STUDY OF FOREIGN TRADE SHIPPING DOCUMENTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00926A003400010053-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 29
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 26, 2012
• Sequence Number: 53
• Publication Date: April 20, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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Shipping Documents
in
Internallmonal Trade
BY DR DUSAN ZAVADA
CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
ROZMNOZILY STIIEDOCESKE TISKARNY, N. P., ZAVOD 10,
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Sh.pping Documents in International Trade
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By Dr. Dugan Zdvada.
A number of special publications provide, it is truer de-
tailed information and instructions regarding shipping documents,
but substantially they are concerned only with a survey of the
particular regulations of the individual countries in a form
making them more accessible. None of these frequently very com-
pendious handbooks, however, attempt to ebstraet from this mass
of paragraphs the features that are common to all the various
documents, Only by defining conceptions, by ascertaining under-
lying legal principles, by marking the substantial requirements,
preliminary conditions and aims, by differentiating the individual
categories and by elucidating the technique and the meaning of
legalisation is it possible to arrive at'a more complete knowledge
and mastery of the entire problem. Moreover, from the standpoint
of systematics it would also certainly be an advehtrgge if, for
example, the features of certified invoices were with real thorough-
ness ek,borated in the general part; in the test which deals with
the import regulations of the individual countries of the British
Commonwealth, it would not be necessary as hitherto, to repeat the
same matters in the case of Australia, Canada, the Union of South
Africa, etc., but it would suffice to cite only exceptions or
soeOial features. The handbook would be in thiO way reduced in
size while its informative character would be enhanced,
Work in export trade does not end with the giving of an order
or with the securing of an order - although this is certainly the
most important phase in foreign trade - but it only then begins,
even if responsibility for the actual production of the goods
ordered does not as a rule fall on the shoulders of the exporter.
The carrying out of such a transaction - even though in the
end it is only a matter of the dispatch of the goods on the one
auad and payment for them on the. other =- touches,in contradistinc-
tion to transactions in home trade, upon a whole series of public
and private interests and encounters technical difficulties caused
by lorC distances, all of which must be satisfactorily solved to
enable a.transaotion to be realised. The evidence that these reauire-
ments have been satisfied is found in the form of various documents
errantly designed as sipping documents /in the widest sense of the
wore/. They are the basis for the dispatch and transport, customs
cl.eard-ace and the release of imported goods for free circulation
in the importing State, and also /and this not in the last place/
for the, payment of the goods or for their subsequent su .e, perhaps
even during transport.
Certain documents convey title to the goods to which they refer
and can be used to transfer the ownership of the goods. Among these
documents that rank as securities, are bill of lading, delivery
order and warehouse receipt. With these documents as with other
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transport and insurance documents we shall not deal in detail,
since they are adequately explained elsewhere, and detailed and
reliable information abort tham can. be obtained of forwarding
and insurance concerns.
In these lines rre shall devote attention first and foremost
to shipping documents in the narrow sense of the word, these being
documents that practically always certify some fact of importance
from the angle of the Import regulations of the country of destiga..
tion, and are therefore a kind of "identity card" for exported
goods showing that they have complied with this or that demand
laid upon them in respect of import. This attempt to define their
substance and importance will perhaps be a certain help for the
practical exporter, for in this connection it has not been possible
to regard this material - in view of its scattered character and
of the excessive particularism in import regulations - as adequate-
ly elucidated up to now.
Up to the present, concentrated attention has not been devoted
to these various shipping documents often of a minor character,
although no consignment for abroad is practically thinkable without
some of them. The one exception to this lack of attention is per-
haps provided by the Geneva Convention on the Simplification of
Customs Formalities of the year 1925 x/, which deals with a number
of them but solves the problem from the general point of view only.
The reason why the solution does not go to the root of the matter
is to be found in those very varied interests and demands of both
public and private nature which come into conflict at the moment
when the import of goods to any particular country is under dis-
cussion.
x/ To this Convention there adhered: Australia, lgium, Burma,
bazil, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, China, Denmark Egypt, Finland,
Fiance, Germany, Greece, Hungary,' India, Irak, Italy, Iprbanon,
Lciuxembourg, Marocco, the Netherlands /including the present
Indcn--sia, Surinam, Curacao/., New Zealand including West Samoa,
Norway, Poland, Rumania, Siam, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tunis,
The Union of South Africa, the United Kingdom with the Colonies,
Protectorates, etc., Yougoslavia.
Czechoslovakia did not adhere to this Convention until 1.927
/Lew No. 40 of that year/, for the customs legislation taken over
from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire provided nolsuitable basis
for adherence to and carrying out of that agreement. It was there-
for necessary to await the new codification of customs regulations
which was not elaborated until 1927.
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Commercial Invoice
LEGAL BASES: The majority of countries possess no legal rules as
regards-commercial invoices. Oft the other hand, however, some
countries have such regulations with the object of restricting
the incorrect statement of.the prices of.goods that are subject
to ad valorem duties, or separating the actual selling price of
goods from freight and other oharges, and.finally of preventing
the so-called dumping.
DEFINITION: A commercial invoice is a document' addressed to the
c.cps-Tgii e-!n which the consignor gives him detailed data regarding;
the goods supplied. and at the same time indicates the sum that he
has to pay for the goods within the time-limit specified in the
invoice. The commercial invoice is in reality. a document evidencing
the fulfilment by the consignor of his obligations under a contract.
3t does not, however as a rule, bestow ny legal title to the goods
insofar as it is nod paid- and-receipted and is not negotiable.
CONTENTS: A commercial invoice embodies the following details:
mate-6frruaking out the invoice, its number, often also the code
marking of the consignment, the name and address of the consignee.,;
reference to the order or pro forma invoice, and as a rule also
the manner of consignment /with an indication of who is paying the
charges, with a risks clause/, the markings, qUantity.and numbers
of the individual parcels, the total quantity of goods, their des-
cription and precise designation, pride per unit and for the entire
quantity, and freight, insurance and other outlay if not already
included in the prices themselves /it depends on how the consignor
and consignee have agreed in this matter/ and possibly commission
and other deductions, togethuu with a statement regarding date of
payment and various other clauses /with the exception of a clause
concerning the competence of a court/,. signature /the signature of
the firm is not explicitly necessary/, abmetimes a signature of
the consignee's agent or assignee, and finally a designation of
the annexes accompanying the invoice. As regards the frequently
used terms "S.E. end 0.1, or "E and 01' /salvo errors Wtoozgissione-
errors and omissions excepted/, it may be said that they have re-
latively little or no significance from the legal point of view.
They are to be regarded rather as an excuse expressed in advance
for possible mistakes.
If exported goods are paid for by letter-of-credit it can
be demanded that the invoice should be receipted. In general the
data embodied In the invoice must in detail comply with the con-
ditions laid down in L/C; they must of course always tally in
Every respect with the bill of lading, insurance policy and con-
sula.r. invoice where tbjis lest--named is necessary.
.PURPOSE: The invoice is thus a document in which the seller pre-
srUnPs-a-statement of the fulfilment. of his obligations towards
the buyer; ps a rule he sends two copies of the commercial invoice
to the purchaser, each by a different rottbe. The invoice has,
however, as evidence of a business transaction Importance too
for a//payment of the letter-of-credit, b/ customs clearance,, and
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e/ sometimes for statistical purposes and the like. It is there-
Pore made out in many copies /often as many as 10 or even more/.
a/ The bank receives with the other documents at least two
copies of the commercial invoice either for the purpose
of paying the L/C or of see trig to encashment in the case
of P/Aa
h/ Customs au.thorjtigs as a rule demand two oooi;es of the
invoice for olearsnee purposes, for they provide: data con-
cerning the quaftity and the price of goods that are
necessary for the asseassing of ouetome duty.. In countries
'which require coruular invoices several copies of the
oommerci+l invoice are demanded as a rule. On the other
hand, the cettries of the British Commonwealth do not as
p rule demand commercial invoices where certified invoices
are pressribsd?
o/ For statistical purposes some of t o Latin American countries
require a copy of the commercial invoice. In this case
they stipulate that this copy shall be marked "pare esta-
distica" /for statistical purposes/.
LEGALISATION: A commercial invoice need not be legalised in the
599ee"oi 'consignments destined for British countries, for the Majo-
rity of European States and for s whole series of American count.-
vies that prescribe v. consular invoice.
Legalisation by the appropriate consulate or OWN r.. of
o on7rnerce is necessary. for consignments to France, Italy, L.banon,
Syria, Salvador, Argentina, Bo)ivia, Brazil,? Ecuador, Honduras,
Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru.
The text of legalisation is fo:r the most part a declaration
that the commercial invoice is genuine and correct, that the
prices given in it are currant selling prices at the place of
dispatch, and that the goods originate in the country of dirspatch.
Lidependent of the oases just enume;rated, legalisation in the
wording above quoted /or other text/ may of course be prescribes
in the terms of L/Q which sltuat naturally be fulfilled to enable
the goods sent to be paid for.
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Consular Invoice
III m6yrA -----------
LEGAL BASES: Consular invoices are dealt with in the CouventiO4
far"'M srmplifioation of Customs Formalities which provides ir,
Article 12 that consular invoices shall not be required unless
they be necessary for the purpose of ascertaining the origin of
goods in cases in which origin might have an influence on the
conditions upon which the import of goods is permitted, or for
the purpose of determining the value of the goons in case of
ad valorem duty, for which purpose a commercial Invoice would not
suffice. The form of consular invoices was to be simplified so
as to restrict all complications and difficulties and to taoili-
tate the making out of these documents by the relevant trade
sector. Charges for visas on consular invoices were to be fixed
as low as possible. Not more than 3 copies of one and the same
invoice were to be required.
In view of this attitude of the Convention towards consular
invoices it is not surprising that of the countries that demand
a consular invoice on the import of goods, only two States, Brazil
and Uruguay, adhered to the Convention.
In addition to this, of course, the institution of consular
invoices is adjusted by very detailed special regulations laid
down by each particular country that prescribes their use.
DEFINITIONt Consular invoices are one of the shipping documents
wflo"ce"dais countries demand /always alongside a commercial
invoice/ on the import of goods, and for the most part for customs
reasons. They are of a strictly prescribed form and content and
must be visaed by a consulate of the importing State.
Such invoices are required by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Colombia, Cuba, Dominice,?Ecuador, Haiti, Honduras, the Philipines,
Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Porto Rico, Uruguay, U.S.A.
and Venezuela.
CO ENTS: A consular invoice as a rule embodies the same facts
as a c um:mercial invoice, and alongside them a series of further
details like the name and nationality of the ship which is to
carry the consignment, the port of loading and the port of destine.
tion, and the like. These invoice are made out in 3 to 10 copies
on prescribed forms which it is frequently possible to obtain
only from the relevant consulate or'diplomatic authority. They may
be made out in some world language, but sometimes only in the
language of the country of destination, while in some cases it is
ages required that the designation of the invoiced goods shall
answer strictly to the nomenclature of the customs tariff of the
importing country. Altogether the greatest care is to be devoted
to the filling up of a consular invoice, since inexact statements
or often a mere lack of care in the filling up has generally the
result that fines are imposed on the importer.
PURPOSE: A consular invoice is first and foremost a declaration
bg-th+'consignor of the value of the consignment, and an enumera-
tion of.all reductions, deductions allowed and the outlay spent
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,A 6 am
on it. It therefore as a rule coL..tains a declaration, sometimes
in lieu of an oath, not only as to the truth of the data it embodies
but also of the fact thht there exists no other invoice for the
consignment in question giving 'a different description of the
goods or stating other prices for them. Consular invoices serve
as a basis for the levying of customs deities, countries which
require consular invoices have all a customs system based on ad
valorem duties. In addition to this, consular invoices may also
serve for the assessment of taxes and for statistical purposes.
LEGALISATION: Consular invoices - and usually in cases in which
fiey-9196"include a certificate of the origin of the goods - are
also legalised by chambers of commerce. As is to be seen from their
name, they must always be submitted for legalisation either to
a consulate or to the consular section of a diplomatic office of
the importing country. The consulate keeps a certain number of
copies partly for its own records and partly for sending to the
appropriate authorities /for mple, Customs, statistical offices,
etc./ in its country. The other legalised copies will be sent by
the consignor to the importer who sumits them to the customs office
on clearance of the goods. If the importer does not receive these
documents in goo time /that is, not later than the time of the
arrival of the vessel carrying the goods/e he is as a rule heavily
fined. Supplementary amendments of consular invoices are possible,
but generally consular fees are charged in such ease, No erasures
or the striking out of words or figures are .allowed.
a
If the importing State has no consulate in the consignor s
country, the legalisation is carried out by its copulate in the
country where the goods are placed on board ship. Otherwise
x/~if~a-nonsulaate-without+locapl. competence carries out the legali-
sation, and insists strictly on the observance of precedence, the
legalisation in such cases can be very complicated, for a consulate
wit local competence does not possess any signature forms from
the Czechoslovak Chamber of Commerce on the basis of which it could
carry out legalisationo. The facts which it has to certify are not
known to it, and it has itself.no possibility of examining their
truth. Thus, for examples the Ecuador Consulate in Amsterdam /In
Prstue there is no Ecuador Consulate/ can ask that the legalisation
of documents for a consignment from Czechoslov4ki be carried out
iay tiie id1nistry of Foreign Affairs representing Czechoslovakia to
t,1 outside world. As, however, they Ecuador consulate in Amsterdam
is :locally competent only for Holland, and thus has no signature
~~-- Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affair?;', it can ask
that the visa of the Ministry of. Foreign Affairds be attested
in its turn by the Dutch Legation in. Prague thus making the
document valid in Holland. The Amsterdam Consulate is now com-
pwUaxni to logali?se this document. /This example is, of course,
me..01y a theoretical one/.
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substitute legalisation t,akeo place which may be carried out, h
example, in the following different ways /in so far as the count y
concerned has adopted or recognized them/:
a/ legalisation is carried out by the consulate of a friendly
State, or by the consulate of a State entrusted with the
protection of its interests /for examle, U.S.A. for
Colombia, or Salvador for Nicaragua/;'
b/ legalisation is carried out by the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. /Ministry of Foreign Trade/ which as a rule
requires in advance a certificate from the Chamber of
Commerce /case of Venezuela/;
c/ legalisation may be effected by a notary-public at the
port of loading /u. S. A. /;
d/ in tin place of legalisation there is entered on the invoice
a clause to the effect that it has not been possible to
effect legalisation for the reason that the country of
destination hiss no representation in the country of dis-
patch. For ista'-'te "Por faltO.. de representacion consular
de Cuba an Cheooslovaquia no put' ser legalizado", which
the Chamber of Commerce can certify.
FEES; For legalisation high fees are often charged Frhieh, parti-
aur;x?ly in the case of small consignments, may be out of pro-
portion to the value of the exported goods. If honorary consulates
effect legalisation, they often ask only for reimboursement of
actual outlay, the real legalisation fees beeing paid by the
importer.
VARIOUS TYPES OF CONSULAR INVOICES; There are over 20 different
print c ? `corm ~of'"con uTar~ nvo ce ~/Cuba alone for example pre-
scribes three kinds: No. 1 for textiles, No.2 for spirits and
mineral waters, and No. 3 for other goods /which differ sub-
stantially from one another, particularly in outward appeaDsnne,
even if the contents though variously formulated, are in the long
run approximately similar. They vary in size and sometimes in
colour, some are numbered by means of a paging machine, others
bear the country's coat of arms or even a revenue stamp of the
importing country. These circumstances as well as the That that
some countries charge high prices for these printed forms, lends
to this or that State not allowing them to be freely printed and
distributed. On the other hand, Argentina, Brazil, the Philipinec
Paraguay, Uruguay, U.S.A. and Venezuela allow them to be freely
printed. Thus the Chamber of Commerce of Czechoslovakia issues
them, in addition to which it sees to it that the Czechoslovak
Fxport and Import Companies have also in hand the other printed
forms for the purchase of which from foreign consulates it dote
everything it can.
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Certified Invoice, Combined Certificate
of Value and of Ort inR Cu oms Invoices
-------------------- a wr~o a.wa.p--vr?-r.e+ _
LEGAL B;,895: Customs invoices are based on the customs regulations
Wthe-various dominions, colonies and territories of the British
Commonwealth. They have been introduced not only for trade con-
tacts with foreign countries but are used also in mutual trade
relations where, in pursuance of the Ottawa Agreement, preferential
customs tariffs are in force.
DEFINITION: A certified invoice is as a rule a document that takes
tHe`"place"`of a commercial invoice and serves first and foremost
for the assessment of ad valorem duties on the import of goods
to the countries of the British Commonwealth of Nations with the
exception of the United Kingdom, and Ireland.
CONTENTS: Customs invoices must be couched in a certain specified
fex'f;?B?if in contra-distinction to consular invoices it is not
essential to use official forms. Anyone can have the forms printed
or may hale them typewritten or written by hand, if preferred,
an a f irri:rs notepaper.
A customs invoice embodies the following details: Place and
date of making out, general indication of the goods, the name and'
address of consignor and consignee, manner of transport and the
number of the relevant order. In the various columns the following
data are entered: country of origin, marks and numbers, quantity
and description of the goods in the relevant commercial nomen-
clature, the current market value of the goods in the currency,
of the exporting country at the time and place of dispatch irr con-
dition for consignment /from this value no discount, rerduction,
abat-wsnent, or other deduction may be made than is currently re-
cognized and allowed in the home market/, the selling price to
the British purchaser in the currency in which the transaction
was concluded, while under the actual text must be enumerated
the category and amount of expensor. and fees laid out on the goods,
with e gtatement as to whether they have been included in the
oui-rent home prices.
On the reverse there appears a certificate of the value and
?,y igin . The seller first of all declares that he is authorised
to sign the certificate and that he certifies as facts known to
him that the invoice is correct throughout and the statement of
price complete and true, and that between him and the purchaser
there exists no agreement for grantirag. any reduction, abatement
or 'rn s outside the scope of the invoice, and further, that the
co.a ha*-e been either wholly or in part produced or manufactured
in the country of dispatch. He adds the date to the declaration
and signs it together with a witness who need not be either a
notary-pablic or any other public functionary.
A certificate of originvis filled in especially if the goods
are imported from another British territory that has a right to
cuatoma-free import or customs clearance under reduced preferential
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tariffs` In the case of goods from non-British countries, or of
non-British origin even though from British territory, it is not
possible to apply preferential tariffs, and therefore the filling
in of the declaration of origin is unnecessary /with the exception
of consignments for Australia1where between preferential and ge-
neral tariffs, intermediate tariff rates apply to t`-?ose countries
with which Australia has concluded tariff agreements. The same is
the case v*ith Canada.
PURPOSE: Oertified invoices serve, like consular ir;1,oicec, for
Fie-64i foals clearance of goods; the customs rates of the countries
of the British Caiunonvrealth are very largely based on duties
assessed ad valorem, For this reason several of these countries
do not roquire goods which are perhaps subject to specific duties
/according to number, weight, gallons, units, etc./ to be accom-
panied by certified invoices; other countries,however, in such
a case demand certified invoices.
Certified invoices are usually made out in triplicate: two
copies are sent to the customer or his representative for the
purpose of customa'clearance. The third copy is retained by the
Importer for his use. It is not as a rule required that Certified
invo'ioes be sent to the forwarding agent lthho 'looks after the
transportation of the goods.
Even if it happens that many customs offices clear goods of
non,:1)ritish origin on the basis of certified invoices made out an
printed forms intended for other territory, it .should nevertheless
be the endeavour of an e -porter to make out his certified invoices
on the correct forms which answer to all the requirements of the .
importing country in question and its customs offices. It must not
be overlooked that British countries - perhaps hecauce they trt:st
their subjects more and have no interest in caking legalisation.
a lucrative source of revenue - do not cling unduly to formalities
and in general do not penalise their non-observance, of course
which certaWy contributes to facilitate and accelerate the conduct
of the trade.
LEGALISATION: In the case of customs invoices it suffloes j. they
a-re-a M`iea by a witness who need-not be a notary-public or
other public functionary; it is enough if he is competent to
figure as a witness on ordinary ccnrnercial documents. Frequently,
however, the conditions of a letter-of-credit stipulate for cc:rti--
fieation by a ch.mber of commerce, and this condition must of course
be fulfilled.
VARIOUS T'Y'PES Olt' CERTIFIED WrOIGES s
-------------------------------------
Canada in consequence of somew;iat divergent regulations requires
the use of several kinds of customs invoices:
L4B. ; British-Preferential Tariff
N.B.. Ditto-/Goods on consignment/
N.A.; Intermediate Tariff /Goods on consignment/
M.A.: Treaty or Convention Rates
i;1. ; General Tariff
X. General Tariff /Goods on consignment/
and this, c is ar;par >nt, not only with regard to British or non--
British oriei., but r:.lso, and this particularly, with regard to
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ws 1? V di
whether the goods have been sold a prior to shipment to a Canadian
importer, or merely sent on consignment. An indication of this
circumstance is requiredd also by 11,-? Australia which, ho,,+Yetrer?, has
no special forms for this purpose o
In practice some 20 kinds of customs invoices come into con-
sideration which differ from one another cnly in some details,
This does not mean of course, that it is neceo;:ary to employ a
special printed form for each country /though this case oceurso
for example, Nasalend/ since one form may be used for several
countries /for e= , }fenya, 1'gaiada, Tanganyika and Zanzibar/v
As the printed forms have a fairly long text the copying of which
on a typewriter or by hand would mean a big loss of time, certain
publishers specially concern theriselves with the printing of these
forms and closely follow all chrnges of regulations .made by the
different countries. They make the necessary alteration in the text
of the printed forms and inform 4-heir customers about theme In
Czechoslovakia these forms are is -ued by the Chamber of Commerce
of Czechoslovakia which at the same time gives all those interested
full information regard. Lng docurients that acct rapany consignments.
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-C I TIF'IGATES-OF ORIGIN-.
LEGIL R4 3E : Thc.: institution of certificates of origin is based
x,
an-infer-n6' tonal provisions, but especially on prescriptions
issued by the country of destination and partly by the country
of cr i,in.
1. / 4.19p rd s i n t e r xn, a t i o n a 1 adjustment ,
it is ne:ceasary to cite first of all.
al the international Convention of )rd November 192;
for the Siriolificaticn of Customs Formalities, which laid down
that cu stoins formalities were to be restricted to a minimum, and
as regards certificate of origin that this docurient 3hou].d be
required in the least possible number of cases /4trt.11./.
h/ In addition to this, certificate of origin may
bo introduced hetveen different country = s by virtue of commercial
?:r,eties, as is the case for example ,-;ith Czechoslovakia. and
Turkey /f Lr'AW No. 54 of the year 1947/.
c/ For trade contacts :vhere it is not possible to
apply either the Convention for the Si7npplificaticn of Customs
x`ormalittes or the provisions of trade a{zreements 1-jetnEeen indl-
Tidual countries, international. trade usages apply. This category
.:onsenuontly inciu+ es the ma jorit,r -of countries that require
consular invoices in the case of irr.',)ort, and. are rn^st1 ' not
partit4rs to the eb>ove--rrientioned Cons*ention.
2. / ?rori the point of view of 1 n t e r n a I policy
it is n cessary to bring international norms /appart from
recognized trade useges in International ao:rierbce/ into the legal
sphere of the individual countries This. is done; in articular
a/ by adhering to the Convention f rr :simplification
of Customs Forr iIti es, and by ';prorulpating it. Thus, for example,
Czechoslovakia adhered to that Con!*ention only in i9,'7 /Law No.40
of the year 1927/.
b/ by the publication of c -n?nercial treaties or.
agreements in which the duty of ?uhmitt ng certificates of origin
is laid down in the manner prescriber' in the two countries con-
corned.
o/ finally each country settles, or nay settle, the
question. of certificates of origin by rules of its ov-:'n, doing so
in particular from the standpoint of its import policy. In
Czech.oslovuk1a this has h :en done by the Customs Law 7170.114 of the
year 1927, and the. regu.Lh tions+ for carrying out that law /No.1.62
of the ;;rear x.92?/ . In addition tc this it is, however, necessary
to lay down in concrete fashion who is authorized. to i+ssue cer-
tificates of origin. In our case this was done by Government
Ordinance No. ,C6 of the year 1948 oonee rning the transfer and
lapse of t':e competence of the chambers of commerce and industry
',here, In 2, it i., provided that the competence of the former
chambers of commerce and trade insofar ss concerns foreign trade
;.:all pass on 1st January 1949. to the Chamber of Commerce of
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Czechoslovakia. As a consequence, legalisation of certificates
if origin is carried out by the Czechoslovak Chamber of Commerce,
rague I, U Obecniho domu 3, and its branch offices in the
followins towns: Bratislava, Lesk6 Budhjovice, Gottwaldov,
,Tablonev, Karlovy Vary and Ndchod.
In addition to that, however, Czechoslovak diplomatic and
consular offices abroad have the right to legalise certificates
of origin.
The conditions for carrying out the actual legalization
agenda are fixed separately. /Decree of the Ministry of Trade
No.79.359/38/II/F of August 11, 1938 regulating this matter is
already obsolete in several respects.
The competence of foreign institutions, offices and organi-
sations for the issue of certificates of origin in their country
is fixed in a similar fashion. Most frequently this agenda is
entrusted to chambers of commerce though it may be to other in-
stitutions, as for exanmie, federations of industry, economic
groups, associations of exporters, exchanges, etc? or even public
authorities, such as customs offices, administrative authorities,
and so on.
The authorities competent to legalise certificates of
origin had formerly-to be notified to the League of Nations
which then published an appropriate announcement In its,C-ommu-
n1qu? au Conseil et aux T,embres de la Societe." After the second
wc'-:.d War these announcements ceased, and a register of the
authorities competent to legalise certificates of origin is kept
by the European Office of the United Nations - Economic Com-
mission for Europe /Transport Division/.
LEGALISATION FEES: Certificates of origin are as a rule made
?u~lin~.3unSir.Ue~on general forms which can be obtained from
the Chamber of Commerce of Czechoslovakia or of any of its
branch offices, for K6s 2.- each. The legalisation of one set
costs K6s1.5,-.
According to Notification No.224 of 30th December 1947,
published in the Collection of Laws and Ordinances of that year,
promulgating an amended scale of fees for c-eficial services by
Czechoslovak diplomatic and cop,~ulat? nth ri i es, the fee under
Item 6 for a certificate of or Lgin amcunte to 1/2 % of the amount
appearing in the invoice of the, consignment, but not less than
Kds 30.- in the case of authorities in European and K6s 60.- in
the case of Czechoslovak diplomatic and consular uthorities in
non-European countries, with a maximum of Kds 150 . - and
Ms 3300.- respectively, provided of course the country of
destination does not charge higher fees. #'counr~ss
DEFINITION: A certificate of origin is a document that confirms
*ifieneergocTs originate. The Convention of the Simplification of
Customs Formalities does not contain a precise definition of a
certificate of origin, but in principle admits a].3 documents.
used as evidence of origin of goods.
NECESSARY CONDITIONS: As a rule, certificates of origin are Madam
c~~it?in~Fe"e?unry+n which the goods originate. It is possible,
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power, in certain cases to certify the foreign origin of goods,
and in these cases the text of the certificate has to.be amended
accordingly.
According to the practice currently recognized its the inter-
national trade/a reglex of which may be seen in ? 6 of the
Statutory Enactment Order to the Customs Law /it is possible to
certify as originating in this country goods which have been im-
ported from abroad /for example. in the form of industrial raw
materials crops$ or even semi-manufactures and finished goods/e
but which have here been processed or improved in such a manner
that they have assumed another charecter or have undergone a consi-
derable change in value /as the margin of change in value of com-
modities the level of approximately 50 % aiay be adopted. But in this
respect views on the matter in the various countries may differ/.
Mere repair or adjustment of goods would not, of courses suffice.
Where goods are concerned, the origin of which it is not
possible to ascertain,, and of which it is otherwise shown that
they are, or have been for a considerable time in free circulation
and have been subjected to adjustment and changes / domiciled
goods;/, it would be possible perhaps to issue a certificate of
origin suitably worded.
'FtFPOSEa In view of hhe fact different customs tariffs may be
appleea to the import of one and the same commodity / for
example conventional or pre?'erential duties as compared with
autonomous duties/ it is necessary in such cases to prove whwnce
the goods come if theyare to enjoy.a more favourable treatment
in customs clearances without proof of origin the autonomous rate
Would be applied. A certificate of origin need not always, howerer,
be wanted merelyfor customs clearance. Often hoverer:, the_cer=
tificate is demanded merely under the conditions of a letter of
credit, the conditions having to be fulfilled before-:-the-'-letter-of
credit can be honoured. In a period of international conflicts.and
the like, the certificate of origin does excellent service in'trans-
port and in general in the handling of goods, and is therefore
frequently made use of in such cases.
ESSENTIL8ia Except in exceptional cases it is possible generally
tea"use' e`common form which carries a Czech-Englisch-French or
Czech-Spanisch text. The text must include the following detailsi
name and address of the consignor, name and address of the con-
e`ignee, the marks, numbers, packing and quantity of pieces a
preciselist of contents, and statement of gross and net weight.
As a rule the price of goods need not be stated in a certic
ficate of origin, exnept in cases where the importing country
explicity requires it /for example France/.
Speei f is ation 1
pacification is a detailed description of the individual
items of which an invoiced consignment is composed, irrespective
of whether the goods are packed in one or more cases$ etc.
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A specification is often used as an annex to commercial
invoice x/ which then need not comprise particulars of the goods
consigned. This document is employ d in taking out insurance,
in customs clearance and taking over of the goods, etc. It liaturaal-
lyax facilitates the prompt drawing up of business a accounts. As
regards the signature on the specification the same remarks apply
as-to the invoicei and in special cases the signature msy simi-
larly be required of the buyer*s authorised representative or the
person appointed to take the delivered goods.
_Packi;w-List-
This is a detailed list of the goods, comprising the
individual items with appropritt description, statement of
weight, etc.. packed in a single case or other type of packing
or unit of consignment.
The goods are packed in accordance with the packing list,
one copy of which is usually packed with the goods. Any differnnc
between the packing list and the actual contents may result in
a fine for the consignee.
The packing list is of importance for insurance, customs
clearance, as well as for checking up on the goods by the con-
signee.
Certificates of Disinfection
! - r r - ------------------------
Some countries for fear of exposure to various crop pests
and infection prohibit the use of straw, hay or other material
of vegetable origin for the packing of goods unless such con-
signments are accompanied by a certificate issued by the appro-
priate organ of the public health service to the effect that the
packing material before being used was properly disinfected.
.Such a certificate should state precisely the method of disin-
fection employed /for sins arks; by a formaldehyde solution/.
If a consignment is not accompanied by such a certificate,
the disinfection is carried out prior to customs clearance at
fumigation stations at the cost of the consignor or consignee.
~Ssni.tar~r_Certificaatra ,/d3,A.I. -Certi-Picatef
The import of live stock, of meat and of meat products in-
volves the risk of introducing pernicious diseases. For this reason
a certificate is currently required issued by some competent
veterinary body to the effect 'that the animal or meat, etc. has
been subjected to thorough veterinary inspection and has been
found free from evidence of comrnuni :able disease, and that in
the place from whicb it comes no case of zoonosis has occurred.
w --.r --------------w. - ------ -.. - - . ----......----------------------
x/ but also to orders, contracts, etc.
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in the case of cattle and sol.ipeds a separate certificate must
iisual.ly he provided for each anina1.
Some countries stipulate that these certificates must, prior
to the importation, be superlegalized by a diplomatic or consular
authority.
Phyrtopathologioal Gertiftoate.
To prevent the introduction of various plant diseases and
pasts every country as a rule requires that consignments of agri-
cultural produce, live plants and parts thereof shall be trans-
ported in new, hitherto unused packings, and accompanied by
phytopathological certificates. This document must be issued by
an official phytological institute of the exporting country, ..nd
it must declare that the exported produce, etc, is free of any
infection, and that in the place from which the produce comes no
case of infection or the presence of pests has been ascertained.
/For example, potato canker, vine louse, etc./
If a consignment is not accompanied by such a certificate
the customs office will - as a rule - refuse to clear the con-
signment.
Certificate of AnalyaisM
In the case of goods where external features ascertain& b'e
by means of weighing, ate, are not decisive for fixing the qua It
of the goods, this may be ascertained by analysis showing tie-i-?
composition. Thus, for example, the carrying out of an aysis
is required not only in the case of various chemical prouuote as
a proof that they contain specific elements and ingeclients, or
impurities only to the extent agreed upon, but also in the case of
steel and many other materials.
Analyses are carried out by -various test stations and labo-
ratories of public or private character. In the latter case it
is necessary for the parties to agree as to who shall make the
analysis, or the buyer shall determine this point.
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?ualit4Ceartificatei
A document of this kind certifies the quality of goods
/generally in the bulk/ in a specific consignment or comprised
in a particular order, or the like,, on the basis of the taking
of a sample Such a certificate is issued for example by,,. -uro-
fessional research stations, exchanges or chambers, etc,, in
which cases the certificates have the character of official. do-
cuments binding on both parties.
The purchase may, however, him self entrust a certain pore-on
or firm taking over the goods to ascertain the quality of the
goods.
The contents of the ce~:'tificate are similar to those of a
certificate of sampling.
Conditioninp Certificate
_ -
On the export of wool tops and 'yarns conditioning List,,3 are
essential for every consignment, sinoo these goods are not so!d
according to actual weight but according to invoice weight, that
is dry weight plus 18,25%.
Such a certificate of the invoice weight of wool is 1ssaed
by special bodies /for example, Condotioning House at '3rnd 'ord,/,
various test stations, etc. that simulta.me a yly re,i rh, os press
and pack consignments of combed wool. and yarn,`
Certificate of Strer.ih
On the import of spirits the production may be required of
certificates of strength made out by the appropriate institutions
of the exporting country.
As such a certificate is used as the basis for fixing, the
alcoholic strength of imported spirits and liqueurs which is de-
cisive for the assessment of customs dut.1; - the matter is really
one of the Applications of Article 1~ of'V the Internationa . Agree-
ment on the ;,simplification of Customs Formalities a. it is assumed
that these conditions
a/ are regulated by contract o For example, in the supplementary
agreement to the Comnercial Treaty bct*i-een the Czeehos'.orrat,
Republic and France /Law No. 45 in the Czechoslovak Collection
of Laws and Ordinances of the year 19.32/, there is given a spe-
cimen of this Certificate ,'comprising the following date: aaine
of exporter, name of importer, quantity and size of bottles,
alcoholic strength, and type of consignment/ with the note that
a list of the institutions authorized to issue this Certificate
will be notified;
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b/ often issue directly from the given relations betvieen
the importing and exporting countries, as is the case for example
between Great Britain and India, when on the import of spirits
/of foreign provenance/ from Treat _ Britain the presentation of
a, certificate issued by the British Customs authorities may take
the place of a test of the imported spirits.
A Certificate attesting the age of spirits is required on
import, for example, to Canada, New Zealand, etc.- for whisky,
brandy and rum.
(;or i tc -to_of_SampilnC,,_IB!Rootion. Certificate
-- -- --- ------------------
The Customs offices of some countries conduct clearance on
the basis of :samples 'taken from the imported goods /for example,
ores on import to U.S.A./, for it is necessary to ascertain
certain of their properties /state of moisture, composition, etc./
in the Customs laboratories. The Customs authorities take and
select the samples themselves, but sometimes thee content-,them-
selves with the production of a verified commercial sample duly
drawn by an authorized sampler and accompanied by a certificate
stating when, where, from what goods, and perhaps from what units
of a consignment 'the sample has been taken, how it is marked, and
certifying that the proper procedure in taking the sample has
been observed.
Foreign. and oversee. buyers too, through their representative,
an official sampler, or a private concern that does this work
professionally, frequently have a sample taken or the quality of
the goods ?soertained or examined prior to dispatch.
Certificate of Count
This document certifies. the accuracy and quantity of a con-
sigment as regards the number of its parts or units.
We . fht Cartif ie ste
A certificate of the correct weight of a consignment may be
made out ty the orgaae of public administration, of ports, docks,
exchanges, storages, and finally even special priyete eoneerns
that occupy themselves professionally with this work. In Czecho-
slovakia a duplicate of the railway freight bill, which gives the
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officially ascertained weight of the consignment, is often used
in place of a weight certificate?
A Weight Certificate is required by the buyer or his bank
as evidence of ascertainment of the actual weight of a consign-
ment /usually at the port of loading/. It may, however, also be
required under the import regulations of the importing country
/for exampe, India requires it for all consignments of paper/.
Certificate of Manufacture
This document is of wholly recent date, having come into being
during the War when the shortage of tonnage and the most varied
restrictions or prohibitions in railway traffic considerably li-
mited, if they did not make wholly impossible, the transport of
goods for which there was a big demand, while industry was en-
gaged fiat and foremost in war output. The seller could, for
this reason, require that the goods be paid for /by letter of
credit, by cheque, or in cash/ on a declaration that the goods
were made and were ready for dispatch. In this way the seller
shifted a further risk on to the shoulders of the purchaser.
In 1942 the American Bankers Association for-Foreign Trade
recommended for this purpose the following uniform text:
We hereby certify that the attached invoice dated ... 0606.0
our No. .....oe. ~..., covers material which has been manufactured
and set apart for your account and risk at /location/.
This simple document practically replaced, for payment of
L/C, all shipping documents, the making out of which the seller
could not ask for until later.
The Certificate of Manufacture is of course conditioned by
the special interests:of the buyer. Its use will therefore be
appropriate if demand exceeds supply or if it is a matter of goads
manufactured according to special Instructions from the person
ordering them /from the buyer/.
-Non-durnpin, -Certificate_
For the protection of a country against dumping, certificates
of non-dumping are required, when certain types of merchandise
or products are imported. Such a certificate has to confirm that
the invoice value of the goods corresponds to the fair market
price or value of such goods when sold for home-consumption and
discounts or other reductions are the same as those granted on
similar quantities sold for consumption in the country of origin.
Some countries have respective regulations prescribing,, the
exact contents of this certificate.
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Certificate of Dispatch
In cases in which the moment of loading goods on board ship
or of handing them over for transport is decisive for the validity
of an import licence, the Chamber of Commerce will certify the
time at which the consignment was handed over. Such certificates
must frequently be visa-ed by the relevant consul,&*.
Certificate of Force 31aleure
---------------------- -----
This document certifies that the exporter is not to blame
for the fact that the time-limit for delivery has not been duly
observed. A distinction is to be made between cases of Act of God
under international law and customs and cases which have been
designated in advance in the contract for supply as cases of force
majsure /Vis major/.
These certificates are made out or legalised by the Chamber
of Commerce and if necessary superlegalised by the appropriate
consulate.
Miscellaneous Certificates
In addition to the above documents the following are re-
quired from case to case
Declaration on the method of processing goods,
Declaration on sugar content,
Declaration on prices or value of goods
Certificate of the impossibility of due fulfilment of a
contract for reason other than via major,
Despatch certificate,
Certificate of cuZstoms clearance,
Certificate of due arrival of goods or their availability
for domestic consumption.
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General Competence of Chambers of Commerce in
IssuingAVarious_Shi;2Rne_?cuments
Aw~YM Mws eY A'AYAA all--11--O Rap +~ sue-------------
Trade associations organised in the field of foreign trade,
among them chambers of commerce in particular, issue a whole range
of various certificates which are currently accepted and recognized
in international trade conta?tso Competence in these cases may be
deduced from the following facts and conclusions
1. The broadest basis in this connection is provided. by inter-
national trade customs which represent the maintenance for a cer-
tain time of something for which there is no explicit legal basis
but against which there is no objection. In international trade
contacts such customs have general and universal application,
insofar as the relevant matter is not regulated by international
treaties or inter-governmental agreements. It would therefore be
contrary to the nature of trade customs to consider them as some-
thing unchangable and rigid; they are oont,nnausly evolving as
practical life demands.
2. The competence of chambers of commerce insofar as con-
oerns the issue of certain documents required in the sphere of
foreign trade is laid down in various international conventions,
and particularly inter-governmental agreements. It is interesting
to note that not in every case is the precise form and contents
of these documents stipulated, but that this Is sometimes left
to the chambers themselves which aria allowed a certain Oisoresion
in this regard.
3. Chambers of. Commerce are, under various internal regulations
/for example, customs prescriptions/ authorized in the case of
imports to issue various expert opinions, confirmations, and the
like, both in the country of origin and in the country of destina-
tion,a procedure which contributes inside both countries to the
respecting of certain principles that, as It were,, coordinate by
analogy the legal rules applicable in the two spheres. That is to
say, the reflex of the principles applicable for import apply also
to export, for every transaction in foreign trade must always have
.an import and export side. Thus arise trade customs, end the process
is supported and strengthened by the fact that a whole range, if
not the majority, of countries alloy of the same principle in
their mutual contacts0
4. The circumstance too, that the signatures of persons
authorized to sign documents on behalf of the Chamber are as a
rule notified to the diplomatic and consular authorities of foreign
States contributes, from the technical angle, t.D legel%isation,
carried out by Chambers of Commer.oe being recognized in international
relations. On this is based the fact that these authorities, even
in less current maters, recognize straightaway legalisation by
Chambers without demanding preceding legalisation by a department
or authority representing the State to the outside world.
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3. Fina;!lys it cannot be overlooked that Chambers of Commerce
operating in the sphere of foreign trade issue their certificates-
in contradietiCtion to ordinary internal organisations of the
State - in foreign languages, so that there is no need for an
official translation with the resulting certifications, such as
would be ea~uential to give documents validity within the exporting
country an international force.
Efforts to deduce the Number of ShipRnp-Documents.
w?w'w--------+s----W----+--------.~--- +~+
As early as 1923 the Convention for the Simplification of
Customs Formalities called not only for a reduction in the number
of shipping documents but also for a reduction of the fees and
formalities connected with their issue and legalisation. It must
be admitted, however, that the terms of this Convention to which
a considerable number of countries did not adhere /principally
those that demand consular invoices/ have not been, and are not,
in practice carried out.
As this state of affairs has been no small obstacle to the
expansion of foreign trade, fresh efforts have been made to secure
a remedy, the International Chamber of Commerce being the principal
spokesman in this matter. The furthest step in this direction was
made at the Congress of this body held at Montreux in June 1947.
In view of the fact that the interests of the buyer, the seller
and the forwarder must in international trade be safeguarded by
documents that, according to law, will determine ownership and
right of payment, and. that government organs need documents that
.will serve as a basis for the assessment of customs duties and
for the compilationeof statistics, it was decided to pass a re-
ooa1mendation that the following documents should be sufficient
for all purposes;
a/ transport document,
b/ commercial invoice,
a/ packing list /when necessary/,
d/ manifest /for sea. and air transport/.
As far as possible these documents should be standardized
and designed to provide all data required by governments, con-
signees, consignors, and banking, transportation and other
agencies,, Sufficient copies of these documents sho?.ld be prepared
to meet the reasonable requirements of all parties concerned.
a/ Transport document is the-basic document of carriage.
/It is not without interest to note that no direct reference is
made here to a through bill of lading/. A bill of lading is ne-
gotiable, and the possibility of setting up a negotiable air
consignment note should be examined; in certain cases such a
document would avoid delays due to present-day formalities and
documents required for air carriage Which deprive this means of
transport of "t1ze speed which is its principal advantage.
IA addition, for sea and air transport a manifest would
come t to consideration, drawn up by the carrier, as distinetfr.c'm
the other documents which are drawn up by the shipper. The mani-
fest supplies a description of the contents of each oonsinment.
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b/ A coinrraerciai invoice of standardized form should be designed
to include all essential data, not appearing on the packing list,
which are required by consignors, consignees, Bove&ent authorities
and other agencies in any way concerned with the shipment. Data
on the packing list should supplement those on the commercial in-
voice and therefore both documents should be stapled to,ether.
It is believed that a commercial invoice form of size not
more than 11 inches /27.94 centimetres/ in width which will fit
into a standard typewriter, will be large enough. The sheet can
be any length to meet actual needs. The invoice should comprise
the following date: name of seller /consignor/, purchaser /con-
signee/, place of destination, person to be notified, means of
carriage used, carrier, flag, port /,place/ of exportation, of
transshipment, of discharge, port of entry /customs clearance/,
No. and date of bill of lading, export and import licence, in-
surance policy, country of origin, terms of sale, terms of pay-
ment, number and kind of packages, their marks, net, legal and
gross weight, quantity and nature of the goods, price per unit
and total price.
The headings of commercial invoices should be in French,
English and Spanish, and the invoices filled up in one of these
three languageso A shipper cannot; be expected to know the language
of all the countries with which he does business, and it he
attemps to use a language with which he is insufficiently acquain-
ted the result Is often mistfi.kes and heavy fines.
The customs declaration made by the shipper or his agent in
the language of the importing country would provide sufficient
means of control for the officials of the importing country.
a/ The data contained in the packing list are usually ir:-
portent for preparing other documents. As a rule these data sup-
plement those on the commercial incroioe, so that both these docu-.
meats should be stapled together before being submitted to those
governmental or private ag;?ncies which require information con-
tained on both of them.
The Montreux Congress of the Intern.at ions l Chamber of Commerce
also recommended the abolition of cony+ular invoices, certificates
of origin, consular visas and other, :Le*alisat1on, the transit
manifest, the document for statistical purposes, the abolition of
regulations requiring the shipper to oiassifl his goods according
to the customs tariff of the importing country, the shipper to be
exempt from making declarations of value other than those appearing
in his contract, the introduction of rnetrie weights and measures
, elusively in international trade, abolition of the obligation to
Mace marks of origin on packing used solely for carriage, adoption
of an interncttonal, set of rules for the tcnnr.ge measurement of
ships, abrogation of import, export and exchange controls, and
facilities for customs clearance.
The reconmenlations of which there were 12 in all were sub-
mitted in October 1947 by. the International Chamber of Commerce
to the iTnited Nations Organisation for consideration by the Social
and Economic Coumioil and the Transport and Comymunications Con-
mission, They Transport and Corlmunications Commission discussed the
matter preliminLril.y in April 19443$ and the Economic and Social
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- 23 -
Council, In July and August 1948. The matter, eras classified according
to its nature, and it Was found that the problem concerned in the
main. the following organisations: the Inter--l;overnmental Maritime
Consultative Organisation /[PMCO/, The Intsrnaational Civil Aviation
Organisation /ICAO/, and the International Trade Organisation /ITO/,
which is to. be set :up.., It is of _oou.rse;?a uesta~an when. this orga-
nisation will be established, as up to now only Liberia has rati~
fled the Havana Charter without reservations.'
At the request, then, of the Transport and Communications
Commission, the Economic and Social Counsil asked from the United
Nations member States an opinion on the individual, recommendations.
after examining the conventional /automatic/ measures, compatible
with the priciples of Charter, directed towards simplifying customs
formalities and other formalities connected therewith, which repre-
sent obstacles to international trade and transport. /In the meen-
time, howwever, another .Conwress of the Intern..ticnel Chamber of
Commerce has been held - at cuebec in June 1949 - at 'yhich a rese.,
lution was adopted entitled "Invisible Barriers to Trade and Travel".
This Congress has extended the whole problem by proposing in
contradistinction t .o, the 1.7.creux Congress which had suggested the
convoking of an international conference - that a national committee
set up in each country and composed of repress ntatives of business
circles and the relevant authorities should discuss tre matter with
special reference to the Havana Charter, the Ge=neral #L -reement of
Customs Duties and Trade, the Convention for Simplification of
Customs Formalities of 1923, etc. Besides this, it has been r.ecom-
metded to set up an international committee compose! of independent
experts from burs*ffieo ;nd governmental circles for the purpose of
elaborating uniform in.terrrxations+]. regul xtlorr>.
in answer to the re=quest of the ''+,conomic rd Social Council
opinions have been received from 1.? countries, nr-rely: Afghanistan,
Australia, Belgium, Canada, Czee iobtawt ka , Denmark, Tgypt, France,
India., Iran, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Union -f South Africa,
the United Kingdom, the United States of Airericaa and Sweden.
On the whole it may be said that t'.e Gov arnmeitts of these
countries agree in principle with the recommendations of the Inter-
national Chamber of Commerce, In some cases, of course, with reser-
vations. The United States, for example, print: out that it must
require consular invoices as U.S. laa,!rs prescribe them. New Zealand,
again, demands special customs invoices coup 1oc? -ith certifiaata;
of origin, customs declert:ation, sanitary certificate, etc. The
generally favourable attitude of these countries is nothing more
or less than the expression of a long chorishel desire for the
abolition of consular invoices And other shi*,pin documents which
are frequently not required except for m eighty reasons. Among the
countrias, however,wwrhich in. i.st. on the siibmislion of these dog u-
rents, only the t:'ni.tpd ;tFites expressed' en opinion, and that of
course, `with. reservation.
Translated from the "Zahrani 6ni obohud" /P'i ni s tr r of Foreign.
Trade Weekly/ No. 43j, 44r 45, 4-6, 47 t nd 8/lt 5u,
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Iceland: 2 commercial invoices.
India: 2 commercial invoices and 2 oertifioates.oi origin.
Inaoznesia 2 oomme ciel invoices.
Irant 4 legalised commercial invoices and 2 certificates of origin.
Iraq: 3 commercial invoices.
Irelands 2 commercial Invoices.
Israel: 4 custom's invoices.
I~en ra and U ands: 3 custom's invoices.
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Lebanon; 3 legalised commercial invoices.
Liberia: 5 legalised commercial invoices.
Luxeusbour?: 2 commercial invoices.
Mexico: 5 oozamerotal'invoices /non-legalised/ of prescribed con..
tents,
Netherlands: 2 commercial invoices.
Now Zealand:
New Zealand: 3 customs invoices.
Nicdra ua: 6 legalised commercial invoices and 6 consular invoices.
Nimia_ 3 custom's invoices.
NvrwaZ: 2 Commercial invoices.
Pakl.stant 2. commercial invoices and 2 certificates of origin.
ww+ww ;. w~~
Panama: 5 legalised commercial invoices and 5 consular invoigos.
Paraguay; 2 commercial invoices and 4 consular invoices.
Peru: 4 legalised commercial invoices and 4 consular invoices.
rwww_
Philippines; 4 Consular invoices.
r w .r .~
Poland: 2 legalised commercial invoices,
Portoricol, 4 consular invoices.
Portu sl s 2 - commercial invoices.
Roumania: 6 legalised commercial invoices.
Salvador: 8 legalised commercial invoices of prescribed contents.
w_r'r w.ulY 1-'q~ -
Saudi Arabia: 4 commercial invoices, in which country of origin
Is stated.
slag; 2 oommerolal Invoices.
Syriac 3 legalise4 commercial invoices.
Sweden: 2 commercial invoices.
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Switzerland: 2 commercial invoices.
Translordan,ia: 3 oomwroial invoices.
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Turkey: 2-5 commercial invoices and 3 certificates of origin,
Union of South AYrita- 3 custom's invoices.
Uruguaxi 2 commercial Invoices and 4 consular invoices.
Yw w aW Ma V
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Unites .Adt83 - 4 4cnsii1ar irivoic+ s.
in z , }l+ w cc rzr. re iai. twivo joe$1 4, cot uiar inve ie* n"land
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50X1-HUM
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