U.S. SHOW OF FORCE IN BAY OF BENGAL

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01601R000400040001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 145
• Document Creation Date: December 19, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 25, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 31, 1971
• Content Type: NSPR

Approved For Release MM : UATRDP80-0160
31 DEG 1971
-Go-R ou d
U show of o ay -of -ioen.-
S a rce in
,finally worded: "Situation:-' White House's fabled Situa-'risk to West Pakistan.
hr Jack Anderson !U.S. citizens may have to be! tion Room shortly before the) Sisco doubted, however, .lY:a
Throughout the Indian-Paki-j evacuated from the area of-, decision to present a "show of the Indians had this as their
stan War, the American peo-
fected by the present India force" in the Bay of Bengal: "hiectiveDr. singer sta
ple once again were misled by -t_.
their leaders. Pakistan conflict. The situa?I "Mr. Helms (the CIA chic Kis ed that
we is be witnessing
situation may be n ssi ntr ig;
Secret documents dispute, tion may also arise which will opened the meeting by brief- what
for atiosp}te ingsa require of the a presence
CVA (carrier) utili-jill" the
to i is reported that s prior lto termi-' (India), equipped and surd
explanation v?
kn for or dispatching Bay a zat o ported by the Soviets; may be`
naval
naval task force to the Bay of ensure the protection of U.S. nating , present hostilities, Irs?I turning half of Pakistan izitp:
interests in the area ... Gandhi intends to attempt tol
Bengal. eliminate Pakistan's armor an impotent state and the?
Official spokesmen empha-I ' Mission: To form a contin tud air force capabilities other half into a vassal ..:.
sized that the task fo-?ce's gen^y evacuation force capa j ? could ma case, he
argued, that make
main mission was to evacuateI ble of helo (helicopter) evacua-i "Assessing tile situation in One
ea case, ew done American citizens from embat- tion of civilians, of self protec-! the West, General Ryan (the I aerrgued two weeks e too late in
tied Dacca. lion, and of conducting naval, Air Force chief) indicated thatithe csituation
We have studied the secret) air and surface ops (opera- he did not see the Indians. ? current u Packard (De-
with House papers dealing I tions) as directed by higher j pushing too hard at this time,; M ard) (deputy ep that
with the two-week war. These; authority in order to support rather they seem to be content fe persaps sPack cre only satsfacthat
U.S. interests in the Indian; with a holding action ... perhome- would be for us to
make clear that the task force -Ocean area." "Dr. Kissinger (the Presi
-including the aircraft car stand fast, with. the expecta-
rier Enterprise, the most bow Secret Excerpts dent's chief foreign policy tion that the West Paks could erful ship in the Navy-was! I maker) suggested that ifhold their own
sent into Indian waters as a; Meanwhile, those anonylthe Indibns smash the Pak air: "Dr Kissinger said that we:
"show of force." mous aides, who whisper the j force and the armored forces, not trying to be even
; President does
This provocative naval de- latest word from the White we would have a deliberate In- are
ployment was Intended (1) to, House into the cars of news-; dian attempt to force the dis-, handed. res.
President be E' evside hnvhanded:
compel India to divert both men, have stopped prgtendingj integration of Pakistan. Theinot i The President The
that
that the task force was in-i elimination of the Pak ar-,
ships and planes to shadow, tended to evacuate stranded; mored' and air forces would India is the attacker
the task force: (2) to weaken; Americans. make the Paks defenseless.! "Dr. Kissinger said that wQ
India's blockade against EastNow the aides are leaking, cannot afford to ease India';;
Pakistan; (3) possibly to divert'
the Indian aircraft carrier; the story that President Nixon I Scare Tactics state of mind. 'The lady' is
and
cold bloodeed and toughyand
Vikrant from its military mis-' had learned of the Soviet-In-I "It would turn West Paki-. col} not od into a Soviet sn
sion, and (4) to force India to than plans not only to lop off! Stan into a client state. The
keep planes on defense alert,) East Pakistan but to dismem-I possibility elicits a number of ellet merely ease her milnd:
thus reducing their operations; ber West Pakistan. The taskj questions. Can we allow a U.S.
against Pakistani ground l force was ordered into the In ally to go down completely? I He invited anyone who obi
troops. I than Ocean, according to this Can we allow the Indians to jected toto this a Pr oachnt o take.
The evacuation of American line as a deterrent. scare us off? . his case the
citizens was strictly a second-1 But this, too, is a distortion j "Mr. Sisco (assistant State Next day, preparations were;
ary mission, adopted more as i of the information contained 'I secretary in charge of Asian made to send a task force into
the justification than the rea in the White House papers.) affairs) stated that if the situa- the Bay of Bengal to confront
son for the naval move. I Here are excerpts from the tion were to evolve as Dr. Isis- both Soviet. and. d Indian war:
Here's how the "Top Secret" "Secret Sensitive" strategy singer had indicated, then, of ships.
orders to the task force were session that took place in theIcourse, there was a serious) Bell-McClure Syndicate'
Approved For Release 2Q06101103 : CIA-RDP80-01601 R000400040001-6
 WASHINGTON E031
Approved For Release 200f 0ffd :. -RDP80-01601 R0004
The Washington. J Iellrry-Go-Uoa n 1
By Jack. Anderson
Publication of the secret
Pentagon Papers exposed, all
too late, the miscalculations
and misrepresentations that
entangled the U.S.in a jungle
war in faraway Vietnam.
the U.S. against the Bengalis,
whose freedom Yahya had
brutally. repressed. He over-
turned their free election,
jailed their elected leader and
sent troops to terrorize the
populace.
? The President gruffly ov-
errode the advice of the State
Department's professionals
who urged him to use his spe?
week war, the White House sein relative to the provision
scrambled around for some
way to rush arms shipments to
Pakistan. This would have
been a violation of our own
1965 arms embargo F.gainst
both India and Pakistan.
Secret Minutes
Here are excerpts from the
"Secret Sensitive" minutes of
Kissinger's White House strat-
egy sessions:
"Dr. Kissinger asked
whether we have the right to
of F-104s to Pakistan .. .
"Ambassador Johnson (Amm
bassador-at-large) said that we'
must examine the possible of
fects that additional supplies"
for Pakistan might have. It
could be that eight F404s
might not make any differ-
ence once the real war in
(West Pakistan) starts. They
could be considered only a. token . . .
"Mr. Packard stated that the
overriding consideration is the
1 Without waiting for history
to overtake the Indian-Paki-
stani war, therefore, we have
decided to publish hi:,rltlights
from the secret White House, stop the Pakistani persecution
Papers dealing with the crisis.I and to grant the Bengalis a
These papers bear a variety I and of autonomy. When
of stamps-"Secret Sensitive," the Indian Army finally came
"Eyes Only," "Specat (special to the aid of the Bengalis, the
category) Exclusive," "Noforni" pros pleaded with Mr. Nixon
(no foreign dissemination) to remain neutral if for no oth-
and other classifications even er reason than Pakistan looked
more exotic.
Yet astonishingly, the docu-
ments contain almost no infor-
mation that could possibly
jeopardize the national secu-
rity. On the contrary, the secu-
authorize Jordan or Saudi 11"
Arabia to transfer military cloin; something effective or
doing nothin" If you don't
equipment to Pakistar.," de- will, don't get involved , . ."
dare the Dec. 6 minutes. "Mr.I The following day, a secret
Van Ilollen (Asian expert
, message was flashed to Am
like a sure loser. Instead, he State Department) stated the, bassador to Jordan L. Dean
supported the repressor and United States cannot permit ai Brown: "You should tell King.
associated the U.S. with Paki-Ithird country to transfer arms! Hussein we fully appreciate
stags eventual humiliation. !which we have provided them;
? In a fit of petulance, the when we ourselves, do not au-,heavy heavy pressure he feels him-
self tol-, 1, virtue of re
uest
.
q
rity labels are used to hide the President sent a naval task thorize sale direct to the ulti-;from Pakistan. We are never-
blun- the force to the Bay of Bengal and mate recipient. theless not yet in a position to
activities-and often the hide
risked a military confronta- lir. Sisco (Assistant State
ders--of our leaders. give him definite response.
tion with Soviet warships. Secretary in charge of Asian
We believe the public is en- ? As a reward, the Russians affairs) went on to say that as Whole subject
at very high
titled to know 'about these are expected to seek military the Paks increasingly feel the intensive review at very high
blxmders, level of USC..
bases on the subcontinent, heat, we will be getting emer- In Now Delhi, Ambassador
Here are our conclusions ,The Soviet military ambition gency re-
from studying the Wl"te ? requests from them. Dr* to India Kenneth Beating rc-
tn this exercise is to obtain Kissinger said that the Presi-I
House Papers: ceived a copy of the secret or-
permanent usage of the port dent may want to honor those'
y Cited Visakhapatnam," suggested I requests .. ders to brown. Keating sent
Blunders Cited r, i.'.-.-.i' ,L.,i n_- an anguished message to
? President Nixon, appar-
ently because he liked Paki-
stan's strongman Yahya Khan
and disliked India's Prime
Minister Indira. Gandhi,
placed the U.S. on the side of
a minor military dictatorship
against the world's largest de-
'mocracy. Thereby, lie aligned
1 -
wavy duel, UL U becrei biraV 'cube OecreLary) linen bauu wel action other than rejection (of
egy session. An intelligence should look at what could be
lanes to Pak-
lan to shi
the
report also declares that Bang- done. Mr. Sisco agreed but
ladesh, the new Bengali state, said it should be done very
has "already offered military quietly."
i
i
eases
n w
ttagong o the So- the Dec. o minutes pick upp We will print additional ex-
viet Union in exchange for the subject again: "Dr. Kis Icerpts from the White House
economic aid." singer referred to an expres- IPapers in future columns.
? At the height of the two- lion of interest by King Hus- I
p p
p
istan by way of Jordan) would
pose enormous further diffi-
Approved For Release 2006/01/03 : CIA-RDP80-01601 R000400040001-6
 Iff-AMI }II ALD
Approved For Release 200, qVff R00
uarding
By WILLIAM G. FLORENCE
t:wial to the Mlaml Herald tween what may or may not The reason: The waste could known is something of a
be embarrassing. Indeed, not be destroyed by simple habit with many defense
WASHINGTON -- Every they rarely make distinctions burning or shredding, the men. One officer at the Air
day they sit in the Pentagon, about much else in the docu-
thousands of workers with ments either. Which is pre- standard methods of getting Force's Aeronautical Systems
lubber scam s marked "con- cisel the trouble. The sim- rid of paper secrets. So it had Division in Ohio, for exam-
p y Y r? h._ 9,-~- ft A
"top secret," and they stamp Tracing the causes and ef- FROM the mid-1960s until 1969 that the -nation should
this paper and that, with lit- fects of this classification September, 1970, Conductron keep a close watch on infor-
tle regard for what they are craze can be an exercise in actually stored about 28,500 mation about a new manned
doing..It is a mass exercise in the bizarre, one which I went pounds of waste metal. At bomber. Mainly, he wanted
wish fulfillment, a giant at- through many times during General Dynamics' Fort to keep secret such details as
tempt to keep secret what is my years at Air Force head- Worth, Tex., plant, where the the plane's purpose, its
already public knowledge, quarters in the Pentagon. tiles were fashioned to fit the length and wing span, its
what is . bound to become It often begins, as it did in plane's body, about 285 bar- take-off weight, how high it
widely known, or what is so one case involving the F-111 rels of waste accumulated can fly, and what it looks
trivial that it cannot possibly fighter-bomber, with a single over this period. This was in like in a photograph.
be of use to anyone, person at a single installation addition to special guards at I suppose this all would
deciding that some piece of the plants, barriers erected to have been nice, except that it
In the process, the buy- information should be closely make sure nobody could get was absurd - these details
Ing of toilet paper for some protected. In this particular a hand on a grain of the had all been proclaimed for
case, the person was In the metal, and other precautions the world to hear while the
tional military men secret. Purchases of Wright-Patterson Air Force for "confidential" informa- Congress to authorize the
paper clips and paint and Base near Dayton, Ohio, and tion. The over-all extra cost bomber in the first place.
long winter underwear may what he wanted to protect for these measures probably. But this did not deter the
turn Into guarded statistics. was the process for turning was in the neighborhood of+ aeronautics systems officer.
The purpose and dimensions out a metal used in the F. $400,000. He insisted that the nation
of a new aircraft, long trum- 111. The cost would have kept should guard the informa-
peted in congressional hear- rising if General Dynamics tion. So he stamped the in.
ings, remain, to the Penta- TIIE METAL, tile-shaped did not begin to run short of struction to the plane's
gon's way of thinking, -'top pieces of ferrite developed storage space. The company contractor, North American
secret" matters. Literally privately by Conductron was faced with the choice of Aviation, as "secret,"
millions of documents are, Corp. in Ann Arbor, Mich., either putting up an addition- . North American, in July of
needlessly classified along- "absorbs" radar signals.
al building to hide the waste 1970, forwarded some advice
side the relatively few - I As it happened, the same or finding some way to de- of its own. The initial cost
would estimate from 1 to 5 type of material had already stroy it. for remodeling facilities and
per cent in the Pentagon - been developed in the Neth- This, however, was not taking numerous other steps
which must legitimately be erlands, and similar radar ab- how the dilemma was solved, to comply with the "secret"
guarded in the national inter- sorters shortly afterward rather, federal security in- classification, it said, would
est. . were patented in Sweden. spectors finally asked' Air be about $1.2 million. This
All this would be rather Moreover. Conductron had Force headquarters in Wash- did not include similar mea-
humorous if it did not have been generously scattering ington whether the "confi- sures and expenses that
serious consequences. But the metal tiles about in its dential" marking had been would be required by subcon-
the fact is that the wide- sales effort. ' necessary in the first place. tractors and suppliers.
spread abuse of secrecy pro- Despite all this, the Air The question came to me, Luckily, this nonsense was
visions wastes staggering Force man stamped "confi- 'and I received assurances halted before it went too far.
sums of money, undermines dential" on both the produc- from the office of John S.
the Integrity of our security tion process and the tiles Foster, director of defense I WOULD estimate, how-
,system, and, as with the themselves, an action which research and ever, that at least $50 million
tagon papers, conceals inforPen- Pen- nobody above him ques- that there had never engineering been , a year still is spent on stor-
mation which the public has tioned. To his mind, these an need for security on the 1?g' protecting and inspect-
aright to know. were U.S. secrets, and Con- metal any tiles. ing unnecessarily classified
T ductron and General Dynam- defense information
.
THIS IS NOT to suggest fits Corp., I spent the next 10 months the prime F-111 trying to get the classifica- While many defense plan.
that there is a Pentagon con- contractor, were required to Lion canceled. It was finally ners do not like to admit it,
spiracy to hide embarrassing keep them so. relatively little of what they
documents by stampin "se- This was no small ask dropped in September, 1970, do can be e t ecret very
cret" on them. While }~C9v~1~k ~e4t19~B S i { /l oudA14RDyP8r0 "0'1ROQ Q~~gQ 14ularly true
sometimes the result, the se- things, had to have special in the scientific and technical
cret-stampers rarely take the facilities to store all waste THIS IS by no means an area.
trouble to rlictinm,ich .,, metal left frnm thair ..,,_ri, Isolated case. Guardiny infor- ww. i a
 Approved For Release 20(6f-RDP80-01601 R000400
in May as 'deputy assistant for tecurity and
trade affairs in. Air Force headquarters. Also
~The author is a security expert who retired
.a former Air Force major, he is roue a security
consultant to .govenrnaent contractors and to de-
fensa attorneys in'the Daniel Fllsberg case.
1j'1VER.Y DAY THEY It in the Pentagon, biz ar'3'U~;e:'ciSC
thousands of workers with rubber stamps r^~~tEACING THE CAUSES and effects of this
marked "Confidential" and "Secret" and "Top A eis..ssification cram can be an exercise
Secret" nnd'tlrey stamp this paper tied that, in the bizarre, one which I went through rn?n]
with little regard for whet they are,doing. It times . during my years at Air Force head
is a mas exerciso in wi=sh-fulfillment, a grant quarters. It often begins, as It did in one case
attempt to keep secret what Is already public involving the F-111 fighter-bomber, with s
knowledge, what i bound to become widely single, person at r: 1,111go installation deciding
known, or what is be trivial that it cannot pos- that some piece of information should be
tibl' bo of use to anyone. ,closely protected. Iii this' particular case, 'the
In the process, tho buying of toilet paper person was ? in ,tire Avionics Laboratory at
for some military such becomes a national Wright Patterson Air Forco Ba:so outside Day.
secret. Purchases of paper clips and paint and ton, Ohio, and what he wanted to protect was
loin-winter underwear can turn Into guarded the process for.turning out it metal used in
statistics. The purpose and dimensions of a the F-111. .
new aircraft, long trumpeted in congressional The metal, tile-shaped pieces of ferrite de-
hearings, remain, to the Pentagon's way of velopecl privately by Conductron Corp. In Ann
thinking, "Top Secret" matters. Literally niil- Arbor, Mich., "absorbs" radar signals. This
lions of documents are needlessly classified distorts the plane's image on an enemy's radar,
alongside the relatively few--I would estimate screen. .
from 1 to 5 per cent in the Pentagon---which . As it happened, the same typo of material
must legitiinately be guarded In the national had already been developacl in the Nether-
Interest. lands, and similar radar absorbers were pat-
'All this would be rather humorous If it did ented shortly afterward In Sweden. Moreover,
.uot.have serious consequences. Put the fact is Conductron had been generously scattering
that the widespread abuse of secrecy provi- the metal tiles about in its sales effort. Despite
lions wastes staggering suers of money, under- all this, the Air Force man. atarnped "Confi-
. mines the Int'egri'ty of our security system, dential" on both the production process and
and, as with the Pentagon Papers, conceals the tiles themselves, an action which nobody
Information which the public has a right to above hint questioned. To li s m'.nd, these were
know. U.S. secrets, and Conductron and General Dy,
This is not to suggest that there is a Pen narnics Corp., the Prime F-111 contractor, were
tagon conspiracy to hide embarrassing docu- ordered to keep them so.
merits by stamping "Secret" on them. While This was no email . task. The companies,
that Is sometimes . the result, the" secret-, arnoiig other things, had to have special facili-
stampers rarely take the trouble to distinguish ties to store All waste metal left from their
between .-Ghat r any or may not be embarrass work, The reason: The wasto could not be
ing. Indeed, they rarely snake distinctions destroyed by zimple burning or O redding, the
about r{n?c7t el In the doci'rne?its either, standard niet.hods of getting rid 'of paper se-.
Which Is precisely tau trouble. They simply `
Stamp away. , cr ets. So It had to be boarded.
Approved :.For.Release'2006/01103 CIA-RDP80-01601 RU00400040001-6.
 Approved For Release 2O 6t &3~? PRDP80-01601 R0004
18 NOV 1971
taffy of State and ? Secretary 'q' De-
:`The classification,
system has been used to
shield Government
`decisions from
public view."
fense." He went on to assert that it
was Secretary of State Dean Rusk and
not Mr. Clifford, the Secretary of De-
fense, who had suggested an uncon-
ditional bombing halt above the 20th
parallel. In this instance, a former
-President announced publicly that he
was declassifying a secret document
before the eyes of millions of Anter
ican television viewers.
13y DAVID WISE -.' memoirs, Mr. Johnson follows a well-
{established precedent. President Tru-
WASHINGTON---President Johnson's man, in his memoirs, quoted freely
memoirs contain extensive information from C.I.A. estimates and other classI-
drawn from classified documents-in- fied documents. President Eisenhower
eluding some of those contained in the, drew upon similar material in his mem-
Pentagon Paper;. oirs. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., in his
Inevitably, publication raised anew account of the New Frontier, quotes
questions about. the classification bys- from the conversations between Presi-
tem, secrecy, and government' credi- dent Kennedy and Soviet Premier
bility. If, 9for example, The Ns.w York Khrushchev. Robert F. Kennedy's
Times had never published its series posthumously published book about
on the' Pentagon Papers, would the the Cuban missile crisis quotes parts
Federal Government have gone into of .'a still-classified letter from Mr.
?court to prevent publication of the Khrushchev to President Kennedy.
pepartment seek to enjoin a former I do not propose that Presidents,
President? their assistants, or other high Govern-
It seems scarcely likely. The fact ment officials be restricted in what
of 7 proved ForReease 2006l/01~t c;. f4A ,P Q'~,AQ QQO4Q0040001-6
Mr. Johnson then proceeded to read He is currently cc Fellow of the wood-
at some length from what he described row Wilson International Centel, for
- n L'-,- -10 t(1T.......... .. .}..... ,.. C.,.. C-..!..,1,...:. ... TTI...... ...
.... ..
is that for years Presidents and. others they write when they leave office, or
officials have regularly leaked classi- what materials they quote from, in-
fied documents to the press when it eluding classified documents, for the
has suited their purposes. Or they reason that it would be difficult to
have saved them for their, memoirs. devise any system' that could be en-
The disclosures contained in the forced, particularly against a former
Pentagon Papers demonstrate 'how President: And these memoirs by Pres-
easy .it is for Government officials to idents and their assistants serve his-.
use the security classification s}htem tory. They help to inform us, however
to keep from public view policies, belatedly.
decisions and actions that are exactly At the same time, the public should
the opposite of what the public is told. understand that these memoirs often
In other words, through official se- do use classified information, and that
Crecy, we now have a system of in- former officials sometimes profit from
,stitutionalized lying. The resulting erg- the sale in book form of classified in-
sion of confidence between the people formation about events, which, at the
and their Government is perhaps the time they take place, are not shared
single most important political. devel- with the press and public. Thus, the
oprnent in- the United States in the classification system has been used to
past decade. . deprive the American people of infer-
Security classifications are e.phem mation which is later sold to them by
oral and capricious when disclosure the officials they elected, or by the
benefits political leaders. For example, appointees of those officials. Yet the
on Feb. 6, 19'70, Mr. Johnson discussed information is denied to Americans
his March,' 1968, decision to limit the when it night be pertinent to the
bombing of North Vietnam in an inter- opinions they hold and to the way
view: with Walter Cronkite on the they express those opinions at the
-C.B.S. television network. Whem asked ballot box.
about Clark Clifford's reputed role Too often, the classification system
in reversing Administration policy, Mr? - has been used to shield Government
'Johnson hold ,up a document in view decisions from public view, or to
of the television audience and said: manipulate public opinion. It seems
that's totally inaccurate. Now if unlikely-that the American people will
you would like to, Walter .. - I'll de- stand for a system of official secrecy
classify [this] now for a moment and that makes it possible for their officials
show you just how tmich in error such to mislead them. Under such a system,
an assuniption can be'. .. if you'll in- there is no consent for the governed..
'dulne mo . n r d ou a p tin n
 1 STAT
Approved For Release 2002/21VC.- C RDP80-01601R0 -
Pentagon Orders
Decrease in Use
Of Secrecy Stamp
Sperm to The New York Times
WASIIINGTON, Oct. 20--The
Pentagon announced today that
it plans to make its documents
harder to classify and easier to
declassify and that it would re-
duce the number of people em-
powered to classify them.
To do this, the Defense De-
partment plans to reactivate the
Classification Review and Ad-
visory Board, which has been
dormant since March, 1968.
The board will give policy
guidance to the Department of
Defense security classification
management program, which
must rewrite the rules that gov-
ern the classification system.
The review of the classifica-
tion procedure was spurred by
a dispute over the classification
of the Pentagon papers, the se-
cret study of the Vietnam war,
parts of which were published
by The New York Times and
other newspapers last June.
"What we are trying to do is
to reduce the number of people
who can classify information
and to increase the number who
can declassify information,"
Daniel Z. Henkin, Assistant De-
fense Secretary for Public Af-
fairs, said in a speech to The
Associated Press Managing Edi-
tors Association, which met in
Philadelphia today. His text was
made available here.
Last summer, William G. Flor-
ence, a civilian employe of the
Air Force's security classifica-
tion branch, told a House sub-
committee that fewer than a
million of the Defense Depart-
ment's 20 million classified doc-
uments deserved to be kept
secret.
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 STAT
Approved For Release ` i 11 V(IAMDP80-01601 R0604 0040001-6
21OCT1971
Pentagon Will Limit Classifiers
UnlUed Press International
The Pentagon intends to cut
down the number of officials
authorized to classify papers,
a Defense Department official
said yesterday.
As of April, 31,043 officials
among the 3.6 million civilian
and uniformed personnel in
the Defense Department could
,stamp papers "confidential,"
the lowest category of classifi-
cation. Of those, 7,687 could
also stamp documents ."secret"
and of those 803 had authority
to label papers "top secret."
The Pentagon papers on the
Vietnam war, portions of
which were published in June
by several newspapers, were
the classification of those his-
torical documents that led the
Pentagon to begin reviewing
its classification procedure.
Abuses of the system have
been cited by former officials.
In a memorandum distrib-
uted today to the three service
secretaries and four other
major Pentagon officials, D.
0. Cook, acting assistant de-
fense secretary for administra-
tion, said he was reactivating
the Dormant Classification Re-
view and Advisory Board to
rewrite the rules that govern
the system. Like Iienkin, he
said fewer people would be al-
lowed to classify documents.
originally classified "top se-I Cook also said documentslsions involved %,,'h the declas-
cret." It was the dispute over should be declassified inorclsification o.C sonl~ documents.)
quickly. Historians have long
complained that the govern-
ment takes too much time to
declassify information. (Penta-
gon officials say that at this
point they don't really know
how much of a cut can be
made in the number of those
authorized to classify docu-
ments, but that "we are confi-
dent that we can make sub-
stantial reductions," they said
reactivation of the civilian.
run review bbard is intended
to lift some of the burden of
declassification from the mili-
tary, who are at times not in a
position to make policy dcci-
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V n
1r_J CIL ',. r, t" G )
f;`1 f o i
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- I;y Ii!iNSTON Gl'OOM
Star Staff Writer
The U.S. Court of Appeals
here has struck down the gov-
ernment policy of arbitrarily
classifying all documents in a
file the staple as the hi ;hest
classified single document in tho
group.
Th ruling came yesterday in
the case of 33 congresssmen, led
by Tlep. Patsy T. Mink, D-Ila-
waii, who have sued the Nixon
administration for release of a
'secret report on the proposed
atomic test at Amchitka island
in Alaska.
The test, cock named "Canni-
kiu," is scheduled to be carried
out this month if President
`Nixon gives his approval. S av-
oral environmentalist groups
have filed suits to stop the blast,
and their cases are pending in
the federal courts.
The suit involved in yesterday's
ruling sought release of a ? se-
cret report held by the Environ-
mental Protection Agency that
t o
f
r ri trli
~ ~ r ~' ~-
~
L!~1.~~~i
allegedly contains negative corn
ments on the test from several
other government agencies.
The ruling sends the case back
to U.S. District Court Judge
George Hart Jr., instructing him
to hold a secret ]hearing at which
EPA's Amchitka papers can be
screened --- and those docu-
ments which would not normally
bear a security classification
can be separated from those
which v; ould.
The congressmen opposed to
the blast hope that once they
have the documents in hand,
they can convince the court of
appeals that the Amchitka test
't' he question of whether or not'
the government should classify
all documents in a file just be-
cause one or more of them is
classified has been the subject;
of controversy in the case of the
Pentagon papers, fart of that
report on (lie U.S. involvement
in Vietnam was classified top
secret but some of the report
had been published previously
without classification.
Today's ruling overturns a
1953 presidential order that set
ltihe current policy for classifying
documents. It had said.
"A document . . . shall bear a
classification at least as high as
that of its highest classified
component. The document shall'
bear only one overall classifiea
Lion not withstanding that pages,
paragraphs, sections or compo-
nents thereof bear different clas-
sification."
In striking down that policy,
the appellate court held that the
;Freedom of Iirfol?mation Act of
.1970 supersedes the executive
order..
"Secrecy by association is not
favored. If the non-secret. com-
ponents are separate from the
secret remainder. and may be
read separately without distor-
tion of meaning they too should
be disclosed." .
In its instructions to the lower
court regarding the Amchitka
papers, the appellate court sug-
gested that a cautious attitude
should be adopted by Judge Hart
in reviewing the matter.
"In approaching this problem
we have in raind the very spe-
cial place the President occupies
in the conduct of foreign af-
fairs," (Ile court said in its
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RU Sf; 1.. , 3AK?'R
} tli a ?~ ;.~r! rf' .1 r7 ~` ,r ?1 , r rr Fir .1 1,, r,
(r V an,
L
f? 1 f. 't`om f i !.. ~:-....:.. , j.1 I r
After.-illeBritishaccused.tlle.., wire. "Good," be salrl,clear- 'inc clerk had promptly.
Russians the other day of sup- in'; Iris throat. "A hundred and crushed '' this ganhbit by pro-
p01'tllig 105 spies iii t elf CIll? live,'' he Said. "You think dllcing out of his jacket sleeve
bassy in London, a telephone that's a lot? You think 105 a roll of papers stamped "idx-
call ti'.as made to one of the spies is enough to do the job ccssivCly Secret."
Russian spies in the embassy we're up against in these
here. Iris name is Boris. Ile Western countries?"
said, yes, he could get out for "Don't you 1:110w . even The demand for secret pa-
ft rendezvous, provided it. Pro,- what's happening in your ov,_n
which he could send to 11,105-
cow to justify his expense ac=
count.
fayette Part under a benchh,
which had. been bugged by the
I'BI, accepted the newspaper
clipping without entiluslasil.
J "Can't yell ht least get the
CIA to give you some fake
blueprints to give file?" he
"asked. "YQu -don't even take'
?nle seriously C11('1101 0 want?
to mislead me anymore.''
"Non5,nnsc, Doris. The U.S.
government regards you as
one of the most key Russian
Sples op'er'a ting in Washing-
toll this fall."
"You Americans!" Boris
said. "Never willing to level
with a guy. .
It seemed an .obvious truth
not worth denying. It was time
for a change of subject. "Bor-
is, is it really true that your
We had 1.05 spies in the Lon-
don embassy alone?"
The U.S. government is very
helpful about thing's like this.
"Here," said a deputy to a
deputy assistant at the Pcnta-
gon, and he cut a short news
story cut of the afternoon pa-
per ?--?.it was about an autoino-
bile striking a cow near Fred-
.erick, Md. He stamped it
"Very Secret."
Doris) rendozvousiu; in Laf-
ing with great emotion. "The
volume of secret papers has
increased by a factor of 50 or
co in the past 10 years. The
more secret papers you have,
the more spies we need to get
hold of them."
The. 'difficulty, Boris ex-
plained, speaking very clearly
and distinctly into the bug so
the FBI would hear every
word, was that it had become
a symbol of status in Washing-
ton for men to have secret
papers in their possession. -.
`rC
He thou -ht this had started
with Dr. Henry Kissinger, Bor-
is said. He had read some-
w'ihere, perhaps in a-lop secret
Story printed in a ne:',spaper
column of Washington society
news, that Kissinger never at-
tended a party without bring-
ing along a briefcase ostenta-
tiously filled with highly clas-
.sificd papers.
Naturally, h e explained,
high-ranking officials at the
Pentagon and State Depart
meat didn't want to risk he[;lg
put in the We by showing lip
at a party without secret pa-
pers when they knee' that Kis-
singer Blight drop in with an
armful.
Boris said that he had, in
fact.,"attended a party in one
of the seedier salons of
swering, and pointed to the Georgetown ' at which a pub-
bug Which was. attached to the lie-relations officer from the
park bench. "Is this the FBI's Department of C o in Dl e r c e
bug," be asked, "or one of tried to win a blonde away
ours?" from a clerk in the Bureau of
A quick examination dis- Obsolete Deeds by flashing a
closed the Great Seal oof t-hc fat roll of papers labeled "Ex-
United States imprinted on'the tr.emely ecret.'-'-
pot's among governlilent offi-
cials, Doris said, had become
so intense that status-hungry
officials were "pldstering clas-
sificafion stamps on every pa-
per that came to hand. Among
purloined U.S. secret docu-
ments which had turned up
lately on Its own desk, Boris
vent on, were a luncheon
check for two oileeseburgers
and a beer, a laundry IN for
five shirtq and a 193-].copy of
Playboy. '.
"The more paper you stamp
secret," Boris shouted into [lie
bug, "the more spies we nce(F
to get Our hands on it, Study it,
puzzle oh( its significance and
.
forward it on to ?,Tosco`,,.'"
Having made his point to the
FBI, he hurried off to a cocktail
partywheve he expected a mi-
nor official from the V,ashing-
ton Monument staff to appear
with a sheaf of menus, classi-
fied "Unusually Secret," from
the National Art Gallery cafe-
teria.
"The Russians are begging
for mercy," the 1'BI man ON.
served later. "Maybe -? just
maybe, mind you -- if we keep
stamping, we can use their
spy payroll to bankrupt
them.''
All this, incidentally, is "Ut-
torly Secret. r. .
rr
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0 so aft
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V1, 0 ';
`~-i'~/ fig C,~ ~./ I Fr i `! }tl' I ~~~~' i 1 I
By racer AIzly-r 0n
ryng
o
rag 11cr down the
Ever since we reported on steps to meet an elephant ati
the drunken antics of an ground level."
Agency for International De- Tollefson assured us by tclc-.
velopment official durillg Vies. phone from Nairobi that. i.t
hunt, had nothing to do with
seciuJty.
We 'quoted from a message
that IlbbinsO1l biCllvane, the
cent visit to Kenya, AID has
been tightening the ' lid on
classified messages.
Fill agents are grilling offi-
cial.s and giving lie detector
tests to find out who leaked
the secret report. Copy. ma-
chines ]lave, been nniovccl to se-
cured areas Where they are
constantly lllollltored.
All these precautiolia have
been taken in the nalincr of na-
tional security. Yet our story,
which precipitated the man-
na11, the AID administrator.
The message was so sensitive
that it wes hand-delivered to
l:Iannah guider . seal. He was
upset, therefore, when we
printed it for "d million Amer.
icans to read.
But the subject of the Ines-
sage was the hijinks of Bert
Tollefson, who is in charge of
the AID program in Kenya.
-Alleged the hush-hush mes-
sage:
"The problem started with
Bert's well-known pushiness
and general lade of sensitivity,
and culminated in his getting
sloshed at Treetops (a night
clu)), making passes at tile
vice presloelit's secretary and
ti tl
t
d
was all a misunderstanding,
and blamed the whole episode
on unidentified Democratic
holdovers.
But Hannah took urgent
steps to make sure we don't
get any more of his secret
niessages, lie issued terse in
structions, intended for the
eyes only of those who handle
Sensitive docl11h1CI1ts.
As evidence that. llannah
hasn't yet. plugged the leak,
here owe his new instructions:
"The reproduction of, tile
State's NODIS, 1.,XDIS, and,
TOP SECRET and the AID's
EYES ONLY and 'J'OP SP-
CIiE'f messy es requires the
American ambassador to l approval of the All) Executive
Kenya, ,sent to Dr. John Tian-(,secretary, and such reproduc-
tio11 call be e.ccOlihplished only
by the lXSEC Staff, ,
"All reproduction and copy
ranachilles are being located in
in sccurc:cl areas, which v;ill be
monitored. . . . liuring 3101
working hours, all copy
chines will be secured in such
a way that they arc inoper-
able."
rill .71127,
lJ // fa rr ,
11 l~C: 1 t~ 1! I f
' __'l~f t rti tf Zi. Jli ~/ l
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The Atlanta ceriter was scheduled to go
into full operation this month, but only eight
patients are being treated, and they are In
the psychiatric ward. Plans for renovation of
the hospital's fifth f oor into a 1G-heel drug-
treatment center still-are awaiting approvsl
from Washington.
The hospital's director, Dr. Julian Jarman,
said the moratorium on hiring came at a
time when requests for treatment were grow-
ing.
BEWARE CLASSIFICATION OF
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
(Mr. MONAGAN asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks at this
point in the RECORD and to include ex-
traneous matter.)
Mr. MONAGAN. Mr. Speaker, the
overclassification of Government infor-
ination has repeatedly been criticized
and challenged because of the blatant
inconsistencies in the procedures utilized
by the various departments and agencies
of the executive branch. There have been
frequent claims that the power of classi-
fication has been abused in an attempt to
suppress 'information Which the public
has a right to know.
The classifying of Government infor-
mation has not been exercised solely by
those departments and agencies which
concern themselves with matters of na-
tional security or foreign.relations. Re-
cently a Ph. D. candidate wvas refused ac-
cess to 70-year-old documents in the
National Archives which concerned a
pollution investigation conducted by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation. I can-
not see where there is any justification
based upon military security or foreign
relations for prohibiting public access to
such documents. The absurdity of the
present classification procedures is quite
evident. This incident and numerous
others are recounted in an article by
Morton Mintz which appeared in the
July 20, 1971 issue of the Washington
Post.
By the calculated classification of spe--
cific information public officials can
shield themselves froni public criticism.
The classification appears ridiculous
when every day we read and hear reports
in the news media which arc attributed
to "lealts of inside information." Deci-
sive action must be taken to snake clas-
sification procedures comply with a pol-
Icy of free availability of Government
information which will not jeopardize
our national security. The public's right
to know must not be restricted. Decisive
action must be taken to find a viable
remedy to this situation.
I have been concerned with the pub-
lic's' right to know for some time, WWI,
I was a member of the Subcommittee Oil
Foreign Operations and Government In-
formation I submitted a bill dealing with
freedom of information which was
enacted into law. I feel that it is again
necessary to submit legislation concern-
ing this problem.
I have today filed a bill to establish a
joint committee to conduct a complete
investigation of the practices and liletl-
ods used in the executive branch of the
Government for the classification, re-
classification and declassification of Gov-
ernment information in order to deter-'
aline whether such practices and nieth-
ocis are exercised for purposes contrary
to the public interest, and to determine
appropriate procedures for the (]iscovery,
reclassification and declassification of
Govern ent information.
The membership of the joint commit-
tee would be composed of the chairman
and ranking minority member oft the
Senate and House Committees oli Armed
Services, Foreign Affairs, and the Appro-
priations Subcommittee on Defense, and
an additional three Senators appointed
by the President of the Senate and three
Repr?esent.atives appointed by the Speak-
er of the House.
The joint committee would carry out
its activities for the period of 1 year and
at its termination it would submit a re-
port of its findings and recommendations
to the Senate and House of Representa-
tives. If the joint committee had not
conlpletecl its investigation and report
within the year an extension for an ad-
ditional year might be made by concur-
rent resolution. Any sensitive informa-
tion which the joint conlhhlittee nligllt
acquire through its activities might be
kept secret by the coinntittee'.
The result of the efforts of the joint
committee would be the availability of
ample data and resulting rccon-inlenda-
t.ions for the proper classification of Gov-
erinnent information. It would then be
possible to formulate and put into. ef-
fect an efficient, effective, just and uni-
form classification procedure.
I wish to append to my remarks the
editorial entitled "The Riglit To Know
w1nch appeared in the July 10, 19'11, edi-
tion of the Christian Science Monitor
and an editorial entitled "Secrets of the
Bureaucracies" which appeared in ,the
July 20, 1971,-edition of the Washington
Post:
THE lSrc;H-T To Kwow
The current controversy over, classification
of governifient documents centers on one
key question: Can government by consent
have any real meaning if those governed do
not know to what it is that they arc con-
senting? It was only the right, indeed the
absolute need, of the people to know what
their government is doing and has done, and
why, that could have justified the recent
publication by several newspapers, including
this one, of documents bearing a "top se-
cret"classification.
The rightness or ;wrongness of the decision
by the particular newspapers to go ahead
with that publication is now In the hands of
history to determine.
But the need of the people to know goes
on. So sloes, the government classification
procedure system that kept the Pentagon
papers hidden so long. That system needs to
be drastically overhauled, as recognized by
the recent six-day hearing of the I-louse Gov-
ernment Operations subconnilittce, which
sought to find out just how much classifed-
material actually exists, who classifies it,
and by what criteria. Not surprisingly, the
subcoiihmlttec found out what everybody has
long recognized, that overclassification is a
perennial fgct of government.
There are estimates of something like 100
million pages of classified wartime records,
dating back to World War II, and 30 million
classified documents in the Pentagon's ma-
chine-operated files. One former CIA official
estimated that only to percent of the dlassi-
ficcl doculilents he handled over the years
were "really sensitive."
The criteria by which classification takes
place appears all too vague. It Is clear that
in wartiihc, any hard information about
troops, arnhanlel ts, and plans must be kept
out of enemy hands. Slut it is equally clear
that 100 million pages of records from a war
which 'ended In victory it quarter of a century
ago hardly fall into that category.
And any Washington newspaper reporter
knows firsthand how the classification sys-
tem is used by bureaucrats tb shield them-
selves from public surveillance, to serve their
personal political anus, or -to leak out "in-STAT
side Information" to chosen segments of the
mass media at a tempo designed to buildSTAT
support for a particular policy. And the ha-
bitual breaking of security by the very offi-
cials who order documents classified--often
in memoirs--only confirms the absurdity of
the system. -
Hopefully the House subcommittee will
come up with some meaningful solutions.
Worth considering is the suggestion of Rep.
Sant Gibbons '(D) of Florida, that Executive
Order 10501--issued by President Eisenhower
In 1953, and the basic law governing the sys-
tem today-be scrapped. It is -too vaguely
worded, allowing as it does that any "ex-
tremely sensitive Information or material"
be kept from declassification for an unlim-
ited time. One must ask, sensitive to whom,
and for what reasons?
Mr. Gibbons would declassify everythhlg
that ctinnot he proven essentially conhlden-
tial, end publish an annual list of what re-
mains classified. Within three years, these
holdovers would be automatically declassi- -
fled unless a person of at least cabinet rank
ordered to the contrary.
We believe-the public's right. to know Is -
more basic and vital to the contintiecl demo- -
critic operation of the United States Gov-
ernment than is the government's right to - '
withhold, although secrecy has its obvious
necessities. But the burden of proof for this
necessity should lie on the government, and
it should be the exception rather than the
SECRETS OF TILE BUREAUCRACIES
(By Morton P:Iintz) -
"I ant from Missoula, Montana, and I have
been in Washington doing research oil pollu-
tion for a Ph.D. dissertation In history,"
Donald Mae 'Milian said in a'letter to Sen.
Leo Metcalf (D-Mont.) the other clay. "At
the National Archives j: was advised that I
could not 'use anything that'Was stalmped
'Bureau of Investigation.' The period I was
interested In was essentially the first decade
of the twentieth century . I feel ridicu-
lous even suggesting that the Nation's se-
curity could be threatened by information
seventy years passed, but apparently same-
body does. . . . If we cannot have an hon-
est and rigorous search for the truth our
future as a self-governing dnlocracy is in-
deed bleak."
'Mac Millaih's astonished discovery that lie
could not have access to-it bears repeating
--files on pollution seven decades ,old serves
to make a point which, quite understand-
ably, drew scant attention In the recent mo-
'mentous struggle over the Pentagon Papers.
The point is that secrecy secnis to be en-
demic in all bureaucracies--not just those
occupied with national security--and it is
manifested, almost always, against the very
public supposedly, being served; this hap-
pens readily and pervasively even when no
justification in military security or foreign
relations is so much as claimed.
The evidence of this, regrettably, is as
easy to come by In the "open administra-
tion" of President Nixon as it ever was in
those of his predecessors. Here are some ex-
amples: - - -
The Walsh-Healy Act empowers the De-
partment of Labor to make federal contrac-
tors comply with the job-safety standards it
has approved. The department had tradition-
ally refused to make public inspection re-
ports and notices of violation, It cla.inled
that too Freedom of Irforination Act, en-
acted to protect "the public's right to know,"
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TISCS Washington
By Jack Anderson
Intelligence It.emn6
The coded intelligence re-
ports that flood into Washing-
ton from all over the world of-
ten contain raw, unverified in-
formation. The Central Intelli-
gence Agency has devised a /
simple system for rating the
reliability 9f its reports. The
veracity of the source is given
an alphabetical rating; an ap-
praisal of the content is rated
by number. Thus, an A-1 re-
port would be considered 100
per cent accurate. But if a
wholly reliable source passed
? on a hot barroom rumor, it
might be rated A-12. Or if a
less trustworthy source sub-
mitted what he claimed was a
really reliable item, the rating
might be C-3. Hereafter, we
will use this rating system to
help our readers evaluate the
accuracy of intelligence items.
Emperor's Surprise (A-2)-
No one was more surprised
than Emperor Hirohito to
learn that his. European trip
would be interrupted by a
stopover in Alaska. Prime
Minister Sato neglected to
consult the Emperor before
setting tip the trip. By staging
a dramatic meeting between
Emperor Hirohito and Presi-
dent Nixon, Sato hopes to take
some of the steam out of the
hot Japanese reaction to Mr.
Nixon's Peking ploy and eco-
nomic moves against Japan.
The Emperor; left out of the
backroom planning, was aston-
ished to learn that he would
interrupt his European trip toy
confer with Mr. Nixon in
Alaska.
? 1971, Bell-McClure Syndicate, Inc.
STAT
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emod" -T1`i
ey A 1r
DU.RiNG the Dog Days of August, a ]e
';ion of officers In the U.S. armed forces curl;
a phalanx of ulllcnowll civilians were given
the news: .
If they held top secret clearances, they
were advised that unless they currently are
working with top secret material, the clear-
ance is being aul.olnatically cancelled by the
U.S. ,government.
What do these. tidings mean to them? At
lover t.l3.e y?ars this resur
y^~Cnee of red tape 1411l engage
the services of the 1?k_~f, tltt ply.
CIA and conutlese clerks 11zxd Put it did take time even as it made work
for the mailman and no doubt the gu.arclians
bureau liawkelt:'tv4s ?tf. the CQ5t, of our security awaited the reply atremble,
of itiilliuns of dollars to We worrying about the possibility that another
and would bolt nd bedevil the system.
to NJ)aa3'ei`.' And what is,this ridiculous convulsion ill
? about?
IIem is sinlpl,y another wholesale mischief
present, prodigally nothing. llut should they brought about directly by the capers of. Dan-
ever return to some job th:itrequires such a icl Ellsberg and his pal, Pusso. These jokers
emeprartec, they will have to repeat the whole from the world of science may stay stead-
'clearing"process. lastly loyal to one nnoi.her, but they seem
They will be fingerprinted, though their not to give a hoot about how much trouble
prints have not changed. Then they will they give others.
minor tremble at
spend hours filling out. forms relating -their To begin there was a m
travels abroad, identifying their ancestors Rand Corporation in Washington -here the,
and mucking note of their associations and trio had worked after a fashion and the so-
affiliations, present and past. curity of which they proceeded to scuttle. A
They vlll be quizzed by security officers new set of security hardhats was rushed to
as to ?'vhether they ever belonged to the the scene to lock the stable after the horse
utterly senseless way to manage a burro tie-
racy, this penalizing of t]lous c1lds of pcrr,o
and millions of taxpayers, because of tlu- , -?-
tions of two or more misfits vhi .Iflr ,?cti
betrayed their trust. But that is .overnr m ra
for you. What we have is but anether hor-
rible example of the iil-condili. r.cd rc Cl x
that provided Ellsbcrg Nvith his 1,~1~Ie excuse.
Years ago I knew Ellsberg when he
quiet, soft-spoken and had no dirt of Ikot
glint in his c yo.. Inc was working in tic. i too
In addition to the authority to classify
documents, all these 31,048 people
have the authority to declassify docu-
ments.
"But in most cases," affirms Daniel
Z. I lenkin, a Defense Department sec-
retary in charge of public affairs,
ple are generally too busy to reclassify.
There are millions of documents still
classified, 'Top Secret' and 'Secret'
which don't belong in that category at
all. It is the position of the Secretary of
Defense Melvin Laird that as much
material as possible be declassified." -?
I-history, however, will record Melvin
Laird as the, Defense Secretary who,
from November, 1959, to the end of
June, 1971, refused to make available,
even on a classified basis, to the U.S.
Senate Foreign Relations Committee a
single page of the 7000-page-long
Pentagon Papers.
At about the time he was publicly
espousing declassification, Laird was
b0ntIYnteci
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.t 3 ! i I.t I
G f i ~ 4 4 1- E 'I I , i 9 0 ( `\ ere. '' it Li r"11 ill-, d :
f P f 11. ( .
I, b
SSri::al t7'l1,c Nc, Yt 'j :II. s
1VAS1 lr C:'1'ON, Allg. 12
X'resicient Nixon has ordered
cremier delegate Sisosvath
a ]Iano]'S South t9G3, w:.e. l'r]nce Sihanouk Sink Matak and Marshal Lou
Laotian
Laotian base is known as the sent L'S .aid . mission Np1's young and ambitious
Cili 'T'rail, the. ." CIO's nickingu, is}rich had served' as brother, . Lon Non. The
iseaiie d the " Annex." I't ]y a the I rs's train Can)- embassy likes Sirik natal,
white, nttlltLaoreyc.c] buil(iirl" bodian cover. and hardly bothers to veil -its.
to the Laotian Alckong no river town of Pakse. The ' Inc Green Beret scandal i' distaste for Lon Non.
building looks like every Vietnam, for, example, ;res1v' /With Sirik Matak, who has
Other building -in Pakse out of a CIA order to~,unned CIA contacts,
except that it fias no win- eliminate wilh cxtrenle preju? emerging as the embassy's
dons, is covered with dice one of its . Cambodian (-,tau, -and Lon Non emerging
antennae instead' of tropical operatives. The agency also as the CIA prate c, the
vines and can be entered Supported anti-Sihanouk American squabble seems to
'Only by playiiT'. the . right Insurgents, even When the contain seeds potentially as
'con'i})itration on n electl'onic. State Department was trying disastrous as those that
for a Cambodian rapproche? disrupted Laos a decade ago,
} cyliaal'd CIA's 111011t ,ill, the late 1960s. At that time., the CIA so
's latest Cam- disliked the State Depart-
bodian incursion recently was Several times burned, the disliked far premier
limited by .an enterprisin;;, State Department, when . it. of Laos nthat di it sent its awn
iimioni Penh-based Aiisenicarl resorted diplomatic relations Laotian army it in~ sown
~cozrespondeiit. name d Boris With Cambodia in 1969, tried ta.tan him out c Vientiane
}3aca.ynskyj, who discovered to slake sure there. would be Several tintcs of \'e to its
nothing less than-a CIA plot n0 CIA agents in the, embassy S0011s vs a itfrls~lr tedln(lits t to synthesise Prince Norodom woodpile. Even now, osten- the CIAo like )lanai, may
:Si11a1)0Uk'S inimitably sibly, there is no CIA cony
squeaky vo, -, and broadcast parent at all in the 100-man decide an a strategy of letting
it Over 01-(ler into Cain. US mission in Phnom Pcnh . : dissension spring 111) among
its adversaries. The State
bodia. Ti; cnturc was not Never daunted, the CIA
only an :alpt to discredit has kept up its efforts to
the. Prin ,y putting embar- develop its own Cambodian
rsissing i' into his mouth, infiltration routes. I'sarly last
but also .:. i?1rt to 1"irlApFh'i-diFel~ P~~`1R~4~a~16 200651/03: CIA-RDP80-01601R000400040001-6
J Jew f-~ t . i ; Agency, unbeknown to the Iean, clean, and honest. The
13aczynskyj, a Khmer- over jurisdiction of . some
Speak ing ex-Peace Corps Indian Ocean atoll, already is
~'olulltcer, noticed a consider- producing some .unedifying
Able difference in the words complications.
of Sihanouk as beamed over
]taclio and the stote-
nlents gill)) ,.icd to him by
the Plulolu Penh Govern-
ment. After months of chcck-
ing;, he Verified the existence
of the clandestine I'alle are to be allowed to see secret looking for a needle in the vast haystack
}n ,uj of documents stamped confidential,
governrilent documents. lie first blow secret or top secret----the origin. of the
fell, predictably, on the Randr Corpror `- mystifying term "classified material,''
Lion, the cfefcnce tizinl:-tans ~~.1rc11 Mr 1Vilham Macomber, J_)eputy Under
once employed Dr Daniel Ellsberg Secretary of State for Administration,
through whom 'i,'/ volumes of top told Congress last week that. the State
secrets reached the press. The Secretary );cpartmc.nt classifies 200,000 docu-
of Defence has stationed air force
personnel ill Rand's offices and tlre:y securityeespcrt,~ once at the Pentaggon,
have taken physical possession of the said that the Department of Defence's
secret documents which Rand has licld,
files were clogged with classified
These documents are being exarninr d rlocwnents ; many Pentagon of vials
to see which arc really needed for think that " information is born
Rand s titian for tee government ; In
classified.''
future the corporations access to gov- Most people agree that some effective
iernment secrets will not be automatic,
o be revic wotivrk raend and
but will have to be justified in each )asstegalot Of
out. In anuary
h J
case.
fir Nixon ordered (confidentially, of
1-lore broadly, President "'Nixon has course) a start to be made, This leisurely
demanded from every department and study will have to be speeded up.
agency it list of the. people who have Otherwise Congress (which only
access to top secret documents, with received its two copies of the Pentagon
particular emphasis an consultants papers after most of their contents
outside the government..At present had appeared in the newspapers) may
such clearances are granted by indivi-
tale. things into its own hands.
dual departments, which may well not
know how many are outstanding ; time
total runs into thousands, pcrhaj,s
hundreds of thousands, In future
clearances will be much fewer and
centrally controlled. There is also to
be a review of outside individuals and
organisations which hold so-called
classified Ina terials.
Apart from Ir Dean Acheson not
Many people are tinging publicly that
America follow Britain's example and
pass a stiff Official Secrets Act. But
prosecution for publishing official
secrets is another matter. A grand jury,
meeting in great secrecy in Boston, is
considering the evidence. The Justice
Department maintains, with good
cause, -t.hat nothing in the Supreme!
Court .'s. dismissal of the case against
the New York Times bars prosecution
where the law has been broken. In fact,
four justices of the Court went out of
their way to point ollt this remedy and
the deterrent effect. that it could have
on future Offenders.
But, as justices -White and Stewart
also pointed out tartly, the governnrent
will not only have to take more care in
Approved For Release 2006/01/03 : CIA-RDP80-01601R000400040001-6
 Ali Approved For Release 2 l' a j DP80-01601 R
E'
rf,--, `~ 4 I,c rm' ,F " ~r q! c bc~
a: dallo'ih:`;cwYalTir'r$ in`ny findings ii1 t:1-11-is of ' dC.I110 longer pernlittcel to rcinoVC
i s' at hand's Santa top secret or special-access doe-
`Y`lASF'T '7CxTON, July 11 icie c
Vic III 1 orc,~ dfsclU C t0a Monica. o`lfic^ by f`1 tie la1'~ rli)n1 is1 tU Ill:.liidu l ofticcs or
that tl fiaild Corpo t01 I1 S0i" li t\ U IP l i I orS, wer'I1it yet ~ ~/k t
understanding but for hcnel,ues, j
What conclusions? Perhr..l)s the study -1 h
itself, and certa.in]y much of the (;;i;; __i --~`r"
acute case of post Iloc fallacy, con-
provides a sound basis for sweeping rr~r ~J r,?/~
generalizations about the adequacy or 1r~ 1 f
honesty of the policy-making, process.
It is commonly observed that one can
prove any point with quotations from
Lenin; the same may well apply to
the Pentagon Papers.
The historical value of the study
can be established only vwhen it is
made available in ]i.s entirety rand
exandned in conjunction with a mass
of other Incterial, To date, despite the
sensationalism and the almost voyeur-
istic thrill at seeing top-secret: docu-
ments in print, we have learned' little
more than that planners ph;n for mul-
tiple contingencies, decision-makers
make decisions (although sometimes
reluctantly), and there is considerable
debate in the course of both functions.
We cannot adequately evaluate
decision-making and write proper
history without lulowing the context,
the forces, and the choices \'rhieii
impacted the decision-makers. The
Pentagon Papers do not provide this,
nor does the reportage which has
accompanied their partial revelation.
The breeding of myth does not serve
a constructive purpose. The Govern-
mcnt needs to put the policy record
on the record" through preselltatlon,
of a white: paper oil Vietnam compar-
able to the famous China While Paper
of 1949 or the Yalta documents
and the Soviet Union in February published in 1955. _
1964, of the ouster of 1;L nptttcDhve lFo,;iRe-- sE ii Qf%U:9%f iiyt 4 4DP80-01601 R000400040001-6
October, of the presence of Kosygin oacl (?ssistant professor of interrictionol
in Hanoi in early 1565. politics, Fletcher School of Tow and
Tlinln!nCV. Tints.
 y
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PORTLAND, ORE.
OREGON JOURNAL,
E -- 1391332
Idol : )
ro
O b
Integrity
Dr. Daniel Ellsberg, who has admit-
ted leaking the Penta gun Papers to the
New York Times, 1.9 a hero to many
persons who think that &0lrnost any step
is justified to end tl`.e Vietnam War. But
is he really a hero?
In handing out the papers, Dr. EJIs-
berg broke the promise he made to his
employers to keep them secret, and he
betrayed people who trusted him.
There are a lot of words in the la.n-
guage to describe people who act like
that, and depending on the circum-
stances they range from "fink" to
''traitor.''
Dr. E Ilsberz , of course, has con-
vinced himself that he acted for a high-
.er good. Whether he really did, or
whether any of those nasty words ap-
plies to him, can't he judged until all
the consequences are known, and that
will take a lone lime,
But there can't be much doubt. that
this tvoulrl t,c a different, and a poorer,
world if everyone made a practice of
breaking _promises and pledges as Dr.
Ellsberg did. ,
Ironically, a, good example of how we
depend on mutual trust and integrity is
provided by the latest issue of "Times
Talk," the employe magazine of the
Pentagon Paper-publishing New York
Times. Its lead article proudly de-
scribes how the Tirnes' series of arti-
cles on the papers was put together in
two and a half months of cloak-and-
idar er secrecy, by about't5'limes peo-
ple all sworn to keep heir mouths shuf
in order, to protect the Times' scoop.
Most of the writing was done in
guarded rooms ---- evcnti,tally, nine of
them -- which the 'D'imes rented under
a cover name in the New York Hilton
Hotel. To maintain security for the
printing end of the job, the article says,
an office in the book and educational
division of the Times was made over
into a special print shop, complete with
six Teletypscttee perforators, a galley.
press, a metal saw, other printing
equipment and --- shades of the CIA
a paper shredder to destroy extra
proofs. Fifty to 60 printers worked in
the room in round-the-clock relays and,
says the Times' magazine, "Each man
had been told that his was an immense-
ly secret project. 11 he agreed to work
on it he must agree not to talk about
As the world now knows, the Times
was able to break its scoop without its
competition catching on to it. It was a
newspaper coup, and its success de-
pended on the ability of some 75 Times
employes to keep a secret with which
their employers had entrusted them.
But what would have been said about
one of those workers if he had broken
his pledge and gone whispering what he
knew, if not.to-the FBI then to Time
magazine or the Washington Post?
Why, they would have called him a
traitor to the Times.
_ So what is. Dr.
T~ ll,rcr
J
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 Approved For Release 20 /q1./PP ! 1~-RDP80-016011 000400040001-6
If
c.
iii:~5, e>, icioily i~':` iii the friJ: and Bemhc0
i1
Li Cllnlllcii d- C'1 ti II 1 ]` pio ; for the
Pcn -
L J ,O.l jl_?.p_rs, the n.J ..i': e t us, th_: Cou is en
Tn~~':?. we two (:l~: Ili!l. :,tt. 01v' ?:Ct'.1 1' t We ` ? ,css ge across '
span a 11:CC?lcf ll:; to "get t!t+.
nod the 10-?tern lid- CCi iflteilockQ. 1J. s'. Aitoii-:Cy WhitilC'y 1"0r'111 Scvno'Jr first'.
11:7}' cei `.sittute the heart of the -;0' slll'iillttrd a 22-pogi; 's irclal zpil_rchx'' hrtorn
P.Tiir?,lC-ta'S coilten'inn that it rent into court, the fcdn ai ACpe1!sce Court ill Nev" voile ill Lh,-,
iiot to prevent cillllarrRssr ent to '!crevicus Nev.- YoI-% ,1iit)C?s ca-u, items in lice: Pell'
administrations or to Koh be Mist tti.111CnC1? tagon study which the ovcir:?--.'lrnu believed.
litcnt, but to hr ad Oil: " l:ieenab1~. I1 Itr''' to \VUuhd `c use giuve national dnq r if ills.
the ichsl sccui t\' of tl. United S ale's, ~ closed. ti c ; 1 o\ed to fl-iu ':uprciio
fi Co lit, SJi: Itol G n_izl 1.\jil 11. Gil 01d
(1~allicl r,a:'.c h le i) t r ~tif-
i 10117CCj Li.esc ] 1? t 1 in his 111-] tC t l 1St.
'd-
for o:id i~ 1~ 11C1 Corp. Ci i-logo, ll t," I, __ i 1, 111.^. N[1Js has been 55uiod that th fCilo.'r-
1
0
Il
:I 0\'Cril lt'?^ilf f'-el.?]t ~,...,..e'frUlll ItS l^ points, Frltho.ii 1'rth_i an1,11:lcatlun, C
1'-' , CO' .'t not 011`:1' ~,]1'y Scc.lil"it`: I)reacli 01 L1i,liC"t to the
1
~cction C'plain!l g file varying needs for tin Relations of the United States," the \ODIS were estabIu h'ed. (I.irnitcil.Distri
caution in the luau 1gin of military p:ip co'npilation of official dricunlc.iits relit- ..L?!tioil to [rsons dircctly...imolvcd; ?Fx_
r err. First there was 'Restricted" male- to our world-wide foreign involve. elusive Distribution to top levelpeople
t vial (disclosure harmful), tlien "Confi- n?ir,IS involved; .No Distribution beycnd the
dentiat" (disclosure dam Iging), and then the nlceting had been called to chair top level action officer. A State-
Depart-"Secret" (disclosure disastrous). The utt[s involving events ?nd decisions meat wag suggested another- category:
"Secret" episode was only a little less - --' --- "Earn Before Reading.")
dranatic than a Hitchcock thriller. sir. O'Neill is a W,sl?iu tctl based freed The result of this categorization has
Iluston led his group past an armed `ficerrriWllose ter llasto-iicrlner'dlu Service ben that things that should be "clI;-ely
sentry, down-a long col-1.1.1-10C to a door r held - generally remain closely. held and
which he unlocked, past a sergeant with, ill 1.'J kegs "positive." are not the subjects of 'discussion at
a . 45 on his hip, and then to a vault Which of 19.13 in North Africa, As it progressed, cafeteria coffee breaks all over theDis-
he opened after carefully shielding his it became apparent-. t17aC there were . trict of Columbia and environs. (Except
manipulation of the combination knob. snags to be overcome before the volume when it is deemed politic and useful to
Inside the vault he explained in hushes[ sound be published. The snags were Circa e information to The New York 1'inies,._
tones the precautions necessary for the objections: Some of the people nhentione the Washington Post; The Slnpapers; or
protection of "Secret" material. in the official papers had wor!:ed for the the TV nets orlcs.)
"'t'op Secret" tAdanted 'Chore is an urgent need for change in
' Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and ? b
As the - war dragged on, the British -although not stated, apparently' still were tile government's system of classifying
papers-as many, persons are saying.
created' the classification of Top Se titiorhing for the CIA
cret," which we adopted at once. 1 .knew - The volume finally was published in The system now In use is arbitrary and
::about this vaguely, but as a field soldier I' 1915. Whether it was, in State Depart- highly subjective. Maybe we should go
:.never, ran across anything more highly. meat lingo, "sanitized" or not.,I have no, back abolonel" Huston's you dy..Whenhe
classified than a "Restricted field man- idea. Currently, the slow-grinding mills . meant "Secret " a t
nd that tou nee e
val. i of but?caucracyfare working on the vol- of the leeand that he oLild disclosure
lle die-,
That is, until illy outfit was preparing umes of "Porei"il Relations of the United asth es and not t anon ass[n~
. _, o
to leave Hawaii for. 0%!natia?a. I had occa- States" fo_ 19Y6. , - , o j1s
Sion then to go to G-2. headquarters in
Schofield Barracks to check on some The Burcancratic Eserglades
Dai1.8,:.11a12 vv...
Approved For Release V01/ CIA-RDP80-01601
1 y EDWARD A. O'Nf ILI,
-
`thing or a11UlueL. VU' "- c 1111 .. ~ - ...... 'I-Ile wilcte ,ensuicss O[
etuasuieauvu
sat a eorrporal reading a comic hook. Ills is a bureaucratic swamp that, unlike the
barring
des%..was flanked by two message bas- EYci glad widens with each l
kets. One was labeled "Iu--Top Secret," yearUSince the end of World War H, the
.and the other "Out--Top Secret." proliferation of official. U.S. activities
It was not until 1953 that I again en overseas has b :cu stupefying. There are
countered the classification system. 1 about 25 government departments and
,was city editor of the Louisville Times,; agencies, exclusive of State and Defense,
and one of my reporters had dug up a with .overseas operatives Who, with vary-
first-rate story on the Army's desertion in degrees. of frequency, use their em-
.and AWOL rates among ygpO.WAQ ~'brl l,E^aseli~~O6>k0A~1618i; OI liDPP80-01601 R000400040001-6
shipped out to Korea. Fo comparison,.. send classified material hack to their
bosses in Washington. -
 ` n"I.. YOPK TIRES
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.r4-_JUL_.]971 -.
.The Cour t'.s Decision
The decision of the Supreme Court allowing The Times l
and other newspapers to continue to publish hitherto
secret Pentagon'documents on the Vietnam war is in our
view less important as a victory for the press than as a But there will be other results. We hope that_the great
striking confirmation of the vitality of the American lesson to have been learned from publication of the
democratic form of government. pentagon papers is that the'American Government must
Despite the potentially far-reaching significance of play square with the electorate. We hope that this,
doubts and reservations expressed in the confusing Administration and those to come will realize that the.
welter of individual opinions-each of the nine Justices major decisions have to be discussed frankly and openly
wrote his own-the outcome of this case is a landmark ma and courageously; and that the essence of good for the press in its centuries old battle against the efforts govern-
ment as of practical politics is, in Adlai Stevenson's
of Governmental authority to impose prior restraints. But phrase, to "talk sense to the American people."
we believe its real meaning goes deeper than that, in the TIie Pentagon papers demonstrate the failure of suc-
context of the present time and place. We believe that its cessiN'~: Administrations to carry out this policy in-
more. profound significance lies in the implicit but respect to Vietnam. We do not think it is a question of
inescapable conclusion that the American people have a. personal morality, but rather of private attitudes. We do
presumptive right to be informed of the political decisions not think that the respective officials involved made
of their Government and that when the Government has recommendations or took decisions that they did. not
been devious with the people, it will find no constitu- conscientiously believe to be in the public interest. As
tional sanction for its efforts to enforce concealment an early opponent of the escalation of American military
by censorship. ' force in Vietnam, this newspaper has never attacked the.
For this is the essential justification of The Times motives of those leaders, but we have criticized and we
grave decision to take on itself the responsibility of continue to criticize their wisdom,-their sense of values
publishing the Pentagon papers. It was a decision not and their failure fully to apprise the people and Congress.
taken lightly; but The Times felt that the documents, all of the implications of decisions taken in secret.
dating from 1968 or earlier, belonged to the American Even if these decisions, now being revealed in the
people, were now part of. history, could in no sense pentagon papers, had been generally understood by the
damage current military operations or threaten a single public at the time, we are not at all sure that in the
life, and fonned'au essential element in an understanding climate of those days, the results would have been any
by the American people of the event that has affected different. Given the fear of Communist penetration and
.them more deeply than any other in this generation, the aggression throughout the '~0's and most of the '60's, it
Vietnam war. - is quit0 likely that the American public would have sup-
. ? The' decision had to be made whether or not the ported the basic rationale on escalation even if the
embarrassment to individuals, or even to governments, respective Administrations had been as forthcoming as
outweighed the value to the American public of knowing democratic procedures demanded.
-something about the decision-making process that led The fact remains that out of the publication of this
into the war and its subsequent escalation. Furthermore, material, the American people emerge the gainers. They
it was evident that Governmental documents have been have gained in knowledge of the past, which should
so generally overclassified and misclassified for so many serve them well in the.fut.ure. They. have gained in an
years that the mere fact of labeling bore no necessary understanding of their rights under the Constitution. And
relationship to the national security. An intensive review they have gained in the perennial effort of free men
ersa
i
i
l
fi
h
,
ce v
a
an v
c
to control their government rather t
of classification procedures is sure to be one bene
result of this affair.
STAT\`
Approved For Release 2006/01/03 : CIA-RDP80-01601 R000400040001-6
 Approved
or Release 2O3: RDP$0-01601 ROO
tS are
nle
i
A
'Poo many violations an
th
d
uiFedt
l
'
er
o
of the Pentagon an
l teralijtho
He gaes
.- ~, ; d e f e ns e agencies a n d where alone. the offender is fired or de
...,.,--A t
--l- not i,iti?nly-
o
t
th
1
o
e
a \isit41 vca
'osd/-Z 1
'the very office of Laird restroom, his escort stands ing classified information
~,
y 1. without -anybody checking outside the moor: 10 one can leave this of TAT
'..,1 ~y ty4 { JA
C.i vs z
you out," he said. Even new employes five unless all top secret
BY GEORZ-G ; R'2- S0N5- "The only one who stops Whose security clearances documents are locked itsTAT
ii;,,?s staff writer you is his female secretary have not vet ? been ap-
Daniel Ellsberg who says lie in the outer office. There proved are confined to a Those whose offices are
leaked. the top secret Pentagon ~a- ? al?e classified documents so called "clear area" out on tlle first floor with witl-
pars to the press would have found in every room-and the of reach of classified infor- doivs facing the street are
access to them easier at ti e Penta. safes are open," lie said. illation. The clear area is forbidden f r o in leaving
gon ' than at Rand Corp.; a former the only rule is that oil" the first floor near the !he room with classified
Rand scientist said Friday. so}neone must be present Blain entrance. information on th eI r
? in the room if the safe is if the visitor is going' to desks. Neither can they
hand security is Lighter than s.. P leave their safes open.
curity at the Pentagon," Dr. Bernard open, but it can be only discuss classified inforina-
?` q, the female secretary." t: ,on toll secret document
Brodie said. end Noit can aate , a clearance authoriz cannot. lease the office of
rate." S et ea Jae >artnhtilta w t a hs ing it must have been sub- the man who cllcc.ked it
t a
Brodie, who worlced at the Santa 1 mittecl and approved be- out. Ile cannot git'c it to a
Monica "think tank'' for 15 years about as lax. forehand.
"There is an entrance for If he is not cleared, his colleague until 'lie estab-
and also on national security pro.. li=lies that he has the Pro-
jects at the Pen'ir;gon, accused S~.cre- diplomats ivho can enter host must take all classi per security clearance and
Lary of Defense Melvin R. Laird o without an appointment fled clucuments,iu_his dos- unjustly "punishing" Rand by tat,, and another working en- 1 fills out a transfer form
session and place diem in natiiri * it char^ ed halids:-
It'anee at ;':;hell visitors. b
in security custody of all secret his special safe and lock. it. copy of the form ~
documents 'away from the ageumint have an appointment A co1 Y of
which is verified by the re- . to the control room.
Laird said Rand security was "lat' .cptionist. required even though i=i=i- Except for a dozen re-
and could not l;e tolerated. a?s ii hick 'ton's frequently are offi- searchers who 'are work-
His action c_une in the .vakc of tr
15 5ttrrencie 'i , to t h ; vials Isom such agencies as tray on crash studies, top
scandal surround}rag tha Penta :