(SANITIZED)TRANSLATION OF SOVIET PAPER ON EFFECT OF SIMULTANEOUS ADDITIONS OF VARIOUS METALS ON CRYSTALLIZATION OF STEEL(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00926A006700290001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 13, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 25, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CONFIDENT
SECURITY INFORMATION
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
Metals on Crystallization of Steel
Translation) lof Soviet Paper on
Effect of Simultaneous Additions of Various
Hlt DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL OEFLNSt
OF THE UNITED STATES, WITHIN THEMEANINO OF TITLE It, SECTIONS 710
AND 714, OF THE U.S, CODE. At AMENDED, ITS TRANSMISSION ON $EYE?
LATION OF ITS CONTENTS TO OR NKCEIFT BY AN UNAUTHORIWID PERSON 11
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
50X1-HUM'
50X1-HUM.
DATE D I STR. AT NO V (3
NO. OF PAGES 7
NO. OF ENCLS.
SUPP. TO
REPORT NO.
Effect of Titanium and of Simultaneous Additions of Boron,
Vanadium. and Titanium on the Crystallization of Steel
by
Niemark, V. E., Peletskaya, I. B. and Entin, Rq I.
Stal, Moscow, v. 8, 1948, ppe,248-254.
1. Studies, regretfully rather few, of the modification of steels by small additions of
alloying elements indicate wide possibilities of influencing primary and secondary
crystallization of a wide range of alloys (steels).
2. The work previously done (Refs. 1 and 2) permitted to bring to light the influence of
boron and vanadium on crystallization and kinetics of isothermal heat treatments in
steel; the most effective were small concentrations of boron (up to .06%) and vanadium
(up to .2%). The next step in the work was the present investigation of'?the influence
of small additions of titanium and additions, simultaneously, of boron, vanadium and
titanium on the mode of primary crystallization of steel and on the kinetics d'- the
isothermal transformation in austeni?te.
_ 3. The addition of small amounts of titanium is? used in industry primarily to reduce the
dangers of overheating, to improve deoxidation and degasification of steel, to obtain
a dense and fine primary structure of the ingots, and to some degree to improve mechani-
cal properties. 50X1-HUM
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This report is for the use within the USA of the Intelligence components of the Departments or
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originating office $hrough the Assistant Director of the Office of Collection and Dissemination,: CIA.
0
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Investigation of the effL~cta of small additions of titanium on the properties of steels
was done by other investigators. Insofax.as the hard.enability of the investigated
steels is concerned, the results were somewhat contradictory. This apparently can be
explained by the different effects that titanium has when It is. in solid-solution or
when it !.s present as carbide or nitride.
Effect of Small Additions of Titanium on the
r
Structure o?: Cas Steel
5. The steel was made in a 30 kg. capacity. high frequency furnace. The raw materials con-
sisted of low carbon steel containing .1% carbon, .38% manganese,,.03%o phosphorus, .03%
sulfur,.1% copper; .06% nickel, and cast iron containing approximately 4% carbon, .15%
manganese and .06% silicon. The heats were deoxidized with Ferro manganese and ferro sili-
con. Just before tapping and for complete deoxidation .02%.aluminum was. added to the
furnace.
-6. When steel was to be made with additions of titanium, at first the heat?'wasmade without
any additions, then some ferro titanium was added to the. furnace trying to. get a'steel
with approximately 41% titanium. Then the. next ingot was cast with increased titanium,
etc. In such a.manner from one original heat.were cast from 6'to 9.ingots with different
concentrations of titanium. Two kinds of steel were prepared. One containing 045-.55%
.
carbon and the other with .8-1.0% carbon.
7. The silicon was about .30-.L0%, manganese from -50--86'd titanium from .01-.30%, accord-
ing to calculations, and from .003 to a: maximum of .0% according to analysis. In
stccl.ol lower carbon content, is, 0.45-0.550, silicon was about the same,. manganese
about the same, but titanium, according to chemical analysis, varied from .08 to as high
as .31%. The ingots were forged between 1000-11000C into a rod of about 18 mm. in die,
meter which were then annealed. The method of studying the austenitic grain of primary
crystallization and the method of, metallographic analysis havebeendescribed before
(Ref. 2).
8. Small additions of titanium, up to .03%,, have little effect on the character of. the
fracture of the ingot. The fracture remains large grain size with arather pronounced
radial. crystallization very much like in steel without any addition. When the concen-
tration of titanium is increased to .038%, the radial characteristics of the fracture
are somewhat less and. with .045% titanium they di`eappeared, but the grain structure was
not much smaller. It is only when titanium-is increased to .l-.3% that thefradial type
of crystallization is completely gone and the fracture shows a very fine grain.
9. Samples were taken from the above ingots for metallographic.investgation and after
proper preparation etched with persulfate of ammonia.. The etched-out microstructures
were not in agreement with the observed fractures'..
,10. Next, metallographic samples were etched with the reagent. of Oberhofer. Small coricentra
Lions, of titanium, tom to .03%, have no influence on the deudritic,. structure. With.,
additions of .040, titanium dendrites become quite thin and a 'different structure makes
its appearance in the, form of 1?ghost -like "grains. With .1% titanium,the elongated
dendrites disappeared. ;
-11. The same samples were used to study the austenitic grain size of the primary crystalli-
zation and separation of ferrite during cooling. Additions of titanium:obviously have
a significant influence on the size of the austenitic grains of.primary~crystallization.
In castings of 45 mm. diameter, containing .10% titanium, instead of. long, .large grains
extending from the periphery to the center (usually found in , steels. without titanium)
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2. As the concentration of titanium is increased, grains about the same size as in steel
without titanium are found in the periphery of the casting. In the central part of
the casting a considerable separation of ferrite is noted which somewhat interferes
with the determination of the grain boundaries.
3. With additions from .018 to .04% titanium, the grain size is much smaller than in
steel without titanium; increasing the titanium content to .08%, the grain size becomes
even smaller.
The effect of additions of titanium on separation of ferrite during cooling is also
quite pronounced. Even with .01% titanium, the amount of ferrite in the casting is con-
siderably increased in comparison with the steel without titanium. At the same time
and in addition to the small grains of ferrite in steel with titanium, one also finds
rather large areas of ferrite. As the concentration of titanium is increased (.038 to
.046) large segregations of ferrite are visible throughout the whole field. With a
titanium content of .087%, the amount of grains of ferrite is greatly increased and
they are equally distributed throughout the cross section.
Influence of Small Additions of Titanium on Kinetics of the
Isot erma Trans ormat on of /?ustenite
5.
Investigations were carried, out on eutectoid and medium carbon steels at temperatures
of 360, 450, 56o and 620?C. in the first heat, series B, we had steels with concentrates
of titanium no more than .06%. The second heat, aeries V (Russian "V") contained up to
.22% titanium, and the third heat, series 0, the titanium contained was from .04 up to
.31%. The kinetics of the isothermal transformation of austenite) were followed by methods
of :measuring hardness and. studying the microstructure. The samples were heated in salt
bath at 926 C and held at temperature for three minutes. Theuu they were rapidly trans-
ferred to a lead bath, were held for different times, and quenched in water. The time
of holding in the lead bath was changed depending upon the rapidity of the transformation
of austenite at a given temperature. ;)emjles from different series were heat treated at
the same time followed by microstructure study and hardness determination in Rockwell C
using a 150 kg. load. During holding in the lead bath, austenite changes, upon cooling
in water, into martensite. In such a manner the microstructure and the changes in the
hardness of the steel indicate the rate of isothermal transformation of austenite. Study
of the curves showing the dependence of hardness of steel B upon concentrations of
titanium at different temperatures of isothermal decomposition (Fig. 6) show that titanium
.in amounts of .003-.006 somewhat lowers the stability of austenite. As the titanium
concentration reaches .02-.060, the stability of austenite is considerably increased in
comparison with the same steel without titanium. At all temperatures of transformation,
the most noticeable effect takes place with .05-.06% titanium. The studies of the micro-
structure fully support the results which were observed by measuring the hardness (Fig.7).
In Fig. 8 is shown the dependence of hardness of steel of Series V upon amounts of
titanium. Additions of .04% titanium results in increased stability of austenite which
reaches a maximum in steel with .1% titanium. However, further increase in addition
of titanium, up to -17-.2,221%., results in a considerable lowering of the stability of
austenite. Apparently in the above concentrations titanium combines partly with the
carbon and restricts the growth of secondary austenitic grains. Curves showing the
relation between hardness of steel or series G and amounts of titanium at different tem-
peratures of isothermal transformation (Fig. 9) permit the conclusion that in steels with
medium carbon content additions of .07-.1% titanium result in a noticeable increase in
the stability of austenite. Increasing the titanium content to .16-.21% speeds up de-
composition of austenite. In order to study the influence of the temperature of reheat-
ing for hardening on kinetics of isothermal transformation of austenite in steels with
small additions of titanium, measurements were made with the temperature of reheating
(before lead, bath) .. . w .. ~st 920-1020?C, and with isothermal transformation at 450-
6200C (Figs. ,LO aj0. It)'. _-after isothermal transformation at 450oC and quenching from
920?C, the maximum stability of austenite was observed in steel with .095% titanium;
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p C (``U 9. I S.i Off iTc 3.ai3 Only
7~.qp f7'ry /,
.A.N 02A`'1ALEAON
in steels with .16-.21;o titani , !! r.,a lower. How-
_) ( ,jar.(. i;c 11r*~c xc,'t r.a~~o of isothermal
ever, with the hardening
transformation, steel with .i6 t ~...r17.un does not show lowering, of the stability of
al 3t,e;r:i;i.t(e. Analogous results were received after isothermal transformation at 620?C. In
fact, a steel with .16io titanium &;huwod, scan o'ilt ?.'t rct.1te stability of austenite,.
t io~;l," to ai'!1oulntu of t.Ltunium
'(. Ake;E!.rcrrz?tly as thc: tcm1)ex~aturt ~' of ~~.e' v
go into solid solution. On the bats:Ls oi' a nrurthor of observztionu, it i.r possible to ex-
plain the increase in the stab:LLity of austcn:t.te by the influence of that part of the
addition which goes into so'U.d. solution. That part of the addition which remains in the
steel in the form of undissolved compounds acts toward lowering the. stability of austenite.
3. The above described data au e3't n the advisability of ; clci t rtc; to tczc,:i,, bctveeii
titanium in order to improve the utrt'cturc of primary crystallization and, tch:Lover Grcatcr
stability of austenite.
Combined influence of Small Additions of Boron,
Vanadium an Titanium
Small additions of boron, vanadium and titanium considerably improved the hardenability
of steel in comparison with the same amounts of such elements as chromium or manganese.
0. The maximum or "absolute" effect of such additions is limited by their very small (optimum)
concentrations, namely, for boron .003%, for vanadium .05-.06% and for titanium .09-.9
Adding to steel amounts in excess of the just mentioned optimum does not further improve
hardenenability, but in fact is definitely detrimental, luring the studies of the
influence of small additions, such as above, on kinetics of isothermal transformation of
austenite, it was established that ad.d:Ltions of boron, vanadium and titanium are different
at different temperatures. For this reason it was thought advisable to study the in-
fluence of small additions of boron, vanadium and titanium on the structure of primary
crystallization, on the kinetics of isothermal transformation of austenite, and harden-
ability. The steels for these series of experiments were made from the same raw materials
as the above described steel with additions of titanium. After the first heat without
any additions, some ferro boron was added and the second ingot made. Just before casting
of the third heat, some ferro vanadium was added, while the concentration of boron was
held the same. Finally, Just before the fourth heat was made, titanium was added, main-
taining boron and vanadium in the same amounts as before. The experimental results show
that simultaneous additions of boron and vanadium do not further increase their effect
of refining grain size of primary crystallization, when such effect is compared with that
of the mentioned elements added separately (?); the separation of ferrite with simultane-
ous addition of .06% vanadium and .003% boron appears to be intensified.
1. The influence of simultaneous additions of boron, vartia'um, and titanium on the properties-
of the steel were investigated by methods of measuring aardness, study of the microstruc-
ture and magnetic properties.
2. The concentration of boron of .003% and vanadium of .05-.06%v were first studied and then
it was found that addition to the above of .=1% titanium proved, to be ineffective. In
Figure 13-A is shown the relation between hardness of steel J and various additions when
isothermal decomposition of austenite was done at 450?C. In Fig. 14 the magnetic studies
are shown after the same treatment. Addition of .003% boron considerably reduces the
rate of decomposition at 450?C. After further additions of less than .056% vanadium are
made, quite opposite results were unexpectedly observed, that is to say, the rate of de-
composition has been increased; finally, still further addition of .035;5 titanium again
considerably lowered the rate of transformation. When decomposition of austenite is
done at 570 C its stability is gradually increased from steel J-.l to steel J-4 (Fig.
13-B). Thus, it is observed that arl.cl.ition, one by one, to carbon steel of small amounts
of boron (.003%x), of vanadium (.05-.0(%) and titanium (.03-.04) has proved to be a very
effective method to improve the stability of austenite at different temperatures of
isothermal decomposition.
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-5-
23. Additions of the above elements in certain combinations also materially increase the
hardenability of the steel (Figs. 16 and 17).
?4. CONCLUSIONS:
a. Additions to carbon steel of small amounts of titanium, about .03-.0lf% and up to
,l%, changes the structure of primary crystallization,of the steel, namely, elimina-
tion of strung outcrystallization and causes refinement of the austenitic grains
of primary crystallization. Somewhat greater additions of titanium, up to .3%,
act in the same direction but with less effectiveness.
(1) Additions of titanium within limits of .02-.1% considerably improve the
stability of austenite at various temperatures of decomposition. C+reaters,
amounts of titanium result in rapid lowering of the stability of the
austenite.
(2) Maximum hardenability of the steel is achieved by adding .09-.1% titanium.
In the manner above described, very anall additions of titanium improve the
structure of the cast ingot and improve hardenability of the carbon steels.
Simultaneous additions to carbon steels of small amounts of boron (..003,), vanadium
(.o5-.o6%) and titanium (-03-.04 %) result in improvement of the structure resulting
from primary crystallization of the ingot and in considerable improvement in the
stabilit
of th
y
e austenite and in its hardenability. The addition of the above
mentioned combination of three elements increases approximately two times the
hardenability that is observed with addition of .003% boron, only.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/13: CIA-RDP80-00926AO06700290001-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/13: CIA-RDP80-00926AO06700290001-8
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/13: CIA-RDP80-00926AO06700290001-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/13: CIA-RDP80-00926AO06700290001-8
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/13: CIA-RDP80-00926AO06700290001-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/13: CIA-RDP80-00926AO06700290001-8
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/13: CIA-RDP80-00926AO06700290001-8
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/13: CIA-RDP80-00926AO06700290001-8
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1947, No 4, crp. 336--40.
3. B. H. PeBe6uot if If. A. r-ICpICacoB, Yp1Jlbcxaa
McTaJlJlyprrifl, 1939, N2 12, CTp. 22-25.
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N 9-10, cTp. 574-83.
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IICCJIegoBaJJHfl -BAHHrrflfl M
cTaJu 111X15 (CTaji&, 194
OnHCan cocraB H 4 opMa
Jieg; HOMepa nJIaBOK COO
HepBo0 pa6omi (cTp. 636;
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/11/13: CIA-RDP80-00926A006700290001-8