STATUS AND PLANNING REPORT FOR OCS INTERACTIVE SERVICES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01003A000100040001-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 77
• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 2, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 1, 1969
• Content Type: REPORT

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SECRET
STATUS AND PLANNING REPORT
for
OCS INTERACTIVE SERVICES
April 1969
DIRECTORATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Office of Computer Services
SECRET
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STATUS AND PLANNING REPORT
FOR
OCS INTERACTIVE SERVICES
April 1969
GROUP I
SECRET Excluded from Auto-
matic Downgrading
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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . ? . . . . ?
Page
IT. GENERAL DISCUSSION OF TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . 3
A. The Evolution of Interactive Computei Systems , . 3
B. Types of Interactive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1. Specialized Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? . 7
2. Dedicated Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. General Purpose Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . 7
C. State of the Art in Interactive Systems . . . . . . . 8
III, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE OCS INTERACTIVE
SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
IV. OCS INTERACTIVE SERVICES AND OBJECTIVES. . . 13
A. TSMON (Time'-Sharing Monitor) Services . . . . . 13
1. User Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. Special System Features . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3, Deficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 14
B. System Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2. Software . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 16
3. Response Times to Users. . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Types of Terminals Supported . . . . . . . 17
5, Number of Users Supported. . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.. Support to COINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7, Schedule for Interactive Services. . . . . . . . 18
8, System Backup Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
V.. THE IBM 360/67 SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
A. Current and Planned Configuration . . . . . . . . . 20
B. Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1. Terminal Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2. Requesting a Te ' al . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
C. Control Program (CP-67) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1, Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2. Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3. Systems Available Under CP . . . . . . . . . . 28
D. Security of OCS Interactive Facilities . . . . . . . 29
1, OCS Computer Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2. Terminal Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3, Terminal Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4. Terminal Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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5. Terminal Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6. Terminal Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . 31
7. Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
VI, OCS RESPONSIBILITIES , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
A. Available Manpower . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 32
B. Development Schedule . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 32
C. Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1. Systems Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2. Applications Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3. Computer Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4, Terminal Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
APPENDICES
A. ALTERNATIVE INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS
B. CONFIGURATION OF THE IBM 360/67. .
C. GLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . .
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STATUS AND PLANNING REPORT
FOR
OCS INTERACTIVE SERVICES
This report provides the background, objectives, and characteristics
of the IBM 360/67 Interactive System and the plan for transition to a
versatile and user-oriented interactive" environment over a'15-month
period between 1 October 1968 and 31 December 1969. OCS has been
planning to offer interactive services to its customers as part of its
third generation system plan. A plan, which called for an interactive
facility with a comprehensive array of conversational languages by April
1967, has not been realized.. Even though the hardware manufacturer
defaulted on As software promises, OCS, by its own efforts, did develop
a modest interactive service by April 1967 and implemented this system
TSMON (Time Sharing Monitor System) in its Computer Center on an
IBM 360/40 in the third quarter of 1967. Subsequently, this 360/40 was
replaced by a larger machine, a 360/50; and in March 1969 it was
replaced by an IBM 360/67. This 360/67 (Mod 67) hardware has-been
designed specifically for time-sharing, thus casing the implementation of
an interactive system. Although the Mod 67 was stipulated in the original.
1965 plan, the base software which OCS will be using will not be IBM's
standard Mod 67 software, TSS (Time-Sharing System). OCS plans to use
software developed jointly by Lincoln Labs of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology and by the IBM Cambridge Scientific Center, modifying this
software and integrating into the Mod 67 System additional software
capability such as TSMON>
Since the acquisition of the Mod 67 is a major increase in Agency
commitment to interactive use of computers, this report describes the
plan of transition from the IBM 360/50 with TSMON to the Mod 67. -For
background information, a list of other hardware/software alternatives
considered for the transition is given in Appendix A.
This term and several others used in this report are defined in the
Glossary, Appendix C.
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The general objective of the service planned for the OCS interactive
system is a "quick response time to user demands. " Even though the
planned system can offer all services which are available on a standard-
IBM 360, services which react to a human at a remote terminal have
priority at this time. Other services such as RJE (Remote Job Entry),
which answer requests for significant amounts of computational time,
are not covered in this report.
The, definition of "quick response" time is not easy. What may be
quick to one user may be slow to another. Support capabilil;ies of the
system to individual users will vary according to the number of users
on-line and the amount of central processor power the aggregate of users
requires. However, with 20 to 30 users active, reasonable objectives as
to maximum. times or rates seem to be a response within four seconds
for individual. searches on large customized data bases; a response within
two minutes for simple individual searches on small files using a general
purpose query language;, and, ,a processing rate no less than that of the
same program running in isolation on an IBM 360/30.
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II. GENERAL DISCUSSION OF TECHNOLOGY
A. The Evolution of Interactive Computer Systems
The first computers were operated directly by the programmer. He
wrote his program, requested time on the machine, ran the program,
made on-the-spot changes by manipulating buttons and switches, took
his results back to his desk for analysis and change; and, after several
iterations of this cycle, he produced a functioning program.; In this
early era, he had "interactive service"; he commanded the machine and
received instant response.
By the mid-1950's programmers were not interested in "running"
machines. Computer operators, who were efficient at handling cards,
changing magnetic tapes, and pushing the increasingly more complex
pattern of buttons, now ran the programs on the machine. Normally,
the programmer submitted his card clock and, upon run completion,
received his printout. He touched or directly interacted with the computer
only when he requested a "special time, " for an emergency diagnostic
session. Quantity of processing per machine--hour had now increased,
since a specialist (the operator), rather than the programmer, manipulated
the buttons, the cards, and the magnetic tape.
In the late 1950's with the introduction of more automatic control of
machine operations (through software called "operating systems"), the
programmer was further separated from contact with the computer.
These operating systems processed many more programs per machine-
hour, since such slow manual operations as card handling, print handling,
and the program loading were automated by transferring them to small
peripheral machines. The general relationship of the programmer to the
machine did not change; however, in effect, he touched the machine less.
The increased productivity of the machine per hour made his "hands-on"
use less and less economical., since his hands-on use could not exploit
(and, indeed, was at odds with) the efficient features of the operating
system. Striving for increased efficiency produced another phenomenon:
most computer installations began to stress "most jobs per unit-time" as
the objective. Jobs were stacked up in large queues so that the machine
would never be idle. The objective was met, but because of the long
queues, turnaround time of the job to the programmer suffered.
In the 1960's two major changes were made to improve service to the
computer programmer. However, in both changes, the previous objective
of efficient machine utilization was still. primary. SPOOLing (Simultaneous
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Peripheral Operations On-Line), was introduced first, where the
operating system did input/output functions concurrently with the main
program. Several queues and some manual handling were eliminated;
the machine produced yet more output; and turnaround time to the
programmer was somewhat improved. In the second change, the system
could run several jobs concurrently (multiprogramming). Quantity of
processing per machine unit-time was optimum, but since the machine
had the capability of processing several jobs concurrently, it became
economically prohibitive to allow one programmer to have "hands-on"
use.
About this same time systems research in multiprogramming had
developed techniques for sharing resources such as devices, memory,
and time, and modified implementations of these techniques could be
used as the basic building block of a system. focused on optimum service
to users--both programmers and others who could benefit from direct
access to computer facilities. Many systems which provide nearly instant
service to users at r-enmote locations have now been designed and
implemented. Thus, the evolution of systems as of this time has diverged
into two types, the traditional or batch system in which the hardware
produces the maximum quantity of output, and the interactive system in
which many concurrent users have frequent and quick interaction with the
system resources.
As users of interactive computer systems have become more sophis-
ticated, they have requested services which are totally different from
those of the traditional batch system. Although some users were merely
anticipating better turnaround times for their program processing requests,
others desired a new kind of service. The analyst wished to make an
experimental query of a data file, see the results, reform his concept of
his query, and then repeat the interaction until he had a very selective
answer. The engineer wanted to have the system notify him of his spelling
errors when he was keyboarding program statements. These and other
user desires have shifted the original interactive systems designs yet
farther from the traditional batch concepts.
There are many complex tradeoffs in choosing an interactive system
versus a batch system. These two systems represent the two pol.e.s of
service, the one attempting to give best service to each user and the other
the best utilization of the computer hardware (in economic terms). In
practice, the two poles are somewhat theoretical. To give the best possible
service to the user requires an overkill of hardware power which is
prohibitively expensive, and to attain the best utilization of hardware
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requires long input queues which is unacceptable to users. Thus, in
both cases there are design compromises. Interactive systems users
have instant response most times rather than all times; batch computers
have reasonably short input, queues which are occasionally exhausted.
In addition to the interactive service and batch service, another has
evolved which is essentially a blend of the two. RJE (Remote Job Entry)
is a service in which a terminal or a small computer is stationed remotely.
The user data is sent via a data line to the central computer where it is
queued for processing, the output is transmitted to the small remote
computer, and the user receives his printout directly. This is attractive
because of simpler logistics and fewer queue points. The additional cost
of remote hardware is the tradeoff.
Sharing of resources (memory, peripheral storage space, tapes,
terminals, time, etc.) is common to both multiprogramming systems
and interactive systems. ' The essential difference of the two system
designs is the technique by which time is shared among users. In the
batch multiprogramming system, users are assigned priorities, and time
is allotted to the highest priority user who can profitably use it. Thus, if
a user's program has been assigned memory and devices, and is not in a
"WAIT" state, it can profitably use computer time to do its computation
and move its job along to completion. However, while this task is active,
no other jobs will progress towards completion. In the least complex
interactive design', all. remote terminal users have equal priority. An
equal time allotment (or slice), which is very small (such as a millisecond),
is given to each user. Each user in his turn can have as much of his
allotment as he can profitably use. Thus, his program momentarily ceases
to run not only when he cannot use the time but also when his allotment is
exhausted, whichever is first. Under peak load conditions the user receives
only his quota which is a predefined amount of time per minute. At other
times he receives more frequent distributions of his predefined time
allotment (slice). In practice,. since the user normally has much interaction
and interruption at a terminal, seldom can the user profitably use his total
time slice. It is this time slicing concept that makes fast response possible
and a system worthy of the term "interactive. "
An interactive system requires much internal bookkeeping since all
users must have resources concurrently. Specifically, the change of
processing from one program to another requires software which provides
intricate and timely control of the internal processes of the system. But
this bookkeeping consumes much of the power of the computer. The over-
head is high; however, the design objective of good response to the user is
rn.et. Measurements of the economic tradeoffs in hardware overhead versus
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user efficiency are difficult to quantify. Since the overhead is large (up
to 45% in some recent systems), some evaluators claim that interactive
systems are too costly. Others claim that the increase in user benefit-
from interactive services easily outweighs the extra costs. One formal
measurement states that programmers produce software at three times
the rate they can realize in a batch environment. In a multiprogramming
batch system, rarely does the effective use of the processor consume more
than 40% of the power. In some comparisons, the measurements of net
throughput of interactive and batch systems have been near'y equal.
Thus, there are many conflicting claims as to the relative merits of
batch and interactive systems. Neither type of system is performing at
the anticipated efficiency levels; however, designers are still hopeful of
attaining these levels. The present measurements of comparative use-
fulness of the two types of services to humans is based on many variables,
not the least of which is personal preference. At this time, it is premature
to draw conclusions; objective evaluations should be conducted after both
the systems and the human use of the systems have evolved to a higher
level..
As an alternative to large interactive systems, the use of small,
stand-alone computers might be considered. Generally speaking, three.
factors are relevant here:
a. Access to a large data base is more feasible in a large
interactive system, Some data. sets are too large to be online on
a small system at any given period of time. Sequential tape-like
processing poses no problem here but random inquiries and postings
do, The scope of a particular run on a small computer may also be
inhibited since there are not enough input/output devices to handle
the relatively large number of data sets required to be online.
b. Small computers now provide reasonably large internal.
memories and fast processors. They are well suited to some types
of scientific computation and other problems requiring few input/
output operations. The increasing power of small computers and
more attractive costs will keep them competitive in these problem
areas.
. 11 c. Only partial independence (in the sense of user management
and control) is possible with an interactive system. On the other hand,
pooling of software and hardware resources may be a significant
benefit to the user, making management control of a small independent
computer a less significant. factor. One of the inherent design
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philosophies of time-sharing is that of a central. software authority
implemented by that of the hierarchy of system management and
control.
B. Types of Interactive Systems
Conceptually, there are three types of interactive systems. Although
implemented systems can generally be described as being of one of these
types, nearly all provide some services which are characteristic of another
type and attempts at precise categorization of a given system frequently
become a semantic problem.
1. Specialized Systems. Most of the early systems were of this
type and their use continues to grow, They can usually be characterized as
single-purpose. For example, airline reservation systems, credit check
systems, systems for dynamic inventory control, and systems providing one
specialized programming language (say for engineers) fall into this category.
Users are non-programmers, although frequently a background batch
service is available for applications programmers. A single integrated
operating system and applications program is used, The applications pro-
gram, which may contain many independent modules, is the direct servicer
of users. All resource and data management is provided and is totally
transparent to the user. Facilities provided to him relate only to specific
application involved.
2. Dedicated Systems. In this type of system, a wider variety of
users are serviced through a number of general purpose facilities. Most
systems built for university use and most of those offered by system
manufacturers are of this type, Examples of dedicated systems include TSS
for the IBM 360/67, TSMON for a large standard IBM 360, MIT's C'rSS, the
GE-635 system, etc.
Users in these systems include programmers and non--programmers.
They work with the system through only those languages and input/output and
data management services provided directly by the system. These modules
are an integral part of a single operating system which exercises overall
control,, Two layers of partitioning protection are provided to the user:
his program and the operating system,
3. General Purpose Systems. These systems are rather new. Here'
an attempt is made to provide a full range of services to the user through a
system architecture which recognizes several "virtual machines. " The notion
of an operating system that provides the basic services remains, but the
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change is that more than one operating system can be active concurrently,
each with its own hardware and services. The system becomes a set of
systems of the dedicated type or perhaps several independent copies of -one
dedicated system.
An example of this type of system is the C,P-67 software on the IBM
360/67. The user has his choice of operating systems (and accompanying
services) such as OS, DOS, CMS, TSMON, or any other that works on a
stand-alone basis on the IBM 360, He (or his manager) chooses a hardware
configuration and the operating system on the basis of the desired services.
The fact that other systems arc operating on the same physical computer is
transparent to him, In this environment, three layers of partitioning
protection are provided: the user program, his operating system, and the
overall control program.
C. State of the Art in Interactive Systems
The very first concepts for "sharing of time" on a computer arc less
than 10 years old, The earliest experimental systems used vacuum tube
and transistor hardware, but with revolutionary conceptual hardware changes
and had software written. to utilize these hardware changes effectively. As
a result of the advances in technology from these experiments, third
generation hardware (with integrated. circuitry) either was built with these
hardware features or designed so that they could be added easily.
Two major computer manufacturers, IBM and GE, included interactive
systems as part of their original. third generation announcements. In both
cases, the first. prototype systems were dramatic failures, chiefly because
of deficiencies in software. In spite of these failures many successful.
interactive systems are running today. Several have been written for small
computers. Nearly all interactive systems which have advanced beyond the
initial research stage have been operating less than two years.
Looking into the future, better hardware techniques to service program
and hardware interrupts, and more efficient algorithms for utilizing such
hardware will be designed. Virtual memory and paging (memory exchange)
concepts will probably continue in use until a major cost reduction in large
memory occurs. Terminal improvements will include the following: they
will cost less, the keyboards will be tailored to interactive use, there will
be a more flexible alpha-numeric display, CRT displays will have better
resolution, they will have less audio and electronic emanations, and weight
and size will be reduced. Many data communication functions now
accomplished with software will be hard-wired into standard interface
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devices. Direct access storage devices which hold many times the
storage capacity of present devices are already running at development
laboratories. No really significant changes in hardware or software
architecture related to interactive system concepts appear imminent.
The designers and implementers in the near future will probably
concentrate on repackaging existing software and hardware components.
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III. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE OCS INTERACTIVE SYSTEM
The need and desire for interactive facilities come from a number of
Agency components and from a number of related motivations. In some
cases, the potential user wants to reap the benefits of the technology per
se, but not knowing quite how to do so. In other cases, he might believe
that it offers a way of circumventing some of the difficulties inherent in.
the more conventional services provided by the OCS Computer Center.
Or, having looked deeper into the matter, he may have found that an
interactive facility offers a complementary set of functions to those with
which he is already familiar and which he is actively utilizing.
There is little evidence thus far that increased interactive capabilities
will eliminate or replace the more conventional batch processing procedures
of long standing value. Rather, we expect that it will add a new dimension
to the Agency's ADP capabilities, expanding the population of ADP users
and the scope of OCS activities. The possibilities of interactive computer
systems are or will be attractive in two new areas: the use of the computer
to assist in more clerical.-type activities and, its potential use in small
scale data manipulation where conventional computer assistance is too
expensive or cumbersome. However, some existing applications may shift
away from batch processing. Conventional reports from medium-size files
may be replaced by ad hoc browsing through an 'on-line file, for example.
The translation of ideas or desires into hard requirements which will
justify the significant cost to develop and operate the interactive facilities
is perhaps the most difficult problem the user and the computer service
manager face. The costs are high; approximately 25% of the OCS budget
for rented equipment in FY-70 is allocated to the Mod 67. This is a high
risk investment, particularly in light of problems that continue to demand
attention in other aspects of OCS service, This risk is recognized but the
benefits already realized appear to justify further investment.
OCS has in hand a number of "requirements" for interactive services
that are being at least partially met or are within reach. At this point,
however, we view such requirements with some caution; we interpret them
as a mutual desire to experiment with the facilities, but where the.ultimate
payoff cannot be clearly predicted. These requirements are summarized
below under three categories.
1. File-Oriented Services, For the most part, these requirements
relate to the need to solve analytical or management problems through
interactive file access ("browsing"). Limited success here has focused
attention on the other side of the coin---the problem of creating and maintaining
the file being queried. As we begin to understand how to do the latter from a
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user terminal, we would expect to see more applications where the
emphasis is on maintaining very active and perhaps perishable files on-line.
The need for file-oriented interactive services that are being partially met
(or at least the need made known) are:
a. The use of on-line query for several files already operational
in the batch processing mode. These include a file of extracts from
DeGaulle's speeches, data from a Soviet Foreign Trade Handbook,
various files of interest to SAVA, the Target Oriented Display applica-
tion from NIPE, several FMSAC files, and the DDS&T Contract
Information System.
b. File-oriented applications with little or no past activity in
the batch processing mode. These include on-line access to the RID
name grouping file, the OCS Project and Resources Information. System,
files of medical records, and an OCS personnel file.
c. The Security Automated Name Check Activity (SANCA), which
is of special importance in the file-oriented category. This requirement
has progressed beyond. the "desirable" stage in that the Security Records
Division has already begun to depend heavily on the remote access
facilities provided by OCS.
2. Processing -Oriented or Problem Solving Services. This class
of requirements usually involves some file activity also, but the emphasis is
shifted from selecting and formatting data to more complex manipulation of
smaller quantities of data. Requirements or potential requirements include
interactive computation through a high level programming language that a
scientist or engineer can use directly. OEL and FMSAC are now using this
tool.. Another major area is on-line graphic displays where the combination
of alphanumeric and line drawing capabilities are of potential interest to the
cartographer, the reconnaissance mission planner, and the signal. analyst.
Third, statistical data reduction is now being performed on-line, particularly
for OMS and TSD. A fourth potential. application area is computer aided
instruction.
? 3. Data Entry Oriented Services. The remote terminal as a data
entry device (with the full power of the computer to at least partially validate
inputs in real time) is attractive. Applications here include partial substi-
tution for conventional key punching of formatted data, entry of text directly
into the computer as an adjunct to the EPIC system, input of source program
statements by the OCS computer programmer followed by limited program
testing at the terminal., and conventional administrative typing of reports,
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memoranda, etc. In addition to the advantages of real time validation,
the data in machine language--even if perishable--can be changed, added
to, or deleted with relative ease and on a demand basis.
Predicting the direction, number, and scope of requirements for
interactive services over the next few years is as difficult as predicting
the degree of success of those applications already underway. However,
it is expected that, for the most part, "more of the same" will be
requested. For example, we would expect increased activity in small or
medium sized intelligence and management files, the proliferation of
on--line computational interests, and a gradual increase in interest in
on-line programming, text editing and so forth.
A real danger lies in the experimental application becoming an
operational. necessity to a user component without the change noticed
by the managers concerned-i. e. , without explicit attention given at
the appropriate time to analyzing the benefits and limitations of the
service--and thus- becoming a de facto requirement. To a limited extent,
conventional. management approvals at project initiation time can counter-
act such pitfalls (for example, see section V. B. of this report describing
procedures for requesting terminal installations). Monitoring progress
of individual applications is a joint OCS/user task requiring continuous
attention. Clearly, this is difficult but must become a matter of regular
interest if the system is to progress in a rational. fashion..
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S E C R E T
IV, OCS INTERACTIVE SERVICES AND OBJECTIVES
A. TSMON (Time--Shari.ng_Monitor) Services
OCS has developed TSMON, an interactive, (time-sharing) system.
This system is a partitioned system in the sense that programs assigned
to specific terminals are allocated fixed blocks of memory.
1. User Services,'
a. SOLVE. A language created to provide a computational
capability. SOLVE is a subset of PL/l and allows conversational
programming. Error messages are given after each line entry. The
program is interpretive (i. e, , statements are interpreted one at a
time; a complete set of computational statements are not compiled
into a machine program), so programs execute relatively slowly.
Although SOLVE computational capability is significantly less than
that of PL/l it has the advantage of being conversational.
b, DESKCAL. A simple computational program which can
be used as a substitute for an office desk calculator. It is interactive
or conversational and basically performs all of the functions of the
normal desk calculator and other functions such as square root and
trigonometric functions. It is conversational in that if the user provides
the statement, "C = A + B; it will ask, "What is A? ", wait for an
answer, and then ask, "What is B?" and wait for an answer. As soon
as the two variables are defined, the answer will be computed and
returned to the user.
c. TSAR. A language which allows rapid remote querying
of direct access files -and outputting of information from these files
in a variety of formats and on a number of devices. Two types of
commands are used: search and output. The first type specifies the
information to be selected from the file; the second specifies how the
selected information is to be displayed.
d, LINUS. A language for creating files of individual "lines"
of data, maintaining files, and retrieving single lines of information
(e, g. , text or program statements) at a terminal. Files created with
,A more complete description of these services is given in "O CS
Interactive Services," November -1968.
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LINUS can be investigated by a variety of LINUS commands.
SOLVE files (consisting of lines of SOLVE statements) can also
be queried with LINUS. As the user changes line entries, previous
generations of his file are automatically saved for backup.
e. TRUMP. A language to locate, display and change
fixed fields in TSAR files via the terminal.
f. On--Line Batch. A method for requesting execution of
a program in the batch mode. The user can compile, linkedit, and
execute programs in Assembly Language, PL/l, and FORTRAN.
.He can enter data directly or call the data in from. a specific file.
The output (including source program listing) can be printed on the
on-line printer in the computer center, or the source program
diagnostics and output routed to the terminal.
2. Special Sy=stem'Featur.es. CAM(Com.mon Access Method) allows
programmers concerned with building new interactive services to address any
type of terminal with one access method. These programmers also use PAM
(Paging Access Method) which is an efficient method for storing and retrieving
data on direct access devices for users. Similarly, he uses a program called
RINUS which efficiently utilizes PAM pages by writing records contiguously
and by overlapping records between pages. RINUS also provides indexing.
capabilities,
A package of data compression and record addressing techniques is
available for customizing large files for fast direct access in which the
primary search criteria is on one field. By using these techniques, a
programmer can quickly put a user fil.e into on-line query operation.
3. Deficienci.es.. The TSMON system limits each user to 15, 000
bytes of core memory. The system was so designed to circumvent paging
problems. However, the constraint of 15, 000 bytes per program many times
produces incidental benefits. Programming users must program within tight
constraints and thus most times produce very efficient code. Also, such code
transferred to a paging environment uses only four pages (page = 4096 bytes)
which keeps processing overhead time to a minimum. However, the four-
page constraint eliminates interactive use of most procedural language
programs and eliminates complex programs which exceed 15, 000 bytes.
This 15, 000 byte limitation applies only to those programs operating
in the foreground. The on-line batch programs which operate in the
background (batch mode) can use approximately 100, 000 bytes of core.
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User Services are also in need of improvement.
a. SOLVE. The number of statements is limited to a
maximum of 150 (the number varies according to the contents of
the statements). . On-line techniques to overcome this limitation
are available but the limitation is a deterrent to smooth general
usage. Other undesirable aspects are that the programs are
limited to 30 different symbols (variables and labels), and only a.
small subset of the usual mathematical functions is available.
Subscripting of variables is not allowed.
b. TSAR. Information items that have multiple values
cannot be queried effectively. The information that is to be listed
cannot be sorted. The output is available only on a terminal.
Permanent files cannot be created from the collection of hit records.
Other features whieh?allow 'sophisticated search queries have not
been implemented.
c. TRUMP. Only the fixed portion of a TSAR record can
be modified on-line.
B. Sy tem Objectives
1. General. When a decision was made in early 1968 to upgrade
interactive facilities and move into an operational anode, the primary
objectives for the OCS interactive system were stated as follows:
a. The system will. be used principally in the interactive mode.
Background processing for efficient computer utilization is desirable but
not mandatory.
b. Compatibility. with the software and hardware used in the
Computer Center is desirable.
c. It is desired that by the time the interactive computer
system is installed, customer requirements and OCS experience with
time-sharing will be such that a production time-sharing environment
will be feasible and desirable.
d. Movement toward a production environment will make
system experimentation and extension more difficult. Through judicious
planning (and perhaps the use of Information Processing Research and
Development Laboratory (IPRD) facilities), experimentation should be
able to continue at a reasonable pace.
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e. Keep the costs within current budget estimates.
Supplementary funding could be justified only if major new
requirements were surfaced.
f. Conversion to new equipment should be as painless
as possible.
g. Since no firm basis exists for projecting load other
than what is known about existing applications and infozmal
requirements, it should be assumed that known requirements
will constitute the minimum load to be expected.
2, Software. Objectives have been established for existing and
anticipated interactive programs. Program revision. will be made to effect
software compatibility and also to provide more efficient system operation
and better service to users.
a. SOLVE. This service is being revised to increase the
efficiency of a few commands. Ultimately, SOLVE will be an
independent mathematically-oriented language.
b. COINS. This is a USIB-sponsored experimental system
devised to link the intelligence community together in a network of
computers. When implemented, intercommunity remote querying of
selected files will be possible through use of interactive terminals.
TORQUE II is directed toward this objective, among others,
c. APL-360. This is a system designed to execute system
commands or mathematical statements entered on a typewriter terminal.
The System will be installed for test and evaluation several months after
installation of the 360/67 interactive system.
d. TORQUE II. This language will replace TSAR as the basic
file retrieval service. It will provide for the following: an integrated
creation, maintenance, and retrieval package; on-line or off-line
syrnbol table creation; inverted file (and hash) indexing; advanced
algebraic retrieval syntax; n-level. hierarchical data structure; saved
hit files; variable formatting of output; sort capability; full on-line up-date;
computational and extended function capability; and off-line printing from
on-line queues.
e. LINUS. This service is being revised to allow file changes
beyond ten generations and to incorporate a file recovery technique to
prevent lost files should- the systern go down in the middle of creating a
file. 16
S E C11 E T
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3. Response Times to Users.
a. Customized Files. Our goal is to provide a four-second
response time per query to a single target record for customized data
sets. When multiple records must be accessed to collate data or to
collect a data set of multiple hits, then obviously the response time
will be longer. No attempt is being made to establish a maximum
response time objective for this type of query. More on-line
experience is required to develop an estimating algorithm.
b. TORQUE Files. The response time objective for TORQUE
searched linear files is being set at about two minutes. The search time
is dependent upon data set size; thus unusually large files (tens of
thousands of records) would have search times which exceed the two-
minute objective.
c. SOLVE. . A.two-second response time has been set as an
objective for entering each SOLVE statement. Since SOLVE program
execution is interpretive, an objective for execution must remain vague.
If response time for a SOLVE program execution is inadequate for the
customer's requirements (e, g. , many computational iterations), he will
have the option of re-entering his program as a PL/l program and .
receiving the faster execution time of the non-interpretive execution.
c1. User Programs Under CMS. The Mod 67 h.ard`t,are has a
finite number of machine cycles of central processor power which are
shared with remote users. Since it is difficult to estimate an average
number of active users, any objective must be qualified. With the above
remarks in mind, the following objective is given.: programs, will execute
on the Mod 67 at a speed no less than that of the speed of the same programs
on a Mod 30.
4. Types of Terminals Supported. Each terminal must have available
the pertinent code in both the CP (Control Program) software and the operating
system under which it is to be used. Target dates for support per terminal
and per operating system are as follows:
S E C R E T
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l
i
TSMON
CMS
OS
DOS
TDMS
APL-?360
na
Term
IBM 2741
now
now
now
now
now -
now
IBM 1050
IBM 2260 KSR-33
now
--
-
- -
--
ASR-28
IBM 2250
May 69
now
--
now
BR-90
"
--
--
--
-
RJF (remote
- -
-
May 69
--
-
job entry)
COINS Switch now -- --
5. Number of Users Suppoted. We believe it is possible for the
Mod 67 to meet the above response time objectives with about 55 concurrent
users for file query type interaction with at least two users entering limited
computational type programs. At this time it is difficult to anticipate whether
this many concurrent users and TSMON and OS users will significantly degrade
the total system performance. However, as many as 55 CM.S users are
successfully operating concurrently on-line at other installations. Upon
customer demand., the number of control units or terminals can be changed.
6. Support to COINS. Initially COINS has use of the system for a
period of two hours each day. Other system users having specially
compartmented data. will not utilize the system concurrently with non-Agency
users such as COINS. COINS files will be available to Agency users at all
times.
7. Schedule for Interactive Services. Generally, the system will be
available seven days a week, 24 hours a day except for periods of maintenance
and COINS operation.
8.stemBackup Facilities. There is no immediate plan for a
backup to the interactive system and all interactive users should be aware of
this fact. Many time-sharing "requirements" are unfocused; a cleaner
picture of need vs. nice-to-have must emerge. lJowever, for planning
lpu.rposes, a second 360/67 was included in the Program Call for FY 1. 973.
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One alternative could be to replace one of the presently installed IBM
360/65`s with another Mod-67. This Mod 67 could normally be run in Mod 65
mode, but switched to CP-67 in an emergency. This Mod 67 would be equi-
valent to a Mod 65 in power, but would cost approximately $5; 000 per month
more. Section V. A. describes this and other alternatives related to backup
and general expansion of system hardware facilities.
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V. THE. IBM 360/67 SYSTEM
A. Current and Planned Configuration
The IBM 360/67 computer with Drum Storage (4, 090, 000 bytes) has
replaced the IBM 360/ 50 computer. Eight additional Display Stations and
ten additional Communications Terminals have been ordered in consider-
ation of potential requirements and lengthy manufacturing schedules (for
a total of 24 Display Stations and 16 Communication Terminals either on-
hand or ordered).
Overall control of the Model 67 system will be vested in the Lincoln
Lab/IBM developed Control Program-67 (CP-67). TSMON, the Cambridge
Monitor System (CMS), several versions of OS/ 360, other monitors, and
CMS monitor, also developed by Lincoln Lab, and IBM includes language
processors and file building programs.
The hardware system consists of a Model 67 Central Processing Unit,
2-memory boxes of 260, 000 bytes each, a 4-million byte high speed drum,
a 220-million byte high speed direct access storage device, a 400-million
byte direct access strip storage (data cell) device, 3?-magnetic tape drives,
a card reader/punch, and a printer. A diagram along with a complete
listing of the planned configuration of system are included in Appendix B.
There is no fixed plan for upgrading which includes both hardware
components and dates. However, it is ass-Limed that users will react
favorably to the interactive system and require expanded services such
as additional on-line storage, remote terminals, and processing time.
The following are several upgrading alternatives. These will be reviewed
and a firm plan formulated by September 1969.
a. More direct access storage on the Mod 67. As a minimum,
the second IBM 2314 disk will be added to the system early in 1969.
At the current rate of adding files, the present 2314 will be saturated
shortly after installation on the Mod 67.
b. A second Mod 67. In order to provide backup to the Mod 67,
one of the three Mod 65's could be converted to a Mod 67. This machine
could be used as a Mod 67 or Mod 65 as the need occurred. Since the
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existing Mod 65's are saturated, they would have to be upgraded
with more memory and possibly with the addition of a drum.
Manual switching of storage devices would be required. An extension
of this plan would be the acquisition of a second Mod 67 (in addition
to the converted Mod 65) which would give the desired backup and
additional power. This would be a major decision in that the budget
commitment to, interactive systems would he double that of present.
As stated previously, a second Mod 67 was included in the FY-73 CPC
submission,
co Replacement of Mod 67 with a Mod 87. Several users have
requested that IBM add dynamic relocation hardware to the Mod 85
to produce the Mod 87e Unofficially, IBM is experimenting with
such an approach. For a long range plan, this alternative has merit.
Also, it is possible that a pair of 87's might produce enough power
to allow the creation of virtual machines equivalent to the Mod 65's
now being used by OCS0
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B. Terminals
1. Terminal Placement
The following is a list of current and planned terminals and a
brief description of their use (as known to OCS in April 1969),
Components
Active
No and Ty2 Pending
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
DD/S&T 1-2741
O/D/OCS 1-2260
OCS/APS 2-2260
1--2741
OCS/ATS 2-2260
1-2741
OCS/ISD 1-2260
1-2741.
OCS/SAD 1-2260
1-2260
1-2741
1.-1130/2?_50
OCS/M.SD 2-2260
OCS/OPS 4-2260
2-2741
OEL/ASD i-2260
OEL/GSD 1.2741
OEL/SSOC 1-2260
O ,L/SSOC 1--ASR-25
Use
Information storage and retrieval.
Program development, information
storage and retrieval
Interactive system development,
demonstrations and random use
Programmer training
Application development
11
Application development
System development and graphic
support
Application development
Technical Staff activities and general
user support
Engineering calculations; scientific
applications
Project oriented information storage,
retrieval and computations
Computer I/O of communications
paper tape
2.2
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Use
~-
Pending
FMSAC/AID
1-2260
A
Missile/space event analysis
I-2260
P
Scientific computations
1-2260
P
OSI
1-2260
P
Information storage and retrieval;
1-2741
P
computations
INTELLIGENCE:
CIA Ops Ctr
1-2741.
A
COINS, information storage and
CRS
1-2741
A
retrieval
"
PLANS:
RID
2-2260
A
File retrieval
2-2260
P
"
OS/SR&CD
3-2260
A
Security name checking
S E C 11 -E T
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2, Reuuestin~ a Terminal, This discussion on the general.
criteria and procedures used in requesting and installing terminals is
inserted at this point in the report in order to assist prospective users
of the time-sharing system.
a, General. Before requesting a terminal, the user
should be familiar with the criteria for eligibility for interactive
services, which does not necessarily substitute for batch processing
service. It is intended for:
--Applications requiring a reasonable degree of interaction
between the user at the terminal and the central computer
system.
--Applications requiring extremely short; response time; times
that must be measured in seconds (or in some cases minutes)
instead of hours,
--Applications requiring relatively little direct user input and
low.volume output going directly to the user.
- Applications involving large input/output at the terminal.
--ADP Systems involving numerous processing steps and
unique outputs. For example, payroll.
--Applications which would benefit from a remote job entry
capability, but which do not necessarily require quick
response time,
--Requirements which fall into the "nice to have" category,
but which have not been subjected to ADP systems analysis
to determine feasibility, cost, and alternative ADP methods,
--Compute -bound programs; that is, programs which will saturate
the system and cause extensive degradation in the service to
other users,
b. Preliminary Analysis of User Requirement. As in any
potential ADP application, a preliminary discussion and analysis of
the prime factors in the user's requirement should be arranged between
the user component and the appropriate applications division of OCS.
This joint user/OCS analysis should determine if interactive services
are essential or necessary to support the user requirement,
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C. Formal Request for Interactive Service. If the
preliminary analysis indicates that a valid need for interactive
services exists, the user office should submit a formal request
to OCS through the Information Processing Coordinator of the
appropriate Directorate for concurrence.
The following items should be included in the request:
--Brief explanation of the application, including normal
periods of terminal operation, frequency of terminal
use, file size, and other pertinent factors,
--Justification for interactive support in lieu of conventional
ADP support.
--Type of programming support that OCS must provide to the
user,
--Security classification and special clearance category of
data which the user will process.
--Requested operational date. This should be a reasonable
estimate based on the physical installation task schedule,
readiness of application programs, and availability of
data bases.
If existing or planned terminals cannot be utilized to provide the
requested service, the following items should. be included in the
request-
--Type of terminal desired such as IBM 2260 Display Station,
IBM 2741 Communications Terminal, DATAPORT, etc.
Except for expensive, special purpose terminals, the
rental costs of terminals connected. to OCS computers will
be budgeted and funded by OCS0
--Physical location of terminal. Terminals should be shared
to the extent feasible to minimize equipment and installation
costs. Physical security policy requires that terminals be
installed in a secure area unless (a) facilities and procedures
are available for physical disconnect in the 'computer center
and (b) the terminal area is attended while it is connected,
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Most terminals require special data communications
circuitry between the terminal and the central computer.
The cost of secure areas and communication lines will be
borne by the user office. Actual installation, of a terminal
is currently taking four to eight months, because of the
extensive coordination and approval pattern for individual
requests (see d, through h, below) and the shortage of
electricians. This work cannot be initiated without specifying
a firm physical location and firm terminal. type, since
conduit must be emplaced, wires must be pulled, and terminal
equipment must be acquired. 1'.
--User office FAN NUMBER (for charging installation costs),
d. OCS Response to Interactive Services Requests. OCS
will acknowledge user requests and send a memorandum through the
Office of Security to the Office of Communications to obtain security
approval and installation of the data communication lines. Concurrently,
OCS will begin system and software development.
e. Office of Security, The Office of Security will survey the
planned location for the terminal and review other pertinent aspects of
the operational environment; the OCS Security Officer and the responsible
OCS applications division will join in this activity. If the user, and the
computer systems analyst have performed the proper groundwork and
security requirements as explained in para. 7. c. have been met, security
approval should be fairly routine,
f. Office of Communications. After OS concurrence, the OCS
memorandum will be forwarded to the Office of Communications, where
25X1A the will prepare detailed specifications
for the installation of data communication lines. These specifications will
be coordinated with the Communications Security Staff and then be forwarded
to the Logistics Services Division, Office of Logistics.
g. Logistics Services Division. The Space Allocation and
Facilities Branch/LSD/OL will take action with the GSA building
maintenance personnel to install conduit and communication lines
between the terminal area and central computer facility.
25X1A
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J. Status of Interactive Services Requests, OCS will
act as a focal point to provide users with information concerning
the progress and status of their time-sharing service,
j. Conclusions, The OCS Interactive System is in a
developmental and initial operational phase. Uncontrolled expansion
of the system while it remains in a dynamic developmental state
could lead to processing inefficiency, difficulties in managing the
integration of facilities, and dissatisfaction from users who depend
on the system operationally. Special security procedures may be
necessary for terminal installations. Installation of data communications
lines is cumbersome, slow, and expensive. All of these factors point
to the fact that requests for support in this new and promising technology
should be carefully planned and evaluated,
C. Control Program (CP-67)
1, Structure. Control Program (GP-67) is a "super." control
program; it is not an operating system. Operating systems such as OS,
BOS, CM.S, and even the OS based I'SMON system run at a lower hierarchical
level. All are equal and subordinate to CP. The usual. operating system
performs two chief functions: resource (time, memory, device) allocation
and data management. CP performs only resource allocation. Thus,
multiple combinations of resources such as memory, tapes, and. DASD
(Direct Access Storage Device) space can be defined to CP. A package of
the above resources (memory, tapes and DASD) in effect is the equivalent
of a computer; the only missing ingredient is central processor time. CP
allocates this time by giving time increments of CPU power to each defined
combination of resources,
In. effect, we see a small control program (GP) controlling multiple
combinations of resources, each combination having its own software or
operating system. Thus, we say that CP controls imaginary computers
(virtual computers in the trade terminology). Each virtual computer can
run any I13M 360 system and program, When CP must allocate more memory
than it has, it uses hardware features of the Mod 67, and uses DASD space
to simulate the real memory requirements,
2, Problems, The installation of the hardware and the software is
an ambitious undertaking but reasonably feasible. The software task team
is a well balanced team with the necessary skills to produce a successful
and timely implementation. However, there is little backup of skill resources;
sickness, resignations, or other priority tasking of team individuals would
seriously disrupt system implementation,
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There are problems to resolve, and in all cases, approaches to
solutions are not clearly defined. The purely technical problems, in
most cases, will be solved as part of the normal workload of the
implementation team. Thus far, solutions to nearly all technical
problems have been fast. or example, the initial. draft of this paper
listed a timing pro1lem in the TSMON interaction with CP and the fact
that PL/l I/O did not execute properly under CMS. Both problems were
very serious in that major segments of the system were not usable, and
to the system user or even the pessimistic EDP manager, these two
problen-is could easily generate an attitude of "it will never work. " However,
by the time of the final draft of this paper, both problems (and many others)
had been solved by the implementation team.
Some obvious technical problems which are not totally solved as of
this time (April 69) are as follows:
a. The IBM 2 ?-60 cathode-ray tube devices do not work correctly
under some conditions,
b. There are timing inconsistencies with remote high speed
controls,
c, Not all user requested features have been incorporated into
TORQUE, the file query language,
d, The changing of the scheduling algorithm in CP to allot more
time slices to TSMON is not completed.
The most serious problems in the full implementation of time sharing
will be administrative and managerial. Access, security, types of terminals
permitted, number of terminals and data sets, physical environment for
remotes, sizes of programs, types of operating systems allowed, allocation
of data set storage, man/machine languages which are system supported,
number of predominantly computational programs, control of module
packaging, etc. are problems that can be partially solved by administrative
control and standardization. At this time, answers or even enough facts
to suggest answers are not available on these topics. The environment of
interactive services is new and unfamiliar. Only with time will enough
managerial experience emerge to administer the above problems with
assurance. In the conversion from second to third generation systems,
the list of potential problems proved to be the most valuable managerial.
checklist. Many.of the items on the list proved of no importance; others
were solved at the appropriate time; and still other unanticipated ones were
uncovered, I-Iopefully, because new applications rather than conversions are
to be implemented on the interactive system, and with sound plan.~.ning, the
above problems will be solved during the growth of interactive services,
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3, stems Availal.e Under CP, OCS presently plans to imple-
ment the TSMON, CMS, OS, and APL-360 systems; In addition, we hope
to test and evaluate other systems mentioned below.. If these prove useful
and necessary to the users, and if OCS has the resources to support these
systems, a decision will be made to do so. For a detailed description of
each of these systems, refer to the "OCS INTERACTIVE SERVICES"
report, November 1968,
a, TSMON (Time-Sharing Monitor). This is the present
OCS interactive system and is being given the highest priority for
implementation,
b, CMS (Cambridge Monitor System), This is an operating
system designed specifically to run in a paging environment under CP
and is being given next priority, Under CMS there are additional user
services available:
(1) 15a~a Set Handling. Facilities are available in CMS
for the handling of disk, card, and tape files. Most of the CMS
commands, however, require that accessed files be on disk. Thus,
card and tape files should be transferred to disk for effective use.
Commands are available for file creation, file maintenance, and file
manipulation.,
(2) Execution Control, In CMS, several commands arc
available to the user for execution control, i, e, , the loading and running
of programs. Files (or programs) which are to be loaded and run must
reside on disk and must be either in relocatable object code form or in
core-image form,
(3) Debugging Facilities, In CMS, a debugging tool is
provided to allow the user, while at his terminal, to examine and change
the contents of core locations, program status words, general purpose
registers, the channel status word, and the channel address word; to
dump portions of core at the terminal or on an offline printer; and to
stop and restart programs at any specified point or points. Two commands
allow the user to trace supervisor calls (SVC instructions),
(4) FORTRAN Language Processor, In CMS, the FORTRAN
command will compile files of FORTRAN source language into machine-
language object code. Up to 32 files may be compiled by one command
by listing the file names, and each file may contain any number of
routines,
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(5) Assembler Language Processor. In CMS the
ASSEMBLE command creates relocatable object programs from
programs written in the IBM 360 assembler language (ALC),
(6) PL/l Language Processor, In CMS, the PL/l command
compiles files of PL/1 source language into machine language object code.
c. OS (Operating System). The same version of OS/360 used
by the Computer Center will be used on the 360/67 as well. This is the
largest and most comprehensive of the several operating systems
furnished with the IBM 360, The use of other versions of OS will be
on an ad hoc basis with no guarantee of support. Until the effects of
large virtual OS machines are well understood, virtual core size for
this system will be limited to 512K bytes,
d, TDMS (Time-Sharing Data Management System). This
system enables ind)viduals with large complex data files to manage.
their data with speed and ease. Like TORQUE, II, it is oriented to
the non-programmer user, who after learning some basic commands,
can work directly with the computer to manage his data base. TDMS
permits the user to describe entries in a data base, to load them into the
machine, to ask questions about them, to perform calculations on them,
to have the data displayed on a display terminal, to obtain hard copy
reports, and to update and maintain the data base. Testing of this
system will be done to determine whether it works well under CP and
whether it can meet any user needs.
e. _ ATS (Administrative Terminal System). This system
consists of a group of application programs and related computer
equipment designed to support secretarial operations such as drafting
large texts and handling data files, Data is entered into the system
through the IBM-2741 -terminal, This system will be available for test
shortly.
f. APL-360 (A Programming Language). This is a mathe-
matically oriented language developed by IBM which is useful to the
non-programmer on a remote terminal, With a minimum of typing,
the terminal user is able to perform arithmetic operations and
complex mathematical functions and receive an immediate response.
Operations and responses can be stored in a library for future access.
This system will be available in Mid-1969.
D. Security of OCS Interactive Facilities
The purpose of this section is to acquaint users of OCS interactive
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facilities with the controls and procedures which must be observed
to ensure system security and integrity,
1. OCS Computer Center, The OCS Computer Center is an
approved secure area, Because of the nature and volume of the material
being processed in the Center, access is strictly controlled by OCS.
Requests for additions to the Computer Center Access List should be
submitted to the Security Officer, OCS and should include the employee's
name, Agency badge number and the reason for requesting access,
2, Terminal Network, Lines, conduit, junction boxes,
distribution panels and receptacles which are part of the OCS interactive
facilities communications network will be installed in accordance with
standards established by the Office of Communications and the Office of
Security for the protection of classified transmission lines,
3. Terminal Sites,- A terminal may be installed to.service one
or more offices. However, one office will he designated as the Responsible
Office. Generally, a terminal will be installed in an approved secure area,
unless provision can be made for disconnecting the terminal lines at the
Computer Center when a terminal is unattended. Proposed terminal sites
must be approved by OCS, the Office of Communications and the Office of
Security.
A staff employee assigned to the Responsible Office will be designated
as Terminal Monitor. A Terminal Monitor will he responsible for:
a,. Serving as a contact for OCS on matters relating to
the security and use of the terminal;
b. Providing for the protection and dissemination of
password and keyword data;
c. Ensuring access control at the terminal site when the
terminal is on-line;
d. Securing the terminal site when the terminal is
unattended,
h. Terminal Use, Each Responsible Office will provide the
Security Officer, OCS with the following information:
a. The normal hours of operation of the terminal. Attempts
to use the terminal at other than the specified normal operating hours
will be rejected unless prior arrangements for use of the terminal
have been made with the Chief, Operations Division, OCS.
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b. The names of personnel authorized to use the terminal,
and any additional data that may be required to identify users for
authentication purposes.
c. Any changes in the list of personnel authorized to use the
terminal.
Every individual terminal user will be responsible for immediately
reporting to the Chief, Operations Division, OCS any accidental display
of information or other unusual occurrence at a terminal possibly
connotating a failure in system security. In the event of repeated failures
at one terminal or failures at several terminals, the Chief, Operations
Division will render particular terminals or the entire system. inoperative,
until the problem has been diagnosed and remedial action has been taken,
5. Terminal Maintenance. No terminal maintenance will be
performed without the approval of the Chief, Operations Division.
Maintenance will, be performed only by cleared personnel assigned to OCS
or, in emergency situations, by uncleared persons escorted by employees
of OCS or employees of the Responsible Office who are authorized access
to the terminal.,
No terminal will be replaced or modified without the approval of the
Chief, Operations Division,
No terminal will be relocated without the approval of the Security
Officer, OCS, who will be responsible for coordinating any proposed
terminal relocation with the Office of Communications and the Office of
Security.
No electrical equipment, including telephones, will be installed or
relocated in the room in which a terminal is located without the approval
of the Security Officer, OCS,
6. Terminal Log, Each Responsible Office will be provided with
a regular copy of a Terminal Log which will contain information concerning
terminal use, users' names, files accessed, unsuccessful log-on attempts
and password and keyword failures. This log should be used for auditing
terminal-use.
7. Exceptions, Exceptions to the above procedures will be
permitted only with the approval of the Director of Computer Services,
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VI, OCS RESPONSIBILITIES
A. Available Manpower
OCS has nine staff people working on the interactive system. In
addition, IBM has committed three people, 80 percent of their time,
to aid in the design and implementation of the interactive system. Each
of the staff members has special and unique skills and a loss of any one
of these persons could seriously affect the effort. Cross-training and
qualifications back-up is somewhat limited,
Each of the three applications divisions in OCS is responsible for
determining whether applications should be implcmented in the batch or
interactive mode,. The tradeoffs in many cases are subtle and managerial
control. must be firm. Since the interactive service. is new and relatively
few examples of interactive applications can be studies, creativity must
play a dominant role in the systems analysis and design process,
B. Development Schedule
The Development. Schedule is described in terms of objective levels.
No dates have been attached to any of these objective levels since each
objective level involves many variables,
1. Objective Level One, The objective was to have the present
OCS time sharing system, TSMON, running on the Mod 67 in March with
the machine running as a Mod 65, This has been achieved and facilities
are provided which are identical to that of the Mod 50.
2. Objective Level Two, There are some obvious deficiencies in
the present system---in the monitor program system, in system services,
and in the user programs. These deficiencies are being corrected; changes
are being designed; and implementations are being integrated into the system.
In one case, the package of. TRUMP and TSAR is being replaced by a much
more sophisticated package which will be called. TORQUE II, Objective level
two is to implement this improved version of the present system and its
services on the Mod 67 which will be used as a Mod 65. Thus this level will
see an improved version of the present system operating on a more powerful
machine than the Mod 50, In objective levels one and two, none of the special
power of the Mod 67 will. be utilized,
3. Objective Level Three, This objective level. is to have CP, the
Control Program for the 67, operating with. TSMON subordinate to it. CP
must be changed to support TSMON. For example, code for the data cell
must be inserted into the CP package, TSMON supports a 2701 control. unit
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for the COINS network; coding for this control unit must be inserted
in CP. Coding for these devices in CP is being clone concurrently
with the redesign and reimplementation of TSMON modules, This
objective has been met; CP is currently running with the present
version of TSMO:N,
4, Objective Level Four, At this level it was desired to have
CP controlling not only the TSMON of the previous level but also the
operating system GMS which was especially designed for Cl"', This
CMS system will offer the additional services of PL/l, FORTRAN, ALC,
and a special edit and execute control function, Since CMS''was specially
designed to complement CP, it is anticipated that this will be a powerful
addition to the system. There should be no major problems 'in implementing
CMS under CP. A possible problem exists in that the present scheduling
algorithm in CP would schedule the same total amount of time to all
TSMON users as it schedules to each of the CMS users. Design is under-
way to change the scheduling, algorithm in CP to compensate for this time
allocation deficiency to TSMON. This system is tested and has been
running at night,
5. Ob ectivTe Level Five. In this level OCS plans to implement
the standard operating system OS as another subordinate system to CP.
Thus, the full facilities of the present system in OS would be available.
Each user of OS would use an independent copy of PCP. OS has been
successfully used and tested under CP by OCS.
6. Objective Level Six. In this level, OCS plans to install and
test various other systems such as APL/360, TDMS (Time Sharing Data
Management System), and ATS (Administrative Terminal ,System).
Assuming good results and the ability to support them, these systems
would be available with the various capabilities (and restrictions) to users.
As a development effort with a tentative December 1969 target date,
the possibility of placing multiple copies of a. single user version of
TSMON subordinate to the CP system will. be tested,
C.. Training
1. Systems Personnel, Systems Personnel and two of the IBM
personnel have attended a two week course on the CP and CMS software
at Cambridge, Massachusetts, during November 1968, Other APS personnel
have been trained on the TSMON system and its modules, A series of
tutorials on CP, CMS, and TSMON has been completed for all members of
the staff.
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2. Applications Personnel. One member of the APS staff has
been assigned as a customer and applications programmer interface. He
is designing special tutorial sections which began in January 1969 for
applications personnel who must understand the system so that they can
adapt its power to their customer's problems. These tutorials will be
internal OCS courses,
3. Coma uter Operators. One senior computer operator has
been assigned as a permanent chief of the present interactive operations.
He has the responsibility of training other personnel, This senior
operator, the systems administrator, spent one week in November at
Cambridge for detailed operator training. The operator function for
the system is complicated since the systems administrator must operate
many different systems concurrently. The systems administrator will
be learning on the job; he will be present as each of these new systems
(or now versions) arc integrated into the system,
4, Terminal Users, Terminal usage briefings are available
upon request for potential users. A person is available for group or
individual briefings. The APS customer representative has already given
several briefings explaining the interactive services that will be available
to all users.
A six-hour course and demonstration on the use of terminals is being
planned for potential customers. The course "Use of Interactive Terminals"
and the dates will be published in the June 69 issue of the OTR Bulletin.
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APPENDIX A.
ALTERNATIVE INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS
In April 1968, OCS began an evaluation of interactive systems with
the intention of selecting a hardware system to replace the IBM 360/50
in January 1969.
Many systems were considered and evaluated by OCS. The systems
studied in depth were:
a. TSMON - 50, the then current OCS time sharing system.
b. TSMON-RUSH - 50, the OCS time sharing system with LCS
(large core storage).
c. ADEPT - 50, the SDC (System Development Corporation)
I
system which is being tested by IPRD.
d.. TSMON - 65, the OCS system on a Mod 65.
e. TSMON-RUSH - 65, the OCS system with LCS on Mod 65.
f, ADEPT - 65, the SDC system on a Mod 65.
TSS ?-67, IBM's time sharing system for the Mod 67.
h. CP-67, a virtual machine system written by Lincoln Lab
and IBM for Mod 67.
i. TS-70/46, a system by RCA, written for the Spectra 70/46.
j, Duplexed small machines such as twin Mod 40's or twin
S-70/46's.
The Executive Director -Comptroller, acting on the recommendation
of the DD/S&T, approved selection of the IBM 360/67. It was ordered
for January 1969 delivery, to coincide with the planned release date of
the IBM 360 / 50.
There were many considerations in the selection of the Mod 67,
not all of which could be identified as clear pluses or minuses. Selection
was based primarily on the availability of the powerful control program
(GP-67) which performed favorably in. comparison performance tests.
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Secondly, the system was in operation--not developmental- -and did
meet all objectives for the new system as previously determined by OCS.
Negative factors were the high cost (although still within the planned
budgetary limits), and concern about potting all interactive file material
on one physical system (from a security standpoint).
a. It is a good time-sharing system with fast response and is
fully compatible with other OCS batch processing systems. It
can operate as a Mod 65, or when working in the interactive
mode, its background processing power is at least 50% of a
Mod 65.
b. The system comes very close to meeting a general capability
J or both multiprogramming and time-sharing.
c. CP-67 can provide not only a production time-sharing environment
but also-an experimental one by making each new set of facilities
an independent virtual system under CP-67. Thus experiments
can run concurrently with production to test subordinate time--
sharing systems.
d. Conversion is fairly easy. TSMON can run under CP as soon as
several new peripheral support modules are finished.
e. CP-67 has the power to expand greatly. At another installation it
is giving excellent response, both computational and query type,
to Z0-30 terminals in a routine production mode. Another user
occasionally has 60-80 terminals active. Response to peak load
conditions is an important measuring factor of a time-sharing
service, and the Mod 67 does have a powerful processing unit
which should absorb much interactive processing.
f. Manpower Resources. Several time-sharing systems have been
written for IBM 360; each can be tested as virtual systems under
CP-67, and the developed packages can be extracted or run
unchanged. No other system will give us as much software
flexibility or expansion capability as CP-67, thus it allows more
human resources to be placed on solving customer problems.
Because of CP's size and power, new devices and new functions
can and will be added. Thus, OCS must be prepared to staff this
effort with an adequate number of system programmers.
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g. It has the best internal compartmentation hardware of any one
machine, and has possibilities of being engineered to absolute compart
mentation, thus significantly, if not totally, reducing the new technical
security problem introduced by time-sharing multi.-programmned systems,
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APPENDIX B.
CONFIGURATION OF THE IBM 360/67
Qty
Lrpe
Description
1
2067-1
Processor Unit
1
1052-7
Printer Keyboard
1
2301-1
Drum Storage
2
2365-2
Processor Storage
3
2401-1
Magnetic Tape Units
16
2741-1
Communication Terminal
1
2803-1
Tape Control
1
2820-1
Storage Control
1
2860-3
Selector Channel
1
2870-1
Multiplexor Channel
1
1403-N1
Printer
1
1416-1
Train. Cartridge
24
2260-1
Display Station
2
2314-1
Direct Access Storage Facility
1
2321-1
Data Cell Drive
1
2540-1
Card Read Punch
1
2701-A(KG)
Data Adapter Unit
1
2702-1
Transmission Control.
1
2821-1
Control Unit
1
2841-1
Storage Control
3
2848-3
Display Control
6
Feature #4635 Line Adapter on 2702-1,
SN 20798
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CONFIGURATION OF THE IBM 360/67
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APPENDIX C
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Address - A label, name, or number identifying a register, memory
location, or 'I/O unit where information is stored.
Algorithm - A fixed step-by-step procedure for accomplisliing a given
result; usually a simplified procedure for solving ae,complex
problem, also a full statement of a finite number of steps.
Batching - The stacking of a number of programs or jobs in a queue for
processing. Adj. Describing the type of operating system
which inputs a linear queue of workflow.
Byte - A sequence of adjacent bits (binary digits) treated as a unit.
Bytes in most recent hardware contain 8 bits. All alpha/numeric
characters for a given machine are bytes.
CP (Control Program) -. A super control program which performs resource
allocation for subordinate operating systems (OS, CMS, TSMON, DOS
etc.). It can run only on the IBM 360/ 67.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The unit of the computer which interprets
and implements the software instructions, performs the arithmetic
and logic functions, and generally controls the logic flow of data
to and from memory and I/O components.
Code - v. t. To write the man/m a.chine language instructions for a machine.
n. The product of above writing.
Compression - Applying a formula to the bit pattern of a word to convert
it to abbreviated form in order to reduce its storage requirements.
Conversational Capability - The attribute of certain software which augments
interaction with the user in a prompting or pedagogic manner. Several
conversational man/machine languages (e. g. , SOLVE, BRUIN, etc.) and
operating systems have been written. Conversational versions of several
common man/machine languages, such as FORTRAN and PL-l, have
been implemented. on a few computer systems. CMS, although lacking
some typical conversational features, is an example of a conversational
operating system.
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Core Allocation - The assignment of specified blocks of storage to
receive blocks of instructions and/or data.
DOS - A disc oriented operating system for the IBM 360 with fewer
capabilities than O. S.
Data Set - A. collection of related records treated as a unit, In the past,
commonly referred to as a file. i
Debugging - The process of isolating and correcting all malfunctions and/or
mistakes in a piece of equipment or a computer program.
Diagnostics - Pertains to the detection, discovery, and further isolation of
a malfunction or a mistake.
Dynamic Relocation - The relocating of computer programs and data in
memory while`the program is executing. In some systems,
particularly in time sharing systems, this relocation may be
frequent such as between sequential instructions. Generally,
special hardware is necessary to perform this relocating efficiently.
Hardware - The mechanical, magnetic, electrical and electronic devices
or components of a computer,
Hashing -- A method of converting a word into a bit pattern which can be
used for various purposes, such as error checking or as a
simplified and efficient address to the location of the word or a
record containing the word,
I/O - The abbreviation for Input/Output.
IPL - The abbreviation for Initial Program Load which refers to loading
the operating system., This is the first function to be performed
in placing a software system on hardware for processing.
Indexing - A method of quickly locating information in a file; look-up
consists of a search of the index in which is stored the address
of the location for the information.
Interactive - Describes a computer system or method in which the user
interacts directly with the machine, entering commands and
receiving responses. Generally, it is assumed that the delay
between command and response is short enough to keep the
user's mind occupied with the problem at hand (i. e, , not diverted
elsewhere while the machine is busy).
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Interface - A common boundary; e, g, , a boundary or unit between two
systems, two software modules, or two devices. In computer
systems, interfaces among software modules are designed very
carefully, since the volume and speed of data transfers at these
points is high and prone to excessive error rates.
Language - A defined vocabulary and grammar used by humans to give
commands to a computer. Such languages range from primitive
cryptic languages in symbolic mnemonics to sophisticated
expressive languages in scientific notation or in n4 tural language
vocabulary and syntax.
Library - The filed collection of available and use-proved computer
programs, either printed, kept on tapes, or in random-access
file for quick checking, reference, or use with or without
modification,
Multiprocessing - Describes a system in which two or more central
processing units of the same type are connected to share processing
managed by a single operating system. Programs which are
processed may use any of the central processors dynamically
assigned by an availability-demand algorithm. Generally,
multiple connections of systems in which the scheduling algorithm
does not permit program sharing of the CPU's are not considered
full or true multi-processing systems (e. g. , the Attached Support
Processing System. for the IBM 360). A true multiprocessing
system such as the CDC-6500, the GE-600 series, and the IBM
SIESTA. (Z IBM 360/65's connected) is designed to operate either
(a) in a master/slave mode in which one CPU contains the single
operating system or (b) in an equivalence mode in which the
operating system uses all CPU's.
Multiprogramming - A technique in an operating system for handling
numerous routines or programs simultaneously by overlapping
or interleaving their execution: i, e, , permitting more than
one program to share machine resources. Typically, programs
in such a system are processed by a priority scheduling algorithm
,which allots the highest priority program all the central processor
time which it can profitably use,
Operating System - An organized collection of software techniques and pro-
cedures which creates a capability to process programs efficiently.
Operating systems generally are designed to utilize the hardware
efficiently (batch systems) or to service customers efficiently
(interactive systems). The tvvo principal functions of a system
are to distribute resources such as memory, I/O components,
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On-line - Descriptive of a system and peripheral equipment or devices
in which the operation of such equipment is-under the control of
the central processing unit.
O. S. (Operating System) - The official name for the most sophisticated
of the various IBM produced systems for the series of larger
standard IBM 360's, (Models 40, 50, .65, 75, 85.)
Overhead - The amount of time the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is
devoted to performing System's functions, i. e. , the allocation
of resources and data management.
PL/l (Programming Language 1//1) - This procedural language was designed
by IBM as a general purpose language for 3rd generation computers.
It has features which enhance the utilization of the most recent
hardware advances. In addition to the usual compile time
diagnostics, it has execute time diagnostics, and sophisticated
on/off optional; debtiggi.ng features. The language has the
capabilities for scientific, commercial, real-time, and command/
control use. In addition to its extensive use on IBM 360, it is
being implemented on 3rd generation equipment on several other
manufacturers.
Page -- A specified. number of bytes which can be instructions and/or
data. The size is fixed per system and is usually a power of
two such as 4096 (?.12) for the IBM 360/67.
Paging - The dynamic transferring or exchanging of pages between memory
and external direct access I/O components. In general use, the
term implies the dynamic exchanges of the executable pages of
a program from a virtual memory to and from a real memory. In
the TSMON system, paging as used. in PAM, the paging access
method, means the management of efficiently packed data sets.
Partitioned Core Storage - Separating core memory into partitions.
Generally, this is done so that independent programs can be
placed in separate partitions for concurrent processing. The
technique of using fixed size partitions is generally easier to
implement than that which uses dynamically variable sized
partitions. The general use of the term implies fixed size
partitions.
Peripheral. - Not part of the main unit. Peripheral components of a
computer include such devices as tape drives, card readers/
punches, printers, drums, and disks. Sometimes, srnal.l
computers which support a larger computer are termed
peripheral systems.
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Queues - A number of items or persons waiting for service.
RJE (Remote Job Entry Terminal) - Small remote peripheral computer. to
handle input and output to and from a larger processor--typical
input media is card reader and typical output media is a Printer
and Punch. Normal use is to enter batch-type jobs remotely.
Register - A term to designate a specific computer unit for, processing
a group of bits or bytes. Registers have specific functions
which generally can be exploited in efficient ways during
programming,
Remote Terminal - A communication device remotely situated but electrically
connected to a computer providing services of the system,
Routines - A sequence of machine instructions that carry out a defined
function.
SYSGEN - Process of generating the operating system. In this process
the specific capabilities which are desired for the system are
extracted from the master system file, and matched to the
specific hardware configuration.
Software - All of the products which arc required to produce the al.gorithnms,
instructions, and procedures to make the hardware produce the
desired results,
SPOO 'Z'ing - Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line which implies that
the central computer will simultaneously perform the initial input
operations (generally card reading) for one task, the final output
operations for another task (generally printing and card punching),
and the main processing for a 3rd task.
TSMON - Time Sharing Monitor System which has been developed by the
Office of Computer Services for the IBM 3600
Third Generation - Term describes computers designed and produced after
1964; distinguishing advances include:
1. Solid logic technology.
2. More efficient packaging of miniaturized components.
3. Sophisticated interrupt logic.
4. Powerful I/O multiplexing"
5. Capability of processing both "byte" and "word" data,
Typical software advances include: advanced multiprogramming
and time-sliced operating systems with conversational language
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Throughput -- Total production of system.
Time-Sharing - The sharing of predefined central processor time among
multiple concurrent users. Central Processor time, in addition
to other resources such as memory and storage space, can be
allocated to concurrently running programs in operating systems,
whether these systems are batch or interactive service oriented.
The term, time-sharing, as generally used implies use in an
interactive system. In an interactive system the technique for
sharing the time is to interrupt the time distribution to each user
on either of two factors, a) unable to use central processor time
prifitably, i. e. , he is in the WAIT state, or 2) exhausting of his
time allocation, In the interactive system, generally all users have
equal priorities and equal time allocations.
Turnaround - The particular amount of time that is required for a computa-
tion task to get fron.~ the programmer to the computer, onto the
machine for a)-cst:or production run, and back to the programmer
in the form of the desired results.
Virtual - is synonomous with imaginary.
Virtual Machine - An imaginary machine (X bytes of core, Y tape drives,
Z cylinders of direct core storage) which is requested by a
computer user; a central computer in turn simulates this
imaginary machine and p7 ovi.des the user with equivalent services.
Virtual Memory - The imaginary core memory which is simulated by a
central machine for a user; this imaginary core memory actually
is derived from some combination of core and direct access storage.
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SECRET
SECRET
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INTERACTIVE SERVICES USER'S GUIDE
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OCS has been providing interactive services on an experimental
basis for approximately two years. Effective 6 October 1969, Version 1
of the interactive services system will be implemented for general
customer usage. OCS intends to provide a stable and reliable system
for the customer/user; however, conversion from an experimental to
production system is a task, not only for OCS, but for the users. With
Version 1, OCS most likely will encounter some unforeseen problems
which should be communicated to facilitate changeover. The system
will be defined and documented as of the implementation date and will
have no major changes until Version 2 is formally announced. (Some
minor changes will be made if errors are found in the announced
operational capability.)
The OCS Interactive System} is general purpose and complex, offering
a large variety of services to its users, It is unlikely that any one user
will utilize all of the system services but will choose a subset of services
which meet his specific requirements. For this reason, the user's guide
does not incorporate all of the system documentation; rather it outlines
the system and makes reference to applicable manuals, available on
request. Each user will construct his own manual by adding his documenta-
tion to the back of the guide.
On-line terminal operation is distinctly different from traditional
batch processing. The user himself is interacting with the system and
thus he must learn the commands necessary to process his requirement
properly. Learning to use the on-line terminals is not difficult, but the
user must take the initiative to learn on his own, Most manuals which are
already written are very adequate for self-teaching; and thus, rather than
condense or produce abstracts for inclusion in this guide, reference to these
manuals will be made where applicable, Several informal tutorials are
scheduled for initial users, and several courses are scheduled beginning
December 1969.
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Section 1. Introduction ....................................... 1
Section 2. Hardware Facilities ................................2
General ................................................2
Storage Media .......................................... 2
Disk ..............................................2
Drum ............................................. 2
Magnetic Tape ......................................2
Terminals ............................................. 3
IBM 2260 Display Station ............................ 3
IBM 2741 Communications Terminal .................. 3
Hours of Operation ..................................... 3
Acquiring a Terminal ................................... 3
Allocation of Hardware Resources to Users ............... 4
Section 3. Software Facilities ................................ 6
General ................................................6
CP (Control Program) ...................................6
TSMON (Time Sharing Monitor) .......................... 7
CMS (Cambridge Monitoring System) ..................... 7
EDIT .............................................. 8
FORTRAN .........................................8
PLI ............................................... 8
BRUIN ............................................ 8
A LC ...............................................8
APL/360 (A Programming Language) ..................... 8
Section 4. Description and Operation of Terminals ............. 10
IBM Communications Terminal .......................... 10
General Description ................................10
Operator Controls ................................. 10
Procedure for Entering Data ........................ 11
Typing Errors ..................................... 11
Abnormal Operation ................................ 12
IBM 2260 Display Station ................................12
General Description ................................ 12
Operator Controls ................................. 13
Procedure for Entering Data ........................ 14
Control Symbols ................................... 14
Typing Errors ..................................... 14
Abnormal Operation ................................ 15
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Section 5. Operating Procedures .............................. 16
CMS .................................................. 16
Initial LOGIN Procedure ............................. 16
LOGOUT Procedure ................................ 17
APL 360 ..............................................18
Sign on Procedure ..................................18
Sign Off Procedure ................................. 19
TSMON ............................................... 20
Section 6. List of Supplementary User Documentation ........... 21
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Section 1, Introduction
An Interactive Services System consists of a central computer
which services many users simultaneously by giving each user control
of the computer for a small portion of time. An interactive system
includes the operating system software, the hardware, and the users
The operating system hardware is used to efficiently utilize the computer
in performing its functions. The hardware is the physical equipment
used to process the data and consists of processors, primary memories,
peripherals (terminals and file memories), control, and switches. The
user's system includes the remote terminals, files, and the user
process. The remote terminals are the communications link between
the user and the system and comprise typewriters, printers, cathode
ray tube displays, etc. The files are the information that is retained
within the system for recall by the user. The user process is the
procedure that directs the system in processing the user's particular
application. The central computer, through its system's software,
allocates the hardware and operating system software to keep track
of and maintain the user's files on storage devices.
The interactive system is managed by an Interactive Systems
Administrator who is in Operations Division of OcS, and he manages
the requests as to amount, size, and number of storage areas and types
of services required by the users.
Most users are assigned a USERID (user identification code) which
defines a virtual hardware configuration and one or more software
systems available to this USERID. More than one user (from the same
administrative unit, office, division, etc.) may be assigned to the same
virtual system,
a. if the virtual hardware configuration for each user is
identical and,
bo if the one permanent disk space which is assigned to this
virtual configuration is for its exclusive use.
Thus, when the user logs in, this entire virtual system is allocated to
him, and he has at his disposal a hardware and software system which
should give him service similar to that provided by his small personal
dedicated computer. Some users are not given their own virtual system,
but rather they are attached to an existing virtual system. In these cases
the virtual system (examples are TSMON and APL\360) is itself an
interactive system which distributes shared computer power and other
resources to the attached users,
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The IBM 360 series consists of twelve models, of which eight
are generally compatible to the others, The IBM 360/67 is one of
those which does not conform to the standard IBM 360 line. In essence,
it is an IBM 360/65 which has relocatable addressing capability to
improve memory paging speeds, and it is particularly adaptable to
time-sharing or interactive systems. A user writes his program
on the assumption that his instructions are at fixed address locations
in memory. However, special systems software which can dynamically
relocate sections of a users program to other available spaces in
memory and yet accurately relocate and use these instructions when
needed is used to fit all active programs in the machine concurrently,
The IBM 360/67 which is installed in OCS has about a half million
bytes of memory. The central processor of the machine can access
eight bytes of core memory in less than one microsecond and has
interrupt capabilities to keep track of many storage devices and terminal
devices concurrently. It also has special high-speed channels for the
concurrent transfer of data to high-speed devices and multiplexing channels
for the concurrent transfer of data to many slow speed devices. The
dynamic relocatable addressing needed for time sharing is facilitated
at high speed by the use of eight associative registers (this facility is
what makes the 360/67 basically different from the 360/65).
Disk - The system has two large-capacity, high-speed IBM 2314
direct access storage facilities which allow storage of over 400 million
bytes of information. The average access time is 60 milliseconds and
the data transfer rate is 312 thousand bytes per second. The cylinder
cost runs about $4 per month,
Drum - The system contains a high-speed drum having a 4 million
byte capacity which is not available to the user directly. It is used
primarily by the system control programs for storing intermediate data
and inactive portions of programs. It can be considered an economical
extension of core memory.
Magnetic Tape - There are three IBM 2401 high speed magnetic
drives (one seven-track and two nine-track) having a tape data rate of
90-thousand bytes per second. Storage on magnetic tape provides to
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the user the lowest cost method of data storage and retrieval.
P-space is still required to hold the tape data, however, if a person
plans to use tape storage in anticipation of T-space later, then he
would have an effecient and economical system. The tape is used
to load data onto a disk for on-line use. Disks will not normally
be physically mounted or remounted for users.* A magnetic tape
which costs $12 can hold 20 million bytes of data, and if the user
is willing to accept the delay of retrieving his tape from the library
and loading it on the system, he may have a fairly efficient on-line
system at minimum cost.
IBM 2260 Display Station is an alpha-numeric cathode ray tube
(CRT) display station with a keyboard attached. The keyboard is for
data entry, and the CRT provides visual input/output.
IBM 2741 Communications Terminal is a printer/keyboard
terminal for transmission of text or data to or from the interactive
system.
Although the above two terminals are considered "standard, " and
will satisfy more needs, other terminals can be connected to the system,
and requests for them will be considered.
The hours from 0800-1000, Monday through Friday, are reserved
for TSMON (the original OCS interactive system), running as a stand-
alone system. Each day at 1000 hours, the system will be down in order
to load the Control Program (CP). It is anticipated that the full system
will be operational by 1020 each day. Generally, at all other times, the
system will be running. Exceptions: (a) depending on the time-sharing
load, Operations may pre-empt the use of the machine for routine batch
processing on evenings and weekends; (b) hardware and software maintenance.
The policy and procedure for obtaining a terminal is covered fully
in the Status and Planning Report for OCS Interactive Services dated
April 1969 (Paragraph V, B, 2, ), It is strongly recommended that potential
users of interactive services use the computer terminals which are
`cAt most, interchanging of one disk pack will be permitted and only by
request to the Interactive System Administrator.
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currently operational in the computer center and in other locations
before initiating requests for their own terminals. Such action will
enable the user to develop and test his plans for interactive appli-
cations in the shortest possible time and will enable him to make
better judgments in selecting the type of computer terminal best
oriented to his applications.
Each potential user requires some share of the interactive hard-
ware for processing his programs. When using TSMON, he needs a
terminal assigned to the TSMON virtual machine. In addition, he needs
a password. Other resources are managed for him by the system. When
using APL\360, he needs an unassigned 2741 terminal; i, e. , one which
is not attached to TSMON, and an assigned work space which is made
available when an account number is assigned. Disk space under APL\360
is given in 8-page (page - 4096 bytes) increments. Experience has
shown that the great bulk of APL users seldom require more than one
work space and indeed, those using APL primarily as a desk calculator
need no permanent space (which can be so specified). When using CMS,
he needs a "virtual machine" with a defined memory size, peripheral
devices such as card reader/punch, printer, his terminal, tape drives,
disk space, his identifier, and his password. All such requests for
hardware resources are sent to the Interactive Systems Administrator,
Operations Division, OCS, who manages these resources.
A hardware configuration of a "virtual machine" under CMS is
composed of temporary and permanent resources. With the exception of
P-space (permanent disk space), all resources are temporary and are
used only when the user is active. P-space is reserved on-line at all
times and thus is relatively expensive. (The T-space or temporary disk
space facility has not yet been implemented.) Total P-space is finite
and only this finite space can be allotted.
P-space must be defined as numbers of cylinders (a cylinder=140, 000
bytes), Administrative units, such as Offices, are given a number of
cylinders which they, in turn, must distribute as minidisks (a number of
cylinders of P-space) to virtual machine users within the unit. Each
user may be given one or more minidisks and each minidisk may or may
not be also assigned to other users. Thus, P-space which is to be used
for a commonly shared data base can be multi-assigned. Each minidisk
is assumed to be read/write for a user unless specified "read only." The
shared space may be read/write for one user but "read only" for another.
1 practical minimum minidisk or P-space allotment is four cylinders,
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Example of Hardware Resources Allocation Request
Let us assume Office X has been allotted 20 cylinders of P-space
which it distributes as 4 minidisks as follows:
User
Core
Cylinders**
Black
256k
1-4
5-10*
Brown
512k
11-14
Jackson
256k
5-10*
Jones
256k
11-14*
Morrison
256k
5-10
Smith
256k
5-10
Towns
256k
15-20
"Read Only
**Note that a minidisk must be shared; no subsets.
Thus, one role of the Systems Administrator is to review requests
for P-space and keep allocations to a workable level for the common good
of all users. Unless otherwise specified, the Systems Administrator
gives all virtual machines a console (which is his terminal, a 2741 or a
2260), a card reader/punch, and a printer. The terminal cannot be attached
to TSMON.
Core size of his virtual machine must be defined. Users must limit
their requested sizes to that which is needed. Although the core is transient
and only allotted when the user is active, it becomes real at that time and
consumes a portion of the finite space. An excessive number of large core
requests running at a given moment would cause a larger proportion of paging
to be from the disk which in turn degrades performance for all. It is
suggested that initial core size requests be for 256k unless the requestor
has a valid reason for a higher figure.
5
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The operating system software for interactive services is con-
siderably different from that of the usual batch system. Although time
slicing (or sharing) is a common characteristic of both software
systems, the essential difference on an interactive system is that the
termination of a time slice to a given terminal user is determined not
only by a hardware interrupt but also by a certain maximum time alloca-
tion. No one user can monopolize the system since he is automatically
terminated after using his allocated time slice and control is passed to
the next user. The many variables of computing load, I/O use, number
of active users, systems overhead, channel conflicts, timing dependencies,
etc. , make it nearly impossible to predict performance at a specific time.
Undoubtedly, at some times, response time will degrade, but it is hoped
that by analysis from users of constructive feedback, measurement
programs, and simulation, OCS can improve the performance to a satis-
factory level.
The software system which OCS uses contains concurrent opera-
ting systems, i. e. , the Mod 67 Control Program (CP) manages resource
allocation to subordinate operating systems. Each subordinate operating
system runs on its own virtual hardware configuration similar to its
private dedicated IBM-360 system.
Questions concerning any portion of the Interactive Systems Software
(CP, CMS, APL, etc.) should be directed to Chief, Technical Staff, Opera-
tions Division, OCS.
CONTROL PROGRAM (CP)
CP is a software system which allocates the resources of the machine;
that is, time, memory, compute power, and storage space. CP controls
the operating systems. CP intercepts instructions which might cause a
conflict of control, analyzes the instructions, and if necessary, translates
these into appropriate equivalent commands in the Mod 67 language, and
then executes them. It is CP which gives the system its flexibility. Theore-
tically, any software system which runs on a standard IBM-360 can be
implemented subordinate to CP.
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TSMON (TIME SHARING MONITOR)
TSMON is a time-sharing interacting operating system developed
by OCS. This operating system, which can run as a stand-alone system
on a standard IBM 360, runs subordinate to CP. In essence, it is our
own time-sharing system which, in turn, shares time and resources
with other systems running under CP, such as OS, APL, and CMS. To
begin operation, the OCS computer operator will IPL (Initial Program
Load) TSMON and through use of unique CP commands, will assign
specific terminals to operate with this system. These terminals will
routinely be defined as TSMON terminals and will function only as such
while the TSMON system is operating. If a user of one of the "defined
TSMON terminals" desires to use his terminal for other operating
systems (CMS, APL, OS), it will be necessary to notify the OCS computer
operator prior to the loading of CP (each morning, or whenever reloading
is necessary), so that the terminal can be detached from the TSMON
system. Note that the terminal cannot be detached once the CP system is
up. TSMON itself is a virtual machine under CP, and remote terminals
are attached to it through which users interact. TSMON receives a time
slice and other necessary resources from CP which it, in turn, distributes
to its users. A 100k portion of its virtual memory is reserved for remote
batch processing, and any residual time which remains of this time slice
is allocated to remote batch. The users of the batch services should note
that under the stand-alone TSMON system, they were allotted the residual
time of the total system. Under the new system, they will receive only
the residual time of the time slice which is allotted to the TSMON system.
Thus, batch processing in TSMON under CP may be considerably degraded;
however, more or less equivalent services are provided under the CMS
system. Information pertaining to operation under TSMON is available
on request (see section 6).
CMS (CAMBRIDGE MONITORING SYSTEM)
Cambridge Monitoring System is an operating system which has been
specially written for a paging environment (CP uses paging for dynamic
memory allocation) and works efficiently under CP. The system and its
commands have been simplified and have been designed for easy inter-
action with the user at a remote terminal. A user of CMS has his own
virtual machine and, in effect, has a slice of time equivalent to the slice
which is given to all TSMON or to all APL users.
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Note: As of 3 October 1969, the software support for the
IBM 2260 terminal was not handling CMS properly.
CMS can be used via the IBM 2741 terminals. Call
extension 5717 for information as to availability of
the IBM 2260 for CMS.
The following services are available under CMS. If you are using
one or more of these services, documentation pertaining to the service
is available on request (see Section 6).
EDIT - The Edit Program allows the creation of data files and
on-line editing of this file. Typical uses for such a file would be to
create a data set for query or to create source programs which later
would be compiled, linked, and executed.
FORTRAN - FORTRAN-G programs can be compiled, linked, and
executed with simple commands. FORTRAN SSP (Scientific Subroutine
Packages) are available under CMS.
PLI - PL-l programs can be compiled, linked, and executed.
BRUIN - The Brown University Interactive Language is an inter-
pretive language for conversational and computational programming. It
is a language designed to prompt the user when he makes errors and
allow him to make changes and corrections while on the system. Execu-
tion time of this interpretive language is somewhat slower than that of
programs which are truly compiled, linked, and executed.
ALC - (Assembly Language Coding) Standard IBM 360 assembly
programs can be assembled, linked, and executed under CMS. Macros
are available.
APL` 360
APL\360 is a multiple terminal (specially modified 2741 terminals
only) supported operating system which runs on a standard IBM 360. The
system was designed especially to implement multiple terminal use of
APL (A Programming Language). APL has been developed over a several-
year period by K. Iverson, IBM, and has been described in several books
and articles. It is an algebraic language that is winning an enthusiastic
following in universities and schools, and aradual].y in industry. It could
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change the programming habits of the entire computing community
because the language is proving useful for business applications as well
as for scientific work. The proponents of APL claim that the language
is easy to learn, simple yet powerful to use, and more efficient per
statement than any other computing language. Documentation regarding
APL\360 is available on request (see Section 6).
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Section 4. Description and Operation of Terminal
IBM 2741 COMMUNICATIONS TERMINAL
General Description
The IBM 2741 Communications Terminal consists of an IBM
Selectric typewriter and the electronic controls needed for communi-
cation with the time-sharing system.
All controls for the typewriting functions of the terminal, such
as the line space lever, paper release lever, impression control lever,
etc. , are identical to the corresponding controls on any IBM Selectric
typewriter and operate accordingly.
Characters entered into the system from the terminal appear
in lower case on the terminal and output from the system is printed
in upper case.
Operator Controls
1. LCL/CQM - When set to COM, it allows terminal interaction
with the system. With switch set to LCL, terminal functions
as a Selectric typewriter.
2, RETURN - Causes a carriage return and is depressed to
enter each line of input from the keyboard.
3, ATTN - Used to generate an attention interrupt, and it may
be pressed at any time. It is generally used to switch
environments from CP to CMS (or vice versa), to correct
lines in APL, or to unlock the keyboard in TSMON.
4. BACKSPACE - Used for correcting erroneous characters
by backspacing over the incorrect character, then typing
over it.*
5, TAB - Pressing this key advances the carrier to the next
pre-set tab stop.
6. CLR/SET - Sets or clears the tab stops. It it is desired
to clear all of the tab settings, position the carrier at the
extreme right, and while holding down the CLR (Clear)
portion of the key, press the RETURN key.
*TSMON only
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7, ON/OFF - Turns power on or off,
Notee Turn off the terminal when not in use. Turning
the terminal off initiates an automatic log off of
the terminal,
8. MARGIN STOP (left and right) - The arrow-like indicators
above the keyboard set the margins. To set the margin stop,
push in and slide to the desired margin position,
9, MAR REL - While depressed, releases both margin stops
if it is desired to type beyond either margin setting.
Procedure for Entering Data
The basic input from the terminal is a line consisting of 1 to 120
characters, After typing the desired line of data, depress the RETURN
key to transmit the information to the computer,
Typing Errors
CMS System
If a wrong character is typed, it can be corrected immediately by
typing the erase character @ right after the incorrect character.
The ro@ight charz@acter
--is read as--
THE RIGHT CHARACTER
If the erase character is typed more than once, it erases as many characters
as there are erase characters.
The rgi@@ight character
--is read as--
THE RIGHT CHARACTER
If it is desired to erase a line of characters up to the point where you are
typing, then enter the character c (the KILL character) and then retype the
line from that point.
then righte character is ~ the right character is wrong.
--is read as--
THE RIGHT CHARACTER IS WRONG
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TSMON System
For typographic errors occurring before the message is trans-
mitted to the system (before depressing the RETURN key), backspace
to the incorrect character or characters, type in the correction, then
continue entering the line,
Note: All characters beyond the corrected character must be
retyped since spacing over a character erases it.
APL\ 360 System
Position the carriage to the incorrect character, then strike the
ATTN key, type in the correction, then continue entering the line.
Note: Backspacing serves only to position the carriage and
does not cause erasure or deletion of characters.
Abnormal Operation
Terminal Keys Frozen: Depress the ATTN key, If the keys
remain frozen, there is a malfunction in the terminal or the system.
Notify the computer center operator on extension 57170
IBM 2260 DISPLAY STATION
General Description
The basic Display Station contains a cathode ray tube (CRT),
which serves as a viewing screen, and the circuitry required to cause
the video signals received from the Display Control to be projected on
the screen as meaningful data,
A total of 64 different characters can be displayed on the 2260
Display Station CRT:
26 alphabetical characters
10 numerical characters
25 special symbols
3 control symbols (Cursor, Check, and Start Manual Input symbols)
All input and output communication is visibly projected on the screen
which allows viewing of 12 rows with up to 80 characters per row.
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Operator Controls
Note-, Underscoring indicates that SHIFT key must be depressed for
this function.
1,
SI-IIFT - Enables selection of special characters or functions
on upper half of keys,
2.
ADVANCE - Advances cursor one display position,
3.
SPACE/ERASE - Erases character to the right of the cursor
and advances the cursor one position,
4.
BKSP - Backs cursor by one position with no erasures,
5,
ERASE DISPLAY - Puts check symbol in cursor position and
advances cursor to next position.
6,
ERASE DISPLAY - Erases entire display and locates cursor
in the upper left-hand corner,
7,
UP - Moves cursor up one line, If cursor is on top line,
it will go to the last line,
8,
START - When no start symbol is present, it places the start
symbol in the position the cursor was in prior to pressing
the key. If a start symbol is displayed when the key is
depressed, everything between the start symbol and the
cursor is erased.
9,
ENTER - Puts check symbol in the cursor position.
10.
ENTER - All data between the start symbol and the cursor
is transferred to the computer,
11.
PRINT - No application.
12,
PRINT - No application,
13,
DOWN - Cursor moves down one line.
bottom line, it will go to the top line.
If the cursor is on the
14,
NEW LINE - No application.
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Control Symbols
The horizontal arrow ( lop- ) represents the "start" symbol and
indicates the beginning of the line of data that is to be transferred to
the computer.
The vertical bar ( I ) or "cursor" is an automatically inserted,
visual marker that denotes the display position on the screen that the
next character entered will occupy.
The check symbol ( Q ) indicates that a parity error was detected
in the data transferred to the computer. A check symbol is displayed in
place of each character error detected.
Procedure for Entering Data
1. Before logging on, the cursor must be positioned immediately
to the right of the start symbol in column 1 ( -I )?
2. Key in the message you wish to transmit to the computer. The
information will be visually displayed on the screen.
3. Place the keyboard in the shift condition and depress the ENTER
key. This transmits to the computer all information between the start
symbol and the cursor.
Typing Errors
For typographic errors occurring before transmitting data to the
computer (i. e. , before pressing the ENTER key):
1. Backspace (BKSP key) the cursor (' ) to the left of the
character to be corrected.
2. Type in the correct character over the incorrect one.
3. To erase a character, perform Step 1 above, then depress the
SHIFT key and SPACE /ERASE bar simultaneously.
4. Advance the cursor to the right of the final character in the
message before depressing the ENTER key. Remember that only the data
between the start symbol and the cursor will be transmitted to the computer.
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Abnormal Operation
1. If terminal keys are frozen, depress the ERASE DISPLAY
key and then the SHIFT and ENTER keys,
2a If keys remain frozen, this indicates that the terminal is
defective or the Time-Sharing System is down. Notify the
computer operator on extension 5717,
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Section 5, Operating Procedures
CMS
Initial LOGIN Procedure
1. Turn the terminal ON and if using a 2741, check to make sure
the LCL/COM switch is set to COM,
2. The following message will be displayed or printed:
cp/ 67 online xdh65 s osu
This is followed by a carriage return, Ignore the "xdh65 gsyosu"
portion of the message as this is for system use only.
3. If using a 2741, depress the ATTN key. A slight click will be
heard after which the keyboard is ready for typing,
4. Enter the command LOGIN followed by your user ID,, The system
will display or print:
ENTER PASSWORD
5. Enter your password. The password will not be printed on
the 2741 and will immediately be erased after entry on the
2260. The following message will be displayed or printed:
READY AT 15, 38, 33 on 09/18/69
This message, which shows the time and date, indicates that
you are ready to IPL the CMS operating system or request
your minidisks (P-space).
6. If you have a virtual hardware configuration which does not
share minidisks with other virtual machines (others may be
sharing this machine with you), go to step 8.
7, If your virtual machine (which you may be sharing with others)
shares minidisks with other virtual machines, you must LINK
to the desired minidisks and give the passwords for those
minidisks
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Enter the following command:
link math l9e 191w (w=read/write, r=read)
where math is the name of the minidisk and l9e is its
virtual address. (The name, virtual address, and password
for the minidisk will have been previously supplied to you.)
The system responds with the following message:
[ENTER PASSWORD
The user must now enter the password for the minidisks
Link other minidisks as above if needed.
8. Enter the following command:
ipl cms
Note; If this command does not work, enter the command:
ipl 190
9, The system responds with the following message:
CMS,, , VERSION i. 6 **06/ 01 / 69
At this point, you are logged into CMS and are able to use any of
the services available in this program. Refer the applicable
documentation for utilization of these services (refer to Section
6),
LOGOUT Procedure
1, To log out of CMS enter the command LOGOUT. The system
responds with a message similar to following:
KEY =1. 19/7, 49 17, 00, 16
CP ENTERED, REQUEST, PLEASE,
2, To log out of CP again enter the command LOGOUT. The system
responds with a message similar to the following:
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connect=00, 08, 15 virtcpu=000, 00, 38 totcpu=000, 02, 55 I
LOGOUT AT 16, 11, 23 ON 09/18/69
-5/ 67 online xdh65 c syosu
CP/67 is now logged put,
APL\360
Since APL\360 is a separate system (really a self-contained
interactive system like TSMON), it has been implemented on its own
virtual machine subordinate to CP. However, in order to streamline
the user's access to APL\360 under CP, a special command, "DIAL, "
has been implemented to allow the user to bypass some hierarchical
structure and access APL\360 directly.
This APL\360 system can be run only on a 2741 terminal which
has interchangeable typing elements and has the characters and symbols
printed on the front side of the typewriter keys.
Sign on Procedure
1, Ensure that the APL,, typing element is on the 2741 terminal,
Note: If replacing element, be sure to handle the element
carefully.
2. Turn the terminal ON and check to make sure the LCL/COM
switch is set to COM,
3, The following message will be displayed or printed:
LCP/67 online xdh65 s osu
This is followed by a carriage return. Ignore the "xdh65 qsyosu"
portion of the message as this is for the system use only.
4. Depress the ATTN key. A slight click will be heard after
which the keyboard is ready for typing.
5. Enter the following command:
dial apl
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The system will respond with the following message:
... connected.. .
6. The user now enters a right piren, his numerical account
number, and password (if used) separated by a colon, e. g. ,
)47602:password
7. The system responds with a message similar to the following:
003" 16.13. 5 09/18/69 CLYDE
APL 360
Note: If "APL? 360" is printed in the above message it
indicates that the wrong 4PL typing element is on
the terminal.
The first series of numbers indicate that the user is the third
to dial into APL, the second series of numbers is the time,
the third is the date, and the fourth word is the user's ID.
APL is now dialed in, and you may proceed with the program.
Sign Off Procedure
Enter a left paren followed by the appropriate sign off command,
e. g. , )OFF, )OFF BOLD, )CONTINUE, )CONTINUE HOLD.
Refer to documentation for description of the commands.
The system responds with a message similar to the following:
003 16.16. 09 09/18/69 CLY
Connected Q. 02. 44 To Date 1. 36. 52
CPU Time 0. 00. 02 To Date 0. 00. 02
L
CP/67 LOGOFF
CP/67 ONLINE XDH65 QSYOSU
The APL operating system is now signed off. Remove the APL
typing element and replace with the standard terminal typing
element
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Under Version 1, TSMON will only be available to "defined
TSMON terminals" (ref. TSMON, Section 3), When the system is
operating, the user is automatically logged into the CP/CMS system,
and the terminal is operated normally. There are no system log in
procedures required except as required by TSMON itself,
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Section 6. List of Supplementary User Documentation
The following is a list of documentation available to the user to
support the system or systems that he has. The user will not be issued
all documentation but rather will build his own user's guide according
to his needs. Documentation may be obtained by calling extension 7331.
The CP/CMS Program and Documentation exceeds 1, 300 pages and is
not available for gene ral'distribution. Copies will be located for easy
reference by users. The EDIT, PLI, and SCRIPT commands have been
extracted from the manual and since these are expected to be more widely
used, will be available as documentation.
The same is true for APL-360 Program and Documentation. The
user should extract sections of the manual that are relevant to his parti-
cular needs.
Level 1
CP/CMS Program & Documentation (SHARE 360D.-
A
05. 2.
005)2
PLI (PL/1 Programming under CMS)
I
EDIT (CMS)
SCRIPT (CMS)
The CP-67/CMS Primer (MIT OSM-19)
2032)
M 320
67/
I
E
-
CMS (
B
Introduction to CP-
A FORTRAN Programmer's Introduction to CMS (IBM RC 1942)
I
BRUIN (Computing Laboratory, Brown University)
E
APL-360 Program and Documentation (SHARE 360D-
03. 3. 007)2
APL-360 Primer (IBM C20-1702)
E
e eG ral, E-Elementary, I-Intermediate, A-Advanced
2Restricted Distribution
21
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Title
The APL-360 Terminal System (~$M RC 1922)
APL-360 User's Manual
OCS Interactive Services Report (November 1968)
Status and Planning Report for OCS (April 1969)
The APL/360 System (IBM 320-1019)
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