SOVIET MILITARY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- PART III

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01601R000300340080-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 2
• Document Creation Date: December 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 8, 2001
• Sequence Number: 80
• Publication Date: August 4, 1971
• Content Type: OPEN

+a 8'7r`4 Approved (,,p ea 1RI20 )Q&0 Qt~CrRQP8QPJ,604RR00
gea7'lt or, ELI, p1?C5e11L, UIiall illilll. Vi L110 oul
Diego Stadium Authority, or as past presi-
dent of the Urban League, or as a member
of the board of trustees of Childretn's Iies-
pitel, or as a member Of the regional advi-
sory council of the U.S. Small liminess Ad-
600,000 fewer there were few names better
ministration.
When the population of San Diego was
known and, ilihiong Negroes, probably only
the late Dennis- V. Allen, pioneer civil rights
activist, was as well known.
Ritchey, in the nnid-1920s, was a football
star at San Diego High. He was a fullback
whose plunges produced thuds and grunts
which could be.heard by the most -distant
spectator.
When Ritchey, 6 feet, 1. Inch, 200 pounds,
broke through the line of scrimmage and cut
away, his cleats tossed chunks of turf across
the sidelines. Would-be tacklers got an arrn-
ful of air or wished they had after encounter-
Ing the Ritchey straight-arm. Many a Thigh
school boy decided the game was not as much
fun as he had supposed.
"He was the greatest thing ever to come
out of San Diego High," said a "classmate,
Nelson Fisher, turf editor for The San Diego
Union.
Some who remember Ritchey as Fisher
remembers him may wonder what happened
to him as a football player. Why didn't he be-
come fanned nationally, P. football immortal,
as they knew he could have been and as they
expected hint to be?
Younger ones who have not heard of
Ritchey may be interested. They can compare
things as they were and as they are. Among
things to compare is the fact that times have
changed enough that the story can be told,
and Ritchey is willing to tell it, publicly, for
the first time.
The publicity department of Ritchey's col-
lege says it has no statistics on his perfoim-
ances other than one newspaper clipping
which has one sentence about slim, "Ritchey
went 17'yards for a touchdo ,-n.."
But Fisher has Ritchey's college statistics.
13-YARD AVEI'A0
"He averaged 13 yards every tithe he got
the ball," said the turf editor.
The defenses Of the finest football teams
in. the land didn't stop Ritchey, on the rare
opportunities they had to try. But Jim Crow
did. -
"I thought I'd finish high school and get a
job," Ritchey recalled, "I didn't know I had a
chance to go to college."
During' Christmas vacation of his senior
year in high school he discovered that col-
legges recruited athletes, especially footb,?-11
players, and gave them scholarships. The two
state universities of Oregon, and the state
universities of Washington, Michigan and
Arizona Came courting.
Ritchey, aware now, recalled a week he had
spent at Stanford University as a high school
track athlete. He thought it was the most
beautiful place he had seen, nod he wanted
to go there., He made inquiries.
"Stanford was not Interested In Negro
athletes, or students," lie said. "I decided to
go to the University of Southern California,
because they tried harder,"
Ile had been so casual about his studies
he had to go to shunnier school to get some
of his grades tip to college entrance caliber.
As Ritchey recalls now the only reminder
of his race when he was the only black of
his high school football team was the atten-
tion he got from his coach, John Perry.
"Ac was always looking out for nne," said
Ritchey, "He didn't want anything to hap-
pen,"
What happened in college Ritchey prefers
now, and probably always has preferred, to
discuss in calm good hunhor. Incidents one
would imagine being recalled with bellows
of rage are - now referred to as being en1-
barrassing.
WORST I:1IIIAIIr,ASSMENT
"The worst embarrassment I ever had," he
recalls, "is when we vent to play Washing..
ton State. The USC alumni around Pullman
had the team as guests at a dinner.
"Jost before we were to leave for the din-
ner I was told, 'You are not going.' I was
given $5 and told to take In a show."
What, Ritchey was asked, would happen
if such an in.c!dent occurred ncv?
"The graduate manager would be looking
for another job," ho said. He pondered a
while and added, "The university would be
looking for a new Leann.
"None of the. players, white or black, would
stand for It. I was born 30 years too soon."
JONl'.S SYSTEM
With that remark Ritchey exercised sonic
hindsight on the wisdom of his choice of
USC as. a college. Howard Jones was the
coach and under Ills system the quarter-
back was also the tailback. He called signals,
handled the ball first on nearly every play
and carried it nine plays out of 10.
Since Ritchey was, from h'gh school to the
last quarter he ever played, all almost incom-?
parable ball carrier, he was a candidate for
quarterback.
"I played behind all-Americans every
year," he recalls, "anti I was hotter.,,
1.1o?,' can he be sure of a flying like that?
"It's not hard," lie said. "I was bigger and
faster and I did better in practice and when
I got In a game."
But the world was not Poetry for a Nero
student in a major university to call signals
for execution by white teanvnates on the
football team.
DELAYE:IO ACTION
That would not happen until Sandy
Stephens led the University of Minnesota to
the Rose Bowl in the early 1960s. Now US-C
has a Negro quarterback, Jimmy Jones. It
happened 4.0, not 30 years after Ritchey.
In 1929, just before the team was to en-
train for Chicago to play Notre Dame, Ritchey
was told Ile was Ineligible and would stay
home. He was a chemistry major and his
grades were up, so he did not unclersian.d
then, or when the tern returned from Chi-
cago and ha was told he was eligible again.
"They could have used hill: in Chicago,"
Fisher recalls. "They lost It, 13-12."
COACH'S ISIrTP.RISEsS
In 1930 USC beat -California 74-0 and
Ritchey was the only USC player who did
not play. What happened then would now be
called a confrontation. Ritchey, old fash-
ioned, said, "I went to see Howard Jones."
The coach, he said, told him he would never
play much football for USC.
"Ho saki," Ritchey recalls, "that he had
no use for Negroes. I asked him about Brice
Taylor, a. Negro who had been all All-Amer-
ican guard at SO and he said, 'I hate his
guts.'
"I asked him why I was recruited and e
said, 'Because you can't hurt us here., "
In track,-Ritchey was a high hurdler.
"Herman 11111 was a high juniper and he
was black, too," said Ritchey. "I did the highs
in 14.6 and he could jump 6 feet, 4 inches,
In those years' that would place in both
events in any meet and win a lot of them,
DSCATIiLON INTEREST
"Herman and I would compete in the early
spring- in the dual meets. Then when the
weather got wa.rin and you had to do Pre-
liminaries, which we were good at because
we were durable, we never got to go."
Late in his college career Ritchey got in-
terested in the decathlon, 10 grueling events.
"The university loused me up On that," he
raid. One event was all Ire was allowed, and
no big national meets.
In 1933 IRitchey's athletic eligibility was
gone but he was still In school and still. keep-
ing fit. It t.1s the year the Olympic gaaues
were held in Los Angeles.
James Bausch of Ilia nsas well the decath-
lon in those Lames. .
"I worked out with Bausch before the
Olympics," saki Ritchey. "I could beat him
In seven of the 10 decathlon events. He was
better fu the shot, discuss and pole vault. I:
think, with some work, 1: could have beat him
In the vault."
NEVS11 5- IPI ISIIRD
Ritchey never fill! 'shell. -it USC.
'He ',vas married In 1933. He and his wife,
Ruth, now live In I_a Mesa, They have no
children.
Until 1936, he worked es a deputy sheriff
and social worker in Sun Diego, then joined
the Police Department.
"I illtenciecl to work six months, save my
money and go back to USC and finish," he
said. Instead, he was on the department 28
years.
COLOR BLIND
Ile. walked a beat. He used his background
in chemistry to help set up a crime labora-
tory. lie too': the first color pictures ever
a.dnlit.ted as evidence 111 a murder trial in
San Diego County.
Ile found some prejudice on. the depart-
ment, practically 11011e among the Citizens
of the city.
"When a person is ilt trouble and needs a
policeman," he said, "they are glad to see
the uniform or the badge and they do not
care about the color of the skin, ---
"Whcn Ed Dlecl.rn^n was h(acj of homicide,
I was a detective and I worked all over town.
Later, as a sergeant in horniclde, I did detec-
tive work but I also was assigned to work
with minorities-ccllnnisinlty relations."
It apparently never occurred to Ritchey
to be bitter, to let bitterness be an excuse
-for failure or to carry P. grudge against USC.
Ile returlis often to the clunpus.
He sees blacks on the football team, in
the band, nl.arching with the university drill -
and pep organizations-black men and black
women, - - -
"DUES PAID"
Sonic of the black football and track ath-
letes are Sail Diegells_who are at USC on
his advice. He 1s a recruiter. They are there,
the saying now is, because someone paid
"clues." .
"Jackie Robinson, of course, and people
like him, are the Well known examples,"
Ritchey said, "but we all helped, just by
going and sticking it out, even' if things
weren't like we thought they would be."
The whole world is conscious now, said
Ritchey, and the white public I.e willing now
to recognize the right to citizenship for all.
"The black, he has an opportunity if he
Is willing to work," said Ritchey.
Ritchey is too thrilled to have had -a little
part ill it to harbor grudges. Ile even says,
with such conviction he'll argue about It
with detractors:
___.."Howard Jones was a great football coach."
SOVIET MILITARY RESEARCH AND
DLVELOPMNMEN'I'-PART III
1101t-4. rN C HA L J. .A0 H-G1'O,i
OF MASSACIILTSsiTTS
IN THE' HOUSE OF )ZEPRLISENTATITEE
Monday, August 2, 1.971
Mr. HART- INCGTON. M.r. Sneaker, in
two previous discussions, both printed in
the CONGRESSIONAL, Rzcorll On July 31,
1971--pages E8807-1() and 1.80'12-81--I
have presented materials concerning'
comparative Soviet and Alncrican miii-
Approved For Release 2001/03/04: CIA-RDP80-01601 R000300340080-7
 STATINTL
AugusiA`Wji~roved?For e&i6b4)0 ,yb~.~'' 1A- '6P8OV166ik o
lone in a pure y objective, textbook way as more he believed violence necessary to change
"activities inflicting clainego on persons or the social system. The experience of blacks
property," we would be struck with the much in this country as a nilnorlty group suffering
more uncomfortable and difficult task of pre- a history of oppression and discrimination
scribing violent medicines to heal the has apparently reversed the role of aggressor
wounds of violence. and victim. Values, furthermore, did not
There Is a rich history of gruesome cx- have any correlation for whites on the
alnplcs of people's willingness to use violence Violence for Social Change scale.
against people who are not members of their With whom men identified was also
group. People excluded from the status of effected by values. Tho individual who be-
"our people," or "our own kind" are treated lieveci strongly in retributive Justice was
with moral considerations different than more likely to regard student demonstrators
times to the point of being seen and dealt
with as less than human.
Justifications for violence were, of course,
used against Jews in Europe 35 years ago as
they have been used by whites against blacks
for centuries in this country. Another ex-
ample of this type of rationalization for vio-
lence in contemporary thinking can be found
in the Vietnam War, A Newsweek article
(Dec. 1, 1969, p. 37) in discussing the May
Lai Incidents states: -
"Many U.S. fighting men under the stress
-of combat display a profound contempt for
the people of South Vietnam. With hearty
distaste, GI's commonly refer to the South
Vietnanrese---allies and enemies alike--as
'clinks.' And in the view of many longtime
observers of the'war, it is not unreasonable to
conclude that the strong antipathy underly-
ing such epithets-or the 'clink' syndrome as
it is known In Vietnam--sometimes plays a
part In the casual killing of civilian by-
standers. 'Psychologically and morally,' says
a U.S. civilian official, 'it's much easier to kill
a 'link' than it Is to shoot a Vietnamese." ' "
One wonders how much of the recent up-
roar in this country over the conviction and
sentencing of Lt. William Calley Is condi-
tioned by the fact that he Jr so easily identi-
fied as one of "ours," while the woolen and
children who were killed-as helpless as they
may have been-are so much like the
"enemy,"so complicit with "them."
The study found that how men identified
with the contenders in the violent scenarios
elipcted every clay in this country did indeed
strongly relate to how they approved or
disapproved of their actions. Not only were
men willing to use more force against per-
sons or groups they 'didn't like, they were
less likely to term that force "violence". The
more a man seas found to identify with the
police, for example, the less he would call
their actions violence and the more violence
for Social Control he would justify.
"These data imply," the study directors
l]ote, "that the less highly regarded the
members of a particular group, the more
likely men are apt to-.justify high levels of
police force to be used against thei}i." .
People's values also add an interesting (It-
and black protesters as untrustworthy, look-
ing for trouble, and likely to define their
behaviors as violence and less likely to regard
police actions such as "shooting looters" or
"beating students" as violence. 7.'he plausible
and somewhat frightening assumption fol-
lows that such a person may sanction strong
police actions against students and blacks as
a method of retribution--of "getting back at
them."
The composite picture of a main who aclvo??
Cates a groat deal of violence for social change
was one who believes student demonstrations
are helpful and that if student demonstrators
and black protesters achieve their goals his
life will change for the better. Ho was more
inclined to regard the police as untrust-
worthy and looking for trouble and to define
police actions such as shooting looters, beat-.
ing students, and frisking suspects as
violence. Furtlrerinore, he slid not believe
that the police need more power, nor that
the Supreme Court has made it inore.ditAr-
tna.n the average citizen to believe that
violence is good, necessary, and unavoidable.
Nearly everyone in this study could justify
some level of violence at some time. At the
extremes of the spectrum the feelings for
violence are most intense, most drainatically
opposed; but the fact that a majority of us
stand somewhere on the middle ground does
not always mean that we are, the peace-
makers. Nearly all of us can find our share
of situations where we justify some level of
violence.
Breaking the cycle--freeing ourselves from
the feeling that the omnipresent "violence"
always deserves a violent return--will not be
accomplished easily. Most of our attitudes
toward violence are fed by deep, pressurized
wellsprings.
One hopeful sign the study found was that
with increased education came a general
decrease in the level of violence recom-
mended for police enforcement, This was
true for both blacks and whites. For people
of the other end of the spectrum, the same
relationship exists but it was smaller--the
higher the education, the less the violence
for social change. It is interesting ' to' mote
that the opposite was true for blacks want-
soci
h
I
al c
ange. lcnco -----.-,-1-?-- 54
tiloncu the men about five basic values: (1) Increased education was also associated N
retributive justice, (2) self-defense, (3) Pei- with a broadening of identifications, allow- _ "' _ ' ' (G3)
sou vs. property, (h) liberalism vs. conserva- ink; men to see more with others' eyes and
ticm. and (5) t-r?.L ess m,, .... : ...... .. ..... . .- - - -
e f
ju an
ey
o -1 eye- bli thtl&
-ouncaresa so easiy prompt violence and self-defense were the most potent values This Is especially Important since about one-
airion
Ameri
g
can men generally in dt ffh o
eer-itf the difference in attitudes toward
mining attitudes toward violence---kindness the use of police force was due to how men
was the-least potent: "One is tempted to identified with the police or with the ob-
say that the. values that jusify violence are jects of their force. An increase in eci.uca-
more important in the determination of at- tion was also accompanied by a sharp do--
titttctes tharr the values that oppose it." crease in the belief In retributive justice.
The study found that the more justifiable Men with at least some graduate educations
a men found the use of violence by police to disavow retributive justice forgo times as
control hoodlums, students, and rioting often as persons with an. elementary school
blacks, the more he believed in the value of education.
self-defense, retributive justice, material over Broadening our identifications to include
humanistic values, property over persons, people outside of our own group should also
and the less he believed in kindness. help to increase the general level of aware-
Blacks presented almost the exact mirror Mess of the social and political realities
image of whites on this subject. For them, which prompt much violence. Doing so, the
the values of self--defense and retributive data suggest, would reduce the general level
Justice were important, but they supported of violence: the people who rated highest
violence of the opposite type-for social on the Violence for Social Control scale be-,
change. The more a black-American believed ]loved least in the social causes of violence,
in self-defense end retributive justice the But Americans generally did not mention
the eradication of poverty, rilserlulintlon,
lack of jobs, and poor education as solutions
to the problem, of violence, even thcuecli they
overwhelmingly r'ecogni,ed them e.cs sources
of that violence.
The greatest hope for reducing violence in
this country, the study scorns to indicate,
still lies with the frustrating task of improv-
iiig basic human understandings. The rhet-
oric of violence too often becomes a cudgel
to subdue all opponent rather than a lan-
guage to communicate with him. It still re-
gains for a large portion of the Aincrican
public to recognize that the roles of atrr ms-?
sor and victim are not permanently cast, but
a.re subject to the expei?ieiicos of people.
Perhaps the more we are able to get into
cash other's skins and see with each other's
eyes, the more ens- riirici interpreations of
what Is "legitimate" and "violent" will re-
lax. Then we may begin to communicate and
explore where we now react violently.
ATTITUDES TOWARD VIOLENCE Of WHITES, BLACKS,
COLLEGE STUDENTS, AND WHITE UNION MEMBERS
[Percent]
While
College union
White Black students members
Violence for social
control:
Levi ............... 23
Medium ----------- 51
high-------------- 26
Total------------ 100
Violence for social
change: -
Lo "I ...............
Medium...........
High ..............
37 25 16
46 54 54
17 21 30
100 100 100
48 11 - 35 47
38 37 38 39
14 52'4v 27 14
White
College union
students niembor Blacks
Police:
Police beating studcnts.is
violence --------------- 79 49
Police shooting hooters is
violence--------------- 43 23
Police frisking is violence-- 16 10
Burglary: .
Looting is violence........ 7G 91
Burglary is violence-...... 47 67
Dissent: -
Student protest is violence. 18? 43
Sit-ins are violence-...--- 4 24
Draft card burning is
[Percent]
40
(279) (3033)
SOVIET MILITARY RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT---PART IV
I-ION. rl ICT Ai L H.ARIZING'r ON
OF rASSACITUSF,T-rS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
. Tuesday, A.ugiist 3, 1971
Mr. HARRINCr'I'ON. Mr. Speaker, on, "
May 19, 1971, the Senate Armed Services
Subcommittee on Research and Develop -
nlent, chaired by Senator 7.'IIOILTAS IVICIN-
TYIsa, held an important open hearing
with representatives of the Federation of
American Scientists on the subject of
bonlparison of United States and Soviet .
technology. A reading of the transcript
of the hearing is most useful for those
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