that may well explain why, at a time when
:U.S. military planning, in part ? because it ,- democratic Europe conspicuously breaks with ,d
,serves u "a prime location for communication. ,. the Greek dictatorship, the United States goes .4
. nets and missile sites on Crete." . ' on supporting it. To get the bases, have we sac- 4
L A few days ago the French publisher and . , rificed our freedom. of action and opened the i
politician Jacques Servan-Schrieber after a vway to unending blackmail?-
visit to Greece declared that the CIA is back- : It is ,nothing ?short of shameful that the 0
s.-
Ing the Athens junta and envisaged a growing ,,, United States, because of the militarization of
,divergence between European and American ,, ,its foreign policy, finds itself increasingly alien- A
. interests there.. Speaking in Strasbourg at a .L,: ated from the European democracies and in- i
time when the Council of Europe was indict- creasingly committed to the continent's two
Ing the Greek government for Oppression of most despicable dictatorships, in Greece and
. its people, Mr. Servan-Schreiber said, actord- Spain, as anchors of its diplomacy. What this ..
t
iing to The Christian Science Monitor:_ ' 'means is' that we are being pushed to the i
. "In Greece the basis of the problem Is At- , : Mediterranean fringes of Europe while we j
,lantic and military. No one is unaware that the steadily lose influence in Europe itself. If all i
? tJnited States hu made Greece its principal. ,' this Is going on because of the Pentagon's mad :
!strategic base in Europe and that it has In - obsession, with maintaining a nuclear ring
;stalled there its principal missile :bases. Witn, , around the Soviet' Union, then at .the very least '
Spain; Greece 'Is at anthems' point ofliee7 the 1J.& Senate ought to know about it..
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
AppPeI?: CIA-RDP80-01
limes
- 54,391
S 69,238
APR 2 4 1970
? Secret and Repugnant
In Strasbourg last week, 15 West Euro- t
? pean governments (with only France and Cy-
prus abstaining) were voting strong condem-
nation of Greece's military dictatorship at the
Council of Europe.
Specifically, the 15 charged not only that
t Greece had tortured and otherwise mistreated
political prisoners but that it did so as 'an "ad- ?
ministrative practice" officially tolerated by
the colonels' junta that overthrew the legal
''government in April of' 1967.
=.
k
: The report on which the Council of Europe
?
action was based, a 40,000-word document-
drafted by the European Commission of Hu-
man Rights, cited the case of a pregnant 4
i woman who was one of many beaten on the i
f- soles of the feet; and noted that this is a pre- '
' ferred practice by the Greek police because ,
? while it is intensely painful, no lasting marks
i are left if the beating is skillfully done.
In Brussels, the European Executive
? i: Commission announced it was preparing to
!' "reconsider" the in-limbo 1962 agreement of
l? association between Greece and the Common 1
f
. Market.
While these steps were being taken in Eu-1
. ,
rope, the disclosure in Washington of secret ,
?and quite substantial?military assistance toi
' %the current Greek regime was in ironic and 3
shocking contrast.
?)
Despite United States suspension of "ma-1
jor" military items to Greece after the 1967
t". coup, Congress has authorized $24.4 million in,
; military aid for the 1970 fiscal. year.
'?'. Over and above this, however, Congres-
sional sources have disclosed that the Pental
gon is delivering additional equipment, from 1
stocks described as surplus, worth $20 million,/
, more.
;It is such activity as this, plus the inex-1
.i
U
eusable arrival Of the .S. Fleet at Piraeus .
during recent political trials in Athens, that i
lend credibility to the exaggerated charges i
of such figures as France's Servan-Schreiber
that the Central Inyllismsmaspagy is the
real master of Greece.
Not even the obvious threat of increased
Soviet naval maneuvering in the Eastern
Mediterranean can justify the provision of
arms to a repressive dictatorship without thel
knowledge or approval of Congress or thei
Antedcm_ W.e.
Appre,MakOrReleasee2041?1403L04.X1AADP80-01601R000500220001-5
MEN
STATI NTL
)11?110????0???????????
STATINTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDF'80-0160
UADISON, WISC.:
JOURNAL
U ? 68,775
S ? 107,031 '
APR 2 4 1970
Director God
,
? f????,..r,"""7"*"
rd Peddles Marxism
By JOSEPH McBRIDE film dealt only with sexual, not
(Of TM SIM Amami Warn ideological liberation.
Jean-Luc Godard was sitting
Godard applauded and said he
In the Rathskeller of the W considers the film "completely
is-
consin Union earlier this week. revisionist" today.
Hardly anyone recognized him. "I need to be liberated by a
As somebody said, you don't woman," he added.
have to have read James Joyce Once considered an intransi-
to be influenced by him ? he's
gent individualist, Godard now
makes films with "comrades of
in the air we breathe. The same
with Godard, a world-famous the Dzig a-V er toy group"
French movie director. , (named after an early Russian
director). he group consists of
THE GENERAL public sel- Godard and Jean-Pierre Gorin,
dom sees his movies, and even who appeared with him and
some of his. early followers are who, according to Godard, is
repelled by his recent pictures "exactly like me."
(formless political harangues), Pardon me if I find Godard's
but Godard is responsible more new stance of toiler for the
than any other director for the masses as sophomoric as the
way movies look today. audience, which accused him of
Conditioned by his image as not being 'radical enough.
a nervy paranoiac, I had been OTHER GODARD observa-
wary of meeting Godard. In- lions:
stead I found him strangely
gentle, even shy, talking in a
soft voice as he puffed on fat
Boyard cigarets.
-"I( I'm famous, V it's only 'be-
cause I'm still a bourgeois," he
told students in the Union Thea- ,
ter after showing a 1969 fi
"See You at Mao."
To which a girl responded,
"Karl Marx was famous."
Godard is making a brief If. S.
tour to raise cash , for a film
? "Till Victory" ? which he is
making for the Al Fatah group
in Jordan. He is a dogmatic
Marxist-Leninist.
LIE DISARMED the audience
of about 1,000 with his reply to a
women 's liberation group's
charge that his tour was spon-
sored by lin ?exploitive" cow
(Grove.Preee) and ...tIrteubla
0 On collectivism: "I don't
speak personally, but as a mili-
tant worker. This movie was
done by people who didn't know
where they were but thought
they knew where other people
O To a member of the audi- show business. n took me a '
ence who' said the movie had
made him want to "send people
into the fields" for Mae Tse-
lung: "We try not to work any
more with feelings and impres-
years to discover that it was an.
even more powerful family than,
the other."
GODARD MADE it difficult
for the unconverted by refusing',
sions."
' to talk about movies, only about
O On. his American movie,
"One American Movie": "A When I met him earlier, I had.:
dead corpse. It's unfinished. It ",?,"n'ently- attempted to draw'
will never be f n)i shed. It's
?
him out on his future projects,
bad . . " .
* He turned away and stared0. On "Z": "It's not realistic. space. -
The proof is that it won an nd when I asked about his?
Oscar. The Greek government rmer friend and fellow dlrec-
is controlled by. the tor Francois Truffaut, with
Hollywood is the* ideologica ' .
. whom ne broke after an ideolog-
branch of the CIA." ? ?
?ical dispute, he scowled. ?
? 0 On mass consumption: "If
Politics obv a minion prints are made of a more to him than people.
i s 1 y means
i
Marxist-Leninist ft 1 m, it be- Why hasn't he worked with ,:
comes 'Gone With the Wind.' ". the brilliant photographer Raoul
O To a person who called him Coutard in the last two years? ??:
a trend-follower: "You . know "Coutar,d is now making a
more about me than I know film 11 South Vietnam for Para- t
about you. That's not fair." mount," Godard said. "SoVV
O On. his radicalization: "I have nothing more to do with .
was raised in a bourgeois. fam- ? ? .
Hy. To escape, from my family, Godard deserves his audience,
I worked in another:.fimily, and _the', deserve h102, . =
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000509220001-5
STATINTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01
CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
23 APR 1970
1. Anti-CIA publicity
" The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) is in for another big publicity cam- .,
paign against it. This time in Western Eu.
rope:
Opponents of Greece's military regime,
:censured by a Council of Europe vote last ,
week, are planning a new propaganda of.
. fensive against the CIA's reported influence
? in Athens.
'. Launching it was French politician-writer
?"Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber. Greek Pre-
mier George Papadopoulos recently released
, Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis from.
.confinement and permitted him.,tp fly out
'with Mr, Servan-Schreiber to Paris.
In Paris afterward, Mr. Servan-Schreiber
said he had "incontrovertible evidence" the. ?
CIA and the American military, sometimes
In ways unknown to the U.S. State Depart-
ment, are the "real powers" in Greece.
Antijunta forces led by economist 'An-
dreas Papandreou now are ,gathering all ,
, available evidence to publish it.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
mIDDLETOWN, ONN_,
papAproved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01
E ? 19,771
APR 23 1910
A Very Sm
The Greek regime, responding to world
opinion, has taken a number of initiatives in
the last few weeks to improve its image.
The release of Composer Mikis Theodor-
; akis and 332 other political prisoners, the
? avoidance of the death sentence in the
Athens sedition trial and the relaxation of
martial law, all are part of a calculated pat-
tern.
At the same time it is clear that the
Greek regime has engaged in extensive
torture, and the suspension of civil liberties.
" The foreign ministers of the Council of
Europe have accused the Greeks of using
torture as an "administrative practice" and
the carefully documented case that was
presented confirm the allegations. Civil lib-
erties are- highly abridged, and laws are
applied in constructions for which they 'were
; never intended.
t. Europe has been a good deal more sensi-
tive to the Greek situation than, the United
all Retreat
STATINTL
1
States. Jean Jacques Servan-Schreiber, the;
Secretary - General of the French Radical;
party, who arranged the release of Theodor-
aids, immediately called a press conference
to expound his view that theaimntrolled
Greece, and that American influence hu
Greece and elsewhere was a threat to Europe;
and the world. While this no doubt paints an;
exaggerated picture, there is no doubt that
the United States has been giving the Greekl
colonels more support than they deserve.4
President Nixon has been directing a policy I
of allowing the U. S. to drift cloSer and:'
closer to the regime, when he should be
taking steps to highlight the grotesqueries!
that go on under the banner of NATO.
The recent changes in Greek Policy are;
merely a sop to world opinion and should be
regarded in that light; America has too:44
many friends who deal with their enemies?
;by locking them up.)
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
STAT I NTL
Approved For Release 2001./03/04 : CIA-RDP80-016
YORK, PA.
GAZETTE & DAILY
11 - 35,186
APR 22 1970
(
ONLY IN AMERICA
The release from "preventive
detention" of the famous Greek
, composer Theodarakis was achieved
somehow through the offices of a
French editor who is active in the
politics of his country and western
Europe as well. We do not profess to
know what considerations led to the
Greek decision to permit freedom to
the composer. But presumably it was
just that, a Greek decision by those
elements which, according to a
statement by the French editor, hold
i in their hands effective control of
iGreece. We refer to the U.S. military
and the U.S. Central Intelligence
.- Agency, the CIA.
: The French editor says that his visit
to Greece afforded him documentary
proof of the Pentagon-CIA role. It is
reasonable to assume, then, that he
secured the release of Theodarakis
without Pentagon-CIA approval, for if
so there would have been no reason ,1
for him to have made his remarks
about these U.S. agencies. Could it ,
possibly be that he has given us a clue 1
to a better understanding of the real
nature of dictatorships around the,
world which it is usually said 'U.S.
foreign policy supports?
There is, of course, no question
about U.S. policy support for the.
dictatorship in Greece or for those in
South Korea, Taiwan, Congo, Brazil..
and elsewhere. But are such
dictatorships actually locally owned '
and managed also? Or are some of
them, maybe most, locally managed
while ownership lies with the
PentagQn and the CIA? Perhaps it
would be better to say that the way it
works is for the CIA to plan and
finance the kind of local management
it desires and for the Pentagon to
supply the hardware to keep the local
management in business.
Should that be an accurate
description of the setup, then it is _
misleading for anyone to focus critical,
attention on, say, the Greek
dictlfivatseit NioReqesa
Greek mitten The place to focusl
attention is on the CIA, the CIA and i
the Pentagon. They are apparently 1:
operating an imperialist foreign 1_
policy. For if what the French editor
says is tru, e about Greece is true, too, i
? of other nations, these nations have4
been. taken over politically by the .1,
CIA, with CIA control maintained by 1
? Pentagon resources.
The scheme is a little different from' .
the old imperialist pattern imposed inl
Asia and Africa by the ?Western,
European colonizing countries. But it _
is different only in measure of
? sophistication. The CIA-and the
Pentagon have, so to speak, perfected.
an imperialist disguise that can be
(
pierced. only when someone like the
French editor wanders into the act
and begins to talk out of turn. ,
Unfortunately, his words probably do
ii-o-, t reach many American ears. And
imost Americans go on thinking that
There is really no such thing as U.S.
imperialism. Other peoples, however,
ido know what the CIA and Pentagon
;are up 'to. The secret can't be kept
from diem: Only in America does this
F
?type of ignorance prevail simply
because the powers-that-be see to it ,
hat Americans alone are kept in the I
lark, ?
1/03/04: CIA-R0P80-01601R000500220001-5
=2111100162.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-
CHU8TIAN SCIENCE MONITOR
liaraasa has ? ?
f41.,Premier Papadopoules. ?
? ... holds Inn grip ? ;
20 APR WO
, (One reason given for French
abstention was France's desire
not to widen the gap already
?? ? existing between "Europe" and
? Greece.)
' Reactions from Athens, how-
?
reece: eveerr,earweafsar, from encouraging.
official disappoint-
. . merit in the Greek capital be-
cause the Council of Europe had
? not taken more account of
? Greek announcements ?on the
eve ()URI meeting. These said:
that 330 prisoners were being-
. . released.. ??
?
Also the release of the Greek
? ; composer Milds Theodorakis ap- ;
tparently made no difference to
the council's vote. The coin-
? poser himself appeared at a
opt.. o .1 press conference in Strasbourg. ,
? .1?t ?".1Tvii%ri $01! Sit This This was arranged by Jean.:
. . : ? ?
?fftis.?? +v."! Jacques Servan-Schreiber? for. ?
' 0.ar:L?dit:C1- fo:mer editor of the French news ?
. ?
?. ? :to)", magazine L'Express.
9: ? b'mlia"...4 political Image as the
? f'??;?111?0111 . Itxt tatar4Tt
stle
i ?Y! .. ? '.;:t ;40t441.11"111 Mi. Serven-Schreiber is build. i
, ..e.? ? .. .! 11 ;11..1.i g up a
. ? 4?
. ,?,?.: .. liberal-minded leader of the old ?
? . Ye ' Athens :.. :r.i. - es........* French Radical prty,,Ile went
? 1.,.0 ? :1;;?fin '''?.?_,1?11116.,`"..,' id . Athens at the 'rellfk8f of a
'1 )1.thorsitui.2""22 Greek students' association to
???/
?????? .......?:11... ..% ..,?
.,,,fri ,,.. .. c.::. . intervene on behalf . of political
. . I
...14.% , 10.;4.-.0ng prisoners. ? ife . retUin -brintg .
? I ,.
. ? ? with him ; the famous rd
? .
..1.?? ?? 4?,?; Theodoraldslor. medical .
: . ment with appipial of the Greek
By Peter S. Melles
Special to The Christian Science Monfior '
Athens.'
?
? The revolution of April 21, 1967, completes its third
year with an unquestioned grip on the country and with
? Premier George Papadopoulos as the accepted-leader
-of the group' of colonels who acted to start a new era crt;?,,
for Greece. ?
. Operating on the basis of a well-planned blueprint vt '
whose drafting and implementation commenced in the rA
late '50's, the colonels have managed, to consolidate
their position, although many had thought they would'
. never survive this long. Indeed, the indications now are
? that they will continue in power for some time..
,
. With military precision the coup leaders won1egality. 1.1
? through compromise with King Constantine during the
first eight months of the revolution. They completely
? established themselves after the King's abortive, coun-
ter coup in December, 1907, and his flight from the "?;;;;
country.. , ,
But the Army-backed regime presents a dilemma',
for the West.
1
regime... ),
.?
? ?
Charge repeatedi'? ,
? It is Mr. ' Serve/I-Schreiber,,
who has raised the question of
a? possible conflict between
'American and European inter.
. eats in the Greek situation. After '
his Athens visit he stated that
? the United States Central Intel.
ligence Agency was backing the
, Greek junta. He said he would
have more to say on that when ;
. !he went to Strasbourg. . ?
At his Strasbourg press con- ?
ference he repeated the charge.. ?
Ile said that everyone knows
? this. Reports from Strasbourg .1
April 16 quoted him as saying: .?
"In Greece the begs of the
problem' is Atlantic and
'?tary. No one is unaware that '
:
Internally, Greece continues to offer the foreign vis-;?:! ?
nor the same enchanting attraction as in the past..But ?;.:
an unspoken ?fear lurks of the sort likkh prevails
-. police states. There. is ? feeling that 'room or liter
sem signed subusiales ereiblensity. will be required. a! 4
?
.STAT INTL
.the United Stites has made.
Greece its principal strategic
. base in Europe and that it hail.
? installed 'there,. its Prk!olPol.
: ? ' : ??,
"With Spain, Greece is an .1
anebri:r: point 01lbs jaloot
Approved For Release 200170344 : .CIA-RDP80-01601 R000500220001,5,
0?????
..1.1.0?1011?1101.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP8
NEW YORK, N.Y.
TIMES
U ? 895,595
S ? 1,445,507
, 201970
FRENCH RADICAL
STIRS CONFLICTS
ST-ATINTL
1 He seemed 'to ald his oppo-1
' nents by a series of statements, defendants On trial fair plotting'
that struck many people as against the Greek regime. After
making too much of a good, rejecting the idea of an appeal
,e
? thine He said that he would through Premier Jacques Cha-
-Delmas of France because
1
? ?Servan-Schreiber's Paper'
1 `+? Tells of Theodarakis Plea '
By HENRY GINIGER
Sorelal to The New York Times
PARIS, April 19?Greek and
French politics have become
Inextricably mixed in ? the per-
son and activities of Jean
Jacques Servan - Schreiber, the
journalist turned politician.
Last week headlines and
controversy involving Mr. Ser-
van-Schreiber, who is attempt-
log to revive the old Radical-
Socialist party here after
having made a publishing suc-
cess of the weekly L'Express,
were in full bloom. Headline4
and controversy have accom-
panied him through his career
and more were in prospect
, after his return to Athens
1Thursday to pursue the task of
1 freeing opponents of the Greek
'military regime that he began
I last weekend.
I
Tomorrow- L'Express; from
'which Mr. Servan - Schreiber
i has nominally withdrawn as
ipublisher but not as owner,
1 will add fuel to the fire with
i an account accusing the French
I1Government of applying pres-
sure on Greece in an attempt
to stop his efforts to free
,Jean Starakis, a French jour-
nalist of Greek abstraction
1
I sentenced last Sunday to 18
1
t gars in prison for plotting.
t e newspaper account also
i says that Mr. Servan-Schreiber
' has Involved the United States
lin his activities.
1 He Brought Back Theodaralds
1 Last Monday he startled the
t Trench political scene by arriV-
i Ina at Le Bourget in a chartered
twin-engined jet with Greece's
? most famous musician and re-
sistance leader, Mikis Theo-
, tlarakis, whom Mr. Servan-
Schreiber said had been re-
leased from captivity, after he
appealed to Greek authorities.
Mr. Servan-Schreibees exploi
' was praised by most politicians,
but it did not take long for the
Gaullist% the French Govern-
ment, the Greek Governmen
and Mr. eodarakis's leftist
political f
on him.
gain the release of, Mr. Stara- ha
his, that he had proof that it would be "too late," Mr.,
Greece was being run by the' !wan-Schreiber decided to ap-I
Central Intelligence Agenc al directly to Premier George'
and the Pentagon and that Mr. apadopoulos of Greece, the
Theodorakis was no longer a ticcount said.
Communist; On arriving 'in Athens late on
He also made it clear that he iaturday. the account said, Mr.
thought it was a mistake to Servan-Schreiber asked French
isolate Greece from the Council. journalists there: "On what
of Europe, an 18-member bodyi. doors should I knock? Who
that tries to promote human'. really governs Greece, Papado-
rights and cooperation, and in-1 poems, the tough colonels, the
sisted on being .heard by the!' C.I.A.?" He concentrated on
Ministerial Committee of thel yrreW,,Tho held key positions in
Council, which met in Stras-1 banking, government and the
bourg last week to consider al police and above, all the Pre-
report condemning Greece for,? Inter, whom the account de-
violating human rights. ?i! scribed as "ambitious, Intel*
Statementi Challenged t?igent. and shrewd."
His statements were immedill we'VienViesPidated
and at dawn on
telephone calls
ately challenged. The French
Government declared that it , met with
'Mr. Se
ithivan-Schrelber
"members of the
had arranged, even before Mr.11 American Embassy:, the sc-
Staraldes conviction, for hist met says. They are described
release, the Greek Embassy as,1 as redeem, end the ,aceee
serted that?the decision to free says the conversatiCal ,W1As SOS
Mr. Theodorakis had been ? nec ? " k
made "a long time agd." y
Gaston Thorn., chairman of
the Committee of Ministers ol
the Council of Europe, reported
after seeing Mr. Servan-Schreli
bet that the latter had nothing
new to tell him, and Gaullists
charged that the radical Lead-
er's demand to ? testify before
the committee was a 'publicity
stunt." Others intimated that
he had made a deal with the
Greek Government by which he
would seek to ward off a for.
mal condemnation in Strasi
brourg. The condemnation camd
anyway, with the French Gov
ernment abstaining.
Further Controversy Likely
'The account of Mr. Servan4
Schreiber's activities in tomor-
row's L'Express appears cerr
tato to add to the controversy.:
In it the French Government id
accused of demanding that the
Greek Government turn Mr.
Starakis over', to it and not to
Mr. Servan-Schreiber lest the
French vote in Strasbourg be
changed. The Government
also accused of not being very,
"sporting" in asserting that Mr.1
Starakis's release had been ar-
ranged earlier. . ;
According to' the account, RI
.was Michel Papayanalds, an
structor at the Paris law fa
ilaValSrentitel : CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved Far Release 2001/03/04: CIA-R
xzw. IODIC UM;
1 9 APR 1970
??
STATI NTL
I. Foreign Affairs:Whose C. L A. and Pentagon?
I By C. L. SULZBERGER '
1
PARIS?Greece again be-I
! came a subject of heated dis-
: cussion last week when its
i most famous composer, Theo-
; dorakis, was rele'ased, when the
:Council of Europe hammered
T the colonels for condoning tor-
ture, and when Athens momen-
i? tarily became a French political
football. '
Only the last event was sur-
prising. The colonels have in
the past shown willingness to
liberate prisoners who have be-
come ,too hot to handle?viz,
Prof. Andreas Papandreou. Like-
wise. the European Council first
i declared itself on Greece in
, 1969.
t . ..
1 Easement in Athens
It merely hopes continued
pressure may produce an ease-
ment in Athens, which might
ultimately be the case. The
regime is vulnerable to eco-
nomic suasion in the money
i market and worried about tour-
ism from the West. especially
- organized mass holidays. Tour-
ism is a major income factor.
1 'The only new element was
the intrusion of French politics.
Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber,
- - a Paris magazine publisher who ?
i party,
taken over the moribund
' Radical Socialist pa, flew to
? .Athens last weekendand re- ?
:.turned With Theodoralds. This ,
? Ursa a But hwmaidtarian Coup.
4
but Servan-Schreiber made theiherhaps someone told him he' the way a clever publisher ac-!
mistake of trying to turn it was talking about the wrong quires a dying magazine for its.
Into a publicity stunt aimed at C.I.A. and Pentagon. ? circulation list. He became
furthering his own French' Servan-Schreiber is the only secretary-general under the;
presidential ambitions. French politician with an Amen- titular leadership of the radi- ,
The dynamic publisher, who can sense of personal publicity; cal's president, the pleasanto
has already shown vast talent ' which he uses to zigzag from undistinguished Faure. In sub..;
for self-promotion, announced left to right and back again in . sequent months Faure has van., '?
that he had learned during his Aiis power quest. During al- , ished in the wake of J.-J. S.S.
, weekend in Athens that Greece most a decade he has hoped to ? The idea of Servan-Schreiber i
was in the hands of the C.I.A. run for France's presidency and ' is one that has intrigued pre41 '?
' and U. S. Army. This was a has studied the techniques of vious radical leaders? notablyS,;
. remarkably' swift journalistic U.S. leaders, above all John F. ' Mendes-France: to revitalize the, .
conclusion and undoubtedly Kennedy, with this in mind. ? . Radical Socialists and, using t '
founded on precise information. .4 ' them as a magnetic center,
A LYching Politicians
The only trouble was that he ' ', form an alliance of all parties I.? ,
didn't tarry to ascertain whit ? For some time he confined .. between the right and the Com.
Greeks mean by C.I.A. and ' hitnirelf to his highly successful munists. This plan requires!
,Pentagon. The Greek Internal', management of "L'Express" and . genuine support from the na- i
And external intelligence ap- ., a series of books compiled with*. ?
tion. s youth.
paratus is locally known as the help of that weekly's staff;,Seeking Youthful Image
1
"C.I.A." Greece's military head- and advertised extensively in it.' Now that J.-J. S.-S. is 46 it is 1
. quarters is locally called "the. He also, successively attached..' more difficult to produce a
Pentagon." All the key colonels ? himself to well-known liberal
are graduates of one or the . politicians including Pierreyouthful image for voters a
ferre : generation younger. Moreover,
Indications are that President
other institution. Mendes-France, Gaston Def
The combined labels "C.I.A." and (the latest) Maurice Faure. Pompidou, 58, will seek re-elec-.1
and "Pentagon" are a useful ' , Each of these alliances ter- tion in 1976. It is therefore im- ?
handle with which to beat the ?,,,minated with a more noticeable :, perative for Servan-Schreiber to
'United States and gain pone- rise in Servan-Schreiber's for- . establish a position now and;
larity among young prenbh tunes than in those of his as- stake out a claim among the
voters. Servan-Schreiber prom- sociates. The original campaign youngsters.
ised to go to Strasbourg, where was touched off by a cover of , Possibly with this in mind,
the European Council meets, "L'Express" with the silhouette - he made the mistake of capi-
and "prove" his allegations. ' of an unknoWn hopeful, "Mon- talizing on his generous and ?
? In the end the Council de- ; sieur X," whose general outline;.fortunate help for Theodorakis"
dined to permit him to use its resembled Servark-Schreiber. . *.by slashing out against the
fealties as a sounding board. Last year .I.4. S.-S., as he .: Wilted States, using familiar
. This was perhaps fortunate* likes to be 'known h la F.DX. ,-, shorthand hate symbols. The,
? since he never followed through and J.F.X., took over the de-,:,etrouble.is they were.the wrong,
.as ' his pro:kilned; Mfttim ' 011.....t 46.164.a....14,....aktg ? ai,Socialist_ , ,party .. CIA. and Pentagoot -- --??? ? ,. 1
...A.A. 'Al 1..44, ..:-..t..kgr.a: ?? #4'4.0 ? Iriiiimiliiismillal?iiftctiewile I I I obelli.4. b 414 *iv I? AMIN* 44.,
? ??? - .04 ????..061. ?4 ?.????.....? remit&
?
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Y0UNGST07iN , OHIO
VINDICATWOVed For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01
E ? 100,987
S ? 155,644
t. APR 1 9 1970
'Democracy at ty-unpoine'
Greece Under the Colonels
"DEMOCRACY AT GU N-
t POINT: THE GREEK
: FRONT," by Andreas Pap-
andreou. Doubleday & Co.
I 365 pp. $7.95.
1 THE day I. read this pessi-
mistic analysis of the col-
onels' coup in Greece mydaily
paper happened to carry a
series of interviews in which
: ordinary Greek citizens ap-
peared resigned to their au-
rule. Nothing like
that appears anywhere in
? Andreas Papandreou's book,
of course. As an American-
trained minister in the Greek
Cabinet once headed by his(
father, he is fully committed
to the restoration of demo-
cratic government. But a note
of helplessness and frustra-
tion is unmistakably present
between the lines.
Papandreou was his fath-
tbotitarian
? er's righthand man and
ob-
viously in line to become a
.1future Prime Minister of
Greece. But the colonels
clapped him in jail for nine
months, then sent him into
, exile. He now teaches at York
University in Canada, where
much of the book was written.
At the time Papandreou left
Greece the prospects for the ,
, overthrow of the colonels
looked reasonably bright. To-
day they are nebulous at best.
The colonels are deeply en-
trenched. '
This alone would not ac-
count for ?Papandreou's pes-
; simism.: A Major Cause of his
ALAt.FeAti,!, ?P2.1.!_
tributes to the C16,..ia-6. reece's , :,
present plighrlf we are to 'i
believe him, the colonels' ;
coup was a NATO-elaborated :
plan to prevent Greece pass-
ing into Communist control, 1
a contingency he bitterly dis-
putes. Papandreou says flatly: f
' "The CIA is turning Greece
)
into its leading Near and Mid-
dle East espionage and count
erespionage base. There are
more CIA operatives i
Greece today than in Moscow. .
intelligence
Greece is on its way to be-
coming a military 41
outpost of the United States
in Europe."
Nor is this all, says Papan-
dreou speaking now as an
econoMist. "The Gree ic econ-
omy under the colonels is'
rapidly being patterned after .
the prototype of a banana re-
public," he declares and goes
on to list details of a large
development contract signed
.. by a U.S. corporation with the /
colonels shortly after the coup.
This was followed soon after ?
by a resumption of U.S. milt- ,
? tary aid. "The Greek militaryj
, regime apparently has taken i
- over the country in order to
' deliver it on a platter to-thel
. economic and strategic inter.'4
:ests of the United States'
- military-industrial ..complee'.
-4.B.
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-016
THE ECONOMIST
.18 - 25 April 1970
Under westorn eyes
FROM OUR ATHENS CORRESPONDENT
The Greek regime's unexpected political
gestures over the 0:0t eii (1:1y$ indicate
an energetic attempt hy its leaders to
reconcile the immovability of their
domestic objectives with the needs of
external expediency. The release of the
composer Mikis Theodorakis and 332
other political prisoners, the avoidance
of death sentences in the Athens sedition
trial, and the relaxation of martial law
? all fit into the same context: the growing
awareness of Athens that estrangement
from western Europe can. hurt the
regime's basic doctrine, which is to keep
Greece within the West at all costs. ?
There is little doubt here that
dissenting vote on the sedition senten
came from the military, court's civilian
president. Had the military judges not
pressed for the application of a law meant
exclusively for cases of communist
, subversion to defendants who were
? clearly non-communist, only. ten' of them
? (who were also charged with possession
or use of explosives) would have been
? convicted.
The strict application of ordinary laws
is now evidently the regime's disciplinary
antidote to the whittling down of martial
law. It can be assumed that the disclosure
of the torture allegations in court was
due only to the shrewdness of the defence
tactics. The regime was less embarrassed
because the allegations referred to dates
before the International Red Cross was
? The Creek leaders are determined not .given access to political prisoners last
:
to be pushed into speeding up the biologi-
November. The ,incident did, however,
tally slow process of establishing a new, increase its concern over the anticipated
.disciplined democracy by; the simple decision of the foreign ministers of the
Council of Europe this week to authorise
expedient of creating a new class of .
politicians and waiting for the former the publication of the human rights
:commission's report accusing the regime
politicians to die out. They are reali3ing, . of having used torture as an ". administra-
however, that alienation from western live practice."
Europe could hurt them in two ways. The government did its best to forestall
First, by intensifying the hostile climate
which has cut off Greece from the main- this decisinn. But in Strasbourg the coun-
? ? .
al ministers were .left unmoved by Mr,
Fapadopoulos's measures of liberalisation,
and duly condemned Greece' for violating
the European Human Rights Convention.'
They agreed that the report accusing the
regime of using torture should be
published. Only France and Cyprus
abstained.
M. Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber; the
secretary general of the French Radical ?
Party, who last week persuaded Mr
Papadopoulos to release TI eodorak is, was,
as 'he had promised, in StraAsourg too,
Exactly why, remains a mystery. But he
took the opportunity of calling a press ?.
conference to expound his belief, already
expounded to Lc Monde, that the CIA ,
controlled Greece, and that American
?influence in Greece and elsewhere was a
threat to Europe and the world. He
stream of European economic and
political evolution, especially by freezing
,its relations with the common market.
,Second, by virtue of the fact that the
United States is becoming more suscep-
tible to European feelings about Greece.
The relaxation of martial law and the
'reactivation of habeas corpus marked a
significant step forward. It would .have
? been more substantial if the regime had
not already incorporated the main martial
'law provisions in ordinary legislation, and
if the application of constitutional
safeguards could have been protected by
? the mechanisms that only a parliamentary,
democracy can provide. One . of the
novelties announced by the prime minister
was the establishment of a "small
? chamber" of up to 50 representatives
from professional organisations, trade
unions and local government to advise wished the council would grasp this point.
on legislation. This will add one more He is due to return to Athens, supposedly.
external democratic trimming, and may to bring back, this time, M. ?Jean
act as a seminar for a generation of new Stamkis, a journalist of Greek origin but
politicians guided by the law-and-order Frond, nationality, who was lemma to
philosophy.rt
yeaimprisonment last Sunday.
The trial of the 34 intellectuals, which' ??? ,
ended on Sunday when 20 of them were ? ?
given sentences ranging from three years
to life, , was also a balancing act in
? domestic and foreign policy. The prime
minister's exhortation to the judges to
exhaust their severity on law-breakers and
the prosecution's call for one death
, sentence had evoked such a strong reac-
., tion in Europe that, by Comparison,
?the heavy senteneekappeared .to be light.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01601R0005002200
STATINTL
?
01 -5
Approved For Release 20011031,04 : CIA-RDP80-0
CHICAG0, ILL.
TRIBUNE
N _ 805,424
S - I,131,72
APR 1 b 070
STATI NTL
Europe Council Condemns
_ ... ?
BY EDWARD ROIIRBACI1 .; parts of Which were. lealied last .
' [Chief of Paris Bureau] Iktovember ? to-? the presk. con-
STRASBOURG, France, Aprillta
ins :.1 cases of alleged tor,
' ,15 ? The Greek military gov- wnentation, with names and
I I:?ture a ill treatment. The doc-
ernment was condemned by the ,
places listed, includes descrip-
? Council of Europe here today pens. of face-slapping incidents
. for flagrant violation of the land solitary confinement. Elec-
jarganization's human rights , tro shock treatment and dozens
tconvention.
. . j of other sadistic practices also
f The council's ministerial corn-? are cited. One man claimed his
:rnittee also published a 1,000- moustache was burned off.
. !page report to document al- I Seek Moral Pressure .? - -.-:
.leged repression by the Greek Because the Council 'of Eu-
"colonels" regime. The minis- I rope has no Political power,
terial committee is composed of 1 publicatiOn .61 the highly dam-
foreign ministers representing : aging report Is aimed. at bring-
,nearly fill of Western Eprope's. tog moral : pressure -.on the
' [Greek junta:The report actual-
Greece has
major countries.
' Greeee has already called the ly was drawn up.,last year to
' -
report a "mockery" and has back the campaign of the Scan.'
. I denounced the council's human idinay.",,,aLs and the Dutch for
? rights commission for meddling !expulsion of Greece from the
1 in its internal affairs. The leouncil.
' ? , t Greeks withdrew from the cons- The council's vote to condemn
. cil over ? the issue last -Decem- 1Greece was in danger of being
1
her rather than be-expelled. _ :,, 'upstaged by Jean-Jacques Ser-
Obly Ciprus and France did van-Schreiber, new leader of
. not ? vote today. -The French. France's radical Socialist party.
!have never ratified the human ' But ? the leftist politician, a
? rtighti convention. ' ? , ? former' editor of France's lead-
s. . Violations Charged .", lug news magazine, . Express,
I The '17.membei. rabiaterlav ;said' In, a telegram yesterday
'Committee charged the military 113 would "prove" to the- coun-
. ? :junta with violating 10 articles: ell today that the "real mu-
.The violations include tOrtlfrei-? tell" of the 'Greek1 regime are
? .unlawful detaining, of citizens" the American military machine
iind failure to allow freaclo41 elf ad', the .. c"tria In14.P.One?
aped* and assail*: ? ?? ? ' ' -!", ?ageneYsiii'ailireii`iiisicil:
'a press conference that the J?
.94...L.Ard the United States'-
military are keeping the junta
in power by working behind the
back of the American govern-
ment However, he did not pro-
duce the docume ntation as
promised. ?
SerVan- Schreiber, who dra-
matically flew ailing Mikis
Theodorakis to freedom Mon-
day tom Greece ft er the
"Zorba the Greek" composer
had been interned by the re-
gime for two and a half years,.
said , the United . StateseI was
making thq. *904'..unsat,of
reek
?
'
Approved For RelOse 2001/Ck.W.94': CI
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-0
DANVILLF., VA.
1REGISTER
M ? 10 t4P9R 16 1970
- 22,245
CI A Convenient
:r The old proverb about the boy who
cried wolf so often no' one responded
when the wolf actually attacked, seems te,
apply to those who use the U.S. Central
Intelligence Agency as a whipping boy in
international rivalries.
Little basis in fact, if any at all, is
needed to start the finger-pointing at the
CIA. Latest to do so with his own propa-
ganda mill to feed is JEAN-JACQUES
SERVAN-SCHRIEBER, leader of the Radical
Socialist Party in France. He blared forth
on Wednesday with the charge that
America's CIA and military system are
, "keeping the Greek junta in power with-
out the knowledge or approval of the
U.S. Government."
Such is 'the use of falsehood in radi-
cal propaganda.
The attack on the CIA and, in fact,
the whole U.S. Government, by the
I French radical politician, came right be-
hind the censure of the Greek Govern-
ment by the Council of Europe, which had
accused it of violating ten articles ofihe
Whipping Boy
European Convention on Human Rights.,
It is ironic that SERVAN-SCHRIEBER'S
attack on the U.S. and its agency also'
came at a time when talk around the
United Nations is that the PAPADOPOULOS
regime in Athens is being wooed by the,.
Soviet Union, which wants Greek portal
closed to the U.S. 6th Fleet so that the
USSR will dominate the eastern end of
the Mediterranean.
At the same time, foes of the. ruling
'junta in. Greece are making their Pitch in
this country and abroad to create a break
between the U.S. and the Greek govern-
ments. They do so by contending that sup-
port of the Greek regime is alienating the
good will the Greek people long have
held for the United States, which once
saved them from a Communist takeover
through the TRUMAN Doctrine.
It is a bit silly to put any confidence
in the SERVAN-SCHRIEBER accusation that
the responsible heads of the U.S. Govern-
ment do not know what the CIA and our
"military system" are doing vis-a-vis
Greece,
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
STATINTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-016-5
rliIA, PA.
INQUIRE.R
u _ 505,173
R311.1P1971)
s -
CIA Accused of Helping Greek Junta
r?""urfEASBOURG, France.--French leftist Jean-Jaques '
Servan-Schrieber accused the U. S. Central Agency and the
1"American military system" of keeping Greece's junta in
, power withota the knowledge or approval of the U. S. gov-
ernment.
Servan-Schricher, author and leader of France's Radi-
cal Socialist Party, made the charge at a news conference
. after the Council of Europe had accused the Greek mill- ,
tary dictatorship of violating 10 articles of the European
'Convention on Human Rights. is-
Servan-Sctirieber 'declared that the European nations ,
't should bring the alleged American intervention in Greece .
? ibefore the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
With only France and Cyprus abstaning, the 174nember
council denounced the Greek junta and called for restore-
lion of fundainentel human freedoms lir Greece :tirithouoi,
. ,
;
_
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release Eg4g4sinplA-RDP
5 APR 1970
U.S. IS CALLED
FORCE BEIIIND
GREEK JUNTA,
French Politician Says
CIA And American '-
Military Run Nation
117 ittORIAS T. irENTON
(Paris Bureau 01 Me Sunl
Paris, April 14?The French
politician who engineered the re-
lease of Mikis Theodorakis, the
Greek composer, charged today
that the United States Central
Intelligence Agency and the
American military are the "real
masters" in Greece.
"I am absolutely convinced,
and I can prove it," Jean-
Jacques Servan-Scheriber, a
leader of the Radical Socialist
party, told the influential Paris
daily, Le Monde. ?
Mr. Servan-Schreiber said he
would "reveal the real situation
in Greece" tomorrow at a meet-
ing of the council of Europe in
Strasbourg. The council, which
forced the Greek military re-
gime to resign its membership sure from me .emire European
at its last meeting, is expected :commun.......b.ait.r.?:.,,,i,dj
also to hear a report from the : ?
Scandinavian countries detailing
new charges of torture of politi-
cal prisoners in Greece.
Charges Denied
Mr. Servan-Schreiber, who re- ,
turned from Athens yesterday
with Mr. Theodorakis, the Greek
regime's most celebrated politi-
cal prisoner, angrily denied
charges printed in French news?
papers that he had 'exploited the
affair for his own political ad-
vancement. ?
He had flown to Athens Satur-
day, he said, at the requests of
Greek students in Paris to inter-'
vene on behalf of several defend.
A
STATINTL
The composer's wife contacte4
I him Sunday, he said, and he
; immediately contacted "Greek
authorities," who appeared
"greatly surprised" at his re-
quest for the composer's re-
The office of George Papado- ?
poulos, the Greek prime min- "
ister, allowed him to bring Mr.
Theodorakis, who is gravely ill .4,,
with tuberculosis, to Paris.
On the flight back, he said, the
composer assured him he wa'
no longer a member of the out-
lawed Greek Communist party.,
He said Mr. Theodorakis be-
Heves the "only chance to res-
tore democracy" in Greece Is
'through "constant moral '
pre&
ants in- the thens sedition iris'
and not to seek liberation Of Mr.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 CIA-IkbP80-01601R000500220001-5
Nr
Approved For Release 11101AMOi4;o-41A-Rglf)A9-0111?L01
15 APR 1970
Colleges and .Individuals Here S.eek to BringTheodor4is,
'
By HENRY RAYMONT
The freeing of Mikis Theo-
dorakis by Greece's military
.Government, has touched off a
series of efforts by colleges and
individuals here to hrinc the
composer to the United States.
Mr. Theodorakis. best known
in this country for his music
for the films "ZorhN the Greek"
and "Z," was unexpectedly set
free from political imprison-
ment in Athens on Monday. He
was permitted to fly to Paris
where he has entered a clinic
for treatment of tuberculosis.
One group that had actively
sought his release, Academi-
cians and Artists for Mikis
Theodorakis. sent a representa-
tive to Paris yesterday to seek
to determine the condition of
the 44-year-old composer's
health and ascertain whether
he was willing to acccpt a num-
ber of offers to teach here.
Dr. Konstantinos Lardas, pro-
fessor of English at City Col-
lege of New York and presi-
dent of the committee, said
that at least seven colleges and
universities had issued invita-
tions to Mr. Theodorakis to give
courses on composition and
folk music. They include City
College, Hunter College, Queens
College and the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
Should the composer accept
any of these offers, he is likely
to create a new problem for
the Nixon Administration, since
his avowed identification with
Communist causes would make
him ineligible for a nrmal visi-
tor's visa under the 1952 Mc-
Carran-Walter act, under the
legislation, which bars mem-
bers of "proscribed or,ganiza-
tons," only the Attorney Gen-
eral has discretionary authority
to grant exemptions from the
ban upon a recommendation
Of the Secretary of State. .
Government Noncommittal ?
In Washington yesterday, the
State Department was noncom-
mittal on the matter. Robert J.
McCloskey, the department's
spokesman, declared in respon
to a question that he would
have nothing to say until Mr.
thcodorakis actually applied
for a visa.
Mr. McCloskey said that the
department was aware , that
many scholars and artists had
already taken preliminary steps
to obtain Theodorakis's admis
sion to the United States.
This was an allusion to the
committee, whose members in-
clude Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.,
the historian, Arthur Miller, the
playwright, and Harry Bela-
fonte, the singer.
On Jan. 3, Socrates Zolotas,
regional director of the Immi-
gration and Naturalization
Service in Burlington, Vt., ap-
proved a petition by Dr. Lardas
and other members at the com-
mittee asking that Mr. Theo-
dorakis be allowed to apply for
a nonimmigrant visa to teach
at City College for 10 months.
The order reversed a previous
decision by the service's New
York office denying the peti-
ion.
It was also disclosed yester-
day that Mr. Schlesinger and
Senator Claiborne' Pell, Demo-
crat of Rhode Island, had writ-
ten the State Department urg-
ing that it help remove any bar-
rizr to the entry of Mr. Theo-
dorakis or other political pris-
oners who might be freed by
the Greek Government.
Vance Bourjaily, a novelist
and critic who teaches at the
University of Iowa, arrived here
yesterday with tape recordings
of 90 songs written by Mr.
Theodorakis . during his Im-
prisonment. ? He said he oti2
tamed the tapes in Greece two
weeks ago from friends of the
eatePe.ser. Mho. mated ,theY
delivered to Dr. Lardas's com-
mittee.
"The songs are sung by
Theodorakis who accompanied
himself on the piano,' Mr.
Bourjaily said. "He probably
recorded them earlier this year
when he was in exile in Ka-
touna."
Details of Release Unclear'
PARIS, April 14?The mys-
ery surrounding the release of
Mr. Theodorakis remained un-
esolved today. But it was
widely agreed that it had been
a political coup for Jean-Jac-.
-- ?
ques Servan-Schteiber, the
French Iseditor-politician who
brought' the composer out of:
captivity.
Mr. Servan-Schreiber, who
recently gave up titular con-
trol of his successful .. news-
weekly, L'Express, to become
secretary general of the ailing
Radical Socialist party, declared,
today that the Central Intel-'
ligence Agency and the armed.
forces of the ? United States, .,
were "the real master of
Greece."
nd 'I have the proof of ,,i
it," he added. He did not Ay&
urther details.
Mr. Servan-Schreiber was re-
totting angrily tc, a question.'
by the newspaper Le Monde,
about a rumor that he. had
obtained the composer's release.
in exchange for a promise to,
defend the Greek Government:
before the Council of Europe.:
He said he would go before,
the Council in Strasbourg Pte-,
morrow, accompanied by formal ?
Premier Edgar Faure, to,disoirtss
the Greek situation. He In- -,.?)
dicated, however, that he wOuldi
appeal tO' the CounciVoor
eetree.40 Greee04.
?
Approved For Release 2001/03104: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
i?
Approved For Release 2.001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-031-6,411-1V010500220001-5
Ori1.Aii0:4A CITY, OXLA.
TILIES
E - 109,682
APR 1 5 1970
?
Theodorakisi Prisons, Tourists, linage
By George Weller
In April, season of tour- ?
1st bo ok in g s, Greece's ' 0
colonels are riding a new
leniency kick.
. Milds
Why their leader, Prime
Minister George Papado- ..: Theodorakii
1 . poulos, a bantam-sized stu- ?
'1
has decided to shift his
dent of Communist tactics, 0
'
.....
.- mean, alert police appara-
tus. into low gear, is be-j'
icoming clearer. He has
.. turned uncommonly soft
on his enemies, and rarely
I:. uses even his onetime fa-
vorite epithet of "Commu-
nist." ?
?.. Papadopoulos topped his
;generous mood by allow-
ing the tubercular Commu- ?
1, nist composer, Mikis Theo-
! dorakis, to be carried off
; to Paris in a private air-,,
1, plane by the news maga- .
tzine publisher Jean-.
i Jacques Servan Shcreiber.
r The prime minister said
:. that the release was "hu-
' > manitarian," granted on.
!' the understanding that..1
?;,Theodoralds would indulge
l' in "no political exploita- '
.tion."
. -
: TO ANY GREEK, espe-
cially a Communist, this
I pledge to abjure polities is '
as realisti? as a prom'..
i?? 'not to breathe, ill.- -, '? ? '. : '
A nd re as .Papandreou
was allowed to leave on a
similar understanding ?
shortly after the colonels
took over, and hasn 't
stopped denouncing them '
since.
Papandreou, like Theo-
dorakis, was a member of
a Communist front when
young. He has since
formed an alliance with
the Greek Communist
front operating out of Ita-
ly, doggedly preaching to
Canadians that the
plotted the takeover by thi?
",
colonels.
One reason why Papado-
poulos is easing up is that
he evidently does not want
Greece to acquire the im-
age of a "prison country"
that the exiles are trying
.to hang on her.
? Last year Italian so-
. eblists smuggled Gore
Mylonas, a non-Commu-
nist liberal, off an Aegean,
island.. Helen Vla c st
publisher of the Independ-
ent newspaper Kathemeri?
ni, escaped from the.
apartment where she was
under house arrest and
surfaced in the London
press.
This prison image is es-
pecially unwelcome at the
critical, moment of tourist
bookings, when Greece is
competing with Italy, Yu-,
goslavia and Turkey.
Amnesty Internationa1,1
the British organization to:
free political prisoners,"
has been running a cam-1
paign against Spain and
Greece. A similar "don't-.
visit-Greece" campaign;
run last year by Papan-'
dreous and Melina Mer-1
ouri was a total flop.1
reece had 30 per cent':
more tourists than the
ear before.
The colonels are rough,i
on meddlers from outside,
cheerfully denying them;
any kibitzing privileges on
Greek justice. When a
German spokesman called
Greek sentences "severe,"!.
Papadopoulos said ? he';
"made a mockery, of jus-
tics and morality." ? ? ?
Chlawis Dailv Howe Smirks
?? ?
/.
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Relqaptiaflite8)10210t1A-RDF;80-01
15 APR 1970
Servan?Schreiber
Sees CIA Behind Juntn
Reuters
PARIS, April 14?Greek
composer Mikis Theodorakit,
spent his first day of freedom,
in an undisclosed Frenchhos-'
pital today while the left-wing
French politician who ob-
tained his release attacked the
United States for supporting
the Greek military goyern-
rnent. '
Theodorakis, failed '.about
two years ago for beingsan al-
leged risk to Greek public se-
curity, was being treated for ?
tuberculosis after flying to
Paris from Athens yesterday
with French politician Jean-
Ja cques Servan-Schreiber.
Greece said he was freed on
humanitarian grounds.
Servs n-Sc hre iber, former
editor of L'Express magazine
and now secretary general of
the .French Radical Socialist
Party, said the CIA and the
American Army were the real
powers behind the Greek mili-
tary junta.
Theodorakis, 44, is best
known as the composer of the
music for the films "Z." which
attacks the present Greek gov-
ernment, and "Zorba the
Greek." ?1111e ;nitwit Is banked
.111Grgete. ? ? ,;'; '
lromoliri-Ditri, ? 41464.ata?uwa.
? ? s
NJ
STATI NTL
-SSII Ma ???
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP$0-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601
ME MINNEAPOLIS TRIM=
25 Mar 1970
vow'
:Former Greek Official Says
Policy Is Wrong-headed
By MOLLY WINS
. ? Minneapolis Tribune Staff Writer
"America is supporting a
rdictatorship (in Greece) in
r order to save democracy.
it is a policy I cannot agree
with," said George Mylonas,
'who was the minister of ed-
ucation before the current
military regime took over in
i-Greece.
6 Mylonas is considered one
'..of the most interesting of
;.the exiles now working in
. the Greek resistance move-
ment, both because he is a
widely respected moderate
'and because of his spectacu-
lar escape from the Greek is-
land where he had been in-
terned by the current Greek
;:regime.
; Mylonas, 50, was interned
,,on the island of Amorgos
"'shortly after the Greek colo-
nels took power. He planned
his own escape with the aid
;cot his daughter Elenei, son-
in-law Elias Kulukundis and
.!,five Italian socialists. Mylon-
,.as climbed down a I,000-foot
cliff where he was picked up
? In a rowboat rowed by his
? son-in-law and taken to an
? Italian cabin cruiser. Mylon-
s was tipped to the "D-day"
a tourist in a cafe carry-
.:ing the book, ',The Tragedy
of Lyndon Johnsoo.!!, ?
.=
He was in Minneapolis to
speak last night at Grace Lu-
theran Church near the Uni-
versity of Minnagota. ?
Mylonas was asked to
comment on the theory
widely held by exiled Greek
leftists that the American
Central Intelligence Agen
(CIA) was responsible for
the coup in Greece.
"I have no knowledge,
only opinion," he said. "But
It ip a fact that the man who
was for seven years the Hai-.
son officer between the CIA'
and KIP, the Greek intelli-
gence service, is now one of:
the five men in the military
regime.
"The people of Greece be: ,
1? ye the CIA was deeply in-, V
olved and it is at least a
case of Caesar's wife
even if she is innocent, she;
does not appear innocent." 1
Mylonas said he is con-
vinced that the great majori-
ty of the Greek people do
not support the colonels.
"You ask mg how I 'know
this? And I say to you, why
not hold an election to see?
But there are no elections in
Greece. Not only are politi-
cal elections outlawed, but
even the president of the
I awyer s' association, the
doctor s' association, even
the heads of the athletic;
clubs in Athens are appoint-;
ed by the colonels because,
they are afraid any election
would become a show of po-
litical opinion."
Mylonas said that if thei
United States were to take;
an official stand against the,
dictatorship, it would mean,
a great 'deal to the Greek'
people, showing = them' that:
the West truly believes..
democracy.: .
, ,%, nr11
.GEORGE MYLONAS
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
* ?
?
STAT I NTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP8
Till MANCHESTER GUARDIAN
23 March 19110
E
.. -4
were
. ? behind the ? plot to kill the
.,
? ? . ? President and bring about
, for. NATO .. i,. ,, Ewnc.,,,gs,iststill carries Tte lot sit
lsl.aratu . cion was not diminished when
,
? Suspicions
? e aillle,ves pi
ot GrBu military osfilcsgrticsi,o.nithlhat unknown certain
? By TERENCE PRITTIE,
/The leader of the ? Pan-
Mr Andreas Papandreou, claims
Hellenic ? Liberation Movement,
that a new attempt to over-
throw Archbishop Makaries and
his Government in Cyprus is
? being prepared by the Greek
regime, with the connivance of
Vurkly and the United States.
He - maintains that this
? Improbable alliance is trying to
bring Cyprus under NATO
domination. ? Mr Papandreou,
? who has coordinated most of
? the Leftaf-Centre opposition of
? Greek exiles to the Athens
? regime has a fixation about
Ileged US involvement in
Greece's internal affairs. Ile
Insists that the US Ceitr.A.i
Intelli erne A errc is? the
wer e colonels'
unta. ? .
, In a statement in Toronto,
? simultaneously published by his
followers in London, he
declared that the Junta was
directly responsible for .the
recent attempt on Archbishop
Afakarios's life and for the
murder of Mr Georghardiis. The
. . junta, too, had spread the story.
? that Cyprus was in a state of
' incipient chaos. Justifying infer.
.TenUon from abroad.
The Turkish Government.
Diplomatic Correspondent
according to Mr Papandreou,
will only simulate anger at the
junta's efforts to secure control
of Cyprus. Mr Papandreou
gives no reason why the Turkish
Government should not be
alarmed at the ? prospect of
En osis, especially as the Turkish
?Foreign Minister, has been
giving warnings of an impend-
ing coup.
Mr Papandreou said that the
'US State Department is
worried, not about a coup being
planned but 'about the effeot
that. it may have on the Soviet
Union?even to the point of
. encouraging Soviet military
? intervention.
Mr Papandreou's appeals to
the people or Cyprus to "mobi-
lisepossible to meet the ot against
themselves as.puteklyi as
their independence.
? When reporting developments
Inside Greece. the Greeks in
exile have been remarkably
accurate. But the turning of
Cyprus into a NATO island
could, from the Junta's view,
have only one purpose?to ingra-
tiate 'itself with the Western.'
Powers at a time when the
latter are worried over Soviet
naval strength in the Eastern
? Mediterranean. ?
Archbishop Makarios denounced
as a forgery a document, which
Mr Georghadjis had entrusted
to a friend Just before he met
is death, naming Greek officcrs
.allegedly behind the attempted
assassination, a pro-Enosis coup,'
and his own death. ? i
This wag the situation which:
the Russians began to exploit!
so that by Wednesday night the '
.Turkish Foreign Minister was
talking of an impending coup
and armed Turkish-Cypriots in
Nicosia went on .to a red alert
behind barricades.
? I was eathig in a nearly
deserted Turkish restaurant
during the second night of the
red alert when a squad of
Eastern European Journalists,
led by a correspondent from
Irvestia.li came in twice,
walked about, and marched out.
again.
So far the determination of
the Turkish Foreign Minister,
Mr Caglayangil, and his Greek
counterpart,' Mr Pipinelis, to
maintain good relations appears
to have survived.
Tomorrow, Mr , GI avk os
Clerides, Speaker of the Greek
Cypriot Parliament and Mr Rauf
Denktask speaker of the
Turkish Cypriot Communal
Chamber, will resume their
long standing negotiations to
find-, a feasible solution. to. the
communal problem.
Approved FOr Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
/ RADIO Approv_gaEsiOgesrd001/03/04:CIA-RDP80-01601E000'5002?006f-SP-'-'"Ace7
1- 1/ Fti.truu
41 emir 4ap4o irrar. NW YORK. N. Y. 10017. 897?15100
FOR
PROGRAM
OATS
PUBLIC AFFAIRS STAFF
Barry Gray
March 15, 1970 11:00pm.
STATION
INTERVIEW WITH JAMES BECKETT
'WMCA
New York
?
STATI NTL
BARRY GRAY: My guest on WMCA New York is Mr. James Beckett,.
author of a new book, called "Barbarism' in Greece," published
by Walker. Mr. Beckett is an attorney, and obviously a writer.
His wife is Greek.
Mr. Beckett, I know nothing about Greece, except what I
see in the travel ads. How often have you been there?
JAMES BECKETT: Well, I've been there over the last ten
years. And my wife and I used to spend the summers there. And
before the colonels came, our interest was mainly in the sun
and the sea, and the life that the travel ads show.
But in the village which we went every summer, in the SUMP
mer of 1967 we went and visited there, there was the grave of
a young girl who had been shot on the day of the coup. All
the elected officials had been thrown out of office. And all
the inhabitants of the village were scared to death, scared to
death even to talk to us.
GRAY: Do you speak the language?
BIACKETT: Yes, though not well. But I do speak the language.
? LOSAP1010.015 ? W/4110000TON. 0. 0. ? SAN rtwasuecto ? NEW ENGLAND ? (000A00
eitrie" OrrtglegIfi rwrikeiea se 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
STATINTL
RADIO TetPREMPUP/11109ftic.2001/03/04 : CIA-RDP80-01
? 41 BAST 4allo 1131:1667', NEM/ YORK. N. V. 10019. C107?15100
?
FOR
PUBLIC AFFAIRS STAFF
PROGRAM The Today Show
DATE
March 9, 1970 7:00 AM--
STATINTL
STATION WRC TV
NBC Network
crry Washington,
CHARGES OF TORTURE IN GREECE EXPLORED
EDWIN NEWMAN: The military regime in Greece, which seized
power in a coup almost three years ago, stands accused of using
torture on political prisoners. The Council of Europe has ousted
. Greece from its ranks. The Scandanavian governments filed charges
against the Greek regime with the European Commission on Civil
Rights. .14
Amnesty International, a humanitarian group, conducted
a month long investigation in Greece and concluded that organized
torture does, indeed, exist there.
With us this morning are James Becket, an American attorney,
who is involved in the investigation for Amnesty International,
.and George Mylonas, who was Minister of Education in the government
.of the former Greek Prime Minister, George Papandreou. Mr. Mylonas
was one of six thousand people arrested when the military men sksw
took power. He was not tortured because, he says, the present.im.
Greek government never tortures prominent people.
At any rate, Mr. Mylonas escaped and is with us today
for his first interview in the United Stites.'
I 1
forma. Mearalt1414111144.; LAr IPAQ0111460411RG/441402420001 -5
r??????\
Approved For ReleaseiNtiFtIA-RDP80-
,:
Papandreou, in Canadian Exile,,
Leads Active, Guarded Life
Says Overthrow of Creek
Military Regime May
Take 5 or 10 Years
By EDWARD COWAN
Special tomo New York Times
KING CITY, Ontario, March 6
?"I lead two lives," said An-
dreas Papandreou, savoring the
drama of the line.
The former Greek Cabinet
Minister has retunied to his in-
itial vocation, teaching econom-
ics, but what is most on his
mind is a move to oust the mili-
tary junta that seized power in
Athens three years ago and has
since ruled without an election.
Mr. Papandreou said that the
ouster might take five or 10
years.
Mr. Papandreou, who is 51
years old, teaches at York Uni-
versity, on the northern out-
skirts of Toronto. He is the son
of George Papandreou, the
former Greek Premier who died
in 1968.
Andreas Papandreou?with
his 81-year-old mother, his wife,
the former Margaret Chant of
Andreas Papandreou
STATI NTL
-mummy equipment to Greece.'
"The U.S. services have
found a way to assist the junta
militarily and control the,
junta," he said. "I don't bluntly
identify America with all this,",
he added. "I do make a distinc-i
tion between Pentagonism and
the political world."
Mr. Papandreou described his
own political philosophy this
way: "I see myself as a social-
ist, basically. I'm terribly com-
mitted to democratic processes.
Human liberty and popular
sovereignty I ,put ahead of so-
cial progress.'
Says He Is Pragmatic
By socialism, he said, he
meant that "the economy is
run in the interest of the peo-
ple."
I don't believe, say, in na-
tionalization across the board,"
he said. "I'm very pragmatic.
I believe in a mixed economy
this insofar as it's compatible
with personal liberty, which
I'm not prepared to sacrifice at
any cost."
He also believed, he said, in
national? identity, "I'm very
much of a nationalist at this
stage," he said. "I think that
true internationalism has to pi
through nationalism."
Papandreou children want a ranged with the active assist, Mr. Papandreou's mien was
somber throughout his political
snowmobile so they can roar ance of United States military discourse. His pipes lay cold
through backyards with the officers in Athens and the Pen-, on a table as he smoked one
other kids. Living in the devel-
opment might be some people's long, unfiltered American cig-
idea of bliss. At the Papandreou! Charges a C.I.A. Role . arette after another. Behind
home, the atmosphere is a little, When, In 1964-66, he was am, a snowy slope and his tall,
different. .member of his father's Cabinet, bare elm and birch trees glis-
An alias is painted on the mail-. Mr. Papanderou said,- the Greek tened in the hard, bright winter
box. A frisky German shepherd intelligence service was under ',sunshine.
named Turk ("That was the his jurisdiction, but only nom- Mr. Papandreou's book about
name he had when we bought inally. IGreek political life and the
him," explained the exiled: Mr. Papandreou said that he mut), 'Democracy at Gun-
Greek politician) charges across. point," is to be published by
the lawn to appraise visitors. had tried to 1:clean up" the Doubleday on April 17. His
,The telephone number is un- service but ,could not because wife's account of the coup and
listed. It WAS directly administered the eight months her husband
. The Papandreous want no and financed" by the United as in jail, "Nightmare in
photographs or word pictures States Central Intel! igen therm," will be ? issued by
of their house or car. 144r. Pa-
pandreou is accompanied by a rentice-Hall in the autumn.
Agency. "Next to every man Mr. Papandreou has little
bodyguard-chauffeur. In _ Eu.. was an American counterpart" time for hobbies or family, life.
.rope, where he goes every six in civilian clothes he said. On Sundays he may 'take
weeks or so to keep in close Mr. ?, Papandreou predicted familY to &mot in one Of
touch with the Greek exile that next month washing= map, GreebowRed Tempi=
movement, "there's usually would mine giving vberie
somebody with Andreasr said
.... ? 14. 0/11
To judge .from a three-hour
visit to their home this week
and the ease with which it was
arranged, the Papandreous do
not live in fear. But, as Mrs.
Papandreou put it, "in general,
Elmhurst, Ill, and their four we're cautious.
children, aged 11 to 17?lives In Over a light luncheon of
a large house with outdoor, soup, crabmeat, liver pate, feta
swimming pool in a subdivision cheese, salad, sliced apples and
in this small, quiet community ala white Bordeaux wine. Mr.
dozen miles north of the univer- Papandreou talked with inten-
sity. ? sity of his own political life
Atmosphere Is Different and of the April, 1967, coup.
Since the junta released him
Lots in the development are, from jail at the end of 1967,
two acres or more and houses,Mr. Papandreou has contended
,cost $60,000 or $70,000. The,
that the coup had been ar-
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
1.1111.11111?1?1111110.
Approved ForFlisftiitle $00,1163/04 : CIA-RDP80-
7 March 1970
The Colonels and Their Good American Friends
11-.).'etarn'a-r7
1. 3 .Greeks
?
STATI NTL
by Zalin B Grant earlier career suggest his talents' were devoted mainly ,
to plotting. As a young officer in the '505, he headed
Athens a secret right-wing army organization. A major gen-
eral ? now under detention ? once unsuccessfully lob-
The secret police recently jailed a waiter named Con?bied against Papadopoulos' promotion to colonel, pro-
stantine? Taktikos for doodling "KKE"? initials of testing that he had less than a year's combat service
Greece's Communist party ? on the dusty windowpaneand few other recommendations. Colonel Papado-
of a ? car. The regime has, at one time or another,poulos, obviously more confident of his abilities, also
banned miniskirts and long hair, ordered grammar promoted himself to defense minister and minister of
school history books rewritten to denounce parliajeducation and religion after he took ov.? as prime
mentary democracy, punished antiregime "whisperers7minister. He has maneuvered to consoli( .5 power
with harsh prison terms, and tortured women forwithin the ruling junta, a gray body of about a dozen
vaguely specified political crimes. So Constantine'siofficers. "He doesn't yet .have the majority of them
arrest was shrugged off here as further proof of whatiin his hands," says a well-informed source, "but the'
everyone already knew: that Greece hasn't advance&others are split into easily controlled factions."
an inch toward democratic rule since a bunch of face.: The Colonels' estimate of their popular support is
less Army officers, mostly colonels, seized power on:not very high. They haven't risked lifting the strict
April 21,1967. ? .martial law that has now been in force for three years.
The best to be said about the Colonels' first thousand Nor have they attempted to legitimize themselves
days is that they moved with a certain sophistication::through popular elections. Instead, acting like the
while they converted Greece into a police state, carry-;;soldiers they are, they have methodically moved to
ing out a few needed reforms in. the process. The tone Insure themselves absolute control in the event out-
of the regime was set by their .smoothly executed'iside pressures compel them to suspend martial law -
takeover, which was based on a computerized NATO or otherwise "liberalize' First of all, the new consti-
contingency plan routinely drawn up a few month tution they handed Greece to approve in a Yes-or-No
beforehand by NATO allies to counter the remote referendum was loaded with provisions outlawing
possibility Of an externally inspired _Communist _coup vaguely defined anti-government activity. "In the fu-?
_
in
Gieice; hc crude terror- tactics with which the ture they can pass practically any repressive law to -
Colonels underwrote martial law were balanced by 'stifle opposition," says a diplomat, "and it won't be.
more subtle forms of oppression. Result: no protest unconstitutional." (The constitutional referendum
strikes by the Greeks, no anti-Junta demonstrations: ;offers insight into how the regime works. At Delphi,
And whatever opposition may be ? cooking today is, 'government officials passed the word that citizens
fancied by the very brave or the foolhardy. ;should dramatize their support of the Junta by voting
Chief technician of this straitjacket stability is Prime openly and unanimously for the constitution. They
Minister George Papadopoulos, who rules Greece witht added pointedly that a curtained booth would be
the aid of two key subordinates and a "politburo" of :available for those wishing secrecy. Of 728 voters,
colonels. Papadopoulos spent nine of his 27 Army: 24 cast ballots In secret; the remainder minus one
years in the Greek intelligence service - a combina-; :dutifully deposited their distinctively colored Yes bal-
tion CIA-FBI once closely tutored by American opera- ;ilots in front of the government election committee.
tives. Greeks say he learned CIA tricks well. Since ; The lone dissenter? The village daredevil, a fellow
the coup the secret police force has been more than who had already been arrested several times by the
doubled in size, listening devices have been attached secret police. A well-educated businessman from an-
to countless phones and apartments, and a gigantic ' other town following more orthodox vpting procedures
informer network has been set up. Papadopoulos' ! 'confides that he voted Yes because he tura the secret ?
ubiquitous apparat has filled Greece with suspicion,, police might trace his fingerprints on a No ballot.
causing a once-outgoing people to eye each other 'Though 92 percent of the electorate approved the
warily. The shills and hookers who once patrolled' constitution, the Colonels apparently , reconsidered
Athens's Constitution Square have all but vanished, ; their document and found it too liberal. Thus far they
replaced now by less obtrusive plainclothes agents. ; ;have refused to Implement ltSiecondly. Papadopoulos'
Most of the available, facts OA Mr. Papadopoulos' I ;mem bas begun buPd.. a substructure of repro-
. _
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
cont.
STATI NTL
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP8
r. 11,1111,"T'''i.
PI 4.1.
M -
BY GREEK JUNTA
r
L. b 11 a
13 ROGER 111.:liGERSoN
Staff 1Vriter
The United States :ind
sik were prodded into depos-
ingthegovernmentsof
Gteece and Czechoslovakia
b y "military-intelligence
commands's? that function un-
seen in their midsts, an ex-
iled Greek cabinet minister
.said Friday.
In a speech at the Universi-
ty of Minnesota, Andreas Pa-
pandreou said that the super-
powers acted out of fear of
losing their control when the
two smaller nations showed
signs of easing relations with
non-ally countries and gener-
ally trying to run their own
affairs.
Papandreou. a former uni-
?
:ill e CI . 11 n . 1 a k 6"17c.> 0 \ di (a r i
I
iWI s a cabinet minister at the.: tif' iiier5( country, ne sato. ,
Vet-0y economies professor,' ?
time 0: the 1967 coup higher echelons of the mili-
army generals. lie was ex-
hv tary have developed into a
polled from the government new caste, fighting to retain
with his father, the prime the myth of conflict between
. . .
minister. nations.
"Greece is only' the first
in i..ontrot by a military Ma4 Western country
. to go. and
"Greece is an experiment ,
chine that is quite interna- I'm afraid that Italy is next,
:
? -- ? he said.
Papandreou saluted the re
tiooll in character," he said. l.
cent expulsion 'of Greece
When he assumed his cabi- ' from t' Council of Europel
net post, and with it thcoreti- as th ;t?st courace shntioit
-I against - "demands "de and I
'
cal control of Greek intellig-4,
the
epee operations, Papandreou' a blackmail". r.' ? -
of ? the United .
related, he ordered that all : States.
telephone taps on activists be.:1 . , .
discontinued. 1, A .study which he said is'
"I was told that I was pow-
still to be made public by the '
I'
erless to do that, because all Human Rights Commission
,of the Council of Europe and
of the intelligence money and.'
I Amnesty. International will
equipment. was supplied by
the CIA." he said. I show . that the present Greek
"The whole cabinet protest-
!gime is using a program of
. ed to the U.S.overnment?73tatLC . torture on its 04... -
but. it was made clear that it i_triet iith1n."14. COI!.54
was conedered such an im- 1 ' -7---?,,....?,. ? ...___
portant issue by them, that to
accomplish a change would
mean a break in diplomatic ?
relations.
? "We weren't ready to take
that step yet." ? I
The willingness came, he
,indicated, when the Greek -
.cabinet was told by President!
:Johnson and his advisers that ;
it would have to acquiesce to
Turkish demands concerning!
Cyprus.
"When we said no, we'd!
fight instead, our fate was!
decided." he said. ?
Papandreou said the cur-i
rent Greek dictatorship is;
"LI.S.-made". and claimed
that current premier, George
Papadopoulos, was liaison het;
lp Prior to the coup.
tween the CIA and Greek in,' ?
:tegence .
??
Approved For Release 2001/03/04 : 'CIA-14DP80-01601R000500220001 -5
.1;4./2vrzi.:E.
Approved For Release 2001/03/031JAIMIRDP80-
STATINTL
Greece: The Colonels Have Their Way
Last week, after a lapse of nearly a year, the Un
a new ambassador to Greece, which for 33 months has been ruled by
a junta of messianic colonels. The ambassadorial appointment did
not reflect American approval of the repressive regime, but it did
seem to indicate that, for reasons of strategic necessity, Washington
had decided to make its peace with the junta. In Athens, Newsweek
correspondents Bruce van Voorst and John Barnes found that, wheth-
er Western liberals like it or not, the colonels are firmly in the sad-
dle. From their on-scene reports, General Editor Angus Deming de-
scribes life in present-day Greece. For a pair of companion stories,
written by General Editor Russell Watson, Senior Editor Arnaud de
Borchgrave, London bureau chief Robert J. Korengold and. Rome
bureau chief Philip S. Cook reported on the bleak life of Greece's
political exiles?including her young monarch, Constantine II, and
his wife and children. (Cover photo by Camera Press?Pix.)
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
oontTnea
2
Approved For Release 2001/9.340 AN tRDP80-01601R000500220001-5
; INTERNATIONAL
Brave new world: Members of the Greek junta review a parade of disabled veterans in Athens
Greece: A Dilemma for the West
t is one thing for Russians to crush
I Czechoslovak liberals in the Kremlin's
own backyard. But it is something alto-
gether different for a clique of faceless
' colonels to establish a dictatorship in a
West European country. Thus, when mil-
itary men seized power in Greece 33
months ago?and immediately began is-
suing ukases against miniskirts, beards
and free speech?it seemed unthinkable
to most of the democratic world that
they would be allowed to get away with
it. Yet that is precisely what they have
done. For the moment, at least, the
heavy-handed colonels who rule Greece
have ridden out the storm. And last
week, in a symbolic capstone to their
achievement, the vacant post of .United
States ambassador to Greece was finally
filled with the arrival in Athens of career
diplomat Henry J. Tasca.
It had been nearly a year since Tasca's
'predecessor left the embassy in Athens,
and during that time a dormant world
conscience had begun to stir. There were
chilling reports of torture in the dank
cells of Athens's Bouboulinas Street prison.
There was a powerful, widely acclaimed
movie called "Z," which dissected the
indecencies of a nascent police state in
Greece. There was the spectacle of the
Greek Foreign Minister stalking out of
the Council of Europe in order to deny
his democratic neighbors the chance to
evict him. Worst oRppnomeasEoriffie
of repentance or reformation from the
colonels in Athens themselves. Indeed, as like Saigon. The Nixon Administration,.
if to rub salt in the wounds of its critics, however, seems to have concluded that
the Greek junta celebrated its third New there are more compelling reasons for
Year's in power with boasts of peace placating the junta than for opposing it
and prosperity, to the bitter end. The Mediterranean
Nor were these entirely empty claims, is steadily yielding to Soviet influence,
as even the most critical foreign visitors and even a once staunch NATO ally like
to booming Greece could attest. And the Turkey is allowing Soviet-made MIG
very success of such an unpalatable re- fighters to land at air bases on its soil.
gime made the "Greek problem" even Greece, then, has become even more im-
more agonizing to deal with. This was portant than before to American strate-
especially true for the U.S. For through- gic interests, and it appears likely that
out the postwar era, there has been a the Administration will soon order a corn-
kind of special relationship between plete resumption of American arms ship-
Washington and Athens. It was, after all, ments. Explains one U.S. diplomat: "We
American aid that helped to defeat the are attempting to balance American na-
Communists in Greece's devastating civil tional interest with moral principle?and
war twenty years ago. And when the that isn't an easy job."
colonels seized power in April of 1967 This juggling act could have vast con-
-under the pretext of preventing a Corn- sequences, for by giving the junta its
munist take-over?many Greeks automat- stamp of approval, however reluctantly,
ically assumed, without a shred of evi- the Administration has signaled the colo-
dence, that the coup had been spawned nels' enemies?both at home and abroad
by patrons in Washington and nursed by f ?that the regime of Prime Minister
the CIA. In fact, the U.S. has all along George Papadopoulos will probably
been ambivalent about the new regime never be ousted by purely diplomatic
in Athens. It slapped the junta's wrists means. In despair, the opposition might '
with an arms embargo (later downgrad- thus be driven to try to launch a civil
ed to a "selective" ban), but despite war. At the moment, therefore, it is
considerable pressure, has consistently the Greek people and their rulers who ,
declined to push the colonels any further. provide the best clues to their nation's
End: To some Americans, there is a uncertain future. On the following pages,
vague but nonetheless disturbing parallel NEWSWEEK describes the brave new
between Washington's acquiescence to world the colonels seek to build and
I easite20941C13404ts: GiApR.EAR80-0x116G4R40(1.510022001114 exiled
for undemocratic governments in places King and commoners.
. .
.corit 1 flued
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
How the Colonels Run Things
My country that was the cradle
of beauty,
The cradle of the golden mean,
Today a plgce of death.
So much light turned to darkness,
So much beauty to fear,
So much str:..ngth to tveaktiess,
So many heroes to marble busts.
?A song by Mikis Theedorakis
This is an in-between time of the year
in Greece. In the countryside, where
the bleak, scarred mountains arc still
capped with glistening snow, all the
crops arc in now except for some orang-
es, which still droop heavily from the
branches of groves dotting the shores of
the Peloponnesus. The olive trees are
being pruned and, in fertile valleys and
on rock-strewn hillsides, plowing has
once again begun. Even in the bustling
cities of Athens and Salonika it is a mo-
ment for pause. The festive holiday sea-
son has come and gone, a new decade
has begun, and few Greeks can think of
a better way of marking the transition of
time than by sipping endless cups of
syrup-thick coffee at an outdoor cafe or
passing an evening with friends at a
taverna, drinking oum and listening to
bouzouki music. In short, Greece in
this midwinter of 1970 offers the same
unchanging tableau that has captivated
foreign tourists for generations.
Yet, ?despite this appearance of nor-
mality, many dismaying changes have
come over Greece since the colonels
seized power there nearly three years
ago. One symptom of the change is that
Greeks, known so long for their outgoing
f
'44.4
-1
warmth and hospitality, now regard for-
eigners and even fellow Greeks with un-
disguised suspicion. Nor, any longer, do
Creeks pursue with characteristic pas-
sion their national pastime: politics.
Nowadays, if they talk of politics at all,
Greeks do so only in the seclusion Of
their own homes or in the safe company
of their most trusted friends. As out of
keeping with the Creek temperament as
it may be, silence in public has become
not only a virtue but a necessity.
Arrest: Indeed, there is ample enough
cause for the paranoia that has gripped
the 8.5 million people of Greece. The
threat of arrest for the most innocent of
"crimes"?perhaps nothing more heinous
than having been seen talking with some-
one who, in turn, was overheard grum?
Wing about the way the government, is
mining things?hangs over everyone's
head. On lonely Aegean islands and in
closely guarded camps outside Athens,
an estimated 3,000 Greeks still await
trials that may or may not ever be held.
(The "detainees," who .011CC numbered
as many as 6,000, range from mildly lib-
eral parliamentarians ousted from office
by the military coop to right-wing royal-
ists and even a handful of retired gen-
erals.) And, within the consciousness of
many Greeks lurks the unspoken fear of
torture at the dreaded police headquar-
ters on Athen's Bouboulinas Street?a
fate suffered by scores of their country-
men, whose gruesome accounts of bru-
tality have given the junta its most in-
delible public image abroad.
Although no one outside the junta can
say for certain, the weight of evidence
indicates that such methods as the fa/an-
ga?beating the solos of the feet with an
iron rod or wooden stick?is no longer a
widespread practice in Greece. Whether
or not out of concern for his regime's im-
age, Prime Minister George Papadopoulos
has repeatedly given stern orders against
the use of torture. And, coincidentally or
not, there have been no published coin-
., plaints of torture from prisoners or their
families since last November, when a
Bed Cross inspection team with a Greek-
speaking Swiss interpreter was given Uni-
fied access to Greek prisons and deten-
tion camps.
Informers: For that matter, The Papa-
dopoulos regime does not need to resort
to brutality to keep the populace in line.
The contagion of fear is enough in itself
to kcep most people cowed. By bestow-
ing euviable status upon police informers
?they are reportedly paid 500 drachmas
' (about $17) a month and are issued spe-
cial identification cards?the government
has built up an Orwellian spy system that
keeps tabs on everyone. One result has
been a spate of black-humor jokes of the
sort that filter out of East Europe. In one
of these, a man in an Athens bus asks his
neighbor: "Aro you connected with the
uei , military?"
PapadopouaippgettIWIFOPRelease200:44081104e0DIA-RDP80-01
3
11PrbiOrk MD W.11111{0011 1.014t
'What Am I Doing Here?'
"Your father? Son? Brother? Father-in-
law? Son-in-law?" The answer is still
negative.
"Then in that case," the first man hisses
angrily, "would you kindly stop standing
on my food"
But many Greeks, particularly intellec-
tuals, do not consider the repressive at-
mosphere a joking matter. "After two and
a half years," says one of Greeces more
promising young authors, "most people
have found that sooner or later, no matter
what their position, some demand will he
made, some sign of submission or con-
formity will be required of them. It may
be something trivial, like having to put
out the flag on the anniversary of the
coup. Or it may be a crucial test, such as
whether to shelter a friend from the po-
lice or help someone escape. The pen-
dulum swings from shame to fear. One is
forced into intolerance, ruthlessness, in-
flexibility. Forgiveness and understand-
ing become dangerous luxuries."
Culture: If the regime has alienated
its more gifted citizens, it has also
clamped a frozen hand on Greek cultural
life. George Seferis, who received a 1963
Nobel Prize for his poetry, has not pub-
lished a line since the colonels took
over. Other Greek authors read their
Manuscripts aloud at private gatherings
or pass them from hand to band among
their own circle of friends. Two of the
most respected figures of the Greek stage
?Katina Paxinou ( who won an Oscar as
Pilar in "For Whom the Bell Tolls") and
her husband, Alexis Minotis?have quit
the Greek National Theater and have
formed a company of their own. Some
big name stars, such as Melina Nfercouri
and Irene Pappas, have chosen exile
abroad. As a result, their movies are
toppRietiees/32creo+-te music of
continued
?
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Mikis Theodorakis, a former leftist dep-
uty now in prison camp, who wrote the
score for "Zorba the Greek" and whose
score for the motion picture "Z" had to
be smuggled out of the country.
Nor have Greece's schools and news
media been spared the heavy hand of
Prime Minister Papadopoulos and his re-
form-minded fellow colonels. Apparently
to restore something of the glory that was
Greece, the regime has decreed that
katharevousa?a neoclassical form of the
Greek language and virtually a foreign
tongue to most Greek youngsters?shall
henceforth be a mandatory part of sec-
ondary school curricula. In the media,
a new law that supplants official censor-
ship (and which threatens prison and
fines for articles or pictures that encour-
age "defeatism" or "rekindle -the flames
of political passions") plus a "whisper-
ing law" (which provides jail and fines
for spreading "false reports" or "rumors")
combine to gag virtually all public writ-
ing and speech in Greece today.
' All of this startling transformation in
.the nation's political, social and cultural
life has been wrought by a deceptively
bland-looking group of career army offi-
cers whose ideology is a mix of virulent
anti-Communism, devout belLif in Chris-
tianity, puritanical morals and almost
? frenzied nationalism. In short, the men
who now rule Greece are fanatics. The
symbol of their "revolution" is a stylized
phoenix rising from a pyre of flames and
its moving force is George Papadopoulos,
a short, stocky colonel of artillery with
long experience in KYP, Greece's combi-
nation of the CIA and FBI.
The So.dier: As Prime Minister, Min-
ister to the Prime Minister, Minister of
Defense and Minister of Education and
Religion, Papadopoulos is the junta's un-
disputed leader. But although he traded
his uniform for dark blue suits after the
coup and rules from behind the same
oaken desk in the "Old Palace" used by
countless Prime Ministers before him,
Papadopoulos still thinks, acts and lives
I like a soldier. At his home in Psychic?, a
residential section of Athens, he awak-
ens, without benefit of alarm clock, on
the dot of 6 a.m. Breakfasting on nothing
more than a cup of coffee which he
brews himself (his wife, Despina, pre-
fers to sleep late), the Prime Minister
thumbs through four Athens morning
newspapers and two economic papers
before stepping into his black, bullet-
proof limousine. Then, while two motor-
cycle MP's provide an advance guard
and a hundred or so uniformed and
plain-clothes police clear the route along
Queen Sophias Avenue, Papadopoulos
flicks on the car radio to listen to the
early morning news as he rides to work.
He arrives in his office at 7:30 a.m.,
leaves at 3 p.m. for a light lunch and nap
and returns at 6 p.m.?often to work late.
An austere man, Papadopoulos is also
a clean-desk man. Except for two clocks,
note paper and a timing device with a
buzzer which he sets for as long as he
thinks conversations should last, the
Prime Minister's desk top is barren. He
does, however, adorn his office with some
decorative effects. Among them: a
framed charm-necklace worn by his fa-
ther supposedly containing a piece of the
True Cross, and a three-dimensional
rendering of Christ at Gethsemane simi-
lar to those widely sold in religious sou-
venir shops. And the same devotional
object is found on the desks of Papadop-
oulos's two top subordinates?S tylianos
Pattakos, the regime's Minister of the
Interior, and Nicholas Makarezos, the
Minister of Coordination.
Tough: Of these two, Pattakos, a for-
mer brigadier general with a brother and
sister in the U.S., is closer to Papadopou-
los, despite the fact that his personality
differs vastly from that of his colorless
boss. A tough and moody native of Crete,
Pattakos has as his personal trademarks
a shaven pate, bushy black eyebrows arid
an earthy sense of humor. Even some
critics of the regime credit him with hav-
ing done a commendable job in super-
vising the construction of public-works
projects such as bridges, roads and school
buildings in the rural areas of Greece,
which he often visits.
By contrast, Makarezos, the other
member of the ruling triumvirate, is the
closest thing the regime has to a house
"intellectual" (he holds law, political sci-
ence and engineering degrees). But al-
though Makarezos is given to boasting of
Greece's favorable economic indicators
(one of his jobs is to supervise the na-
tion's econcmic growth), his record is
spotty at best. Makarezos is the one
who approved an abortive deal with Lit-
ton Industries for development projects
in Crete and the Western Peloponnesus.
And although Aristotle Onassis is said to
be on the verge of sign:ng a contract
for a $600 million oil refinery deal in
Greece, foreign capital, in general, has
steered clear of Greece since the military
regime took over. On top of that, there
are increasingly persistent reports in
world money markets of an inevitable
devaluation of the drachma.
Stability: For all its obvious black
marks, however, the Greek military junta
can boast of at least one accomplishment.
It has put together a functioning piece
of governmental machinery?part mili-
tary, part civilian?that has remained
stable and virtually unchanged in com-
position for close to three years. Indeed,
the only change at the top has been the
appointment of Gen. Demetrios Patilis as
Second Deputy Prelllier?a largely
honorific title extended in recognition of
his role in helping to thwart the 1967
monarchist countercoup which ended
with King Constantine's flight into exile..
As Constantine ruefully discovered,
gauging public sentiment in Greece has
its pitfalls. But although no objective ob-
server feels safe in venturing an opinion
as to how much popular support the mil-
itary regime really enjoys, it seems safe
to say that a significant number of
Greeks heartily dislike the colonels and
all their ?vorks. One dramatic indication
2
4
of that was provided during the funeral
in November 1968 of former Prime Min-
ister George Papandreou?when some
500,000 persons lined the streets of Ath-
ens to pay their last respects to a politi-
cian who was anathema to the junta.
The demonstration?the only one of
its kind since the colonels took over?
does not prove, however, that a majority
of Greeks oppose the regime. In fact, the
junta has assiduously courted public ap-
proval?and there is every reason to be-
lieve that its efforts have met with some
success. Shortly after they seized power,
the colonels canceled $250 million worth
of debts owed by Greece's farmers, a
move that won them instant applause in
a country in which 60 per cent of the
population lives on the land. What's more,
the junta's highly publicized public-works
programs and its nationalistic stance have
convinced a number of conservative
Greeks that the military has the country's
best interests at heart.
The Price: Still, progress under the
colonels must be weighed against the
enormous price Greeks have paid in per-
sonal liberties. And many Creeks?among.
them the most educated and politically
sophisticated?clearly want ? to see the
jou ta go. Nonetheless, there is little evi-
dence that Greeks are of a mind to rebel
against the junta or to combat it with an
underground resistance. One reason for
this, presumably, is that the civil war that
shattered the country in the early post-
war years is still a painful memory for
adult Greeks. Another is the curious sen-'
thnent, shared by many students and in-
tellectuals, that the junta is the creature /
of the CIA and that only Washington
can bring about the regime's downfall
something that neither newly arrived Am-.
ph?51 stl
Mourners at Papandreoteg funeral
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
?anti nued
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R
The Exiles: A CIutcn orraffilth
Factions. . . And a Cooily Neutral
Monarch
On scene: Tasca arriving in Athens
bassador Henry Tasca nor the White
' House nor the Pentagon has the slightest
intention of undertaking. Yet another ex-
planation for the widespread apathy in
Greece toward the country's current po-
litical situation stems from a painful dis-
illusionment with professional politics of
the past. "It is the democratic forces in
Greece who are responsible by their ir-
responsibility for this regime," says one
former minister. "The Greek is in a dilem-
ma. He wants to be a democrat. He
doesn't want to support this regime. And
yet he cannot see the point of starting a
fight to bring back those politicians who
failed him before."
Given all these factors, the outlook for a
return to constitutional democracy?a
promise held out by the junta after the
1967 coup but still unfulfilled?is far
from bright. Some observers and critics of
the regime hopefully argue that only
Greece's 118,000man army surely has "
the strength to overthrow Papadopoulos
and his fellow colonels. Perhaps. But
with Greek officers now, enjoying new
uniforms, higher pay and such newly ac-
quired fringe benefits as imported Ger-
man and Italian cars, there is little likeli-
hood that Greece's current generation of
captains, majors and colonels will slay the
goose that laid the golden egg.
Eventually, some analysts believe?per-
haps with more than a dash of wishful
thinking-the junta may ease up a bit by
restoring democratic liberties on a selec,
tive basis and by sponsoring the birth of
at least a token political party. Such an
evolution might be hastened, these ob-
servers believe, if the Greek economy
continues to develop strength and if at
least some exiled politicians agree to re-
turn to the fold on the junta's terms. But
these are big "ifs." Meanwhile, George
Papadopoulos and his fellow colonels are
settling in for a long stay.
ike most p ople, Greeks have a
L. high orii.ion of themselves. And
so it is per Laps only natural that the
thousand, of Greeks who have gone
into exil:, since the colonels seized
power ar.: nourished by a deeply held
conviction: that, by virtue of tradition
and temperament, the people they
left behind are toe proud to tolerate
tyranny indefinitely. Says Mrs. Helen
Vlachos, an Athenian newspaper pub-
lisher now living in London: "The
junta could disintegrate at any mo-
ment, simply because it is Greece that
they are dealing with." Yet, to some
?gr? this kind of determined op-
timism does not serve the cause. "The
colonels," says a self-exiled lawyer,
"have been in power for almost three
years, and only now are the Greeks
abroad beginning to realize that wish-
ing won't make them go away."
So far, the Greek '?gr?have
been able to do little more than wish,
for despite their feverish plotting,
they have scant influence with either
their own countrymen or with foreign
governments. Altogether, there are
over 1 million Greeks living over-
seas, but the great majority of these
left home for better-paying jobs in
Europe and North America. (Many
of the Greeks living in the U.S. are
fervent anti-Communists and thus
supporters of the colonels in Athens.)
True political exiles?those who fled
. Greece because of conviction or politi-
cal necessity?number probably more
than 5,000. And among the political
emigres, there are only a few hun-
dred activists who devote most of their
time and effort to undermining the
junta.
Even this small force is, in typical
Greek fashion, hopelessly splintered.
"As soon as you get any three Greeks
together," remarks a Danish politician
who has observed the ?gr?in ac-
tion, "two of them gang up against the
third." But in the constantly changing
roster of parties and factions, three.
main alignments have emerged:
? The right-wingers and moderates
among the emigres look to former
Premier Constantine Karamanlis, 62, as
the "can opener" for the anti-junta
forces. Karamanlis, a shrewd and cau-
tious politician who held office from
1955 to 1963 and has lived in Paris
ever since, keeps in constant touch
with King Constantine by letter and
telephone. Perhaps the mosr widely
respected of all Greek politicians-in-
exile, Karamanlis is supported by di-
verse factions ranging from pacifists to
a terrorist organization inside Greece
known as the Movement of National
Resistance and led by a shadowy fig-
ure called "General Akritas."
? The left-trending Panhellenic Lib-
eration Movement is led by Andreas
Papandreou, the hot-headed son of
the late George Papandreou, the
Center Union party leader who suc-
ceeded Karamanlis as Premier in
1963. Though a former U.S. citizen,
Andreas, 51, is passionately critical of
American policy. He currently teaches
economics at York University in To-
ronto, and recently formed an alliance
with two other groups that include a
melange of centrists, socialists and
Communists. In recent months, Papan-
dreou's radical politics and acerbic
personality have scared off a good
deal of emigre support.
? The Greek Communist Party, in
compliance with the current Mos-
cow line, has taken no overt stand ?
against the junta and refuses to coop-
erate with any other emigre groups.
The party's leader is Kostas" Koli-
yannis, 65, who has lived- in Eastern
Europe since leaving Greece in 1949.
Except for Koliyannis's Communists,
most of the emigres still hope to un-
seat the colonels by political means.
They are reluctant to resort to force,
for there is a widespread fear among
On llllll a 1 11111.11 l'resm--1.1X At Mar V111
Gentlemen-in-waiting: Exiles Karainanlis, Koliyannis and Papandreou
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R00050022000011tatvo4
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
the moderate and right-wing exiles
that another civil war could very well
lead to a complete take-over by
the Communists. Instead, the ?gr?
harbor a vague hope that the Greek
Army can somehow be persuaded to
turn against the colonels, and that the
U.S. and other democratic nations will
exert pressure that will squeeze the
junta out. In this vein, Karamanlis last
September issued a statement calling
on the army to rebel and implying
that the U.S., by giving the colonels
time to dig themselves in, was jeop-
ardizing strategic American interests in
the Mediterranean.
Ripples: To the 6migres and their
admirers, it seemed certain at the
time that Karamanlis's call to arms
would have a momentous impact on
the junta. But in fact, the "political
bombshell" turned out to be more
like a pebble thrown into a pond, and
by the time the ripples reached
Greece, they could hardly be felt.
And in the view of some of the
?gr?themselves, such inability to
influence events inside Greece is a
matter of simple and well-deserved
retribution. "Let us have the courage
to confess it at last," Paul Vardinoyan-
nis, an exiled Center Union politician
from Crete, declared recently. "It was
we who weakened democracy in
Greece so much that it proved in-
capable of putting up even a few
hours of resistance. Yet there are still
some politicians in exile who think
that it is enough to oppose the dic-
tatorship in order to be trusted by the
people once again. Unfortunately, we
have learned nothing."
Many exiles, however, have indeed
learned from their bitter experiences.
But the lesson seems to be that, per-
haps understandably, the Greek ex-
patriates have misjudged both them-
selves and the colonels. "We Greeks
spend our time gossiping in coffee
shops, but you can't bring down gov-
ernments with gossip," says one ?-
gr?"Our problem is that we've been
underestimating the colonels by assum-
ing that they are only temporary. If
you look at the way they're operating
in Greece?at the laws they are passing,
the structures they are creating?you
can see they are systematically cre-
ating an establishment that will be
unshakable, even if one day they lift
martial law. By then, the system itself
will make free political development
impossible.. The political parties will
be hamstrung and the armed forces
will be an uncontrollable superpower.
Any way you look at it, time is not on
our side. It is on the side of the
colonels?or the Communists."
R01.1,1.1, Pre NA,
Spartans in Rome: Constantine and his wife romp with their kids
For Constantine, life in exile is
largely a matter of acting like a
monarch without living like a king.
Since December 1967, when he fled
to Rome after a clumsy attempt to
overthrow the colonels, the King of
the Hellenes and his striking Danish
consort, Queen Anne-Marie, have
slipped into a simple, almost reclusive
style of life. Yet even in this dimin-
ished state, they have been careful to
maintain most of the outward appear-
ances and customs of reigning royalty.
, For the 29-year-old Constantine and
his wife want to make it quite clear
that they are not just another pair of
swinging ex-royals in the jet set.
Even after two years in Rome, the
royal family seems to believe that the
call to return to Greece could come at
any moment; and in their rented villa
at 13 Via di Porta Latina, near the old
Roman walls, they virtually live out of
a suitcase. In their large, sunny sitting
room, little has changed since the
house was leased, furnished, from
Contessa Christina Paolozzi. There are
a few family photographs, a record
player, some monogramed ashtrays
and several books scattered around?
nothing that could not be packed up
at a moment's notice.
Expenses: By royal standards, it is
a Spartan household. When their
third child, Prince Nicholas, was born
last October, 4-year-old Princess Alex-
ia and Crown Prince Paul, 2, had to
double up to free a bedroom for the
new arrival. "Those rumors of royalty
having large, unnumbered accounts in
Swiss banks certainly don't apply, to
us," the 23-year-old Queen remarked
wryly in a copyrighted magazine ar-
ticle written by a family friend. (In
fact, the King's expenses are paid by
the Greek Government. But most of
the family's authorized "civil list" of
6
$649,000 a year is banked , by the
junta or used to meet the payroll of
the royal palace staff in Athens.)
Constantine's political activities are
carefully limited, partly at the insist-
ence of his Italian hosts and partly in
order to preserve all his options. He
keeps in touch with both the junta and
the ?gr?pposition groups, but for
the most part, he has refrained from
rebuking the colonels or committing
himself overtly to the exiles. "The im-
pression I got from the King," said a
Western diplomat who recently met
him on a social occasion, "was that by
playing it cool, he hopes to keep all
the avenues open for his return to
Athens. Either the colonels will dis-
cover that they need him, or the
?gr?will restore him to his throne
if the junta collapses."'
Unemployed: The King is well
aware of the possibility that his strate-
gy may not pan out. Perhaps, uncon-
sciously, that is one reason why he
takes such consolation in the company
of other unemployed monarchs in his
family. He is close to his cousin, King
Simeon II of Bulgaria, 30, who was
deposed 24 years ago by the Commu-
nists. And Constantine and his wife
occasionally travel to Spain for visits
with his sister, Sophia, the wife of
Prince Juan Carlos, who has been
designated as the next King of Spain
and heir to Francisco Franco as Chief
of State. Both youthfully robust, Con-
stantine and Juan Carlos share a pas-
sion for sports, and in Spain over the
recent Christmas holidays, they hunt-
ed game birds each day from dawn to
dusk. "I come back home every night
so pooped that I go right to bed,"
Constantine confided to another hunt-
er. "Then I am up early the next
morning to do just the same thing. I
am having the time of my life."
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601R000500220001-5
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-R0P80-01
DiTERIATIONAL AM=
January 1970
WESTERN EUROPE
?Europe's Futures, Europe's Choices: Models of Western Europe in the
1970s. Ed. by Alastair Buchan. London: Chatto & Windus for the
Institute for 31.rategic Studies. 1969. 167 pp. 30s. Paperback: 12s. 6d.
Decision for ur : The Necessity of Britain's Engagement. By J. L.
Z.irig. Baittotore: Johns Hopkins Press: London: Internazionn=
-.1ort Group. 1969. 221 pp. Index. 66s.
I,' THE current attenipt of the nations of Western Europe to form a closer
political association is one of the most exciting political developments of
the century.' Thus the opening sentence of Michael Curtis's West European
i Integration, published in 1965.1 Authors are naturally convinced of the
importance of their subject and may be forgiven some over-dramatisation.
Some curb on hyperboles would not hurt. In 1962 Roy Pryce started his
Political Future of the European Community 2 with the words 'Western
? Europe today stands on the eve of a decisive phase in its political evolution.'
Well, perhaps it did; but it decided little and the story of the boy who
cried wolf too often is salutary. Alastair Buchan's new book, a model of
1 sobriety in this respect, observes that ' this is a moment of slack water in
the tide of European affairs, of uncertainty and of frustration'.
Europe's. Futures, Europe's Choices is published for the Institute for
Strategic Studies in London and is edited by its then Director. No other
contributors appear under their own name, and the work is apparently the
result of a joint research effort of the Institute's members and of wide
discussions, the whole written up by Mr. Buchan. The current slack
provides a better opportunity to think more wide-mngingly about future
policies than a time of momentum. Mr. Buchan notes the difficulties facing
such futurology. Analysis of future relations that relies solely on extrapola-
tion of present trends is likely to lead to miscalculation if too precise, to
useless generalisations if too cautious. The Institute therefore decided to
examine a number of different forms of association that could develop in
the next decade; hence the sub-title Models of Western Europe In the 1970's.
I The book's threefold purpose is set out clearly at the start, to examine
different structures of a future Western Europe, in order to see what their
effect would be, especially on the Atlantic Alliance and on East-West ;
relations; to assess the possibilities each of these offers to the solution of
1 14vrer York, London: Harper & Row.
bodes: Jobs Marabbsek with the Federal Thal.'
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-R0P80-01601R000800220001-5
pontinued