FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY: A DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01445R000100390001-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 21, 1998
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 3, 1961
• Content Type: RS

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3 October 1961
25X1A5a1
The attached Proposal for the..Creation of a World
Congress for Freedom.and Democracy, and a draft of a
Declaration of Principles, are submitted to you on a per-
sonal basis. The documents are unclassified and unsigned,
but I have felt it necessary to stipulate Limited Distribution
and Not for Publication.
The draft Declaration deliberately merges several
levels of discourse, intellectual, hortatory and polemic.
General statement has been mixed with particular and even
with personal "asides" (these are enclosed in parentheses,
and are not intended for use ? in more developed drafts). The
task of separating or integrating these different levels of
language and thought, and of preparing a single Declaration
which will carry its message to all mankind, obviously calls
for cooperative effort of, study and composition.
Your comments are invited. 25X1A9a
25X1X4
JOB NO.
LiOX NO
Feg69 ^ E c1 q ., ' ?.n 4CED TO: TS S C
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LIMITED DISTRIBUTION -,NOT FOR PUBLICATION
FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY
A Declaration of Principles
3 October 1.961
Today the world could be one in Peace and Freedom.
Instead, like Gaul, it is div.i'ded into three parts. Two of
them are polarized, the third is suspended between these two.
Each of the three proclaims its love of Peace, each, its ded-
ication to Freedom, yet there is no Peace, aid Freedom is
in peril.
Absolute polarization is declared by thle movement of
International Communism to exist between the "world Social-
ist system, " comprising the 12 countries of the Sino-Soviet
Bloc with its apparatus of "fraternal parties, " and the "world
capitalist system headed by the United States. " The third
component the "unaligned nations" has been designated by
the Communists as the "Great Zone of Peace, " which is de-
clared to be basically in sympathy with, and gravitating to-
ward them. The "world socialist system"Is described as a
militant "camp, " protected by the armed might of the Soviet
Union. It is also held to be a "community" of mutual benefit
or "commonwealth" (sodruzhestvo), a grouping of "equal,
independent" nations which constitutes the matrix within which
total world Communism will be formed.
We hold this:C`ommuni.st concept of the world order to
be radically false. We firmly believe that the suspension of
the "unaligned" nations is only temporary. They are gravi-
tating, indeed. for the most part they already belong, to the
World of Freedom. Not all'of them have-achieved Democracy;
some indeed frankly present regimes of authoritarian,. pater-
nalistic or even feudal nature. But, unlike the "world social-
ist system, " this entire multiform grouping harbors the po-
tential of true Freedom. "Even the most arbitrary govern-
ments, outside the Communist system, fall short of, and
generally oppose that form of tyranny, that, totalitarianism,
which only Communists and Fascists have sought to elevate
to a system of world domination.
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The Free World is indeed the pole of a magnet, the
positive one which attracts rather than repels, But it is a
dynamic pole, its pull grows ever stronger,, despite the ef-
forts of Communists to weaken it. The Communists in their
propaganda declare the Free World to be in fact the antithe-
sis of "true Freedom, " which in their tortured philosophy
comes only with "the recognition of necessity." This :n tun"
proceeds from the acceptance of "dialectical materialism"
as codified in the classics of Marxism-Leninism and inter-
preted by the Communist Party leaders. The "Free World,
they declare, "is a world of exploitation and lack of rights,
a world where human dignity and national honor are trampled
underfoot, a world of obscurantism and political reaction, of
rabid militarism and bloody reprisals against the working
people. " (Draft of the Program of the Communist Party of
the CPSU, to be presented to its 22nd Congress in October
1961, para. 217).
Against this declaration of hate, the Free World must
affirm the universal truth and the living force of its principles.
These are the principles which should govern all mankind. We
state them here affirmatively, and by this very statement we
answer the implacable challenge of the one enemy of true Free-
dom, International Communism, "headed by the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics and centering in the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union.'" (The official formula until the Sino-Soviet
crisis of 1960, and still descriptive of the de facto situation).
In stating these principles we draw on the wisdom set
forth in past utterances, and at the same time declare our
independence of those shibboleths which have dimmed that
wisdom. We also work to remove the tarnish which the un-
clean manipulation and fraudulent appropriation by the Com-
munists have deposited on such noble concepts as Peace,
Democracy, Freedom, Social Justice, Humanism, Common-
wealth, Social Democracy, and even- supreme irony - the
Dignity of Man. By the very existence of the crisis into which
Communism has plunged the entire world, its free component
has no alternative but to pick up the challenge and fight backt
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The program eve set'fotth here is generated in conflict, that
very "negation of opposites" which dialectical ;materialism
proclaims as the supreme law of being,. At. the same time,
it strives toward that "unity of opposites" which Communism
holds forth as its goal, but which, in virtue of its genesis in
negation and destruction, it cannot achieve.
We candidly acknowledge our errors of omission and
commission. Unlike the Communists whose spurious "self-
criticism" is but the medium through which the very real
criticism of a superior is abjectly acknowledged and intensi-
fied, we, through free discussion, are able to achieve the
timely correction of abuses and insure the orderly process
of responsible governance.
We do not claim to hold all truth, but neither do we,
like Pilate, query its very existence. We do challenge that
"!pravda, "" that dictated "truth" which the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union sets forth in its writ under the banner of
Marxist-Leninist "science.. p" The arena of challenge to truth
is the whole.world. "By their fruits ye shall know them.
1. The Dignity,, of Man.
""Man is the measure of all things. Man and the
world in which he lives cannot be explained merely in terms
of motion and matter as the Communists. endlessly assert.
His is a moral essence. Whatever the ultimate nature of the
universe may be and science daily unfolds as many un-
fathomed mysteries as, new revelations - the nature of Man
is clearly a union of matter and spirit. The purpose of his
life is to perfect this union.
The Communists, despite their, materialism and their
militant atheism, attribute "spiritual" qualities of the highest
order to the "New Communist Man" they claim to be creating;
taking for granted his physical vigor, they also attribute to
him in equal degree both "moral" and "cultural" excellence.
This complex of virtues they proclaim as "socialist human-
ism, " (a new concept developed by Polish literati:'. and .recently
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adopted by Khrushchev), contrasting it with. "bourgeois hur an-
ism" which, they allege, was indeed living and creative during
the Renaissance and Enlightenment, but which has now become
the instrument of the bourgeoisie for the "exploitation of the
working class. " (The Chinese are dubious about Khrushchev's
version of "socialist humanism"").
Such arrant distortion of history cannot go unanswered.
The Free World does not claim that the specific European tra-
dition of Graeco-Latin humanism, fused as it has been with
Jud"a+so-Christianity, is the only pattern for the formation of
Man.. It sees in the worldwide variety of spiritual and ethichl
disciplines - including some, such as Confucianism, which are:
now being perverted by Communism - the embodiment of the
truth expressed by Christ, "In my. Father's house there are
many mansions. " But it cannot reconcile itself with the fire.
wellian.doctrine that rampant materialism can issue in the
true spiritual dignity of Mian.
Let us look with tolerance on all forms of religions
b.e.lief, and even on men who have none, so long as they do
not preach "militant godlessness" and impose it through co-
ercion! Lot us recognize that Mian, whether through E evela-
tion. or through Inner Light, bears the truth in himself, and
that knowledge of this truth shall make him free!
2. The Dynamics of Historical Progress.
The peoples and leaders of the Free World are hope-
ful, of human progress. The awareness of 1C fan's shortfallJ.
of perfection,which tinctures the, great religions,is in har-
mony with the sense of his Promethean genius. We do not
resort to spurious invocations of "life itself" - interpreted
by Marxism-Leninism as the pure motion of matter - to
inspirit ourselves with the assurance of some predestined
victory.
Going beyond the facile -. and itself partly material-
istic - optimism of 19th century Europe, we chart our course
under the purposeful guidance of will and intellect. We. see
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no 01wave of the future, " no inevitable historic triumph.await-
ing any social system, least of all that which denies the essen-
tials offfreedom. Rather we see the progress of mankind as
a hard-run race, in. which training, discipline, courage and
persistence alone yield victory. Life is indeed the supreme
trainer as well as the arbiter, but it sets no rules which favor
the ruthless, or the unscrupulous.. Those who start late or are.
infirm need not despair. ".The rare is not .to the swift or the
battle to the strong.',
Let us ally for progress
3. The Nature of the Era.
The Communists have taught us one useful lessbx, the
need.to fix in our minds a valid concept of the era in which we
live. Again, with destructive intention and perverse logic,
they have deliberately polarized it:
Our time, whose main content is the transition .from
capitalism to socialism initiated by the Great October
Revolution, is 'a time of struggle between the two op-
posing social systems, a time of socialist revolutions
and national-liberation revolutions, a time of the break-
down of imperialism, of the abolition of the colonial
system, a time of transition of more peoples to the
socialist path, of the triumph of socialism and com-
munism on a.world. scale. (Declaration of Represen-
tatives of 81. Communist and Workers' Parties, Mos-
cow, December 1961, Part I).
. The Free World-proceeds from a positive concept.
fur. time is indeed one of transition, signaled by no mere
national Revolution, but by a universal 'Revolution into which
those of many countries and peoples are converging. It is a
time of struggle, not between two opposing social systems,
but between the forces of Liberty and of Tyranny. It is in-
deed a time in which old. empires are. disappearing, hastened
on their way into history by the growing enlightenment of
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those who had created them. Colonialism is giving way to
orderly programs of help. and self-help, devised in concert
between those who "have" and those who ""have not. ". New
nations are springing forth "like bamboo shoots after spring
rains" (Mao). The surge of their liberation is not. free from
violence, but it is generally one of peace, of voluntary re-
nunciation.of a power which once served useful purposes but
is now unnecessary and even harmful, if it is not accompanied
by. concrete programs for its own transfer. In this global
process, many peoples are indeed following the path of social-
ism of their own will and with fruitful results. The path of
Communism has never been entered freely by any people. It
is that of a new and more baleful "Imperialism"' than any which
has ever existed.
Our era is one of transition .from a world in which a
few have been free to one in which all can be free. It is one
of actualizing the potential, of fanning into flame the spark
which is in every man.
Let us be worthy of our age!
4. "Nations of the Earth, Unite ! "
The standard -of the World Revolution of Freedom and.
Democracy is carried by a hundred nations, some millennial,
and strong, many newly born and frail. Nationalism is a
mighty creative force, but it is also a breeder of turbulence:
and even of destruction. The Free World hails it as a prima-
ry., source of energy in the "Revolution of rising expectations,
yet sees the need to subject it, like the unlimited power of
the atom, to control. We do not accept the Communists' dis-
ti.nction'between "bourgeois nationalism" and socialist (recce
Soviet) patriotism. "' ' Still less do we accept their "proletar-
ian internationalism!' which is candidly stated to demand un-
swerving loyalty to the Soviet Union as the fatherla;zd of the
Communist. Revolution.
True nationalism can flourish only in freedom under
discipline. Within the universal oneness of Man's..nature, .
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there are infinite diversities of racial configuration, of social
development, of temperament, history, and culture. Proper-
ly nurtured, these constitute legitimate sources of national
pride. Perverted, they engender the violence of chauvinism
or the stagnation of parochialism.
As mankind moves forward, the differences between
nations tend to decrease. Education creates community.
Universal communication, first within and then among nations,
softens clan and tribal contrasts and heightens common traits.
The world slowly becomes a "melting pot. p1
From this amalgamation, emerge groupings which
transcend the nation-states. These seek common bonds among
neighbors, and regional associations take shape. Even tio.ntin-
ents and vast archipelagos drift or purposefully move toward
political and economic cohesion. We believe that regional fed-
erations, defensive alliances, common markets-'and multi-
national cultural affiliations are the supporting arches in the
creation of a stable world structure.
Twice in this century the governments of the world
have sought to actualize the ancient dream of philosophers
and poets, a world unity of nations. One effort failed, the
other is under great stress. There is no "parliament of iVdan,
but the ideal persists. Only the antagonism of International
Communism stands in its way.
We believe that the United Nations will triumph over
its would-be destroyers and that the true Commonwealth of
Free Nations will prevail over the false "Commonwealth of
Socialist Nations" (sodruzhestvo sotsialisticheskikh strap)
subjected to the domination of Communist parties. Mean-
while, the way of progress lies in regional and transoceanic
associations, through the patient study of means to rise above
the limitations of classic national "sovereignty's while preserv-
ing the richness of life which the diversity of nations contains.
Let us forge the bonds of world association in Freedom!
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5. "They shall beat their swords into ploughshares. "
The history of the human race is written in blood and
in tears of bitterness. Whether, s. religions teach, because
Man has fallen from grace, or, as science suggests, because
he has not shed his animal nature, violence has been the red
thread in the web of history. But there is a white thread
crossing it, the striving forPleace.
Today, for the first time in history, "there is no al-
ternative to peace. " Man, whether in sin or in grace, has
learned to draw from the earth forces of destruction and
creation which threaten as, they illumine his existence. We
have seen the cloud which overshadows the light and the prom-
ise.
The txagedy of this age is the perversion of the love,
of Peace. The polarization imposed by Communism has led
to the coinage of a slippery and deceptive slogan, "peaceful
coexistence, " The Communists describe this as the "highest
form of class struggle. " "Peaceful coexistence" is the con-
dition of non-violent but deadly war. It is not Peace.
The Free World. cherishes true Peace. Because of the
incontrovertible evidence that the Communists not merely
threaten Peace, but will violate: it wherever their interests
.so dictate, the Free World has had to arm itself .and to cre-
ate defensive alliances. It is firmly determined to reverse
the : arms race on which Communism has launched the world.
The United States has made sincere and practical proposals
for. complete and general disarmament.. It seeks to convert
its,.. military alliances into organs of poUtical, economic and
cultural cooperation. . It asks nothing better than to disman-
tle all armed bases. It wants no military blocs..
It behooves the other nations of the Free World, in-
cluding the unaligned and the neutral, to join in the effort to
turn "peaceful coexistence" into Peace.
Let us have Peace I
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6. "Government of the People, by the People, and for
the People !
Man is a political animal. He is the architect of gov-
ernments, and his instinct is to create order in freedom.
Through the centuries, the health of states has been shown
to lie in this happy balance. The ideal form for its achieve-
ment is Democracy.
It is here that our antithesis with Communists emerges
in full clarity, for they claim that their system is the only
"true democracy,.91 They have embellished the "dictatorship
of the proletariat" under the state form of "people's democ-
racy. ",. They have imposed a hierarchical transmission of
arbitrary directive, calling it "democratic centralism. " They
have, indeed, corrupted the concept of the people's rule to the
point where many who believe in it have become afraid of the
very word Democracy and seek other terms to convey its es-
sence.
We do not lay down a detailed blueprint for Democracy,
which like all human institutions is multiform. It can be estab-
lished through a constitution, wrought in the aftermath of sharp
revolutionary conflict, like that of the United States, deposited
in an alluvium of centuries of experience, like that of Britain,
or written by cloistered. political scientists in abstraction. from
history, like those which.have sometimes been prescribed for
newborn nations of the twentieth century. Only the test of po-
litical rivalry can determine whether a Democracy is. living.
We know of only one criterion by which to adjudge a
true Democracy, the free selection by the people of those
who govern them. This practice is by no means limited to
advanced countries. In many, -s6-called backward nations,
even in tribes, the seeds of Democracy exist at the lowest
level. The election of the village council of elders can be
the simple germ from which the higher and more elaborate
forms of Democracy spring.
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Democracy needs nourishment and guidance, not that
which power-inspired "vanguards`! insinuate by craft and sub-
version but that which is provided by dedicated leaders. These
may be aristocrats or sons of the people, intellectuals or men
of religion who have learned the art of government from old,
established - even "colonial" - regimes, or military elites
emerging from internal and external conflicts. The holders
of traditional feudal and royal absolute authority can, if they
choose, lead their people in the "path that they should tread.
Even the "charismatic" leaders of "one party states" can
move into Democracy, provided they cleave to the principle
that, as speedily as the level of education and the conscious-
ness of responsibility permit, the people must freely make
their choice of men and of issues.
Once this principle is established, its corollaries
follow in abundance. Specific freedoms flow from the gener-
al. The right to act, to move, to assemble and to speak free-
ly, can be inscribed in fundamental law, a Bill of Rights, or
developed in uncodified practice. Separation of powers, checks
.and balances, may or may not require institutional embodiment.
All that matters is the assured "!consent of the governed, " the
absolute "Rule of Law.
This, Communism cannot allow, for it would bring
the overthrow of its power. To be sure, with an effrontery
hitherto unmatched, the Draft Program of theCPSU professes.
to hail the so-called "national democracies, "t emerging from
"colonialist oppression, it as the bearers of democratic rights,
including freedom of speech and assembly, and pledges the
Communist parties to support them. But the true intention
is scarcely concealed, to bring about a union of "all patriotic
and progressive forces" under the leadership of the Commu-
nist party and to impose the "dictatorship of the proletariat. "
From this, no Freedom can emerge or survive.
We repeat our belief that Man's dignity and worth are
innate, and from them spring the roots of political judgment.
y may become in poverty or falsely
However smothered tl).,-
stimulated by demagogy, these are the roots of Freedom and
they will sprout if watered by education under devoted leader-.
ship.
10..
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Let us hold to Democracy as our priceless heritage
and extend it everywhere'!'
7. "The Greatest Good of the Greatest Number."
Freedom is integral to the economy as well as to the
polity. The productive structure of the Free World, rising
as it does from the labor of the many and.varied conditions
of men, cannot be comprehended in a single system. Least
of all can it be imprisoned in one element of a Communist
imposed dialectic, the "world capitalist system" locked in
"antagonistic contradiction" with the "world socialist system.
The Free World enfolds both capitalism and socialism,
not as antitheses, but as alternative systems for the organi-
zation of production, both of which blend in the numerous forms
of "mixed economies. " -All economies are based on the A-dumu-
lation of capital, and all pass through various stages of social
development before this accumulation has reached the self-
sustaining level.
Nor is the Communist pattern simple and unitary. It
is possible to describe even the Soviet system with the term
which it levels in scorn against some of the more advanced
Western European economies: "state monopoly capitalism.
The outlines of a Soviet "welfare state" emerge from the very
pages of the Draft Program of the CPSU in which that great
achievement of the twentieth century Free World is ridiculed.
Even the concept of a "planned economy" is no longer
a specific differential between the two "world systems. "" Com-
munist economies, especially the Soviet, are seeking to pro-
mote flexibility of local initiative and decision within the
hitherto rigid, ministry-ridden, bureaucratic octupus lodged
in Moscow. (With a boldness impossible under Stalin, eco-
nomic theorists subject orthodox doctrines to critical scrutiny.
"Capitalist" views on price, market, obsolescence, interest,
and even consumer preference infiltrate the citadel of ortho-
doxy. The so-called "transition to Communism, "" which Khru-
shchev and his ideological henchmen chart in the Draft Program,
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is plotted against a series of Central Committeedecrees
which culminate in the promise of supermarkets bulging
with frozen fruit juices and sugar-coated cereals, adver-
tised on television. Small wonder that the hardpressed
Chinese smell "creeping bourgeoisie' in the Soviet "City
of the Sun" 1).
But the citadels 0-1 classic capitalism are also stir-
ring within. Long ago, in most advanced economies of the
West, the Marxist clarion call for "class struggle" against
the "exploiting bourgeoisie" lost its ring.
A new economic edifice is being created in the Free
World. The cornerstone of Social Justice in the economy
was laid by the progressive income tax on which the "wel-
fare state" has risen. Competition, the life principle of all
productive activity, has been subjected to both sustaining
and restraining adjustment. Planning has entered openly in
most countries, and even in those where some still shy away
from it as "creeping socialism, " it is practiced in the form
of regulation of private business and provision of public in-
vestment by the state.
The "general crisis of capitalism" which the Com-
munists have trumpeted against has not occurred; no wall
of Jericho has tumbled. Within their generally "mixed"
economies, the advanced nations have consolidated the self-
energizing processes of capital accumulation, and gone to
the era of "mass consumption. " The "monopolies" against
which Communism inveighs with concentrated venom,: the
great corporations which have emerged from the uncontrolled
eruption of private enterprise during the first half of the twen-
tieth century, are increasingly aware of their status as quasi-
public institutions. Managers have learned to bargain fairly
with workers, and to share with them in the responsibilities
and profits. A vast apparatus of social security has been
created, in which pension and retirement funds have imposed
a new foresight and prudence on economic leadership.
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We do not claim that the mechanism of "capitalism"
functions perfectly, or that it can serve the needs of society
quite without admixture of "socialism. " 'We recognize that
its achievements lie far beyond the present reach of many
emerging nations. We acknowledge that it is under competi-
tive challenge from Communist economies, which .with their
weight. of imposed authority - at the cost of great human suf-
fering - have also shown high productive capacity.
What we. present is a concept of Economic Democracy
(not adequately set forth in terms such. as "people's capital-
ism"). It embraces the plenitude of new economies, as di-
verse in form throughout the world as the nations, peoples,
races, climates and soils.
We propose, therefore, that the classic shibboleths
of "capitalism" and "socialism" be withdrawn from the arena
of conflict, and be invested with neutrality of value. What
should replace them is a plurality of economic concepts,
based on the stages of development of nations and regions,
uniting in concern with stability and freedom of opportunity,
and seeking the'embodiment of that ideal of Democracy and
Justice which informs the polities in.the World of Freedom,
Let us direct the productive work of mankind in the
spirit of Social ;Itii$tice and Democratic Freedorn.f
8. The Strong shall Succor the Weak.
Nations, like men, are equal in their. dignity and
their worth. They are unequal in size,. natural advantages
and .state of development. The claim that these inequalities:
can be removed in a short time is. either fraud or Utopian-
ism. To prescribe dictatorial methods as a short cut is to
offer a remedy which.cannot cure and can only aggravate- the
disease.
The Communists press the. Free World to enter a
.'peaceful competition" to develop backward areas. If this,
were an. honest challenge between peers, we would gladly
accept. it. But we hear their hateful words.. of defiance, we
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watch.the evidence of their deceitful intention to convert
economic assistance into political subversion, and we reject
their gage.
The nations of the Free World which have achieved
the stage of self-sustaining growth have begun to help others
over the threshold. The effort mounts steadily and in concert.
But all know that it is not enough. The temptation of societies
which have but newly tasted affluence is to linger over it and
delay its sharing. The stage of "mass consumptions" has its
own inner compulsions which blind natural benevoldnce. And
even in .a generally affluent society there are vast areas of
underfulfillment which press their claims.
Let us honestly admit that the centuries of imperial-
ism have left a taint. Even countries whose hands are rela-
tively clean, having long since foresworn colonial rule, have
profited by that rule in, the hands of others. The advanced
economies of the West still owe much of their prosperity to
the fact that they can command raw materials produced by
"single crop" or "single mineral" countries, whose hold on
.subsistence is at the mercy of cruel market fluctuations.
It is a simple debt which the rl h.nations owe to the.
poor, It must not be with the calculation of buying allies
.against the enemy, Communism, that the "haves" share
with the "have nots. " Rather it is with the recognition of
obligation to the millions of workers who, often in bitter
poverty, produce the essential ingredients of an alien, un-
attainable prosperity.
We recognize that the effort of economic assistance
must be doubled and trebled and more. All who can must
contribute to it, not grudgingly but with. an open hand. The
basis of this. contribution is not largesse but enlightenment.
It Is not, "give away" but investment in the future of mankind.
It benefits the investor as much as the recipient. It is a
demonstration of mutual respect and interest.
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But all investment calls for prudence. The investor
is entitled to ask that the managers of the enterprise in which
he is interested display qualities of resourcefulness., honesty
and responsibility. He must be protected against the conse-
quences of waste, corruption and arbitrary action.
Similarly, when the investment is in a whole nation,
there must be guarantees of integrity. Without "attaching
political strings, " a program of economic assistance is en-
titled to stipulate that the beneficiary government give proof
of respect for the terms of contract, and that it be influenced
in a reasonable degree by the judgment of the investor in mat-
ters of economic rationality.
The responsibility of the beneficiary nation goes fur-
ther. It must show, that it is capable of sound planning and of
administering programs honestly. If its social system is of
such a nature that only the few stand to benefit from economic
development, it must be prepared to make effective reforms
on behalf of the many. These cannot be imposed from outside.
They are the earnest of true self-help.
The advanced nations of the Free World are determined
to repeal that "iron.law" by which "the rich get richer and the
poor get poorer. " There is profound wisdom in the Parable of
the Talents: "Unto everyone that hath shall be given . . . but
from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he
hath" is not the maxim of "exploiters" but of those who seek to
use their Master's wealth as. "good and faithful servants. "
Let us help those who help themselvesl
9. The Fullness of the Earth.
As Man is uneven in his virtue, so is he uneven in his
efforts to win life from the Earth. The Earth is good, its re-
sources abundant beyond his needs. But the distribution of its
wealth is'not imbalance with the limitations of Man who, by his
improvidence, has turned fertile areas into desert and, by his
ignorance, has neglected the riches which lie beneath his hand.
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The triumphs of medicine have brought.a .great revolu-
tion.:.in Man's. expectancy of life, and have broken. oneuriQ4 in
the hand of that grim law which-bears the n.arne..af Malthus.
Pestilence has given way, but famine and war remain as dire
enforcers.
In. the wide areas of the world where the tyranny of
disease has been. abated, there has been a. wholesome, natur-
? al upsurge of the forces, of life. Children are begotten and,
survive the cradle in numbers which presage vast new goner-
ations. This, "population explosion" has been viewed with
grave apprehension by those who see no escape from the Mal-
thusian law. The Communists, have perhaps taught us a les-
son by their denial of this danger (a denial which at least in
tho case- of China is hedged by intermittent campaigns of pop-
ulation control).
We must all acknowledge that the immediate effects. of
this release from the cruelest scourge of mortality have exact-
ed a high price. Precisely in those countries which have felt
its greatest benefits, the penalties are most apparent. The
painful task of economic construction is handicapped at the
outset by a mounting army of mouths to be fed.. Tragic irony
lies in the fact that at the same time the agricultural capacity
of a number of the advanced economies has, outstripped the
needs of their well-fed populations, leading to retrenchment
in production.
These maladjustments need not last forever. Man
noel has at his disposition the resources and the skills to
Cmake the "desert blossom as the rose. " Food from the earth
and-the sea can be produced sufficient unto the needs of this
and.larger future generations.
Nevertheless, a present balance must be established.
It is possible that this will occur as a result of basic social
processes, which will reduce the overwhelming pressures.
The violent upward. curve of population is no more, likely to
be permanent than was, the stagnation and decline Which affected
a number of European. countries in.the early twentieth century.
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But the stabilization of population growth in harmonious
proportion to the expansion of Man's productive capacity is
not 'assured by purely spontaneous forces. There must be
some measure of forethought and deliberation..:in the. policies
of government and in the actions of individuals.
Our duty is to insure that the yield of the Earth grows,
at a higher rate than the.fertility! of the human race. To this:
end, the resources. of all nations must be harnessed. The
first task is to transform the.great river basins into sources.
of food and power, free from the immemorial sorrows they
have inflicted. The next task is to open.the unused lands -
jungles, steppes and savannas. - to exploit those which are
under-used because of lack of capital or population, and to
bring new fertility to those which centuries of intensive cul-
tivation have worn out.
As we bring men up from subsistence through such
programs, we must also delve mors,..widely and deeply into
the Earth for its minerals ,and its, fuels. This, too, must
be a concerted effort in which the technical skids and the
capital equipment are provided in abundance by those who:.
have them to spare. The basic minerals are generously
distributed in the areas of backwardness; these Mould be
brought forth by the enterprise of the advanced nations under
generous, terms of partnership. The natural resources of the
poor' are a trust which.the rich must administer prudently for
them until they can take over the task. We cannot afford to
allow the narrow gains of "colonial exploitation" to debase the
currency',and credit of Freedom and Democracy, opening the
way to the false coin of Communism.
The Earth has in its bosom the sources of power and
energy for centuries of expanding mankind? It may be that
the promise of an age of "nuclear plenty" will prove illusory,
if for no other cause than the problem of rebottling the genii
loosed from the earth? ( peci.ficatly the dlspbsal of nuclear
vir..as es.,; though; recent te-chnologi`cal progress, in this :field `shows
pfomiae. `that .Man...can 'meet the centuries 'of-eistadial...respdn-
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sibility for "hot waste" which is imposed by. "nuclear plenty").
But fossil fuel, especially coal and oil shale, is.virtually un-
limited, and once the narrower considerations of commercial
profitability are absorbed tiz...the broader spirit of providing
Man's needs at whatever cost, they can. surely be exploited
on an unimagined scale. (There is. also an abundance of natur-
al gas, flared off in the extraction d'f oil in. regions where there
are no large populations and developed industries. This can
now be liquefied and. transported by tanker to any port in the
world. It should be a challenge to the enterprise and ingenuity
of free industry to devise systems of distribution to bring it
into the hundreds of thousands of villages in the poorer coun-
tries, which are now forced to burn.charcoal from the trees
which protect the soil from erosion, or dung which could re-
store its fertility).
These are but a few of the great endeavors which the
Free World should undertake to alleviate the lot of Man.
Let us bring Man into harmony with his Mother, the
10. . Knowledge is Power.
Man's advance in knowledge is. the measure of his pro-
gres's. In the great task of social. construction, education.is
the universal lever. Philosophy unfolds the principle of Being
and the arts give expression to its plenitude ("the Great Chain
of Being"). Science brings mastery of nature and is applied
by the. tools of technology to the material enrichment of civic
and domestic life. "Where there is no light, the people perish.
In. the vast campaign of social and political development
in which the Free World. is engaged, schools are the pioneers.
Basic illiteracy must be wiped out, so that men and women can
read, as well as hear, the words which will free or enslave
them. . The economic power exerted by emerging literacy has
been demonstrated by the heroic achievements of once back-
ward peoples such as the Japanese and the Russians.
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We propose the foundation of schools everywhere and
at all levels of need. A seed crop of teachers from many
lands must be provided, and these must be endowed with the
zeal of missionaries in the spirit of Freedom. There must
be mature universities and technological institutes in every
new country, and, crowning these, higher centers of learn-
ing for entire regions. Faculties, books and research equip-
ment must flow from all sources of endowment.
But the need is not merely among the retarded. Many
of the countries which have marked the highest progress still
fall short of the peak because education is restricted by par-
simony and the survival of privilege. Opportunity must be
placed before every child.
The principles of education must be reinvigorated.
New branches of psychological and pedagogic science, and
inter-disciplinary convergence among them, have opened
avenues of progress no less promising than those lying be-
fore the natural sciences. But there are false openings and
dangerous detours. The Communists, captivated by the pos-
sibilities which electronic computers have unfolded, are turn-
ing the science of cybernetics - that is control - to the ends
of the Party's power. The "new Communist man" nurtured
in boarding schools, sterilized of healthy parental influence,
is to be "indoctrinated" and "conditioned" to "joy in socialist
labor, " which in practice means submission to the tasks and
station in life which the elite of the "New Class" assign to
him.
Without the freedom to criticize doctrine and to form.
his own values, Man can not enjoy the freedom to choose has
leaders, which, as we have seen, is the essential privilege
of Democracy. We espouse the ancient wi4.dom of the Chinese:
"Let a hundred flowers blossom; let a hundred schools of
thought contend. " (Only a tyrant could cruelly pervert this
into a slogan designed, to entrap unwary intellectuals who op-
pose his despotism and to purge their doctrines as "poison-,
ous weeds. ")
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But this very 'reedom which education can bestow is
conditioned on the acceptance of discipline, and thus, as we
have, said, does not consist in the recognition of material.
"necessity, " but rather of the "universal in the particular.
It is this derivation.from the generality of human experience
that makes education inEreedom and in discipline the sole
creator of the "good life. "
Let us cultivate all the flowers in the garden of mind!
11. The Good Life.
The fulfillment of Klan springs from his own spirit.
In ignorance and in. want, he cannot achieve it, and therefore
we propose z;ew and mighty programs to remove these im-
pediments.
But the "good life, " though it presupposes a modicum.
of material welfare, is not assured by abundance. We are
witnessing in the societies of "mass consumption" a new
crisis, not that "general crisis" which the Communists im,,i
pute to "decadent capitalism, " but one which arises from its
very success in production which they refuse to acknowledge.
Not merely a few, but many are beset by a plethora of things
,and of time. There is, indeed, a mounting "crisis of pros-
perity and of leisure. "" Those who are most free in these
goods are in danger of another slavery. The slogans of af-
fluence are insidious (the identification of a flow of advertised
products with the "good life"; "billboards help make freedom-
of choice"; "active leisure").
The resolution of this crisis calls for an act of will
and renunciation. Those who are richly endowed must recog-
nize the obligation which their fortune imposes, not to "share
their wealth" in downward levelling egalitarianism, but to
employ their goods and their strengths to raise the less for-
tunate. We have shown that, in the economic field, this is
no ""give away, "' but an act of enlightenment. In the fields of
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culture and thought, sharing is enrichment, cooperation is:.'.
fulfillment, participation in common endeavor is the actual-
ization of self.
Here, too, the Communists, groping toward truth,
are content with half. They preach the life of excellence, of
virtue, even of self-abnegation (the New Frontier of the
"Virgin Lands"). But it cannot be the "good life" because
it is not free. The springs of altruism, deep in Russian and
in Han, are poisoned by the "will to power. "
The individual,, sacred in himself, achieves his full
stature only as he develops among other men.. The commu-
nity in which he lives is more than the soulless "collective"
of the Communists. It is apart, however small, of the
brotherhood of Man. The Communists have lately pirated
the vision of the great European Utopians; they hail Saint
Thomas More and the "City of the Sun" of Campanella. We,
too, cherish their light, even though often we see it "through
a glass darkly. " We deny that it can be seen at all by those
who are not free. Our Utopia would not exclude the "Civitas
Dei. "
The act of will for which we call is one of moderation.
It seeks the "Golden.Mean." We honor the differences in the
"nature and condition of men, " those who cling to the past
and those who forge impatiently toward the future, but we
seek balance in all things.
Let the goodness of life be universal!
12. Freedom Militant.
We have tried to illustrate the principles of Freedom
and Democracy. The effort is of necessity imperfect. It
must be continued in study and debate.
The World of Freedom is an ecclesia. It stands op-
posed to another church which is unique in history because
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it is the embodiment of a:".secular religion. 'r Communism
is impelled by a false materialist faith, but it is a faith that
11rnoves mountains, " even. as it poisons the. air and the waters
and: the soularof men.
The church militant of Freedom must be visible. It
must have active embo.4i ent in an infinitude of groups, pub-
lic and private, great anti, small. . Each group must itself be
free, but all must wo,rlc in h4rmQny.. There must be organi-
zation to propagate and-defend, the faith.
Let us, to. this end, create Word Congress of
Freedom and Democracy.
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