OCS COMPUTER SYSTEMS PLANNING REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-01003A000100010001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 131
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 25, 2002
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 1, 1965
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved-For ReI 200131 0-48660 1- 1c a Q o
O 71V T R SYSTEMS
L t hl REPO T
Julie__ 1-965
25X1
DIRECTORATE t F S IE CE_ TEC HNOLOGY
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OFFICE OF COMPUTER: SERVICES
GROUP 1
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OCS COMPUTER SYSTEMS PLANNING REPORT
DD/S&T Computing System
:Sva1uation Task Team
25X1A
Contributors:
25X1A
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
Page
1.
Statement of Problem, Objectives, and
Summary Conclusions
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.
Problem
Requirement
Objectives
Equipment Selection
Purchase versus Rental
Proposed Plan
Summary Conclusions
2.
Present System Analysis
2.1.
Hardware
2.2.
Software
21
2.3.
Operating Statistics
3.
Current Projects
3.1.
Scientific Computing
33
3.2.
Intelligence Data Processing
35
3.3.
Management Data Processing
38
3.4.
Communications Operations Support
47
3.5.
Statistical Data Processing
48
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haptar
4e
Projected Workload
4..1.. Scientific Computing
4.2. Intelligence Data Processing
4.3., Management Data Processing
4.4. Communications Operations Support
62
5.
405. Statistical Data Processing
4,6. Document/Information Retrieval
4,70 Lanquage Processing
Proposed System
Salo System 360 Hardware
5.2. System 360 Software
5.3. Anticipated Problems
Ica
88
6.
Personnel Training
94
601. Management Training
94
6.2. System Programmer Training
94
603. Applications Programmer Training
97
7.
Reprogramming
100
7.1. Scientific Computing
7.2. Intelligence Data Processing
103
7.3. Management Data Processing
104
7.4. Communications Operations Support
104
705. Statistical Data Processing
105
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Chapter
Page
8.
File Conversion
8.1. Punched Card Files
8.2. Magnetic Tape Files
8.3. Current Inventory
8.4. Conversion Summary
106
106
9.
Continuing Developments
112
9'11. Document/Information Retrieval
112
9.2. Language Processing
114
10.
Changeover Schedule
116
10.1. Installation Schedule
116
10.2. Physicai.Arrangements
120
11.
Annotated Bibliography
122
11.1. Advanced (Third Generation)
Hardware and Software Technology
122
11.2. Competitive Hardware Evaluation
122
11.3. Physical Plan for Computer
Equipment
123
11.4. Current Utilization and Costs
123
11.5. Training Requirements
123
11.6. Rent Versus Purchase Considerations
123
S E C R E T
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Chapter 1.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM, OBJECTIVES, AND SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS
1.1. PROBLEM
The Office of Computer Services (OCS) was established
in 1963 and now provides support to the four Agency Directo-
rates. At the present time OCS operates five separate
independent computer systems supplied by two different com-
pater manufacturers. In late 1965 a sixth system will be
added of yet another type. The total staff to program and
operate this equipment now numbers
This total staff is
occupied in the management, supervision, analysis, program-
ming, coding, checkout, data preparation, operation, and
administrative support for this computer complex.
The aggregate new purchase price of the presently in-
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stalled equipment is approximately
The program-
mers are provided with 19 different programming languages/
operating systems. The training program is formidable. The
program maintenance and documentation problems are staggering.
The programming experience interchange and reinforcement is
minimal. Most line programmers are unable to maintain current
competency in more than one of these programming languages at
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Thus, management is severely inhibited from assigning
programmers to projects in response to the urgent needs of the
Agency since an "unlearning" and retraining period is required
before a man's experience can be transported across machine
lines.
Similar to the case mentioned above, program inter-
changeability is likewise difficult. Although a program may
be written in FORTRAN, it is very difficult to operate that
program on the 1410 if the program was originally intended
for the 7090. The FORTRAN expressions for these two machines
are related but not identical; and the two operating systems
are extremely different. The commonality between the two
computers is limited to their tape drives and their point
of manufacture. Both the 1410 and 7090 use the 1401 computer
large volume input/output processing. Thus, if a
overwhelms the 7090, the 1410 is of slight use in
L,' du(Ac:ing it. An even worse condition exists when a peak load
t.raikes the RCA computers because the IBM equipment is of no
value whatsoever in reducing this peak to satisfy the service
requirements.
The Computer Center is operated three shifts a day,
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including most weekends. During the day shift the interplay
between operations and the programmers and customers is the
greatest when these "users" are bringing work to the center
to be processed or are picking up work that has been com-
pleted. At that time operations personnel and "users" get
involved in discussing problems encountered during processing,
priorities, status of jobs, etc. The second and third shifts
handle the larger production jobs and these shifts manage to
finish most of the priority work each day. The weekends are
used for severe backlogs or special operations requirements.
Chapters 2, 3, and 4 provide additional details on how the
present computers are utilized, the on-going jobs, and antici-
pated increases in workload by project, respectively.
According to best projections, our workload will quad-
ruple in the next five years, even without any additional
pressures toward centralization from management or the Bureau
of the Budget. T o attempt handling this increased workload
with additional equipment of the present types and manufac-
turers would be grossly expensive and shortsighted. To handle
this additional workload with our personnel committed to so
many different computer systems would be patently impossible.
It is not feasible to obtain the required number of billets,
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staff and train sufficient personnel, and to operate
.,3iich multiple systems efficiently. To manage such a diverse
work force-would be most difficult, if not impossible, over
the long runs
1.2. REQUIREMENT
From a study of the applications, both present and
contemplated, a series of requirements emerged. First, the
Agency requires a wide variety of storage devices of several
types depending on the volume of information to be stored
and the necessary response time to programmed commands. In
addition, the predicted workload will involve situations
where data files will be held on-line in magnetic form so
that they may be interrogated remotely from consoles within
the building. The response to these queries will be printed
as directed by the interrogator, pr?vided: (a) he has properly
identified himself, (b) has previously established his author-
ization to access the information he desires, and (c) the
electrical connections to the console are appropriately secure.
The present computer equipment can only be operated in
the "batch" modem Requests for information are now trans-
ported to the Computer Center where they are key punched and
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manually scheduled. As appropriate to their priority (and
the Center's work-load at the time of scheduling), runs are
made and output is obtained. Such outputs usually take the
form of magnetic tape which subsequently must be scheduled
and printed. After hard copy is thus obtained, the necessary
control and bookkeeping measures are satisfied, and it is
finally transported back to the user. While this cycle can
be completed in an hour or less for high priority small
volume requirements, the dislocation to the remaining workload
in the Center is such that 24 to 36 hours are frequently re-
quired for recovery. As the requirements increase for
reduced turnaround time on request, such schedules will
become completely untenable. Clearly a superior way must be
found to satisfy the needs of the Agency.
1.3. OBJECTIVES
In order for the OCS to meet the expanding computer
support needs of the Agency, certain objectives become clear.
a. Select one one set of hardware and software so that
management problems in training, personnel assignments,
documentation, etc., are minimized.
b. Provide equipment with lam capability for
growth without reprogramming as hardware capabilities
are expanded.
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co Provide equipment with the ability to utilize
remote consoles for interrogation of files, programming,
debugging, program execution, etc.
do Provide equipment (including foreseeable ex-
pansion) that would fit inside the present Computer
Center area o
e. Provide the best software in terms of pro-
grammer and operator efficiency.
f0 Provide equipment that will assure the Agency
of computer capability on a 24-hour-a-day, 7-days-a-
week basis.
1.4. EQUIPMENT SELECTION
Starting in early 1965, the OCS Technical Staff con-
ducted evaluations of candidate computer systems. The cap-
abilities of equipment (and software) which is-available
from the leading manufacturers were measured against the
Agency's requirements. Major consideration was given to
the systems offered by CDC, G0E., Honeywell, IBM, Remington
fRa? d, and RCA. (A detailed technical evaluation paper is
referenced in Chapter 11). Some of these vendors were
eliminated simply because they did not offer the complete
range of equipment (storage devices, display units, etc.)
required to fulfill Agency needs. Others were eliminated
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because their software (a most critical element) was not
sufficiently developed and documented to allow adequate
evaluation. And some, being more competitive, were elim-
inated on the basis of a price-performance index. Finally,
two computer systems emerged for consideration in our most
detailed evaluation: the GE 636 and the IBM 360/67. The IBM
360/67 was selected for the following principal reasons:
a. Unit-of-work processing cost is lowest on the
360/67.
b. The IBM 360/67 is a variable word-byte oriented
system --- ideal. for the OCS job mix of 75% data processing
and 25% scientific computing.
c. While the effectiveness of both systems hinges
on the development of extensive new hardware and software,
there is much stronger ground for confidence in IBM's ability
to produce. (The 636 is GE?s first venture in a really
large scale computer system).
d. IBM offers a much larger variety of random.
access devices.
e. IBM technology is more advanced, i.e., the 360
equipment is micro-electronic while the 636 is limited to
earlier type transistorized components.
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f,. IBM has already documented more advanced soft-
ware than GE.
The OCS Task Team, which concentrated on this problem,
concluded that the IBM 360 offers sufficient capability and
breadth to satisfy Agency requirements now and in the fore-
seeable future. The conversion task will be less arduous
than if some other manufacturer had been chosen. Finally,
the IBM equipment will, fulfill Agency needs, both present and
future, with a minimum of_expenditures both for equipment and
personnel
1.5. PURCHASE VERSUS RENTAL
In considering the acquisition of new computing equip-
ment, the question of purchase versus rental is always raised
by Agency management, BOB and others. From the viewpoint of
OCS management, rental is generally preferred and we believe
,justified. The only advantage of purchase is the possibility
of economic savings that migrht be realized by the Government
as a whole. Actually, it is a severe handicap to a component
tharged with reacting to the broad dynamic requirements of
intelligence collection and production problems.
An OCS paper on the merits of purchase vs. rent of the
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proposed hardware is referenced in Chapter 11. It notes how
difficult it is to predict what components are going to
survive for 4-5 years (the approximate break-even point) in
the rapidly developing world of micro electronics. At this
time, it can only be recommended that all of the proposed hard-
ware be rented. This problem will remain under most serious
surveillance by OCS as it progresses with the evolution of
its advanced systems.
1.6. THE PROPOSED PLAN
A progressive schedule of equipment installations has
been devised which will provide for staff retraining and
continuing progress with a minimum dislocation of current
operations.' The final basic expansible system will be instal-
led in the summer of 1967 and it is detailed in Chapter 5.
It consists of a Model 67 Computer with twin Central Processing
Units from the IBM System 360 family. These CPU's will be
inter-connected in such a manner that the system will recover
rapidly from all single hardware failures and may recover
rapidly from many complex hardware malfunctions. (This is
a "fail-soft" feature of the new system). Therefore, the
availability of the system will approach 100% so that the
automated files will be available for query and response
-
24-hours-a-day,.seven-days -a-week.
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':4t is envisioned that the proposed system be operated
in the following way. The majority of the program preparation
will be done in the present traditional manner. However, run
requests will be fed directly to the computer for automatic
scheduling (rather than manual scheduling, as at present),
the computer will read new information into its memory,
nnterpret control cards describing the job and its prior-
iLies, perform the required scheduling, and store the job
c'th program and data) on a direct access storage device.
the lob in question has risen to the top of the queue
so that it is scheduled for execution, the software required
will. be fetched from disk storage and the job will be executed.
If an interrogation is received from a remote location
during this processing period, the processing will pause
Temporarily while the query is interpreted and its response
being prepared. The system currently contemplated will
able to handle console activity from several dozen con-
soles without appreciably slowing down the processing of the
background job which is in progress.
if the query from the console requires a significant
amount of processing before the response is available, then
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a new task will be established, automatically scheduled,
entered into the queue for processing at the appropriate
point, and executed in due course. Under this condition
there will, of course, be an indeterminate delay at the con-
sole ,due to the queue length and processing required.
The system, as contemplated, will allow programmers to
prepare and check out new work in the "background". At least
one of the two processing systems will be constantly available
(within the limitations mentioned earlier) to service queries
from the remote stations and to enter jobs as appropriate
into the queue. Any additional time available on one proces-
sor will be used for executing background jobs. Normally
one of the dual computers will be solely dedicated to per-
forming background production work. In the event of a mal-
function on either system, the surviving processor will
immediately assume the console load while the throughput
of background is reduced until the machine that failed is
repaired. This is a limited form of time-sharing which seems
to be well-suited to the needs of the Agency and the
abilities of its programming staff. At some future date,
as the programming staff becomes proficient in the mode of
operation outlined above, and as the current developments
in time-sharing mature, additional capabilities will be
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ovided. These capabilities may encompass on-line interaction
for data preparation and editing, reactive consoles to augment
and assist the programmer in the preparation of new program
modules, etc.
1.7. SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS
The plan outlined in this report fulfills the objectives
stated above. It. has incorporated into it all the latest
hardware and software features. The throughput cost is the
best available. It has outstanding growth possibilities
without additional reprogramming. An almost unlimited number
of consoles are feasible. Due to the duplication of key hard-
ware, its off-the-air time should be nearly zero.
The implementation timing set forth in the plan is
quite optomistic but an ambitious schedule is necessary in
response to the problem faced by the Agency. It will re-
quire prompt reaction by OCS and Agency management when
problems are encountered. It will require a determined,
forceful push by all people involved in meeting their hard-
ware, software dates.
Slippage in the proposed schedule is to be expected and
may not be too damaging. Even if the proposed plan is slipped
by some months OCS will still attain, early in the remote
console era, a pre-eminent position to support the Agency
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in its critical mission.
Unless a plan such as this is carried out, it will be
impossible for OCS to provide the automatic data processing
support that the Agency clearly needs.
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Chapter 2
2.1. HARDWARE
As of 1 June 1965 computer equipment installed in the
CIA Computer Center consists of the RCA 501, RCA 301, IBM 7090,
IBM 1410, IBM 1401, and related peripheral equipment such
as a CalComp Digital Incremental Plotter, and a Digi-Data
Paper Tape-to-Magnet Tape Converter. A small number of card
processing machines and data preparation machines such as
card punches and verifiers are also employed. Costs of
these systems are-detailed in the following system descrip-
tion.
201.1. Historical Perspective
In planning ahead for new computer equipment it is per-
haps well to look back over the history which brought us to
the present computer complex.
'~ one of the first uses of automatic data processing
.equipment in the Agency was in the administrative and
accounting fields. Applications in these areas are frequently
referred to as "business applications" and they include such
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applications as Payroll, and Accounting in support of
Personnel, Supply, and Finance. From the very beginning
of the Agency, these applications were performed on IBM
punched card equipment. In October 1960, the RCA 501 com-
puter was installed for these applications. The objectives
in the installation of this equipment were to improve the
speed, flexibility, and costs of processing "business appli-
cations". In the process of phasing in the RCA computer,
substantial amounts of card processing equipment were released
and card processing applications were switched to the computer.
Generally speaking, the computer reduced the number of
operators but increased the number of people in planning
activities, i.e., system analysis, design, and programming.
./While the speed of processing was significantly improved
once a job was fully converted and checked out on the comput-
er, more thorough requirements analysis and a longer planning
period were needed for programming and job setup. Often the
overall time spent on new jobs or applications was quite
lengthy.
Mechanically, the RCA input/output equipment was less
than satisfactory. The printer was serviced extensively but
failed to provide "on register" print lines. The card
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transcriber also appeared to be below normal standards of
reliability. As a result the Agency ordered an IBM 1401
for input/output processing. Shortly before this installation
was to take place, the announcement of the RCA 301 computer
with IBM card reader punch and an improved printer re-
sulted in its acquisition vice the IBM 1401. The compat-
ibility of the RCA 301 with the installed RCA 501 and its
lower costs were additional contributing factors to this
decision. The RCA 501.-and RCA 301'are used more than any
other systems in the CIA Computer Centerh/their average
usage is 565 hours per month and 490 hours per month re-
spectively.
In January 1963 the IBM 1410 and IBM 1401 systems were
installed. These systems provided the capability of editing,
sorting, and listing large files of data. Intelligence
Files and special projects in the DD/I area which had not
previously been considered feasible on EAM equipment pro-
vided the principal volume of work for these systems. Later,
new "business applications" in the DD/S area began to add
significantly to the workloads, a case in point being the
curity Automated Name Check Activity (SANCA) project.
Utilization of the IBM 1401 and IBM 1410 averages 440 hours
rind 547 hours per month, respectively.
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In July 1963, the IBM 7090 was installed to fill the
need for a large-scale scientific computing capability. One
of the great benefits of this particular computer was the
easy acquisition of many operational IBM 7090 programs devel-
oped by other users in the aerospace, intelligence, and
scientific fields.( Utilization of this system averages
500 hours per month.
2.1.2. Peripheral Equipment
The CalComp Digital Incremental Plotter System and the
Digi-Data Paper Tape to Magnetic Tape Converter are repre-
sentative of peripheral equipment purchased to provide a
unique capability. The plotter has been used both for
plotting telemetry data in analog form and for statistical
graphs. The paper tape converter has been used primarily for
project Electronic Printing of Intelligence Composition(EPIC)
and for Foreign Missile Space Analysis Center (FMSAC) require-
ments.
2.1.3 Incompatibility
The problem of compatibility of data and computer hard-
ware occurs between the RCA and IBM equipment. Magnetic tapes
are not interchangeable between these systems and.'-the only
ILLEGIB communication between these computers is through punched cards.
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The CalComp Plotter and the Digi-Data tape converter are IBM
compatibles In the near future an IBM compatible tape unit
will be installed on the RCA equipment to facilitate commun-
ication between RCA and IBM systems. This will provide a
means for eventual conversion of RCA data for processing on
IBM equipment.
2.1.4. Equipment Installed June 1965
Five computer systems are installed and in operation
as of June 1965. These systems operate as independent
computers and the work flows through them in sequence as
?equiredo They share tape drives so that the configuration
is somewhat adaptive to the work load via a series of man-
ually operated tape switches. Both the IBM and the RCA
equipments are connected in this way.
The dollar figures given in the following statements
rite for single shift monthly rental and include costs for single
.-hift maintenance where components have been purchased. This
.s not the full amount paid to the vendor in any one month.
The figures given are the rental for 176 hours of usage in
a calendar month, if,no extra shift is required. However,
the total usage measured from the time recording meters is
approximately two full shifts. This increases the rental by
E C R E T
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approximately $40,000. Thus our actual rent paid to vendors
is about $133,000 per month.
2.1.4.1. IBM 7090
This is a binary, 36-bit word-oriented
parallel transfer computer designed for
scientific data processing. The system has
32K words of 36 bit memory, a memory cycle
time &r 2.18 microseconds per word, two
independent I/O channels, limited card 1/0,
and 11 magnetic tape drives, one of which
is shared with the 1401. It was installed
in August 1963, has one purchased component
and a net basic cost of . . . . . . . . . . $54,990/month
2.1.4.2. IBM 1410
This is a decimal, 6-bit character-
oriented machine with some parallel opera-
tion for commercial data processing. The
system has 80K characters of 6 bits each,
a memory cycle of 4.0 microseconds per
character, two independent I/O channels, fast
card I/O and 10 tape drives, one of which is
shared with the 1401. It was installed in
January 1963, has no purchased components
and a basic cost of . . . . . . . . . . . $22,380/month
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2010403. IBM. 1401
This is a decimal, 6-bit, character-
oriented machine with no parallelism. It
is used for both primary input and output and
for limited commercial data processing The
system had 8K characters of 6 bits each, a
memory cycle time of 1105 microseconds per
character, fast card 1/0, and two tape
drives, both of which may be shared. It
was installed in January 1963, has no
purchased components and a basic cost of . . o $ 7,265/month
201.404. RCA 501
This is an octal, 6-bit, character-
oriented machine with limited parallelism.
it is used for commercial data processing.
The system has 32K characters of 6 bits each,
a memory cycle time of 12 microseconds per 4 six bit
character E,no card i/0, and 8 tape drives,
one of which is normilly assigned to the
RCA 301. It was installed in October 1960,
has three purchased components and a net
0 $ 4,629/month*
* These costs allow for 7 tape drives on 501 system and 1 tape
drive on the 301 system.
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2.1.4.5. RCA 301
This is a decimal, 6 -bit, character-
oriented machine with no parallelism. It
is used both for primary input and output and
for limited commercial data processing. The
system has 10K characters of 6 bits each, a
memory cycle time of 7 microseconds per
character, fast card I/O and one tape drive
permanently assigned. It was installed in
November 1962, has no purchased components
and a basic cost of . . . . . . . . . . . .
The total net basic monthly cost of
$ 4,586/month
the 5 systems is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $93,850/month
2.2. SOFTWARE
OCS has five different computers each of which uses
a different programming language. COBOL provides a theo-
retical compatibility among the RCA 501, IBM 7090 and the
IBM 1410. However, until 1964 the RCA 501 COBOL had a very
inefficient compiler and in practice was not used because
of excessive compile time. Although COBOL compile speeds
are good on the IBM 1410 and 7090, actually little exchanging
of programs is done because of the hardware incompatibilities:
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the 1410 is variable length and decimal while the 7090 is
fixed word and binary. In addition, inconsistencies exist
in the compilers so that programmers become discouraged
from interchanging COBOL programs among machines.
The FORTRAN II used on the IBM 1410 is not completely
compatible with the FORTRAN II available for the IBM 7090.
In addition, the obsolete FORTRAN II has been replaced by
FORTRAN IV on the IBM 7090.
The IBM 1401 programs may be run on the IBM 1410 using
the hardware compatibility feature. This use requires
interruption of the flow of work using the 1410 Operating
System and does not exploit multiple channels and overlap
features of the 1410.
2.2.1. 7090 Software
IBM 7090 IBSYS V-12B is the standard operating system
in OC S. It includes FORTRAN IV,,,COBOL, SORT, 9PAC, COMIT,
FORTRAN II, FAP, MAP, ASP, SUPPAC, and various math and
CALCOMP subroutines. No remote interrupt capability or
interrupt features for multiprogramming or time-sharing
exist without extensive hardware modification.
The system contains a batch processing monitor which
provides some powerful specific features. The IBSYS monitor
is the most used monitor system in the world, and its con-
struction reflects its position in the historical evolution
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of monitors. It was one of the first large monitors and
thus reflects some primitive concepts of design. Also,
because of its wide use by the majority of the large-scale
scientific computer users in the world, it incorporates
powerful features to do scientific computing tasks under the
batch mode. IBSYS as a system is rapidly becoming obsolete,
and IBM is no longer actively supporting research for
major improvements. Incidental improvements will continue
through users and through the users' organization, SHARE.
Very little practical possibility exists to adapt the
IBM 7090 to a time-sharing, remote console, real-time
environment. The software does not exist, and could not
be written without extensive modifications to the hardware.
The product would, at best, be obsolete and uneconomical
by state of the art standards.
2.2.2. 1410 Software
PR-155, the current OCS 1410 system, includes AUTOCODER,
SORT/MERGE, FORTRAN II, and COBOL. The batch monitor is
well designed but lacks some of the features of IBSYS.
The hardware does not provide the interrupts for next era
computing and no amount of software modification can bring
the total system to the state of the art for 1966-67.
Analysis of the internal implementation indicates many com-
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,m.ses iin order to get the system working. For example,
L ile FORTRAN compiler is basically a simulation of the 7090
Lnstead of being designed for the IBM 1410. At the present
tire, it is considered a smooth system, but its long range
)Ossibilities are nil.
2.2.3. 1401 Software
This is a small non-monitored system designed for I/O
u,poort. No future potential exists.
2.2.4. 501 Software
The 501 software package contains an EZCODE assembler,
two COBOL Compilers, two Sort/Merge packages, and a Sequencer
fmonit.or .. The RCA 501 COBOL compiler is inefficient, and
the assembler is considered primitive. RCA has not produced
r_ ir.stt.-class software for its hardware, which is generally
,onsidered to be reliable and to have a good, powerful in-
struction set. it is highly unlikely that RCA will produce
acceptable software for the RCA 501 at this late date.
2~2_5~ 301. Software
This non-monitored system is designed for I/O support.
future potential exists.
2 .2,6. Manuals/Trainin Materials
most OCS programmers know at least one machine well
and are familiar with at least one other machine. Thus,
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each possesses, or must have closely available, at least two
sets of manuals. A master notebook containing all manuals
for each major machine is kept in appropriate OCS offices
and this notebook is maintained by the Technical Staff.
Considerable time is spent in keeping these notebooks up to
date. The master copy of this set of manuals and notebooks
requires approximately 80 linear feet of storage space. A
significant amount of this footage deals with low level
languages.
Training materials are extensive. The Technical Staff
has course outlines, manuals, tests, and sample problems for
a variety of languages. The preparation of frequent seminars
to deal with hardware/software incompatibilities has used many
hours of top technical talent.
2.3. OPERATING STATISTICS
Each computer center keeps operating statistics to
control its own internal processes. These are used by the
computer center management to review operations for budgetary
purposes, to anticipate hardware overloads based on estab-
lished growth patterns, to provide a measure of the support
furnished to various customers and projects, to show the way
the computer was used (test, debug, production, maintenance,
etc.). Our internal accounting is based on manually-kept
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records. At present, time-of-day clocks are not installed
on four of the five computer systems; therefore, the operating
systems may mot interrogate them. The system proposed in
Chapter 5 will have integrated accounting and record
keeping completely under the control of the operating
system. This will relieve the operating personnel of one
task which sometimes suffers in the attempt to keep the equip-
ment operating.
2.3.1. Directly Chargeable Yours
The table that follows gives a breakdown of hours by
computer that can be directly charged to the four Directorates
served. These hours do not include such overhead hours as
idle, training, demonstration, software maintenance, and
hardware maintenance.
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COMPUTER HOURS CHARGEABLE TO SUPPORT TEE DIRECTORATES
(February 1965 through May 1965)
'Computer '
'System ' DD/I '
'
DD/S '
DD/S&T '
DD/P
a
"
Total
101
' IBM 1410 ' 471 '
536
62
at
1732
? IBM 1401 ' 394 '
157
765
RCA 5 01
1723
RCA 3 01
1301
1301
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2.3.2. 7090 Utilization
For the four-month period February-May 70965 the IBM 7090
computer system was in use for the hours shown. The totals in
this table exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1.
due to certain computer hours which are classed as overhead
to computer operations.
ACTIVITIES
Development
Setup
OF 7090 USAGE BY ACTIVITY
February through May 1965
MAY TOTAL
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2.3.3. 1410 Utilization
For the four-month period the IBM 1410 computer system
was in use for the hours shown. The totals in this table
exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1. due to
certain computer hours which are classified as overhead to
computer operations.
HOURS OF 1410 USAGE BY ACTIVITY
February through May 1965
ACTIVITIES FEBRUARY MARCH
278
Development
122
162
145
Setup
77
77
79
Maintenance
47
28
63
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2.3.4. 1401 Utilization
For the four-month period the IBM 1401 computer systems
were in use for the hours shown. The totals in this table
exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1. due to
certain computer hours which are classed as overhead to
computer operations.
Production
Development
Setup
Maintenance
Idle
Total
February through May 1965
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2.3.5. 501 Utilization
For the four-month period the RCA 501 Computer system
was in use for the hours shown. The totals in this table
exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1. due to
certain computer hours which are classed as overhead to
computer operations.
HOURS OF 501 USAGE BY ACTIVITY
February through May 1965
FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY TOTAL
322
Development
Setup
Maintenance
72
idle
41
Total
517
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2.3.6. 301 Utilization
For the four-month period the RCA 301 computer system
was in use for the hours shown. The totals in this table
exceed the summary totals given in section 2.3.1. due to
certain computer hours which are classed as overhead to
computer operations.
HOURS OF 301 USAGE BY ACTIVITY
February through May 1965
ACTIVITIES FEBRUARY
Production
Development
Setup
Maintenance
TOTAL
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Chapter 3.
The recurring Production jobs are enumerated in this
chapter. One-time jobs, internal scheduling and monitoring,
training runs, and computer support development efforts
(which in the aggregate involve a large amount of computer
time) are not itemized. These figures are a further break-
down of the production totals shown in Chapter 2.
3.1. SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING
Following is a summarization of the present scientific
computing workload. The workload is subdivided by type,
followed by an explanation of the activity, customers, average
machine usage per month, etc.
3.1.1. Air Defense System Simulation
This category consists of problems in the areas of
general air defense systems, radar ranging analysis and hit
and intercept probabilities. The customers for this effort
are OSI, OSA, and ORR. In a typical month, these operations
account for 4.7 hours of 7090 time and 3.2 hours of 1401 time.
3.1.2. Trajectory and Orbital Analysis
Involves problems related to satellite coverage, orbital
determination and analysis, missile characteristics evaluation,
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aircraft trajectory simulations, space mission analysis
and launch date analysis. Customers for such computations are
OSI, SPS, FMSAC, and ORR. This effort normally accounts for
157.9 hours of 7090 time and 111.7 hours of 1401 time each
month.
3.1.3. Electronics Intelligence Analvsis(ELINT
Affiliated with problems in radar systems analysis,
radar signal analysis and special ELINT equipment support.
The customer for this effort is OEL. A typical monthly effort
accounts for 2 hours of 7090 time and 1.8 hours of 1401 time.
3.1.4. Signal Analysis
Problems involved with extraction and identification of
analog signals by digital processing and noise analysis. The
customers for this activity are OEL, OC, and TSD. The effort
accounts for 17.7 hours of 7090 time and 12.1 hours of 1401
time during a typical month.
3.1.5. Te1ementry Analysis
Affiliated with problems in telemetry systems analysis,
telemetry data analysis, telemetry data characteristics and
filtering, spectrum analysis, correlation and regression
analysis and data plotting. The customers are OSI and FMSAC.
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Their operations normally account for 24.3 hours of 7090 time
and 23.4 hours of 1401 time each month.
3.1.6. Miscellaneous Mathematical Analysis
This category relates to general problems involved
with weather data analysis, general purpose plotting and
special purpose assembly routines, cloud coverage of targets,
optical problems, plasma, geodetic analysis and projections,
radio frequency and antenna analysis, general mathematical
and numerical analysis routines and special analyses for
various DD/SST activities. The customers for this effort are
SPS, ORD, OEL, ORR, FMSAC, OC, and OSA. A typical monthly
effort accounts for 168 hours of 7090 time and 90.3 hours of
1401 time.
3.2. INTELLIGENCE DATA PROCESSING
Current computer projects which are termed intelligence
data processing are summarized below. Project names, customers
served, and machine use hours are given with a brief description
of each job.
3.2.1. COMOR Targeting
The COMOR Photo Working Group (through GCS/RG/T) is the
customer. In a typical month this operation accounts for
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68.2 hours of 1410 time and 38.1 hours of 1401 time. The
computer product serves to control, retrieve, sort, format,
and print information on world-wide overhead reconnaissance
targets.
3.2.2. FMSAC Information Support
The customer is FMSAC: AID, TAD, and F71 In a typical
month FMSAC support accounts for 22.5 hours of 1410 time and
1.9 hours of 1401 time. The computer operation provides
retrieval and display of data on foreign missile and space
vehicle launch operations and other related data.
3.2.3. Automated Target Information System ATIS)
The customers for ATIS are DD/S&T: SPS, OSA, OSI, and
DD/I: CGS, ORR, and DD/P:
In a typical month it
accounts for 61.6 hours of 1410 time and 5 hours of 1401
time. The purpose is to integrate for retrieval and display
machine-language files generated by CIA or other intelligence
Agencies on collection and other targets.
3.2.4. SAM Sites
The customer for this activity is DD/I: ORR/MRA. In
a typical month it accounts for 1.9 hours of 1410 time and
0.6 hours of 1401 time. The function is to control, retrieve,
and display information on foreign SAM sites and support fa-
cilities.
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3.2.5. Aircraft Movements
The customers for this activity is FMSAC/AID; OSI/BMSD;
ORR/MRS; and OCI/Mil. In a typical month, it accounts for
15.8 hours of 7090 time and 2.5 hours of 1401 time. it
provides control and retrieves information on the movements
of Soviet transport aircraft and bans on flight activity.
3.2.6. Soviet Bloc Communications Equipment
The Economic Intelligence Committee (Subcommittee on
Electronic and Telecommunications, thru ORR/ERA) is the
customer. In a typical month this operation accounts for
5.1 hours of 1410 time. The computer controls and retrieves
information on Soviet Bloc Communications equipment.
3.2.8. NPIC Requirements
The customer is DD/I: CGS. In a typical month this
activity accounts for 7.6 hours of 1410 time and 3.2 hours of
1401 time. The purpose is to control and retrieve records
on ad hoc readout requirements levied on NPIC.
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3.2.10. Missile Tracking Data
The customer for this activity is FMSAC/TAD. In a
typical month it accounts for 7.1 hours of 1410 time. Missile
and space vehicle tracking data is transferred from paper
tape to magnetic tape for storage and retrieval.
3.3. MANAGEMENT DATA PROCESSING
on-going jobs which serve the Support Directorate are
summarized below. Projects, customers, and machine use hours
are given and each job is explained briefly. Preliminary work
is underway on the development of a new Management Information
ystem (MIS).
3.3.1. AencvTraining Record (ATR)
The customer for this activity is OTR. In a typical
month it accounts for 3.3 hours of 501 time and 3.0 hours
of 301 time. Records of Agency-sponsored training are
maintained. ,
3.3.2. Badge File
The customer for this activity is OS. In a typical
month is accounts for 2.5 hours of 501 time and 1.0 hours of
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301 time. Current lists of assigned badges and areas of`
clearance are provided for the Badge Office and Night Security
Office.
3.3.3. Case Processing Analysis CAPER
OS/SRD is the customer for CAPER. In a typical month
it accounts for 3.1 hours of 1410 time and 2.1 hours of 1401
time. The computer product serves for analysis of elapsed
time on pending clearance cases within divisions.
3.3.4. Special Clearance Center Activity Analysis (SPECLE)
The customer for SPECLE is OS/SCC. In a typical month
it accounts for 19.7 hours of 1410 time and 4.5 hours of 1401
time. It processes data for analysis of activity on security
clearances.
3.3.5. Medical Staff Test Evaluation
The customer served is OMS/AES. In a typical month,
it accounts for 13.2 hours fo 501 time and 8.2 hours of 301
time. The machine function is to score, report, and store
results of psychological test batteries.
3.3.6. Vouchered Payroll
The customers are OF0 OP, and OBPAM. In a typical month
it accounts for 3.0 hours of 1401 time, 44.4 hours of 501 time,
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and 67.8 hours of 301 time. The operation is to maintain
payroll records and produce salary checks, statements of earn-
ings, deductions, leave balances, and W-2's; provide payroll
accounting back-up and audit details, furnish information on
excessive use of sick leave, compile data on overtime payments,
and produce LWOP accumulations.
3.3.7. Confidential Funds Payroll]
and Agents
The customers are OF, OBPAM and OP. In a typical month,
it accounts for 27.0 hours of 501 time, 51.0 hours of 301 time,
and 2.0 hours of 1410 time. The function is to maintain pay-
roll records and prepare salary checks, statements of earnings
and deductions and W-2's; provide accounting back-up and audit
trails, compile data on overtime payments, supply the Credit
Union with listings of repayment and share items, furnish
detailed personnel charges, produce individual deductions for
insurance premiums.
3.3.8. individual Earnings Records
The customer is OF. In a typical month it accounts for
10.0 hours of 501 time and 1.0 hours of 301 time. Pay period
records of all personnel and payroll actions on pay, earnings,
and deductions are provided.
S E C R E T
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3.3.9. Cable Traffic Analysis (CATRAN)
The customer of CATRAN is OC. In a typical month it
accounts for 3.2 hours of 1410 time and 0.1 hours of 1401 time.
It provides statistics on cable traffic for planning personnel
requirements, equipment, circuit requirements, etc.
3.3.10. Network Data Fists (COMpAT)
The customer for this product is OC. In a typical month
it accounts for 0.1 hours of 1401 time. The computer provides
listings of foreign transmitting stations for network analysis.
3.3.11. Safe Combinations (SCRAMBLE)
The customer for SCRAMBLE is OS. In a typical month it
accounts for 0.1 hours of 1410 time. Random, unique, three-
number safe combinations are developed on the computer.
3.3.12. Logistics Stock Accountinj
The customer for this activity is OL. In a typical month
it accounts for 80.0 hours of 501 time and 66.0 hours of 301
time. Maintenance of a Master Property File (i.e., stock
level and account of property) is provided.
3.3.13. Manufacturers Cross Reference
OL is the customer for this activity. In a typical
month it accounts for 6.0 hours of 501 time and 2..0 hours of
301 time. It supports the Defense Logistics Supply Center
federal cataloging function.
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3.3.14. Forms Control
The customer for this activity is DD/S (Agency-wide
distribution). In a typical month it accounts for 2.0 hourF;
of 501 time and 2.0 hours of 301 time. It provides complete.
documentation of Agency forms.
3.3.15. Personnel System
The customers supported by this system are OP, OBPAM and
Credit Union.
3.3.15.1. Agency Language Proficiency Program
In a typical month this operation accounts for 3.7
hours of 501 time and 1.6 hours of 301 time. It provides
language proficiency data for Agency staff employees.
3.3.15.2. Agency Personnel Qualifications Systems
In a typical month this system accounts for 7.1 hours
of 501 time and 2.5 hours of 301 time. It is an information
system pertaining to skills, experience, training, and educa-
tion of Agency personnel.
3.3.15.3. Agency Strength Accounting
In a typical month this activity accounts for 2.0 hours
of 501 time and 0.8 hours of 301 time. It provides official
Agency strength reports,
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3.3.15.4. Employee Locator
in a typical month this activity accounts for 2.3 hours
of 501 time and 3.1 hours of 301 time. This is a locator
system for information on personnel; also used to prepare
Agency telephone directories.
3.3.15.5. Fitness Reports Processing
In a typical month this activity accounts for 1.5 hours
of 501 time and 0.5 hours of 301 time. The operation supports
the Agency's Fitness Report Program.
3.3.15.6. Hospitalization Master
In a typical month this activity accounts for 2.2 hours
of 501 time and 0.4 hours of 301 time. Current records or
personnel enrolled in health benefit plans are maintained.
3.3.15.7. Project MANS
In a typical month this project accounts for 1.7 hours
of 501 time and 1.0 hours of 301 time. It is an automated
system to align T,/0 positions with budget programs, activities,
categories, etc.
3.3.15.8. Periodic Step Increases
In a typical month, 2.4 hours of 501 time and 1.4 hours
of 301 time are accounted fora It is a computerized call-up
and control mechanism in support of periodic step increases.
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3.3.15.9. Personnel Archives Project
In a typical month this project accounts for 2.1 hours
of 501 time. It furnishes historical back-up for the statisti-
cal Reporting Sranch (SRB).
3.3.15.10. insurance pile
In a typical month this activity accounts for 0.4 hours
of 501 time. Listings of various insurance policy accountings
are furnished to the Insurance Branch.
3.3.15.11. Record of Overseas Service
In a typical month this activity accounts for 0.9 hours
of 501 time and 0.3 hours of 301 time. It is a central file
of data on personnel who have served overseas.
3.3.15.12. Statistical and Related Reports
In a typical month this system accounts for 10.0 hours
of 501 time and 4.1 hours of 301 time. It is a record keeping
reporting system.
3.3.15.13. Temporary Definite Status (NTE)
In, a typical month NTE accounts for 0.9 hours of 501
time and 0.4 hours of 301, time. Records of all Agency
employees designated as NTE--"Not to Exceed" are maintained.
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3.3.15.14. T/O Related Processes
In a typical month this activity accounts for 11.8 hours
of 501 time and 15.6 hours of 301 time. Its function is to
maintain records reflecting job-to-incumbent relationship.
3.3.15.15. Credit Union Rosters
In a typical month this program accounts for 3.5 hours
of 410 time. It produces data for maintaining individual
ledger records, a reference aid, and source of information.
3.3.15.16. CIA Retirement System
In a typical month, this system accounts for 2.0 hours
of 1410 time and 1.0 hours of 1401 time. Rosters are prepared
to aid the Career Services in the selection of personnel eligi-
ble for retirement.
3.3.15.17. Agency Early Retirement System
In a typical month this system accounts for 0.2 hours
of 501 time and 0.1 hours of 301 time. It supports the Agency's
Early Retirement Program.
3.3.16. Accounting System
The customers for this system are OBPAM and OF. In a
typical month it accounts for 109.0 hours of 501 time and 66.0
hours of 301 time.
S E C R E T
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3.16.1. Budgetary Accounting
Data in various financial files are processed for OBPAM
to determine project costs, budget projections, and program
analysis.
3.3.16.2. Daily Accounting
original accounting entries are listed to support source
documents and furnish statements of advance accounts, and
cash accounts.
3.3.16.3. Financial Analysis Number `FAN)
The purpose is to maintain a file of valid FAN accounts,
print the .FAN Directory, support program analysis and budget
preparation, and eliminate manual, posting of records in Agency
offices.
3.3.16.4. General/Subsidiary Ledger Accounting
To process transactions for the general/subsidiary
ledgers, to prepare various listings for analysis by the
Office of Financs, and to maintain accounts.
3.3.16.5. Obligation, Expenditures, Issue, and Cost Reporting
The computer is used to prepare listings and reports
for analysis of control. of expenditure, issue, and cost data.
E C R E T
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3.3.16.6. Reciprocal and Reconciliation Accounting
The function is to maintain accounts and furnish detailed
information for the reciprocal and reconciliation accounts.
3.4 COMMO OPERATIONS SUPPORT
OCS is supporting the office of Communications with
several on-going computer projects which are listed below.
3.4.1. Machine Analysis
In a typical month this job accounts for 0.7 hours of
1410 time. This is a specialized machine analysis.
3.4.2. Code Evaluation
In a typical month these machine runs account for 1.2
hours of 1410 time. This is a specialized evaluation.
3.4.3. Agent Transmission Schedules
In a typical month this activity accounts for 0.1 hours
of 1410 time. It serves to generate, test, and format random
times for agent transmissions.
3.4.4. Communications Statistical Analysis
In a typical month this accounts for 0.8 hours of 1410
time. Special statistical analysis services are provided.
3.4.5. Code Tables
In a typical month this activity accounts for 3.8 hours
of 1410 time. The computer is used to generate, test, and
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print random groups of numbers and/or letters used in
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structing signal plans, call sign tables, and code groups.
3.4.8. Position Status Index
In a typical month this accounts for 0.5 hours of 1410
time. It controls information on communications plans position
by position.
3.5. STATISTICAL DATA PROCESSING
The on-going statistical jobs are listed and explained
below.
3.5.1. Soviet Military Ex2enditures
The customer for this project is ORR/MRA. In a typical
month, it accounts for 22.3 hours of 7090 time and 15.1
hours of 1401 time. The function is to compute, summarize, and
print figures on Soviet military expenditures at several levels
of detail.
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3.5.3. Battery Test
The customer for this project is TSDAI In a typical 25X1
month it accounts for 0.8 hours of 7090 time and 2.5 hours of
1401 time. The computers perform statistical analysis of data
resulting from tests of battery power sources.
The customer for this project is ORB/ERA. In a typical
month it accounts for 0.8 hours of 1410 time. The Soviet
GNP in the civilian sector of the economy is computed.
3.5.5. Grants and Credits
The customer for this project is the Economic Intelli-
gence Committee (thru ORR,/ERA). In a typical month it accounts
for 7.9 hours of 1410 time and 0.1 hours of 1401 time.
Computers are used to control and print summary and detailed
information on Soviet Bloc and Chinese grants and credits to
underdeveloped countries.
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Chapter 4
This chapter deals with monthly increases over the
present computer workload which, though excessive to on-hand
hardware capabilities, can be accommodated by the planned
system. Required computer time is shown in terms of present
hardware where feasible. However, projected requirements
which-cannot be handled on present type hardware are estimated
for third generation hardware of the required capability.
4.1. SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING
A large part of the projected growth in the computer
workload as of the end of 1968 is attributable to increased
activity on scientific computing jobs which are already
operational. The total increase in scientific computing time
is estimated to be over 646 hours on the 7090.
4.1.1. Air Defense System Simulation
The customers for this activity are OSI and the Office
of the DD/S&T. The projected growth in workload on this activity
will require an additional 32 hours of 7090 time and 26 hours
of 1401 time. The computing work relates to radar simulation,
flight path simulation and SAM performance against target
problems.
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4.1.2. Trajectory and Orbital Analysis
The customers for this effort are ORR, SPS, and FMSAC.
The projected growth in workload on this activity will necessi-
tate an additional 242 hours of 7090 time and 177 hours of
1401 time. The computing effort relates to simulation of
powered and free flight trajectories, orbital analysis,
satellite field-of-view coverage, and vehicle characteristics
determination.
4.1.3. Electronics Intelligence Analysis (ELINT)
The customer for this computer support is OEL. Pro-
jected growth in workload for this activity will necessitate
an additional 14 hours of 7090 time and 13 hours of 1401 time.
The computing work relates to radar signal analysis.
4.1.4. Signal Analysis
The customers for this activity are DD/S&T and DD/S.
The projected growth in the workload on this effort will
require an additional 29 hours of 7090 time, 160 hours 360/30
time and 16 hours of 1401 time. The computing effort relates
to signal analysis of analog data, noise analysis, etc.
A flexible Analog Digital Laboratory Device including
extensive systems and analysis software is in process of
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being designed and assembled. The device will permit high
speed analog-to-digital conversion by providing the capa-
bility of handling taped data at very high throughput rates
(45.6 megabits/second maximum)
The device will be interfaced with the in-house System
360 computer for fast data reduction, production, and analysis.
Also, the analog-to-digital device will be under System 360
computer control. A display and control console will be pro-
vided for manual override of the entire conversion system.
Once experience has been acquired for the handling of both
the equipment and data, coupled with the concurrent develop-
ment of sophisticated and efficient analysis techniques and
software, it is envisioned that such a device will enable the
conversion of an enormous amount of data. Such data are cur-
rently either not being processed due to excessive volume or
are being processed manually with extensive data loss. Data
sources for this equipment are.- .FLINT, acoustical data,
biomedical data, telemetry, etc.
401050 Teleme a.y Aga l `s. s
The customers for this activity are FMSAC and OS10 The
growth of this activity is projected to be an additional 24
hours of 7090 time and 23 hours of 1401 time.
4.1.6. Miscellaneous Mathematica]. Analysis
The customer for this activity is DD/S&TO The projected
growth in the workload will necessitate an additional 80 hours
of 7090 time and 42 hours of 1401 time. The computing
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workload relates to solving miscellaneous mathematical and num-
erical analysis problems, problems in optics, general and
special purpose plotting routines and geodetic projection
analysis.
4.2. INTELLIGENCE DATA PROCESSING
By the end of 1968 about 70 additional hours of 1410
computer time, 10 hours of 1401 time, and 8 hours of 7090
time will be required to handle the planned increase in the
intelligence data processing workload. This estimate is based
on the capabilities of present OCS hardware.
4.2.1. COMOR Targeting
The customer for the targeting project is the COMOR
Photo Working Group. The projected growth in the computer
workload will require an additional 7.0 hours of 1410 time
and 2.0 hours of 1401 time. The computing work relates to
improving input procedures and system products. (Major im-
provements are dependent on DASD and remote devices.)
4.2.2. FMSAC Information Support
The customers supported by this activity are FMSAC:
AID, TAD, and
this activity will require an additional 50.0 hours of 1410
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time and 4.0 hours of 7090 time. The computing work relates
to improving input/output procedures for faster response times,
developing a new sub-system for the Control Center, and
studying event prediction models. (Major improvements are
dependent on DASD and remote devices.)
4.2.3. Automated Target Information .Files (1AT1S 1
The customers for the Automated Target Information Files
are SPS, OSA, OS1, CGS, OR The projected growth 25X1A
in the workload on this activity will require an additional
9.0 hours of 1410 time, 400 hours of 1401 time, and 8.0
hours of 7090 time. The computing work relates to integrating
additional files into the system, improving output capability
with emphasis on graphics and map plots, and decreasing response
time. (Some improvements are dependent on DASD and remote
devices.)
4.3. MANAGEMENT DATA PROCESSING
By the end of 1968 the projected increase in computer
use time required to handle the planned growth in management
support jobs totals 24 hours of 501 time, 25 hours of 301,
275 hours of 1410, and 101 hours of 360/65 per month.
4.301. Badge Office Files Consolidation Study
The customer for the Badge Office Files Consolidation
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Study activity is the Building Security Branch, OS. The pro-
jected growth in the workload on this activity will require an
additional 18.0 hours of 1410 time. The computing work relates
to consolidating six small files presently held by the Badge
Office.
4.3.2. Biographic Profiles
The customer for the Biographic Profiles activity is the
Office of Personnel. 'i.?he projected growth in the workload
on this activity will require an additional 14.0 hours of
501 time. The computing work relates to preparing clear
text profiles from data taken from the Agency Central Qualifi-
cation File and other related personnel files.
4.3.3. Junior Officer Trainee Program
The customer for the Junior Officer Trainee Program is
the office of Personnel. The projected growth in the work-
load on the activity will require an additional 4.0 hours of
501 time and 2.0 hours of 301 time. The computing work re-
lates to establishing and maintaining a magnetic tape record
reflecting all action taken with respect to personnel in the
program--past or present.
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4.3.4. Contract Accounting and Reporting System (CONARS)
The customer for the Contract Accounting and Reporting
System is DD/S&T, Plans and Program Staff. The projected
growth in the workload on this activity will require an
additional 6.0 hours of 1410 time. The computing work
relates to developing a system to do file maintenance and
produce periodic reports on Agency contracts based upon
contract type, contract subject matter, and contract finan-
cial accounting.
4.3.5. Security Automated Name Check Activity (SANCA)
The customer for the Security Automated Name,Check
Activity is OS, Security Records Division. The projected
growth in the workload on this activity will require an,
additional 170.0 hours of 1410 time. The computing work
relates to providing a computer-oriented tape look-up
index system for name traces and leads to the SRD files.
4.3.6. Study of Cable Secretariat Procedures for Possible
Automation
The customer for this study is the Cabto Secretariat.
The projected growth in the workload on this activity will
require an additional 1.1 hours of 360/65 time. The com-
puting work relates a study of the present procedures in the
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Cable Secretariat with a view toward possible automation of
some of the steps in the system.
4.3.7. Computer-Assisted Book Composition (EPIC)
(Electronic Printing of Intelligence Composition)
The customer for EPIC is Office of Logistics, Printing
Services Division. The projected growth in the workload on
this activity will require an additional 40.0 hours of 1410
time. The computing work relates to the development of a
computer system that will produce book composition text in
formatted, justified form for input in machine language to
electronic computing and composing equipment.
4.3.8. Credit Union Study
The projected growth in the Credit Union workload will
require an additional 11.0 hours of 1410 time. The com-
puting work relates to the investigation of the appropri-
ateness of a computer system to maintain share and loan
balances and compute interest.
4.3.9. Agency Personnel Qualifications System
The customer for the Agency Personnel Qualifications
System is the office of Personnel. The projected growth in
the workload on this activity will require an additional 20.0
hours of 301 time. The computing work relates to the complete
operational function of querying and searching master file.
S E C R E T
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4.3.10. Hospitalization Master
The customer for the Hospitalization Master activity is
the Office of Personnel. The projected growth in the work-
load on this activity will require an additional 3.0 hours of
501 time. The computing work relates to revision to allow one
data entry and reduce and clarify clerical procedures.
4.3.11. Project MANS
The customers for Project MANS are the Office of Person-
nel and OBPAM. The projected growth in the workload on this
activity will require an additional 2.0 hours of 501 time
and 1.0 hours of 301 timed The computing work relates to
revision of reporting formats, including additional data
and additional reports.
4.3.12. Insurance File
..The customer for the Insurance File activity is the
Office of Personnel. The projected growth in the workload
on this activity will require an additional 2.0 hours of
501 time and 1.0 hours of 301 time.. The computing work re-
later to the reduction of punched card and clerical operations
and optimizing computer runs.
4.3.13. Record of Overseas Servic
The customer for the Record of Overseas Service activity
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is the office of Personnel. The projected growth in the
workload on this activity will require an additional 0.1
hours of 501 time. The computing work relates to the elimi-
nation of error from files and providing computer editing.
4.3.14. Logistics Stock Accountings
The customers for the Logistics Stock Accounting activity
are OL, OC, OS, OF, TDS,
The projected growth
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in the workload on this activity will require an additional
20.0 hours of 1410 time. The computing work relates to the
designing of a new system to meet requirements of OL. (This
may be combined with MIS).
4.3.15. Manufacturers Cross Reference
The customer for the Manufacturers Cross Reference
activity is the Office of Logistics. The projected growth
in the workload on this activity will require an additional
10.0 hours of 1410 time. The computing work relates to
converting the present system to IBM equipment.
4.3.16. CIA Retirement System
The customers for the CIA Retirement System are Office
of Personnel and Office of Finance. The projected growth in
the workload on this activity will require an additional 1000
hours of 501 time. The computing work relates to provision
for inclusion into existing personnel and pay systems and
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establishing an accounting and paying mechanism for annuitants,
survivors, and participants.
4.3.17. Agency Training Record (ATR)
The customer for the Agency Training Record activity is
the Office of Training (Registrar). The projected growth in
the workload on this activity will require no additional
computer time. The computing work relates to provision for
inclusion into Qualifications System by computer methods.
4.3.18. Financial Analysis (FAN)
The customers for the Financial Analysis Number activity
are the office of Finance and OBPAMO The projected growth
in the workload on this activity will require an additional
4.0 hours of 501 time and 2.0 hours of 301 time. The computing
work relates to providing additional reports for Confidential
Funds by inclusion of detail obligations.
4.3.19. Vouchered Payroll
The customers for the Vouchered Payroll activity are
the Office of Finance, Office of Medical Services, OBPAM,
and Office of Personnel. The projected growth in the work-
load on this activity will require an additional 0.2 hours of
501 time. The computing work relates to the provision for
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inclusion of all payroll accounting entries through the exist-
ing computer system.
4.4. COMMUNICATIONS OPERATIONS SUPPORT
No increase in the present workload or new COMMO support
jobs have been identified. However, this is an area in which
computer support to date has been quite beneficial. Therefore,
growth, though not predictable in volume, is to be expected.
4.5. STATISTICAL DATA PROCESSING
The projected increase in required computer time for
statistical jobs amounts to 25 hours of 7090 time and 21 hours
of 1401 time per month. The three projects which account for
this increase are included below.
4.501. Soviet MilitaryExoenditures
The customer for the Soviet Military Expenditures activity
is ORR/MRS. The projected growth in the workload on this
activity will require an additional 8 hours of 7090 time and
1.0 hours of 1401 time. The computing work relates to increas-
ing the power of the system by building cost models, developing
graphic outputs, improving input procedures for file maintenance,
applying game theory where possible, and supporting DIA cost-
ing requirements. (Some improvements are dependent on DASD
and remote devices).
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4.5.3. Battery Test
The customer for the Battery Test activity is TSD/0 25X1
The projected growth in the workload will require an additional
15 hours of 7090 time and 6 hours of 1401 time. The computing
work relates to a greatly increased amount of data to be
processed as a result of an enlarged test program for battery
power sources and from the development of battery life simu-
lation
4.6. DOCUMENT/INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Project CHIVE is the large scale document/information
retrieval system under development in the Agency. To date
computers have been used to support experimental work on
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this project. The amount of such computer time has varied
considerably from month to month. One segment of the total
computer-driven CHIVE system will be implemented initially.
It is estimated that 15 hours of 360 mod 67 computer time
be required monthly by 1967.
4.,7. LANGUAGE PROCESSING
The automatic Language Processing (ALP) System, currently
under development by IBM, is scheduled to be installed in
the Agency by October 1965. The initial system will consist
of special purpose hardware interconnected to a 1401 com-
puter. Its two modes of operation will a) perform stenotype
machine shorthand transcription to English and b) perform
machine assisted translation from Russian to English. If
proven successful, the special purpose ALP hardware will be
interconnected with the planned major computer system.
The estimated 360 Mod 67 time required per month is 8 hours.
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Chapter 5.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
5.1. SYSTEM 360 HARDWARE
In April, 1964, the IBM Corporation announced a family
of computers known as System 360. At the time of announce-
ment five different models were announced. Each of these
five models was to have exactly the same logical structure,
instruction set, and options. The five machines differed
in speed and price. The Model 30, the low end of the scale,
was the slowest and least expensive. The model 70, the high
end of the scale, was the largest and most expensive. These
machines bracketed the performance range from the 1401 size
machine to a machine somewhat larger than the 7094-II. In
addition to their common design, the machines were fundamen-
tally unique for two reasons. First, they were a compromise
design which would accomplish both business data processing
and scientific computing on one computer with an acceptable
throughput per dollar. Second, they had a unique instruction
format which was economical in terms of core storage, and which
allowed large core memories to be directly connected and
addressed in a straightforward manner.
Since the original announcement, two more machines have
been added to the series. The Model 20 is a small computer
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with price and p~-rfor-*nance below the Model 3d 0 It is a cousin
to the Model 30 in that programs prepared for the Model 20
will run on the Model 30, but not conversely. At the extreme
high end of the line, the Model 92 was announced. The Model
92 is bigger and faster than either the Stretch, the Larc, or
CDC's 66000 It is completely compatible with the remainder
of the line with the exception that the commercial option is
i
not available for the Model 92 since it is primarily intended
for heavy scientific computation.
In the 15 months since announcement, improvements have
continued to flow from. the design laboratory. one machine has
had it-,s m!e orv cycle time : reduced and is b,ei,nq offered with
the faster memory at the original price, thus increasing
its throughput per dollar. The Models 60 and 62 have been
discontinued, and are replaced by the Model 65, faster
machine at a, lower price0 New input/output gear has been
announced and .dditinnai devices are rumored. A special
configuration, the Model 67 has, been announced to satisfy
the market demand for a machine to support remote consoles,
time-sharing, and a commercial machine which will allow
dynamic reconfiguration for those installations which re-
quire high availability at a reasonable pricer
5.1.1. Introduction to Svstem/3
System/360 is a stored program, general, purpose digital
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computer with unique capabilities. The same design is imple-
mented in a series of CPU's to offer a range in speed and per-
formance. The various models are each constructed from a
family of new circuits called SLT (Solid Logic Technology).
These SLT circuits are the result of several years circuit
development which has resulted in a series of integrated
digital circuits which can switch their logic states in--ten
to thirty nanoseconds (billionths of a second). To exploit
the productive capacity of this new family of circuits, IBM
has implemented the S/360 CPUs so that the smaller machines
use the same family of circuits but merely work them harder.
This is most clearly seen in the width of the bus to memory.
The bus on the Model 30 is only 8 bits wide. Thus, it has
an 8 bit adder and performs arithmetic 8 bits at a time. As
the models increase in speed, the width of the memory bus
grows 8,!.16, 32, and 64 bits widen
As indicated above, the design of 8/360 was chosen to
allow the attachment of large capacity memories. In previous
designs the number of address bits in a computer instruction
had to be sufficient to allow the largest core memory contem-
plated to be addressed. In S/360, register addressing is used
so that the instruction length may be held to a minimum The
actual memory address to be referenced is held in one of six-
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teen general registers. When the instruction is fetched, a
four bit field in the instruction points to the register which
holds the address of the memory cell to be referenced. The
registers are 32 bits in length, the address portion is 24
bits long. Using this scheme, a net saving of 20 bits per
instruction is possible on the larger configurations. The 16
general registers are also used for arithmetic registers and
subroutine linkages.
Some instructions also carry a 12 bit modifier field
which allows an offset to be added to the register address
immediately preceding the memory reference. These 12 bit
fields allow an amount of conventional direct addressing
limited to the first 4096 bytes of memory.
The memory itself is organized around the eight bit
byte. Each eight bit field has a unique memory address and
can be selected, along with one or more continuous bytes. at
the time of an instruction execution. Although each byte
is uniquely addressable:, a performance penalty is extracted
in the event a. programmer elects to fetch bytes or strings of
bytes which do not start at a natural memory division (8, 16,
32, or 64 bit word boundaries)
The instruction sequencing and interrupt provisions within
S/360 embody a large portion of the best design features
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historically found to be useful for communications and real-
time installations. A mask register is provided which allows
the various interrupt condition
to be selectively enabled.
When an interrupt has been enabled and the interrupt event
occurs, the instantaneous status of all critical registers
is stored and the execution of a new stream of instructions
is initiated. The conditions stored at the time of interrupt
allow the previous instruction stream to be resumed after the
immediate processing associated with the interrupt is com-
pleted. The various CPU registers are stored into a single
formatted word called the Program Status Word (PSW)O The
special history word so assembled allows the minimum interrupt
time to be reduced so that the large interrupt time penal-
ties, associated with some previous machine designs, are not
experienced.
The instruction repertoire has the normal complement of
instructions to facilitate fixed-point arithmetic, address
modification, testing, and sequencing. A commercial instruc-
tion set is provided as an option which allows the CPU to
perform variable field length decimal arithmetic, and to
expeditiously accomplish certain packing and editing functions
found in commercial data processing work. A second option,
the scientific option, provides additional registers and
circuitry to perform floating point arithmetic on either 32
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or 64 bit operands.
The fundamental architectural design of S/360 encourages
multiprogrammed operation. Three features are responsible
for this flavor. First, the CPU embodies the concept that
a monitor program is mandatory. As such, there are certain
functions reserved to the monitor and only to the monitor.
These functions are program switching, accounting, interrupt
handling, and all I/O. The instructions to accomplish these
functions are called privileged instructions and they cannot
be executed by an applications program. A control circuit is
set to determine whether the machine is operating in the
problem state or the monitor state. Any attempt to execute
monitor functions in the problem state is interpreted as an
error which initiates an interrupt and calls for monitor
action.
To protect the monitor and to protect applications programs
which may cotiabit in the same core memory, storage protection
feature is provided. The monitor assigns each applications
program a storage protection key. Whenever a memory refer-
ence (either fetch or store) is made, the key associated with
the program initiating the action is automatically compared
with the lock mechanism associated with that? block of core
memory. If they match, the memory reference is allowed with
no performance penalty. If they disagree, the instruction
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execution is terminated and monitor intervention is requested.
Thus, two or more applications programs can be protected
from each other so that their information is held invoilate,.o
Similarly, the monitor can protect itself from both of these
applications programs.
The third feature which facilitates efficient operation
in general and multiprogramming in particular is the multi-
plexing channel feature. Two types of channels are offered
on S/360: the selector and the multiplexor. The adjective
""selector" is used to specify the traditional type of I/O
channel which, when once initiated, can sustain only one I/O
operation at a time. In short, it is dedicated to a specific
device from initiation to completion. These we have long
known and can be considered traditional. On the other hand,
the multiplexor channel contains additional registers and
control circuitry to allow the data path to be time-shared
by several relatively low speed I/O devices on a demand-
priority basis.
In any input/output operation, registers must hold the
address of the next memory cell to be referenced, the total
number of bytes to be transferred, and certain control infor-
mation associated with the 1/0 operation itself. A multi-
plexor channel has a set of these registers for every attached
device. A typical channel may have up to 128 sets. When an
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operation is started, the registers are initialized and the
first memory reference is made. From then on, whenever the
device demands (or allows) service, the appropriate set of
registers is fetched from a local memory and used to route
the next byte to or from main memory. Such a channel is
extremely well suited for handling concurrent operations on
several slow speed character-oriented devices such as tele-
types or remote terminals.
The multisystem features allow two or more CPUs to be
connected in a multiprocessing configuration. These provide
for CPU to CPU communication, memory priority and tie breaking,
a master-slave relationship, and limited types of automatic
reconfiguration and recovery in the face of hardware or soft-
ware malfunctions.
5.1.2. I/O Device Surv
The very flexible channel arrangement on S/360 allows a
variety of devices to be connected via multiplexor or selector
channels to a CPU whose speed and storage characteristics
support their operation. The interface between the channel
(either multiplexor or selector) and the control unit is well
defined. If manufacturers of special purpose equipment merely
meet this channel interface spec, they can directly connect
to a 360 channel with no additional hardware or special purpose
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circuitry. Thus, it is highly probable that other manufac-
turers will provide device gear to complement IBM's offerings.
However, while this is highly probable, the breadth of IBM's
offerings is impressive. A sampler of such devices is
provided below.
The IBM 2361 core storage unit can either be used as an
extension of memory, or as an I/O device. one or more of
these devices may be attached which provide independent access
to a 64-bit word double every eight microseconds. Each bulk
storage unit will contain 1,048,576 bytes of storage, each,
nine bits (eight data bits plus one parity bit) wide.
In the domain of rotating storage devices, IBM provides
the 2302 disk storage, the 2311 disk storage, the 2321 data
cell drive, the 7320 drum storage, and the 2301 drum storage.
In addition, they have recently announced the 2314 multidiska
These devices are graded.in total capacity, access time, rota-
tional rate.
In the more traditional department of tape drives, they
offer five, ranging from the 15 kilobyte 2415 unit to the
340 kilobyte 7340 hypertape unit. While the drives are
normally the nine track tape, a seven track compatibility option
is also available.
In I/O gear, they offer two card readers: 1402 and the
S E C R E T
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1442; a punched paper tape reader; an optical mark reader;
two magnetic character readers; two optical readers; and four
line printers including the 1403-3 which prints at 1100 lines
per minute and also provides the interchangeable train car-
tridge feature. They provide the 2702 control unit which
is the interface to the common carrier, and data collection
consoles, data communication consoles, terminals, process
control attachments, and two versions of CRT displays. To
round out the assortment, the graphical display gear, developed
in conjunction with General Motors, provides the capability to
produce engineering drawings on-line and photograph them for
later reuse.
5.1.3. Model 65 Plans
OCS plans to install anP_'IBM model 65 mono-processor in
the first quarter of 1966. This machine will have 524,288
bytes of storage with a cycle time Of) 750 nanoseconds per
eight byte word. The configuration planned is shown in
figure 1. The single shift monthly rental is $70,000.
The configuration shown is more readily appreciated if it
is analyzed by the subsystems and projects it supports. A
central CPU-memory-storage complex is provided to support all
projects. It consists of the Model 65 processor and its two
interleaved core memories, the operator's console, limited on-
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IBM SYSTEM /360
MODEL 65 ? MONOPROCESSOR
Core Storage 262 KB
23652
Operator Comole
1052-7
Core Storage 262KB
2365-2
omnwnicotiom Data Adopter
2701
Control Unit
2841
Control Unit
2821
Control Unit
2848
Central Processing Unit
2065-1
O 2402 O
Control Unit
2404
2402 O
024110
Communication
Terminate
2741
Card
Read-Punch
Printer Printer
1403 1403
Control Unit
Control
2840
024.20
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7 I I
4 1
oft
Control
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line card reading and printing capability, 8 magnetic tape
units, and a 2311 dd:sk file for programming systems resi-
dence. This is supplemented by a second 2311 for applications
program residence and a 2302 disk file for on-line storage
with intermediate access and capacity.
Just this much equipment is a very powerful mono-
processor capable of multiprogramming. Jobs and their data
may be introduced to this system via an off-line card-to-tape
machine, or via the on-line card reading equipment. Output
may be taken on-line or written on tape for delayed printing.
To this central processing system, three 2741 terminals
have been added to allow the central system to be queried via
communication lines from remote terminals not necessarily
located in the Headquarters Building. Further, three 2250
CRT terminals have been added to allow the computer's files
to be queried and manipulated from the high speed CRT ter-
minal displays located within the Headquarters Building. In
order to provide the additional storage necessary for holding
files for inquiry and display, the 2321 data cell storage
device has been added. This one data cell has the capacity
of 400 million bytes.
The third set of devices added to the configuration will
allow the direct attachment of the Univac 1004 data communi-
cations net and provide an entry point for our special
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purpose high-speed analog to digital conversion gear.
This Model 65 is an interim system which will allow us
to convert and process the programs now running on four of
our five computers, will allow us to start building the large
file on the data cell, and will provide an experimental
facility so that we may become experienced with the idio-
syncrasies of two types of remote terminal devices.
To prepare for this interim system, an IBM Model 30
will be installed in August 1965 to replace the IBM 1401 now
performing yeoman service: printing tapes and reading cards.
A multi-task utility program is being prepared which will
cause the Model 30 to process tasks concurrently as required
by operator action. In addition to this yeoman service, the
early installation of the Model 30 will allow us to perform
these other functions. Since the Model 30 will have both
7 track tapes and 9 track tapes, the file conversion and
translation outlined in Chapter 8 can be initiated. Second,
the training of programmers on Systeaa/360 can be started.
The Model 30 operates identically with the Model 65 in every
way except that it does not have the variety of I/O gear and
terminals and it is slower. However, for programmer training,
these are not serious limitations. Third, the programming
systems outlined in the sections to follow can be experimentally
operated, checked out, and modified by the systems programming
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group in advance of the time when they will be necessary.
5.1.4. Model 67 Plans
In the first quarter of 1967, the Model 65 CPU will be
removed and additional equipment will be installed to make
the resulting configuration conform to the schematic in
figure 2. In addition to the twin CPU's each with its own
preferred pair of high speed memories, additional I/O gear
has been added to provide for the growth in services, both
on-line and batch, presently anticipated. In addition,
a pair of IBM 2846 I/O controllers are added between the
channels and the memory bus. These controllers, and the
related CPU hardware, were designed for communications-mode
time-sharing operation. They provide the dynamic relocation
capability thought to be very valuable for thi6 type of
operation.
Before the Model 67 with the twin CPUs is installed,
communication-mode time-sharing will undergo further evalua-
tion so that the costs and benefits may be evaluated. At
the present time, the OCS plans call for the installation
of this hardware as a means of raising the availability of the
system to those who require remote inquiries
In any large complex data processing equipment, hardware
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components will occasionally malfunction and these malfunctions
may require a significant period of isolation and repair.
Using the hardware shown on the schematic, isolation switches
may be thrown, either automatically or manually, to disconnect
a malfunctioning unit and allow the remainder of the system
to survive. These switches are an integral portion of the
time-sharing hardware option. They allow a properly designed
software program to dynamically reconfigure the hardware
connections so that the failing unit is isolated. The soft-
ware may then proceed to re-evaluate priorities for work
outstanding and to allocate the remaining processing power
to those tasks considered most urgent. This is a limited
form of fail-soft operation which will allow all single
hardware failures to be absorbed and some triple hardware
failures to be absorbed before the system becomes unavailable
to all users o
As our computer systems lose their more traditional
guise and become a more direct and accessible tool to oper-
ating management, availability will be a more critical require-
ment A system planned in mid ?65 will be installed in
mid ?67 and should be operating smoothly by Christmas, 1967.
This extended development cycle is due to three reasons
First, the hardware and software are not available from the
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IBM SYSTEM /360
TWIN MODEL 67 CPU-MULTIPROCESSOR
Core Storage 262 KB
2365-2
Operator Console
1052-7
Processor Unit No.l
2067-H
1/0 Controller
2846
Multiple 870 Channel '.led or 08603 e 2
1Control Unit
2820
2820
Drum Sorage Control Unit
ruin Sarage
2301 2301
Control Unit
2841
Multi Disk
2314
Control Unit
2848
024.20
Control Unit
2804
Communication
Terminals
CommunicaF"a
ransmaaon Control
2702
2741
Read-Punch
Core Storage 262KB
23652
Control Unit
2821
Printer Printer
403 403
Control Unit
2840
Multi Disk
2314
2250.2
r- I
Bulk Core
2361
Processor Unit No.2
2067-H
Operator Console
1052.7
I/O C2846 11N
r Selectorr Channel Multiple 9 o Channel
I-T ""~ -I S 5 S
I t t ~~-r-~r
Comrol Unit
2841
Control Unit
2821
Printer
1403
Communications
Transmission Control
2702
Card
Read-Punch
2540
Cnmmunioation
Terrninak
2741
2741
FIGURE 2
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vendor until late '66 or early '67. Second, the program-
ming staff is highly compartmented and not totally acquainted
with these concepts (they have no experience with this type
of operation). Third, even though the hardware, this program,
and the staff training were completed and ready, the large
data files must be meticulously edited, properly structured,
and stored to support such an on-line operation. These files
do not now exist in the proper form, and their development
is a significant undertaking.
5.2. SYSTEM 360 SOFTWARE
The software provided for System/360 consists of one all-
encompassing integrated design implemented in a modular fashion.
IBM's distribution agency will provide the software modules
requested on magnetic tape. Our systems programmers and
the Systems Engineers from IBM will familiarize themselves
with the documentation related to the modules requested and,
when the tape is received, prepare for a process known as
Systems Generations.
Control cards will be prepared and test problems selected.
The SE's and systems programmers then will visit IBM's local
data center and perform actual SYSGENO This is a multitask
process which results in a customized operating system for
our machine. If the newly generated system does not require
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hardware which is unavailable at the service center, the
system may be tested immediately upon generation. However,
if the system requires a unique hardware configuration, it
can only be tested at our facility. The resulting operating
system consists of a control program and several libraries.
The control program contains only the features selected
and the libraries contain language processors to translate
the various source languages into load module form.
The control program operates in the supervisor state
and performs all I,/0, scheduling, interrupt handling, and
storage protection. All other programs operate in the problem
state. This is true be they applications programs or vendor
supplied language processors. Thus, to the control program
an application program which determines optimum trajectories
appears just like a language processor program which
translates FORI.T"RAN IV into load module form.
5.2.1. L;knguge, Processors
I will provide processors
for four different languages.
Each language processor has one or more design levels. For
example, two FORTF processors will be provided. They both
operate under the operating system, and they both translate
the full language from source to load module forma However,
one of these is implemented to accomplish this translation
using several overlays, none of which is larger than 10,000
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bytes. The other design fits the entire compiler into 200,000
bytes of memory. These offer the user the option of multi-
processing, where one processor may be the compiler, or
mono-processing to gain speed. Similar compromises are
offered for the other source languages.
5.2.1.1. Assembly Language
The assembly program for S/360 operates under operating
System/360 and translates programs in source language form
to a form suitable for the Link Editor. The assembly is of
more or less traditional design which translates symbolic
instructions with mnemonic operation codes into a compressed
symbolic form required by the Link Editor. The assembler
encompasses the best features from the MACRO forms found
in the 7010 Autocoder and the 7090 MAP languages. The
expected variety in data representation, address calculation,
and applications program sectioning are all provided. The
assembler provides the usual program listings and error in-
dications -as a by-product of the assembly process. The
assembler references no libraries, but translates each
module presented on a module by module basis. The output
form goes to the Link Editor which resolves inter-module
symbols, includes library routines as called, and outputs a
relocatable program in load module form suitable for loading
into core.
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5.2.1.2. FORTRAN
The specs for the FORTRAN provided under Operating System
360 are a superset of the specifications used for the FORTRAN
IV compilers now in existence on currently operating equip-
ment. The language and the constructs currently allowed are
similarly allowed. However, certain arithmetical differ-
ences may result due to the difference in word length between
current systems and S/360. Many of the programming restric-
tions common to current FORTRAN IV have been relaxed in the
360 version. In addition, additional capability has been
added in the form of variable attribute control, adjustable
array dimensions, and several new codes for formats, I/O
lists, spacing, and literals.
502.103. COBOL
Operating SystenV360 COBOL is not completely compatible
with any of the COBOLS now operating on current equipment
Each of the current COBOLS was designed to effectively
exploit one or more current computers. Therefore, they
were not completely machine independent. Rather than per-
petuate these difficulties, Operating System/360 COBOL cleans
up and purifies many of these language constructs, plus
providing new language constructs necessary for asynchronous
data processing in a multiprogramming environment. An
additional program is provided called the COBOL Language
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Conversion Program (COBOL LCP) which will translate, where
possible, from the constructions presently used in current
COBOL programs to the equivalent construction in 360 COBOL.
Where translations are impossible, the section of code will
be flagged for programmer review
5.2.1.4. PL/I
In parallel with the development of System/360, a new
software design effort was initiated in an attempt to
devise one programming language which would be suitable for
scientific and engineering calculations, business data proc-
essing, and real-time operation. Further, it was decreed that
the language should allow and exploit direct access storage
devices such as drums and disks, remote terminals, and the
dynamic features provided by the control program and the
hardware interrupt schemed To accomplish this assignment,
a joint design team was set up consisting of employees of IBM
and volunteers provided by the scientific computer users
group, SHARE. The first report was published in mid-1964
and has undergone several revisions since then. Superficially,
this effort looks like a success and when compilers for the
language are available, a detail evaluation will be made.
The adoption of a single programming language, single
control program, and single computing system has considerable
appeal to those of us tivho mmanage a large work force of pro-
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grarnmers working on a variety of assignments in a highly
fluid environment. Training is simplified, personnel scheduling
and assignment problems are eased, fewer systems programmers
are required for trouble shooting and maintenance, and the
efficiency of the entire machine room operation is improved.
If these advantages can be accomplished with little or no
additional costs and if the manufacturer provides language
conversion programs to translate from Systeaq/360 COBOL and
System/'360 FORTRAN into PL/I, then the language will undoubt-
edly be adopted for standard use throughout, the Center.
5.2.2. Control Proq z ams
As mentioned above, one integrated control program
design was set down and then optional features were provided
to support different hardware configurations or modes of op-
eration. One large set of these pertains to Data Management.
Data files can be organized to reside on magnetic tape,
disk, or core memory. Furthermore, they may be written once
and read many times, constantly undergo update and change,
accessed in the same form and sequence as they are updated, or
maintained in one form and referenced in yet another sequence
and format. These options, combined with the physical speci-
fications for the various disk devices, tapes, and memories,
require a series of subprograms to be devised called "access
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methods". Additional access methods are sure to come as new
devices are developed and made available.
Other control program options concern a choice of oper-
ational modes. Data can be batched on a peripheral machine
and presented to the central processor as a series of
sequential tasks with uniform priority. This, of course,
is the traditional mode of operation. Further, data can be
presented to a single processor as it becomes available so
that the processor may reschedule its outstanding work and
adjust its queues between each processing task. Other options
are available which allow multiprogramming and two or more
processors to perform multiprocessing with fixed or dynamic
functional assignments. All of these options are available
in the one design. The System Generation function will
cause combinations of these modules to be selected to support
our operations.
5.2.2.1. Serial Tasking Operations
The first version of operating System/360 to be employed
by OCS will be a simple serial tasking, batch-operated system.
This will be system generated for the Model 30 configuration
and will be used for training system programmers, for verifying
the operation for the several language processors, for converting
files, and for checking out converted applications programs.
S E C R. E T
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This operating system will also be used to perform SYSGEN
for subsequent operating systems, and to check out modifi-
cations to the IBM supplied control programs as required by
unique conditions existing within OCS. A second version of
this serial tasking system will be used for the first several
months on the Model 65 after initial installation in the
first quarter of '66.
5.2.2.2. Multiprogramming
A multiprogramming operating system will be generated
in the third quarter of 1966 for the Model 65 configuration.
It will provide for Assembly, FORTRAN, and COBOL source
languages. It will be based on the teleprocessing version of
OS/360 and will support a limited number of remote consoles.
It will encompass access methods for files on magnetic tape,
disk and data cell. The preparation of this operating system
will not be a trivial task. The manufacturer's offering
provides most of the features needed although special modules
will need to be prepared for the non-standard analog to digi-
tal inputs and the Univac 1004. The accounting provided by
the vendor will need to be reviewed so that we may distribute
costs to our various users on the basis of usage even though
we are operating in a multiprogramming mode. In addition,
we must completely review the manufacturer's provisions for
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security, and audit trails and accountability. We undoubt-
edly will find them lacking and, while their provisions will
be a useful base, we will be forced to provide additional
functional capability to handle our own unique security needs.
5.2.2.3. Remote Retrieval
After the. multiprogramming system is operating well and
we have become familiar with the hardware and software pro-
vided to support remote console operation, it is anticipated
that we will have to design one or more additional access
methods to allow remote inquiry, in-process interrupt, high
priority service, and immediate response for the terminals
that we decide to support. It is anticipated that these
modifications will take place within the confines of the
design of OS/360, but they will be undertakings of signifi-
cance occasioned by the unique requirements of the Agency.
5.2.2.4. in Processor
The IBM software to support the, twin Model 67 config-
uration is now in the process of being specified. As indi-
cated above, the Model 67 is in our plans as the best way to
achieve the processing capability we will require in the 1968-
72 period. Preliminary specifications for the multiprocessing
monitor system are available, and they appear to be in sub-
sta#tial agreement with the Agency?s needs. As a minimum,
this software will have to be adapted to the Agency configuration
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shown previously. In addition, any especial provisions
we have incorporated for accounting, security, accountability
or retrieval would necessarily have to be incorporated into
this software design also. As more details become available
on this software, continued study of the specifications will
be necessary in order to determine the necessary additions
to satisfy the Agency's need.
5.3. ANTICIPATED PROBLEMS
In reviewing the IBM supplied software and in becoming
acquainted with the IBM provided hardware, three major prob-
lems have been defined which will require study, solution,
and management approval before the plan outlined above can
be completed. These problems are briefly sketched below.
5.3.1. Secure Files
The IBM hardware has storage protection features which
guard against memory access violations due to inappropriate
fetching or storing of words outside of a predefined area by
an applications program or language processor. Since the
control program is the only program authorized to run in
the supervisor state, it is the only program which has the
ability to alter storage protection keys. Furthermore, it
is the only program which may reference I/O files.
S E C R E T
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A study must be undertaken which reviews these control
program features and how they are implemented. The control
program itself must be protected from applications programs.
The tables within the control program would provide classified
information to unauthorized interrogation if they are not pri-
vate and protected. Whenever programs or hardware malfunction
and restart is required, opportunity exists for inadvertant
security leaks. Such exposure must be understood and docu-
mented to determine. if sufficient checks and balances have
been performed.
A second portion of the security review and study must
report on the security safeguards provided for operation
via remote terminals. Questions to be answered area How do
we verify that the person at the terminal is indeed who he
says he is? How do we retain the security classification of
the physical area in which the terminal is situated? How do
we retain the highest classification level for which a com-
munication link is entitled? How do we determine that the
person at the console has the need-.to-know the information
he requests? Does the software-provide an algorithm which
provides only requested information in the presence of an
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established need-to-know up to the level determined by the
lowest clearance: com line, physical, or individual? While
the above restrictions are both mandatory and desirable under
normal circumstances, how can the restrictions be selectively
released during periods of dire emergency and who may authorize
such a relaxation in the national interest?
5.3.2. Audit Trails and Accountability
The "new wave" in computing is on-line operation. Some
of the proponents of this mode of operation have hypothesized
that all computing will be on-line in the next few years.
Several major obstacles must be overcome before such a system
is possible. First, some of our data comes from such widely
spread locations that it must first be concentrated before it
is entered into the computer. For these data, accuracy is more
important than time and the traditional keypunch and verifying
process provides high accuracy combined with low cost. In the
foreseeable future a good portion of our data will be entered
into the machine in this way.
Another facet which will impede the predictions concerns
the capabilities of the average trained programmer and his
usual work habits. During the process of programming a task,
a large job requires access to 20 to 50 different pieces of
paper. The current mode of operation spreads these pieces
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of paper all over a large desk where they are instantaneously
available for ready reference. Single scope displays require
another alternative set of work habits: habits not yet developed.
A third reason why our growth may be more leisurely is
the motor ability of many of our present programmers. While
a large majority of these personnel have had instruction and
frequent access to both typewriters and keypunches, they have
never achieved much proficiency with either. Thus their entry
speed and accuracy will be the source of added expense and some
frustration.
These three limitations will be with us even though the
current price per user may be brought under control and the
capital investment per individual served can be held to a
manageable value. Thus, we have four major problems to be
solved before remote terminal operation is warmly embraced.
Even though these limitations are removed, yet an addi-
tional technical problem exists. Whenever a single file can
be accessed by more than one individual or whenever the con-
tents of that file are the result of two or more uncoordinated
updates, a severe audit trail and accountability problem will
develop. This problem is doubly severe. There is no information
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in the published literature which describes any current
studies on this topic: planned or completed. Even when and
if such studies are available, the problems within the Agency
would amplify the difficulties involved, cause a complete
review of the solutions, and probably would require some
additional features not contemplated elsewhere. At this
writing, the problem is as yet unstudied and must be faced
soon and solved before the twin Model 67 is installed in first
quarter 1967.
5.3.3. Fail-Soft Reconfiguration
Today it is common for many people in the computer
field to speak quite glibly about computer based systems which
gracefully degrade in the face of hardware outages. The only
systems to date that fail-softly are some very expensive
military command and control systems which do not handle the
breadth of applications we contemplate, nor do they adhere
to the budget constraints now impressed upon the Agency. In
short, graceful degradation, fail-soft operation, and dynamic
reconfigurations have never yet been successfully demonstrated
in an industrial environment. The IBM Model 67 is reputed to
enjoy these long sought attributes. The software according
to preliminary specs is designed to complement the hardware
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and allow near 100% availability with a minimum of manual
intervention. When the detailed specs for this hardware and
software are available, a study effort will be established to
meticulously review them and to enumerate the conditions which
can be tolerated and allow one computer to automatically sur-
vive, the conditions which can be tolerated provided prompt
manual action is available, the conditions which cause tempo-
rary loss of the facility, and the conditions which cause
an extensive period of down time. Hopefully, the latter case
will not exist.
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Chapter 6.
6.1. MANAGEMENT TRAINING
Courses which emphasize the characteristics of the IBM
360 Model 67 are planned for management-level personnel. They
will cover the operating system, remote terminal usage, sched-
uling of priorities, etc. Course #1, "Administrative Considera-
tions of a Multi-Programming System" is scheduled for March
1966 for OCS management and supervisory personnel. This is
scheduled for a repeat in November 1966. Agency personnel
not in OCS but administratively responsible for remote terminal
users of OCS hardware will be invited to attend either course.
Further courses of this type will be offered on a continuing
basis.
6.2. SYSTEM PROGRAMMER TRAINING
Eight programmers are currently assigned system programming
duties. They will be the first personnel to be indoctrinated
in System 360 and will acquire broad training in great depth.
They will assist in the modification and installation of
System 360 software in the Agency. They will act as in-house
consultants to the applications programming staff, and they
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will perform necessary modifications to the vendor-supplied
software to adapt it to the unique needs of the Agency.
Most training will be conducted either by the Chief, Tech-
nical Staff, or by consultants under his direction. These
will be either short 2-4 hour seminars or extensive 2-5 day
workshops.
One such workshop has already been held. In this four-
day intensive session the design for a multi-utility program
was set down. This program will allow the IBM Model 30 to
operate several I/O devices concurrently as required. The
experience gained in designing and constructing such an
interleaved monitor program will be an invaluable base for
our further work. The Model 30 will arrive in August 1965
and replace existing 1401 equipment; some of its time will
be utilized for advanced system programmer training. In addi-
tion, supplementary training will be scheduled at various
universities and at the manufacturer's education center
as special courses are offered.
6.2.1. Tentative Schedule
The following tentative training schedule has been
adopted.
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6.3. APPLICATIONS PROGRAMMER TRAINING
A planning effort is now underway to determine the best
method for training the applications programmers. Unfortunately,
the computer field has yet to adopt a standard glossary. Many
of the terms have unique usages private to an individual vendor.
Great benefit will result when only one vendor's equipment is
installed and only one set of software is used. However, to
achieve interchangeability of staff and scheduling flexi-
bility, the existing compartments must be dissolved so that
a common vocabulary, training, and expertise is shared by all
personnel.
One approach to this is to offer three different series
of courses appropriately tuned to the three backgrounds now
prevalent in OCSO One course would be offered for program-
mers skilled in RCA equipment and techniques, one course would
be offered for the character-oriented IBM programmers, and
the third course would be offered to those experienced on
binary-oriented IBM equipment, The first sessions of each
of these three courses would be unique to the attendees'
background experience. Naturally, the later sessions would
be all identical.
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in considering such a mode of retraining, considerable
attention will be given to measuring the results of the training
courses. In an attempt to offer a fair opportunity to all
personnel regardless of prior background and in an attempt
to objectively measure the quality of the training offered,
cme attempt will be made to measure the results of the
course instruction
A second approach to training is to exploit the in-
dividual courses offered by the vendor. IBM offers a strik-
ing variety of reasonably well prepared and adequately docu-
mented courses. Until the in-house courses are developed
personnel will be scheduled to attend vendor sessions as
indicated on the following page. It should be noted that we
are still. providing training on existing equipment in order
'.-o. appcrt on-going operations prior to the installation of
"~I36D. The importance of developing excellent training courses
L.o allow the programmers to make the transition from earlier
to very sophisticated equipment cannot be overemphasized.
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Chapter 7.
REPROGRAMMING
The computer programs now used within the Center will
need review and eventual reprogramming if they are to con-
tinue to be of use following the installation of IBM 360
equipment. The S/360 equipment is unique in the computer
field in that the instruction decoding within the main frame
hardware is implemented using a special technique which in-
volves a read-only storage element. All of the control cir-
cuits are controlled by this read-only storage elements to
implement the standard instruction set. The original moti-
vation for this design was economy of circuitry and related
hardware. However, it is possible to outfit the computer
with a second read-only storage element which will cause the
S/360 to interpret and decode a second, completely different,
c,:t of machine instructions.
The Agency S/360 will be outfitted with a second read-