LECTURE BY GENERAL WILLIAM J. DONOVAN AT THE NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND - MAY 7TH 1953

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01065A000600030015-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 22, 2003
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: May 7, 1953
• Content Type: SPEECH

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BY GENERAL WILLIAM J. DONOVAN AT THE NAVAL WAR COLLEGE
NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND - MAY 'may 1953.
ONE OF THE MOST RUTHLESS DESPOTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE
WORLD HAS BEEN DEAD FOR SEVERAL WEEKS. THE DEBATE CONTINUES TO
RAGE AS TO WHETHER THE "COLD WAR" WHICH HE INITIATED MILL SLOW DOWN
OR TURN INTO A "HOT WAR." "HOT" OR "COLD," EVERYONE AGREES THAT
IT IS A WAR. WHETHER IT IS FOUGHT ON THE BATTL EF"I 19W OF KOREA OR
IN THE BALLOT BOXES OF ITALY, IT REHAINS A WAR WHICH INVOLVES THE
SURVIVAL OF THE KIND OF LIFE WE WANT TO LIVE.
WE ARE NOW CONFRONTED BY A NEW TACTIC IN THIS STRUGGLE
A NEW OFFENSIVE CALLED A "PEACE OFFENSIVE." I CAN ONLY FRAY
THAT WE SHALL NOT HE DELUDED BY OUR OWN HOPES TO AVOID SUCH A
DELUSION, THERE ARE THREE THINGS WE SHOULD REMEMBER:-0
ONE IS THAT THE GOAL OF THE COMMUNISTS HAS NOT CHANGED.
HAVE THEY DISAVOWED THEIR AIM OF VIOLENT REVOLUTION? HAVE THEY
WITHDRAWN THEIR POLITICAL PARATROOPS FROM BEHIND OUR LINES? THEY
HAVE NOT, IF THERE IS ONE CONSTANT IN COMMUNIST DOGMA IT IS THAT
THE ULTIMATE GOAL MUST ALWAYS BE WORLD DOMINATION.
A SECOND THING TO REMEMBER IS THAT WHILE TACTICS MAY
CHANGE, COMMUNIST METHODS DO NOT DISAPPEAR. CONSPIRACY, SUBVERSION
AND LIES REMAIN THE WEAPONS IN THEIR ARSENAL AND THEY WILL CONTINUE
TO BE USED WHEREVER THEY CAN BE MOST EFIrECTIVELY EMPLOYED.
AND THIRDLY, LET US NOT FOOL OURSELVES INTO THINKING
THAT MA.LENKOV STANDS READY TO THROW OUT 30 YEARS OF COMMUNIST
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EDUCATION SO AS TO EMBRACE THE WEST IN SYMPATHETIC UNDERSTANDING.
IF HE IS ANYTHING, HE IS A TRAINED AND LOYAL DISCIPLE OF STALINs
MALENKOV DID NOT ACCEPT CONTROL OF THE SOVIET REGIME TO DESTROY IT
LET US ALSO REMEMBER THIS s. WHATEVER THE SOVIET I TIV
THEIR PEACE OFFENSIVE IS WELL TIMED NOT ONLY TO JEOPARDIZE THE WHOLE
FABRIC OF OUR EUROPEAN DEFENSE BUT ALSO TO UPSET OUR EFFORTS IN
THE FAR EAST, OUR OWN GOVERNMENT IS UNDER SEVERE PRESSURE TO REDUCE
AND FOREIGN SPEENDING$ AND, IF THIS HAM- ENS, OUR MATERIAL
AND MENTAL PREPAREDNESS WILL BE REDUCED ACCORDINGLY,# THE POWER
STRUGGLE CONTINUES AND THIS NEW OFFENSIVE CAN BE EVEN MORE DANGEROUS
TO OUR GOALS THAN A ULL.FLEDGED MILITARY CAMPAIGN.,
THE TI'S THAT PRESIDENT EISENHOWER HAS SET DOWN AS THE
ONLY BASIS ON WHICH HE WOULD CONCLUDE A POLITICAL SETTLEMENT ARE
TERMS WHICH IT IS UNLIKELY THE COMMUNISTS WILL ACCEPT. THEY ARE
TERMS DICTATED FROM A POSITION OF STRENGTH, TERMS DEMANDING THAT
THE SOVIET OCTOPUS DRAW BACK ITS ARMS ON ALL SIDES IN ASIA, AND
IN EUROPE. THE PRESIDENT HAS MADE IT PLAIN THAT THE PEACE HE SEEKS
IS NOT THE PEACE OF WEAKNESS, APPEASEMENT, OR SURRENDER.
LET US LOOK FIRST AT THE PROBLEM OF ASIA.. THE SEIZURE OF
CHINA WAS FOR COMMUNISM A MAJOR VICTORY. THE FULL CONSEQUENCES OF
THAT TRIUMPH HAVE YET TO UNFOLD, NOT ALONE IN CHINA BUT THROUGHOUT
ASIA AND THE REST OF THE WORLD.
IN CHINA WE SEE AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVOLUTION OF
THOSE WHO SOUGHT TO ESCAPE FROM THEIR WRETCHEDNESS, THE KREMLIN
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THROUGH THE CHINESE COMMUNIST AI Y HAS EXPLOITED THIS UPSURGE
EVEN AT THE TIME OF THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION IN 1917,
THE SOVIETS HAD THEIR EYE ON CHINA, STALIN NURTURED AND
THE CHINESE RED ARMY FROM 25, OOO IN 1937 TO A FORCE OF 300,000 IN
1945. IN THE CONQUEST OF CHICa THAT AS THE HEART OF HIS STRATEGY*
ONCE CHINA IS CONSOLIDATED, STALIN r S CONQUEST WILL BE
THROUGHOUT SOUTHEAST ASIA$ DOWN THE SAME PATH THE JAPANESE
FOLLOWED THROUGH INDO-CHINA, HONG KONG, THE PHILIPPINES, SIAM?
MALAYA,, INDONESIA AND BURMA -- ALL THE WAY TO INDIA,
INDIA IS A COUNTRY OF GREAT ECONOMIC POTENTIAL, IT
HAS A RESERVOIR OF HIGH-CLASS MILITARY MANPOWER. WITH CEYLON IT
DOMINATES THE INDIAN OCEAN AND THE VITAL SEA LANES BETWEEN EUROPE,
ASIA AND THE FAR EAST, ONCE ASIA IS SECURED, THE COMMUNIST FORCES
CAN BE TURNED AGAINST EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES*
HOW CAN WE PREVENT THE KREMLIN FROM CONSOLIDATING ITS
GAINS IN THE FAR EAST?
LET US TRY TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION IN TERMS OF A COW
WAR: THE WAR WE ARE ALREM IN, AND LET ,U8 APPRAISE THE WEAPONS
WE HAVE -- APART FROM THOSE OF A CONVENTIONAL SHOOTING WAR.
MANPOWER CAN COME FROM THOSE COUNTRIES WHOSE LEADERS RECOGNIZE THE
COMMON INTEREST WE SHARE WITH THEM, WE ASK IN ASIA, THE SAME QiTES+
TIONS THAT WE ASKED IN EUROPE? "ARE YOU PREPARED TO FIGHT FOR YOUR
OWN LIBERTIES? ARE YOU READY TO RESIST YOUR CONQUEROR?"
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PROPAGANDA PROPERLY USED CAN BE A VERY IMPORT
LUS IN AROUSING RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS ON THE
RADIOS, PAMPHLETS OR LEAFLETS.
THE WORLD SHOULD KNOW THAT WHILE MUCH
DONE, A WELL CONDUCTED ECONOMIC AND MILITARY AID PROGRAM HAS BE
ET UP TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS IN F 7RMOSA AND REORGANIZE THE CHINESE
NATIONALIST FORCES,
IT SHOULD BE STRESSED ALSO THAT UNDER DIRECTION OF AMERICAN
OFFICERS THE CHINESE TROOPS ON FORMOSA ARE BEING SUPPLIED WITH
MODERN ARMS AND EQUIPMENT AND THAT CHINESE GUERRILLA FORCES .ARE
ACTIVE ON THE MAINLAND OF CHINA.
OPERATIONAL NUCLEI CAN BE ORGANIZED - SMALL WELL-TRAINED,
WELL-SCREENED CADRES OF MEN TO TRAIN AND ACTIVATE A RESISTANCE
FORCE WHICH IN TURN COULD ORGANIZE THE COUNTRRYSIDE* THE ACTIVE
SUPPORT OF THE PEOPLE IS THE FIRST AIM. AI O, AS WAS DONE BY
GENERAL CHENNAULT IN THE LAST WAR IN SETTING UP THE FLYING TIGERS,
A VOLUNTEER INTERNATIONAL AIR FORCE COULD BE ESTABLISHED IN FORMDSAo
THERE ARE MANY REGIONS IN CHINA W1ICH OFFER IDEAL AREAS
FOR RESISTANCE ORGANIZATION DUE TO THEIR TOPOMIAPHY, TRADITION AND
THE INDEPENDENCE OF THEIR PEOPLE.
CHINA WILL NOT FALL INTO OUR HANDS LIKE A RIPE PEAR,
WERE WE TO MAKE PUBLIC EVIDENCE OF OUR BELIEF THAT THIS COULD
HAPPEN IT WOULD BE VIEWED BY THE CHINESE COMMUNIST AS WEAKNESS
ON OUR PART,
WITH COMMUNIST CHINA AS WITH THE SOVIET UNION, WE SHOULD
HARBOR NO HOPES AS TO THE CHANCE OF WINNING IT AS A FRIEND OR ALLY +
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OUR AIM SHOULD BE TO HALT AND PREVENT MAO'S EXPANSIONISM.
UNCONVENTIONAL METHODS ALONE CAN NOT OVERCOME COMMUNIST
CHINA. WE, AS A PEOPLE, ARE INCLINED TO RELY UPON SOME SINGLE
GADGET FOR VICTORY, SOME THINK GUERRILA WARFARE ALONE COULD
IT, OTHERS THINK PROPAGANDA IS THE ONE EFFIVE DICE, NO
SINGLE MEASURE IS ENOUGH. BSJT IF WE MAKE A FIST OF ALL OUR R SOURO
PROPAGANDA, DECEPTION, IDEOLOGY, SABOTAGE,, GUERRILA TACTICS
THREAT OF MILITARY SUPPORT -- THEN EVERY BLOW WOULD CARRY A REAL
IMPACT, SUCH A PROGRAM WOULD AT LEAST DELAY THE CONSOLIDATION OF
COMMUNIST POWER; SLOW UP THE ADVANCE OF COMMUNISTS IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA; PROVIDE SAFE AREAS IN THE INTERIOR FOR NATIONALISTS UNITS;
BRING CONSTANT HEADACHES TO RED AUTHORITY; AND E EED CHAOS AND
CONFUSION.,
WITH THAT OUR OBJECTIVE, OUR IMMEDIATE JOB IS TO BOLST
THE COUNTRIES ON CHINA'S RIM, TO REVEAL THE KREMLIN'S AIMS FOR
WHAT THE! ARE, AND TO SHOW THEM THAT THEIR REAL AND PRESERT DANGER
IS SOVIET IMPERIALISM, OUR TASK IS NOT ONLY TO PROVIDE THE WEAPONS
OF WAR WHERE THAT CAN BE DONE, BUT ALSO THE CONSTRUCTIVE, HUMAANI+
1. 1
TARIAN AID THAT NO ONE ESE IN THE WCDRLD CERTAINLY NOT MAO
CAN GIVE THEM: MEDICINES FOR EXAMPLE, AND EDUCATION IN THE CURE
OF TROPICAL DISEASES?
THE VILLAGES OF ASIA CANNOT BE DEFENDED OR LIBERATED BY
MILITARY MEANS ALONE.
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CHIANG KAI?SHEKV S FAILURE TO CA1* Y OUT THE LAND REFORM
WHICH SUN TAT-SEN CONSIDERED IMPERATIVE WAS A DECISIVE FACTOR IN
SWINGING PEASANT SYMPATHY TO THE COMMUNISTS. WHEN THE COMMUNISTS
CONQUERED CHINA, THEY IMMEDIATELY DISTRIBUTED THE LAND. THE COM-
MUNISTS IMPLEMENTED A LAND REFORM IN NORTH KOREA. AS EARLY AS
MARCH 1946, WHILE IN SOUTH KOREA THE REFORM OF 1948 AFFECTED ONLY
FORMER JAPANESE PROPERTY. THE MORE COMPREHENSIVE GENERAL REFORM
OF JUNE 1949, PASSED AFTER CONSIDERABLE AMERICAN PRODDING OF A PRO-
LANDLORD GOVERNMENT, WAS NOT YET PUT INTO FORCE WHEN THE WAR BEGAN.
A POLICY OF RADICAL AGRARIAN CHANGE NEED BE NO MONOPOLY
OF THE KREMLIN-DONATED tRLD. WE CAN DO AS MUCH, INDEED WE CAN
DO BETTERt IN POSTWAR JAPAN, A COMPREHENSIVE LAND REFORM WHICH
SATISFIED THE PEASANTS WAS CARRIED IN OCTOBER 1946 ALMOST AS EARLY
AS THE NORTH KOREAN REF RM& SUCH A PROGRAM, EXTENDED TO OTHER LANDS
AND IMPLEMENTED BY TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE IS POINT tFOUR, NOT IN LO +'TY
ASPIRATIONS FOR THE FUTURE, BUT IN TERMS OF THE PRESENT PRACTICAL NEED
FOR A ?AIR OF PANTS, A BOWL OF RICE AND A CHANCE FOR A HEALTHY BODY.
AS AN EXAMPLE, READ THE REPORTS OF THE EFFECT OF NEW-FOUND DRUGS IN
ARRESTING TUBERCULOSIS IN KOREA WHERE THERE HAS ALWAYS BEEN A HIGH
INCIDENCE OF THAT DISEASE.
AND WHILE WE INSTRUCT THEM IN THE CURE OF T
CAN TEACH THEM TO DEFEND THEMSELVES, WE CAN BRING THEM TOUGH GUERRILLA,
FIGHTERS TO TEACH THEM TOUGH GUERRILLA FIGHTING. WE CAN PROVIDE THE
EQUIPMENT, THE ARMS, THE RADIOS, THE PRINTING PRESSES, THE TEACHERS OF
NEW METHODS IN INDt1STR1, FARMING AND SCHOOLING. WITHOur` THESE, PLANS
AND BLUEPRINTS WILL BE WASTED*
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YOU DON'T MEASURE THE SUCCESS OF IRREGULAR WARFARE IN
TERMS OF BATTLES WON AND CITIES DESTROYED. YOU DON'T MOPE TO MELT
AND DEFEAT A POWERFUL ENEMY IN THE FIELD. IN IRREGULAR WAR THE
OBJECT IS DELAY, THE TACTIC HIT-AND-RUN AGAIN AND AGAIN, THE TARGETS
THE SMALL ENEMY FORCES, THE WEAK CONVOY .- TO BREED IN THE MIND
OF THE INDIVIDUAL ENE W THE SENSE OF ISOLATION AND THE FEAR OF CAPTURE.
IT WAS THAT KIND OF WAR THAT DEFEATED NAPOLEON IN SPAIN AND KNOCKED
HIM OUT IN RUSSIA.
LET ME GIVE YOU A FEW EXAMPLES OF WHAT I HAVE IN MIND.
DURING WORLD WAR II IN EVERY TROUBLE SPOT THE DETAILS OF OUR PROBLEM
WERE DIFFERENT. THE JAPANESE, FOR INSTANCE, HAD OVERRUN SIAM,
BECAUSE OF SIAM( S CENTRAL STRATEGIC POSITION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, IT
WAS ESSENTIAL FOR US TO ESTABLISH INFORMATION SOURCES THERE. AT
THE REQUEST OF THE SIAMESE GOVERNMENT WE HAD TRAINED 40 SIAMESE IN
AMERICA IN THE VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF GUERRILLA WARFARE,, DROPPED THEM
WITH 40 AMERICANS BEHIND THE JAPANESE LINES INTO SIAM AND FROM THIN!
GATHERED PRICELESS INFORMATION OF ENEMY INTENTIONS THE SIAMESE
PRIME MINISTER WAS SKILLED IN THIS KIND OF WARFARE, IN HIS OWN
PALACE HE GAVE SHELTER AND PROTECTION FOR OSS MEN AND SET UP A
RADIO TRANSMITTER BY WHICH DAILY REPORTS WEB SENT TO WASHINGTON
BY WAY OF CEYLON 4
IN CHINA, AT THE REQUEST OF CHIANG KAI-SHEK, WE TRAINED
COMMANDO UNITS BASED ON THE OPERATIONS OF LAWRENCE OF ARABIA BUT
WHERE LAWRENCE USED HORSES AND CAMELS, WE USED JEEPS AND PARACHUTES.
WE ARMED AND EQUIPPED KACHIN AND KAREN TRIBES IN NORTH
BURMA TO FIGHT, HARASS AND DELAY JAPANESE TROOPS OF OCCUPATION*
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THESE TRaBES WERE TRAINED BY AMERICANS SKILLED IN COMMUNICATIONS,
SABOTAGE AND SECRET INTELLIGENCE. IN THAT AREA A VOLUNTEER NATIVE
FORCE OF 120000 FIGHTING MEN WERE LOYAL TO US THROUGHOUT THE WAR.
WE ALSO WERE IN CONTACT WITH CHINESE PIRATES AND GUERRI"S
IN THE MOUNTAINOUS COASTAL REGIONS ON EACH SIDE OF THE FUKIEN
KWANGTUNG BORDER NORTH OF SWATOW AND SOUTH OF FOCCHOW. THESE PIRATES
BEEN OPERATING FOR YEARS IN DUTANCE OF LOCAL, PROVINCIAL AND
NATIONAL CHINESE AUTHORITIES, THEY WERE EAGER AND WILLING TO CARRY
OUT ATTACKS ON THE JAPANESE WITH OUR HELP, AS A RESULT WE WERE
ABLE TO POST RADIOS ABOARD THEIR JUNKS, WE GAVE THEE4 LIMPETS
WHICH WERE USED TO BLOW UP JAPANESE SHIPS IN THEIR PORTS, WITH
ATIVE LEADERSSHIP, THEY WOULD BE AS WILLING TO HELP U
THEY WERE THEN.
ASIA IS ONE STRATEGIC THEATRE OF WHICH KOREA, INDO..CHINA,
MALAYA AND THE PHILIPPINES ARE AS INTEGRAL A PART AS ARE
INDONESSIA,, BURMA AND INDIA.
A PACIFIC PACT IS AS ESSENTIAL IN OUR OVERALL DEFENSE AS
IS A NATO PACT IN THE ATLANTIC. URGENCY REQUIRES WE TAKE THE
INITIATIVE IN OBTAINING THE COOPERATION OF OTHER NATIONS TO MAKE
SUCH A PACT EFFECTIVE.
ASIA IS ONE PROBLEM, PRESSING AND IM'IATE, BUT ASIA IS
NOT ALL. THE UNORTHODOX WAR MUST BE FOUGHT SIMULTANEOUSLY IN
EUROPE IN THREE DISTINCT AREAS:
(1) INSIDE THE SOVIET UNION ITSELF;
(2) IN THE SATELITE COUNTRIES ALREADY ENSLAVED
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(3) IN THE COUNTRIES OF WESTERN EUROPE WHICH
STAND IN THE KREMLIN ' S PATH OF EXPANSION
IN EACH AREA, THOUGH THE METHODS VARY, THE GOAL IS THE SAME.-
TO PREVENT SOVIET EXPANSION AND CONSOLIDATION: TO GIVE MORAL AND
PHYSICAL SUPPORT TO OUR ALLIES AND TO KEEP THE ENEMY OFF BALANCE
UNTIL THE FREE NATIONS ARE STRONG.
THIS KIND OF WAR IS A BRAVE MAN'S WAR AND A POOR AAN1 S
WAR. IT DOESN'T COST BILLIONS AND IT DOrSN''T FILL LARGE CEMETERIES,
BUT ITS RESULTS CAN BE INCALCULABLE. WE CAN PUT OUR PEOPLE INTO
COUNTRIES BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN, NOT TO AROUSE THE POPULATION TO
PREMATURE AND FUTILE REVOLT WHEN THEY HAVE NO WEAPONS, BUT TO FOMENT
UNREST AND DISCONTENT, AND SUSTAIN HOPE,
WITHIN THE AREA OF THE SOVIET UNION, THE SOVIET'S CONCERN
AS TO THEIR PEOPLES $ UNITY DISCLOSES A WEAKNESS RIPE FOR EXPLOITA
TION.
THE JUGULAR VEIN IN THIS WAR IS THE RUSSIAN PEOPLESo
FOR THE PAST FEW YEARS DISAFFECTED ELEMENTS WITHIN THE POPULATION
OF THE SOVIET UNION AND ITS SATELLITES HAVE RUN GREAT RISKS TO
ESCAPEE INTO THE AMERICAN ZONE. THEY HAVE TAKEN THESE RISKS E11EN
THOUGH THEY WERE UNCERTAIN AS TO THEIR RECEPTION BY AMERICANS OR
THAT THEY WOULD BE TURNED BACK BY THEM TO THE SOVIET AUTI TIE .
AT THE END OF THE WAR, THE UNITED STATES HAD DISCOURAGED
AND LARGELY DISSIPATED THE POTENTIAL OF THE S OVIE EMIGRATION,
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AS A RESULT OF THE EXCHANGE AGREEMENT CONCLUDED AT MALTA, THE
GREAT MASS OF SOVIET PWs AND FORCED LABORERS IN WESTERN EUROPE,
NUMBERING MORE THAN 2 MILLION WERE SENT BACK TO THE U.S.S.R., IN
MANY CASES OVER THEIR VIOLENT OBJECTIONS. IT IS ONLY WITHIN THE
PAST 2 YEARS THAT THE PRINCIPLE OF POLITICAL ASYLUM HAS GRADUALLY
RE/'ASSERTED ITSELF, AT. FIRST CLANDESTINELY AND RECENTLY MORE OPENLY.
BUT LET US NOT FORGET THAT IF POLITICAL ASYLUM 13 TO BE MEANINGFUL,
IT MUST BE ACCOMPLISHED BY THE FOOD, THE CLOTHING, THE MEDICAL
SUPPLIES NECESSARY TO ENABLE THE ESCAPEES, TO UNDERTAKE THE RECON-
STRUCTION OF SHATTERED LIVES, LET ME TELL YOU WHAT A GROUP OF
AMERICANS ARE, DOING IN THIS RESPECT:-
THE AMERICAN FRIENDS OF RUSSIAN FREEDOM IS A VOLUNTARY
NON-WVV RN NTAL AMERICAN COMMITTEE kORKINI ON BEHALF OF POST-WAR
SOVIET ESCAPEES IN GERMANY. NO OTHER AGENCY COULD DO THIS JOB
BECAUSE NO OTHER AGENCY HAS THE POLITICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND MORAL
ASSETS ACCRUING TO THE INDEPENDENT OPERATION OF A PRIVATE AMERICAN
COMMITTEE CONCERNED EXCLUSIVELY WITH RUSSIANS SEIMING THEIR FREEDOM.
THEIR CONFIDENCE IN THE ABILITY AND GO01) FAITH OF AMERICAN CITIZENS
IS OF GREAT IMPORTANCE, ESPECIALLY SO, AFTER THE REJECTION AND
INDIFFERENCE WHICH HAS MARKED OUR POLICY TOWARD THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE.
APART FROM THE HUMANITARIAN ASP , IT IS A PSYCHOLOGICAL
WEAPON IN OUR HANDS. TO BE ABLE TO ESTABLISH HOUSING PROJECTS, EMPLOY-
MENT OPPORTUNITIES, AGRICULTURAL TRAINING SCHOOLS, AND PERMANENT
RESETTLEMENTS ON INDIVIDUAL FARMS,
THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT HAS .ALREADY ENCOURAGED REFUGEE
RESETTLEMENT PROJECTS. FRANCE IS SAID TO HAVE THOUSANDS OF ABANDONED
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FARMS, A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF WHICH WERE GIVEN UP ONLY BECAUSE THERE WERE
NO MALE CHILDREN LM IN THE REMAINING FAMILY TO WORK THE FARM.
ABOUT 50% OF THE POST-WAR RUSSIAN ESCAPEES ARE OF PEASANT ORIGIN,
BORN AND BROUGHT UP IN AGRICULTURAL AREAS.. USUALLY ON COLLECTIVE
FARMS. MOST OF THESE MEN HAVE ESCAPED FROM THE SOVIET ARM! WERE
THEY HAD BEER TAKEN INTO MILITARY SERVICE WITH NO TRAINING OTHER
THAN FARMING
AND MORE THAN THIS - THE MOSLEMS OF SOUTH CENTRAL AS
DIFFER FROM THE RUSSIANS IN RELIGION, FAMILY HISTORY, LANGUAGE,
CUSTOMS, AND WAY OF LIFE, AND HAVE A LONG TRADITION OF OPEN OPPOSIO
TION TO THEIR RUSSIAN CONQUERORS.
AMER 30 YEARS OF PRESSURE TH , SOVEITS HAVE FAILED TO
REMODEL THESE PEOPLES OF CENTRAL ASIA,, THE SOVIETS STILL ENCOUNTER
OPPOSITION THERE WHICH CAN BE USED AGAINST THEM,
THIS PROGRAM OF INDUCEMENT ORGANIZED IN DEPTH IN THE
:S OF THE WEST, PROPAGANDIZED IN TRUTH, COULD BE A HEAVY
THE SOVIETS. IT WOULD INTENSIFY THEIR CONTINUING FEAR OF
THEIR OWN PEOPLE, A FEAR OF REVOIT, A FEAR INHERENT IN ALL POWER
THAT IS FOUND2D ON I FORCE.
IN THE SATELLITE AREA THE SAME EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO
ENCOURAGE ESCAPEES, IT IS EASIER TO REACH AND HELP PEOPLE IN AN
OCCUPIED COUNTRY WREN THEY HAVE BEEN CONSCRIPTED INTO THE ENEMY ARMY
THAN IT IS TO REACH THOSE WHO HAVE GONE UNDERGROUND* IF A PATRIOT
IS DRAFTED INTO THE ARMY OF AN INVADER HE IS A PATRIOT STILL, HE
IS, THEREFORE, NOT ONLY A SOURCE OF INFORMATION BUT ALSO A MEANS
OF CARRYING WORDS OF HOPE TO THOSE IN THE UNDEGROUND. THE POS Io
Ap o l /0 : W- FlWR&0f0@lrA 6 OR SH FLYER
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WHO RECENTLY ESCAPED IN A JET PLANE TO DENMARK.
ALSO, ON THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE, WE CAN HELP THOSE WHO
HAVE ESCAPED IMPRISONMENT AND WHO ARE PREPARED TO BUILDUP IN THE
FREE WEST AN INTERNATIONAL VOLUNTEER LEMON.
THE FINAL AREA OF THE UNORTHODOX WAR IN EUROPE EMBRACES
THE WESTERN EUROPRAN NATIONS.. WESTERN GROPE IS SECOND ONLY TO
THE UNITED STATES AMONG THE WORLD CENTERS OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION.
THERE WE MUST CONTINUE TO SUPPORT THE NEWLY CREATED AND EVER GROWING
UNITED EUROPE MOVEMENT THIS IS THE BASTION ACROSS THE PATH OF
SOVIET EXPANSION.. ITS SECURITY IS OF MAJOR IMPORTANCE IN STRATEGIC
PLANNING BOTH FOR WHAT IT GIVES, TO WESTERN STRENGTH, AND WHAT IT
COULD GIVE TO THE STRENGTH OF ANY HOSTILE POWER WHICH MADE IT CAPTIVE.
WERE THIS BASTION TO FALL IT WOULD ENABLE THE SOVIETS TO COME TO THE
ATLANTIC, AND THE ATLANTIC, TO THE SOVIET AIR FORCE WOULD BE PORT
OF ENTRY TO THE UNITED STATES4
THE UNIFICATION OF EUROPE HAS PROCEEDED ALONG TWO LIDS.
BEGINNING IN EARLY 1948 CLOSE COOPERATION IN ECONOMIC, POLITICAL
AND MILITARY MATTERS HAS DEVELOPED AMONG THE MAJORITY OF THE WESTERN
EUROPEAN NATIONS THROUGH INTER-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS. HELP WAS
GIVEN BY THE EUROPEAN MOVEMENT - A VOLUNTEER ORGANIZATION OF CITIZENS
OF THE VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF EUROPE CONCERNED - AND BY THE ENCOURAGE-
MENT AND SUPPORT OF THE AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON UNITED EUROPE w A
GROUP OF AMERICAN CITIZENS.
IN ADDITION, SINCE 1950, A SMALLER "HARD CORE" OF
EUROPEAN STATES -- BELGIUM, PRANCE, WEST GERMANY, ITALY, LU.X 'fBOtRO
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AND THE NETHERLANDS HAVE AIJVANCEO BEYOND COOPERATION
ESTABLISHING FEDERAL INSTITUTIONS HAVING THE POWER TO MAKE DECISIONS
FOR THE COMMON MEMBERSHIP IN SPECIFIC ECONOMIC, MILITARY AND POLITICAL
THE SCHUMAN PLAN IS NOW A GOING CONCERN, AND PROVIDES
FOR A RAPID EXPANSION OF COAL AND STEEL PRODUCTION NECESSARY TO
MEET DEFENSE NEEDS AND AN INCREASING STANDARD OF LIVING*
IN AUGUST 1950, TWO MONTHS AFTER THE ASSAULT ON KOREA,
THE CONSULTATIVE ASSEMBLY OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE RESPONDD TO A
MOTION BY WINSTON CHURCHILL AND ENDORSED A RESOLUTION CALLING FOR:
. "....THE IMMEDIATE CREATION UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF A EUROPEAN MINISTER
OF DEFENSE OF A EUROPEAN ARMY .*" ANTS ON OCTOBER 21k, 1950, FRANCE
CAME FORWARD WITH THE "PLEVEN PLAN" WHICH BECAME THE BASIS FOR
NEGOTIATIONS THAT LED TO THE SIGNING OF THE EUROPEAN' DEFENSE COMo
MUNITY TREATY IN MAY 1952.
ON LAST. MARCH 10 AFTER 6 MONTHS OF WORK BY THE ASSEMBLY
AND ITS CONSTITUTIONAL COMMITTEE, THE FINISHED DRAFT OF A CONSTITU-
TION WAS SUBMITTED TO THE SIX GOVERNMENTS - F.EA,NCE, ITALY, GERMANY,
BELGIUM, HOLLAND AND LUXEMBOURG, IF APPROVED BY THE FOREIGN MINISTERS
OF THESE COUNTRIES, IT WILL BE PLACED BEFORE THE NATIONAL PARLIAMTS
FOR RATIFICATION.
WITH EVERY CONCRETE STEP TOWARD THE UNION OF EUROPE, THE
OPPOSITION FROM LEFT AND HIGHT`WII,NG EXTN BECOMES MORE INTENSE
AND MORE DETERMINED. WE MUST RECOGNIZE FOR INSTANCE THAT THE FRENCH-
GERMAN DISPUTE OVER THE SAAR AND THE STRENGTH OF THE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS
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 Approved For Release 2003/06/03 : CIA-RDP80-01065A000600030015-3
IN WESTERN GERMANY CAN BLOCK THE COMPPLF ION OF THE SIX-NATION
EUROPEAN ARMY PROJECT AND THE PEACE CONTRACT BETWEEN THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT AND THE BIG THREE WESTERN POWERS. FRANCE HAS MADE IT
PLAIN THAT THE SAAR DISPUTE MUST BE SETTLED BEFORE THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY CAN BE ASKED TO RATIFY THE EiD.C,
WERE THE PARLIAMENTS OF THESE TWO COUNTRIES TO REFUSE
RATIFICATION, IT WOULD SERIOUSLY DELAY THE REALIZATION OF A UNITED
EUROPE AND GREATLY IMPAIR THE PRESTIGE, THE INFLUENCE AND THE
LEADERSHIP OF OUR OWN COUNTRY.
ACROSS THE ATLANTIC THE EUROPEAN MOVEMENT IS SEEKING TO
RALLY PUBLIC OPINION. NOW MORE THAN EVER EUROPEAN LEADERS IN
THIS FIGHT NEED THE ENCOURAGEMENT AND SUPPORT OF FREE CITIZENS
EVERYWHERE 4.
ON OUR PART, WE AMERICANS MUST RECOGNIZE THAT THE CENTER
OF GRAVITY IN THE WORLD HAS MOVED TO THE UNITED STATES. THUS,
HISTORY HAS FORCED UPON US A POSITION OF LEADERSHIP -- A RESPONSIBILITY
WE ARE RELUCTANT TO ACCEPT.;
WE ARE A PEOPLE THAT WANT TO BE LIKED, WE FORGET THAT
THE SEARCH FOR POPULARITY HAS LED OTHER MEN AND OTHER NATIONS DOWN
MANY BITTER PATHS* AS WE MOVE DEEPER INTO THIS GREAT STRUGGLE,
OUR FRIENDSHIP WILL BE QUESTIONED, OUR SINCERITY CHALLEI`IGND,0 OUR
INTEGRITY TRADUCED AND OUR POWER DESPISED.
OUR AIM MUST BE TO ABIDE BY THE TRUTH AS WE KNOW IT, BY
OUR PRINCIPM AS WE HOLD THEM, SO THAT WE SHALL DESERVE THE CONFIDENCE
OF OT HM NATIONS IN THE WISDOM AND DEPENDABILITY OF OUR LEADERSHIP,
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