PRISONS AND CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN THE USSR

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00926A003300030028-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 22
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 16, 2013
• Sequence Number: 28
• Publication Date: April 11, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION 50X1-HUM
CONFIDENTIAL / US OFFICIALS ONLY
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT
INFORMATION REPORT
COUNTRY USSR DATE DISTR.
SUBJECT Prisons and Coneentration Camps in the USSR NO. OF PAGES
NO. OF ENCLS.
(LISTED BELOW)
// Apr 1951
13
SUPPLEMENT TO 50X1-HUM
REPORT NO. ?
THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS INFORMATION AFFECTING THE NATIONAL DEFENSE
OF THE UNITED STATES WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE ESPIONAGE ACT 50
U. S. C.. 91 AND 32, AS AMENDED. ITS TRANSMISSION OR THE REVELATION
OF ITS CONTENTS IN ANY MANNER TO AN UNAUTHORIZED PERSON IS PRO-
HIBITED BY LAW. REPRODUCTION OF THIS FORM IS PROHIBITED.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
50X1 -HUM
jvailable are keyed maps locating the concentration
camps described in the foilolog reoconi
1. USSR concentration 'camps are of two main types the ITL (Ispravitelgno-Trudovoy
Lagers), or corrective labor oamp of remote localities of the USSR, and the ITK
(Ispravitel3no-Trudovaya Koloniya), or local oorrectivelabor colony. ElLocal"' -
in Russian,,, mestnogo znaoheni 4of local importanoe7/ Prisoners are sent to one.
or the other according to the sentanoe or deodsion. However, as a rule all
prisoners sentenoed to two or more ytt(ars of imprisonment are sent to the ITL of
remote localities of the USSR. There are ITK for every administrative oblast and
prison of the USSR. Most of them are located in the Ukraine, where prisoners
work on the NKVD sovkhose,s in aglionitural colonies, on various local construction
projects, and in industrial olonies The ITK contains mainly petty criminals
or violators of various obligations to the Soviet state.
2. There is still another place of imprisonment, the political isolation prisons.
In then are kept former high Communist Party leaders who have been opposition
to Stalin or who have been put in these prisons for special reasons. The ad-
ministrations of these prisons do not even know the names of their prisoners and
are forbidden to know them. Fav.,h prisoner is known only by his prison number.
These prisons are located in the bleakest localities of eastern Siberia (see map)
and are cloaked in local seoreoy.
3. The NKVD of the USSR has oonpl.bte and uncontrolled authority over millions of
prisoners, both in the prisons and the concentration camps. Its agent in the
organization, exploitation and direction of the labor force is GULAG (Glavnoye
Upravleniye Lageryami pri NKVD SSSR - Main Administration of Camps, of the NKVD,
USSR). To it are subordinate only the ITL camps and the special-purpose (osobogo
naznacheniya) camps. The ITK are subordinate only to the local organs of the
NKVD.
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4. One other form of imprisonment should be mentioned: administrative exile to
settlements in places designated by the NEVD, the "spetsposeleniye" (special
settlement). Prisoners in these consist of representatives of allaclasses of
society, most of Whom have not been accused by the NEVD of any crime but are
what is known as "politically untrustworthy", and so must be isolated from
"healthy" society. These "administrative exiles" are members of the families
of former political workers who have been sent to concentration camps or shot,
members of the families of dispossessed kulaks (or the entire kulak family),
relatives of the clergy, and relatives of all those who have been condemned in
special political trials, especially the politically untrustworthy individuals
(scientists, professors, writers, technicians etc,). The great majority of
them, however, are relatives of dispossessed peasants. These exiles live in
small villages, are registered with the local NEVD, and may not leave these
localities. They must have their personal documents with them at all times.
The commandant of the locality has complete authority over them. They work
every day at one kind of forced labor or another. They have contact with the
outside world, such as by correspondence with relatives and friends, only as
the commandant permits. They may be sentenced to administrative exile by
decision of the NKVD for a definite term or as more often happens, particularly
in the case of relatives of dispossessed kUlaks, for life. The "special settle?
ments" differ little from the concentration camps except that around them there
are no barbed wire or guards, look at these forms of forced labor, asel
at those who carry it out. 50X1-HUM
5. The labor army: Into this service go all young, physically fit men who have
reached the age for conscription into the army but who, by virtue of various
laws do not have the right to be regular soldiers and bear arms. According to
these laws they are conscripted into the labor army, which in its nature is a
slave army. The following men of conscription age (prizovniki) are obliged to
serve in it:
(a) Those deprived of the rights of citizenship by a court for criminal
or political actions.
(b) Dispossessed peasants who live in certain localities.
(c) All those who have returned from places of imprisonment and who while
there were of conscription age. Even though they have passed that
age, they must go into the labor army.
(d) All who belong to the Evangelise' Church.
The term of service in the labor army is up to two and a half years. Military
discipline prevails. The men live in special barracks? Military uniforms are
worn. The command personnel is made up of regular army (kadrovaya armiya)
officers 6 The labor army is directly subordinate to the Ministry of War. The
labor army works on the building of airdromes, railroads, military bases and
installations, fortifications, dirt roads of military importance, and border
fortifications.
6. Another form of forced labor is the labor and cart?hanling levy (trudhuzhpodatok),
imposed on the whole population of rural localities. This obligation is based
on compulsory decrees of the Suprem Soviet of the USSR and its he Soviet'27
laws.
According to these laws, every citizen must spend a certain number of work days
on work of a local nature, and the kolkhozes and their members, in addition to
this, must perform other general state work, building roads, cutting and hauling
timber, building airdromes, canals, and bridges, laying oil and gas lines, and
transporting freight. Recruitment is carried out on a compulsory basis in each
kolkhoz by administrative agencies of the government.
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7. For members of the various hypocritical, scab Ls12/ trade unions, their leaders
periodically organize work-Saturdays and work-Sundays. On their days of rest
the members of these unions, as a measure of trade union discipline or under some
other compulsion, must do physical work for "socialism". None of them can get
out of this without serious danger of getting on the black list of the union and
at the same time coming under the "all-seeing" eye of the NKVD.
8. Besides the extra compulsory physical labor, every Soviet citizen is obliged to
buy bonds in the numerous "voluntary-compulsory" state loans of the Soviet
government, which amounts to a forced deduction from the pay of the poorly-paid
worker, farmer and professional man of state bonds to the amount, on the average,
of his pay for one month.
9. The concentration camps of GULAG, NKVD, are located at sites of construction
provided for in the five year plan, or where special construction projects,
such as military projects, are being carried out. The direct carrying out of
all the planned projects is the responsibility of Administrations of Concentration
Camps, each of which has its own administrative territory of activity and an
administrative center for the directing staff of the administration.
The administrative territory of an Administration of Concentration Camps is
in its turn divided into subordinate divisions, and the divisions are subdivided
into camp, points (Russian: "lagernuy punkt") and komandirovkas Special
project/. These latter are also concentration camps which work on certain
assigned projects. The organizational stracture of the concentration camps,
then, is as follows: NKVD USSR - GULAG - Administration of Concentration Camps -
Division of Concentration Camps - Camp Points or Komandirovkas.
10. All the controlling administrative authority is in the hands of NKVD operational staff
members (Russian: sotrudniki) especially designated for this work. They operate
through what is known as the "Third Section", or concentration camp NKVD, which
works in the camp administrations and divisions and is the all-powerful and
controlling agency over the prisoners and over the whole camp civilian administration
in the fulfillment of production plans. Besides this, the Third Section conducts
trials of prisoners right in the camps for misdeeds, adds to the terms of their
sentences, carries out executions, and sends prisoners to disciplinary komandirovkas
or to camp points with more severe discipline. On the Third Section depends whether
a prisoner goes free when he has finished his sentence or is kept longer in the camp
as being, in their opinion, dangerous to society. The latter happens most often in
the case of political prisoners, who get added sentences without any trial or any
explanation of the reason for the added sentence. The Third Section is the organizer
and executor of the various measures for handling and guarding the prisoners.
The barbed wire, guard dogs, electrified wire, weapons, the guard with military
ranks, the frightful kartser (confinement chamber) or solitary confinement cell,
hunger and cold--these are the instruments in the hands of the Third Section for
keeping in submission millions of prisoners and for making of them obedient mechanical
robots, with no will of their own.
11. [The following is a list of concentration camps, with divisions, camp points, and
komandirovkas based on material gathered through 1942. Some of the administrations
have, since then, been reorganized as a result of having finished their projects,
and some new ones have been created47 50X1 -HUM
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12. (1) White-Sea - Baltic ITL? OGPU.
Medvezhegorsk, Karelian ASSR
The task of this camp was the building of the canal known officially as the
"Belomorski-Baltiyskiy Kanal imeni Stalina". The canal is also widely known
by the abbreviation BBK? and this abbreviation is also connected with the
concentration camps which were organized in 1931 to build it. A mammoth
construction project, the canal was built in 1933 between the White Sea and
Lake Onega and, with the Svir River, Lake Ladoga and the Neva River, connects
the White Sea with the Baltic. It shortens the distance between the seas by
4,000 km. It is 227 km in length and was built in 20 months. It has 19
locks. At the entrance to the canal from the White Sea is the port of Belomorsk
(formerly Kern) through which is exported timber cat by the prisoners. From
700 to 800 thousand political and criminal prisoners worked on the building
of the canal. Many highly-qualified engineers and technicians worked as
prisoners on the canal, directing the building. The construction was carried
on at a rapid rate in extremely difficult conditions: in swamps, in small
streams, in impassable forests, at 450 Lcentigrad1/ below freezing in winter,
and amidst swarms of tiny gnats in the summer. The slogan "Speed up!" ("Dayesh
tempy!") was the keynote for everyLhing. To speed up the work and finish the
construction in time all kinds of methods of terror were employed. Prisoners
who failed to meet their quota received added sentences, were punished by
solitary confinement and deprivation of rations; others were shot even for
unintentional breaches of discipline. Picks and shovels, wheelbarrows, axes
and saw were the main tools used in the construction. Quotas were from 8 to 10
cubic meters of earth for shovel work and 10 to 12 cubic meters of wood for sawing.
This amounts to just twice the quota for work under normal conditions. The
prisoners worked from 12 to 14 hours a day, often standing up to their waists in
water or in swamps in the autumn and winter. About 100,000 prisoner e died as
a result of excessive work, exhaustion from hunger and cold, various kinds of
illnesses, and the constant terror under which they lived for the 20 months of
the construction. Many camp divisions and camps were included in the area of
the construction.
13. (2) Administration of the Construction of the Moscow-Volga Canal.
The building of this canal was begun in 1932 and completed in the spring of 1937.
It is 128 km in length. It joins the Volga with the Moscow River near Moscow.
It begins near Ivankovskiy dam on the Volga, above which was built on the Volga
a great reservoir, "Moskovskoye More" (The Moscow Sea), with an area of 327 sq km.
The canal ends near Moscow. The canal connects Moscow by a direct water route
with the Baltic, via the Mariynskiy system, and with the White Sea via the Baltic-
White Sea Canal. About 500,000 prisoners worked on the canal, most of them
peasants who were imprisoned for opposition to'collectivization.
(3) Volga (Volzhskiy) ITL NKVD
Perebory, Rybinsk Rayon, Yaroslavl Oblast
(4) Bezymyanka (Bezymyanskiy) ITL NKVD
Kuybyshev
(5) Administration of the "Volgostroy" Construction.
Kuybyshev
(6) Samarskiy &I-0m "Samara l/ ITL NKVD
Kuybyshev
(7) Administration of the "Osobstroy" ("special construction") Construction
Kamyshin
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This system of concentration camps is distributed along the whole length of the
Volga. Each of them has a certain part in the carrying out of great plans for
the construction of various projects. These were begun as early as 1936 and
continue to this day.
The Kuybyshev hydroelectric center (gidrouzel) "Volgostroy" started the building
of two dams and hydroelectric stations on the Volga in 1936, near Samarskaya Luka.
110,000 prisoners worked on this. At the same time work has started on the
Rybinsk and Uglich dams, along with which were built hydroelectric stations.
60-70,000 prisoners worked on these projects.
In addition to these, there is included in the "Volgostroy" system the planned
construction of the Volga-Baltic Sea canal via a system of-canals and the building
of the "Rybinsk Sea" reservoir between the Mologa and Sheksna rivers.
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The general plan for the development of the Volga and its tributaries is called
"the Great Volga" (Velikaya Volga). There are to be built six dams on the Volga
and several on its tributaries, the Oka and the Kama. At each dam will be built
a hydroelectric station. The construction of the two Kuybyshev hydroelectric
stations is already completed, as is that of one each at Rybinsk and Uglich.
This same plan provides for the building of the Volga-Don and the Kuma-Manych canals
(construction has begun).
Thus according to this plan all the seas 'of the USSR will be connected with one
another by a system of canals already built or under construction. (See map No. 3,
"the Greater Volga".)
The Bezymanka camp is engaged in building the city of Bezymanka, dams on the
Volga, underground airdromes, and water ways. 'Prisoners work in agriculture (on
the NKVD sovkhozes), in the building of factories for military industry, and on
fortifications.
Prisoners of "Osobstroy", with its 'administrative center in Kashynin, near Stalingrad,
are engaged in the same kind of work.
'These two camp administrations have about 200,000 prisoners at their disposal.
14. (8) Administration of the South Siberian ITLs, NKVD.
Its task is the building of a second East Siberian railway from Tayshet to
Sovetskaya Gavan, on the Pacific Ocean. The railway is 3500 km in length and
passes through immeasurable forests, swamps, streams and mountains. Tens of
thousands of buildings have been erected by the prisoners at stations; they have
been boring tunnels through mountains, buildings bridges, making dams and moving
millions of cubic meters of earth.
Irkutsk is the base for gold mining in eastern Siberia. A plant has been built
there to manufacture equipment for gold mining. Coal is mined near Cheremkhovo,
and gold in the Bodaybo region.
The whole area of the administration is covered with numerous camps, the prisoners
of which work on timber cutting, stone quarrying and the building of strategic
roads.
There are a total of about 800,000 prisoners in this administration. (See map No. 4).
15. (9) Administration of the Baykal-Amur ITLs0 NKVD
This administration is widely known as BAMIAO (Baykalo-Amurskiye Lageri). It was
charged with the building of the second track of the railroad from Irkutsk to
Vladivostok. The length of this line is about 3000 km and it runs parallel to the
single-track LTransz/ Siberian railroad. Construction began in 1933 and was
completed in 1938. At the same time there was completed the military-strategic
railways: Khabarovsk - Komsomolsk (360 km), Komsomolsk - Nikolayevsk (450 km),
and a number of other railroads which connect both Far-Eastern lines with each
other and likewise with the borders of Mongolia and Manchuria.
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Along with these this administration is engaged in building ordinary roads, army
storage depots, and bridges, in timber-cutting, in work in stone quarries, and in
building airdromes and border fortifications. A locomotive plant has been built
in Ulan-Ude.
The total number of prisoners in the administration amounts to about 1,200,000.
(See map No. 4)
16.. (10) The Administration of the Far East (Dallne-vostochnyye) ITLs, NKVD.
Khabarovsk, DVK (Far Eastern Kray) (sic)
17. (11) Administration of the Novo-Tambovskiy ITL NKVD
Khabarovsk Kray, DVK (sic)
18. (12) Bureya (Bureinskiy) Railroad Construction Camp, NKVD Birobidzhan, DVK
19. (13) Administration of the Lower Amur (Nizhne-Amurskiy) ITL NKVD
Nikolayevsk, Khabarovsk Kray, DBK
These administrations are all located in the Far East. They work on strategically
important projects on the borders of the Soviet Union next to China and Japan.
The prisoners have built the cities of Komsomolsk, Sovetskaya Gavant, and Birobidzhan,
railroads, roads, factories in Khabarovsk, Vladivostok and Komsomolsk, airdromes,
and settlements, and have done various work on the ports. They are working in the
coal mines and are mining platinum and silver in the Sikhote-Alin' mountains and
gold on the Bureya river. All together there are about 1,500,000 prisoners in
Far Eastern Kray.
20. (14) Administration of the Northeast (Severo-Vostochnyye) ITLs, NKVD Bukhta
Nogayevo, DVK
This is a trememdous concentration camp located on the Chukotsk peninsula; it is
also known by the familiar and dreaded name, "Kolymaul after the river which flows
through the whole area and empties into the Arctic. This is a bleak, wild and
unknown area which is most commonly compared to Alaska. Climatic conditions are
severe. The temperature reaches 60-650 below freezing in winter and up to 400 C.
in summer. One seldom meets any of the native population, and then only as small
groups of nomads. The prisoners have become the permanent population, number
about two million, and are located in concentration camps which are scattered over
this whole uninviting area. The first prisoners appeared in the Kolyma area in
1932 and began the preparatory work in various expeditions. Their number began
gradually to increase, and in 1940 it amounted to two million, which were required
by the state plans for construction and the need for gold, which is mined in
hundreds of tons a year.
Magadan on Bukta Nagayevo, (Nogayevo Bay) on the Chukotsk Sea, was built by the
prisoners, and in it an automobile repair plant. They also built a great many
settlements throughout the whole Kolyma area. Hundreds of kilometers of roads
are being built which connect, through mountains, swamps and forests, the gold
mines with each other and with neighboring Yakutiya and its gold. Near Magadan
their is an NKVD sovkhoz called "Yellgen", on which work 4-5 thousand prisoners of a
women's concentration located there.
21. (15) Administration of the Karaganda (Karagandinskiy) in, NKVD of the Kazakh SSR.
The vast steppe areas of central Asia have been transformed into a unified area of
concentration camps. The owners of the steppe lands have been driven into kolkhozes,
dispossessed, and sent to concentration camps. Some have fled across the border
into China. Since 1929 the steppes have been filled with prisoners who constantly
number about one million. They built the new cities of Karaganda, Balkhash,
Karsakpay, Achisay, Dossor and others. Along with this went intensive building of
railroads: Akmolinsk-Petropavlovsk-Karaganda-Frunze, about 1600 krill Magnitogorsk-
Akmolinsk, about 800 km; Gurlyev-Kandagach, about 500 km; Neltda Dielody, near
Zharyt7 Dzhezkangan, 418 km; and Semipalatinsk-Alma Ata-Arye, commonly known as the
Turk-Sib. This latter road was finished in 1930; nearly 1600 miles of track was
laid in 40 months of work by prisoners.
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In 1939 irrigation canals were constructed in southern Kazakhstan in the Golodnaya
Step' region.
The Pribalkhashskiy ("at Balkhash") copper combine and lead plants in Chimkent
and Ridder ZTeninogorsg, 5ndl7 a metallurgical combine, were also built. Prisoners
work in coal mines, and mine copper, lead and zinc. They also build new settlements
and work on large sovkhozes (see map No. 5).
'212. (16) The Administration of ITLs and ITKs (Corrective Labor Colonies) of the NKVD,
Novosibirsk Oblast.
This administration is also known under the official name of "Siblag". In 1930
there began a systematic population of the territory of Siblag with prisoners, who
number up to one million persons every year. Most of the prisoners work in the
coal mines of the Kuznets coal. basin - Kuzbas on the Tom' river. Prisoners built
the cities of Leninsk and Stalinsk, center of the Kuzbas, and the railroad Which
connects them with the Transsiberian.
In aftNion, prisoners built the Achinsk-Abakan railroad, and the Stalinsk-
Tashtalog railroad south from Stalinsk. This was built by four to five hundred
thousand prisoners in about six years, in a mountainous region under extremely
difficult working conditions. High earth embankments were made, and tunnels up to
a kilometer and a half in length were bored. This railroad is connectedwith iron
ore deposits, which are also mined by the prisoners.
On the Irtysh river at Ust'-Kamenogorsk a large hydroelectric station is being
built. There have also been built an electric power station in the city of Kemerovo,
the Kuznetskiy metallurgical plant (zavod-gigant), and a plant for the production
of ammonia. Large heavy industry plants have been built in the cities of Novosibirsk
and Omsk and a tractor plant in Altay 5ray17 Work is being rushed on an automobile
plant in Novosibirsk.
On KuIundinskaya Step' in Altay kray there is an NKVD sovkhoz with an area of
65,000 hectares on which work only prisoners.
At Yaya, near Novosibirsk, there is a women's concentration camp with about 5,000
women prisoners. They all work in textile, knitted goods and sewing factories
or shops.
Within the jurisdiction of Siblag there is also the big Mariynsk concentration
camp, and, southeast of Stalinsk, in the Altay mountains, in Gorskaya Shoriya region
r: v rayoni Girlskoi Shorif, there is a camp called "GORSHORLAG", the prisoners
of which were building a railroad to Stalinsk and who are mining iron ore. (see
map No. 6).
23. (17) Administration of the NKVD for Sverdlovsk Oblast - SevUralLag
gorthern Urals Camg NKVD
The camps of this administration are located for the most part in the Urals, near
the industrial centers. They were started in 1929, just at the time of the first
five year plan, which provided for a maximum development of industry in the Urals.
For this hundreds of thousands of prisoners were sent to the Uralivfoi various
kinds of work. Cities and large plants and factories built by the hands of prisoners
arose in forest and mountain regions.
A railway line from Ufa to Magnitogorsk, 400 km long, is being built, and in 1939
a railroad was built to Sterlitamak. The Chkalov-Orsk-Chelyabinsk railroad, about
1,000 km long, was also built.
The Chelyabinsk tractor plant was put up in a short time and there was built the
Magnitogorsk metallurgical combine, the Sredneuralsk (Central Urals) copper combine,
the Chelyabinsk lead plant, the Chelyabinsk electric power station, the Magnitogorsk
and Novo-Tagilskiy metallurgical plants, the Kirov tractor plant (in the Urals),
the Ural heavy machine building plant, the Nizhne-Tagilskiy Ural railway car plant
(Uralvagonzavod), and the large city of Magnitogorsk.
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The building of the Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk metallurgical combines is being brought
to completion. Eftesef individual projects were being built in the shortest possible
time, in from two to three years.
Besides the operations listed above, tens of thousands of prisoners are working on building
airdromes and airplane factories, which are kept extremely secret. They are mining iron
ore and light and precious metals, and are cutting timber and floating tidber on the Ob'
river.
24. (18) Administration of the Krasnoyarsk ITL, NKVD,
Kansk, Krasnoyarsk Kray.
The camps of this administration are located mainly on the Yenisey river, where prisoners
work on timber cutting and floating. They also mine coal, build railroads, and develop
towns.
They have built an agricultural machinery plant in the citY of Krasnoyarsk which has begun
to produce combines and other farm machinery. They built the'Athinsk-Minusinsk railroad.
The number of prisoners in this administration amounts to 400,000; they. began to arrive in
the concentration camps in 1929.
25. (19) Administration of the Tomsk-Asino (Tomsko4isinskiy) ITL, NKVD
The administrative center of this administration is in Asino, near Tomsk. Most of the
prisoners work on timber-cutting, and timber floating on the Chylym river into the Ob'
river, whence it goes to all of Siberia, particularly to its steppe regions. Many prisoners
work on the building of dirt roads, also. A railroad line was built which connects Tomsk
with the Chulym river.
The number of prisoners amounts to about 30-35 thousand since the time of the organization
of the camps in 1929.
26. (20) Noril'sk ITL
Noril'sk, Taymyr National Okrug? Krasnoyarsk Kray.
These camps are located in the bleak and uninhabited regions of the Taymyr peninsula and
in the eastern part of Siberia, in snow-covered areas, in swamps, forests and mountains.
Their center Noril'sk, was built by the prisoners. Around 'Noril'sk has been noted some of
the lowest temperatures in the world, 70? C below freezing. This is the place of Which
the prisoners say: "There are 12 months of winter; the rest of the-year is summer." The
Yenisey flows through this whole area. The prisoners of these camps work in coal mines
and at timber cutting and floating, mine coal, build various'roads and settlements and strew
with their bones this wild and uninhabited region. The new cities of Igarka, Noril'sk and
Dudinka, and the port of Ust'-Yeniseysk were built by them.
Comparatively intensive activity in this area began in 1929, with the arrival there of the
first prisoners, which every year amount to from 100 to 150 thousand.
27. (21) Administration of Tobol'sk ITLa, NKVD.
Tbbol'sk
Most of the camps of this administration are located on the Ob', Irtysh and Tobol rivers
and extend to the far north for the whole length of the Ob'. Endless forests and swamps
are the characteristic landscape for this uninhabited region.
Prisoners, of which there are up to 100,000 in the camps: began to arrive in 1929 to build
dirt roads and railroads, to mine hard coal and gold on the Yenisey and its tributaries,
and to work in stone quarries. They work at timber cutting and floating and build new
settlements. This region was notorious for its prisons long before the Bolshevist revolu-
tion.
28. (22) Administration of the Yakutsk 1TLs, NKVD.
Yakutsk, Yakut ASSR.
Through the territory of this large administration flows the Lena river, and its tributary,
the Aldan, which are famous for their gold mines, known as the "Ienzoloto" and the
"Aldanzoloto." They are worked by prisoners; the mining of gold is the main reason for
their being in the camps. They also mine platinum, coal and non-ferrous metals. Under
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50X1 -HUM
severe climatic conditions of intense cold they also cut and float timber. They have
built a highway (trakt) from the Aldan gold mines to the Amur road for hundreds of kilo-
meters through forests and across mountain ridges, and are connecting this gigantic region
with the neighboring KOlyma region. The most frightful prisons are also in this region -
the political isolation prisons, in which are kept the personal and political enemies of
Stalin. The prisons of Yakutsk, Verkhnoyansk and Zhiganskl heritages from Tsarist Russia,
have been improved and modernized by the NKVD. The organizaticin of the first camps of
the Yakutsk administration began in 1929. In them there are altogether about 80-100 thou-
sand prisoners.
(23) Administration of the Vyatskiy grom Vyatka riverf ITL, NKVD
Pos 5Oselok - settlemenI7Berezovo? Kirov oblast.
The principal work of the prisoners of this administration is timber cutting and floating
on the Kama, which flows into the Volga.
Prisoners built the city of Solikamsk and the railroad from this city to the new city of
Berezniki on the Kama. Around Solikamsk prisoner are working huge deposits of potassium
salts and phosphorites. A Chemical combine has been built at Bereznikii and a-war plant
(viyzikovyy zavod) in the woods on the Kama. Prisoners are building airdromes, railroads
and dirt roads, and have built a hydroelectric station on the Kama near Solikamsk.
The prisoners in the camps nuaser about 50,000; they began to arrive there in 1929.
(24) Administration of the Temnikovskiy* ITlay NKVD
St (station) Pot'ma? on the Moscow-Kazan railroad,
Gor'kiy Oblast.
5after the town of Temnikov, south of this railroadg
These camps are also known as "Sarlag?" because they are located in the' woods of the famous
Sarovskaya Pustyn' on the land of the monastery of St Serafim Sarovskiy, which monastery
and its relics were destroyed by the NKVD.
Prisoners of these camps mostly work at timber cutting and on the NKVD kolkhozes (sic).
There are separate yonen's camps, the prisoners of which? are engaged in the same work.
The camps have existed since 1930, and there are about 50,000 prisoners in them.
(25) The Administration of Railroad Construction and the Sorokskiy TTL.
Belmorosk, Karelo-Finnish ASSR.
The building of the White-Sea - Baltic canal is directly connected-with these CaMPs's'they
are a part of the system of the above administration and are known as "Soroklag," after
Blikhta Soroka 5Oro1a Bag.
After the completion of the canal, all the camps were reorganized, the administrative center
was transferred to Belomorsk, and the prisoners work on other projects of the five year
plans. They cut and float timber. They mine copperon the shores of Lake Ladoga and iron
ore at Lake Onega. They built the Volkhov aluminum plant and the Neva gevskii/ sulfuric
acid plant, and the railroad which connnects Belomorsk with the railroad from Moscow to
Arkhangersk. They are also building a number of other strategic railroads. They
in stone quarries and on building dirt roads.
It must also be pointed out that the great electric power stations 'known as Voikhovstroy,
Cyas'stroy and Svirstroy were built in the territory of this administration, and around
them, large and small factories, and towns with the same names. The total number of prisoners
in the administration amounts to about 600,000; they began to arrive in this region in 1929.
(26) Administration of Murmansk =8, NKVD.
Kirovsk, Murmansk Kray (sic).
In the forests and tundra of far-off Kola Peninsula, beyond the Arctic circle, are scattered
camps of the NKVD known as Severo-Nikel'(Northern Nickel). Prisoners are mining iron ore,
zinc, copper, nickel and aluminum in the Khibiny mountains. They are working at the port
of Murmansk building railroads and roads, and lumbering.
They built the city of Kirovsk, electric power stations, and various settlements. They have
built an electrified railway line from Kirovsk to the Leningrad-Murmansk railroad and also a
nickel combine and, with it, the town of Monchegorsk. Building of an aluminum combine has
started. An electric power station was built in Murmansk.
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The first prisoners appeared in the Kola peninsula in 1929. There are
of them in this administration.
33. (27) Northern Dvina ITL
Kotlas, Arkhangel'sk oblast.
34. (28) Administration of the Northern Railroad ITL
Arkhangel'sk oblast.
200-250 thousand
Most of the territory of these administrations consists of an immense taiga extending for
hundreds of kilometers around the Northern Dvina and its tributaries. Kotlas, the northern
railroad terminus, is located on the Dvina where the Vychegda and the Sukhona flaw into
it. There also has been built the river port of Limenda, where prisoners work at loading
and unloading cargo.
However, the greatest number of prisoners work at cutting timber and floating it to the
lumber mills at Arkhangel'sk; hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of this lumber goes
for export.
Every day trainloads of timber cut and loaded by prisoners leave Kotlas for distant points
in the USSR.
Prisoners also work on the Kotals -Pechora railroad, and. build settlements and dirt roads.
There are up to 200,000 prisoners; they began to arrive here in 1927.
35. (29) Administration of Ukhta-Unezhskiy ITL, NKVD.
Ryb pogost (fishing village), Ukta? Komi ASSR
36. (30) Administration of Vorkutstroy
Vorkuta, Komi ASSR
.(31) Adndnidtration of Kargopol'
Arkhangel'sk Oblast
(32) Administration of Usti-Vym'
Ust'-Vym's, Komi ASSR
39. (33) Administration of Pechora Railroad ITL
Komi ASSR
37.
38.
ITL, VICO
ilk, NEM
4o. (34) Administration of the Kuloy (Kuloysk) ITL, MOD
Arkhangel'sk Oblast
AU the camps of Arkhangel'sk oblast, including also Komi ASSR, at one time were under one
administration which was called the Northern Administration of Special-Purpose Camps
(Severnoye Upravleniye Lngerey Osobogo Naznadheniya), abbreviated SevULON, with its center
at Syktyvkar (formerly bag Solivychegodsk) g6se are two cities, the latter near Kotlasj
However, beginning with the 19301s, they were organized into separate independent admin!=
istrations? each with its awn territory and planned assignment for exploitation of the
prisoners.
In recent years the reorganization of the northern camps has taken the form shown above,
along with the preceding two administrations gos 27 and 27.
Not far to the east 51c; actually to the wesg of Arkhangel'sk? prisoners began building
the city of Molotovsk in 1937 and have since completed it. It is an important shipbuilding
site. The Kotlas-Chibsyu (Ukhta)? - Pechora railroad was built. The extraction of oil on
the Ukhta river has begun, as has coal mining on the Pechora and Vorkuta rivers (Pechora
coal basin, with its center at Nar'yan Mar).
Wood chemical plants have been built in Arkhangel'sk. A highway about 600km in length has
been built from Utt'Vym0 to Ukhta. Airdromes and dirt roads are being constructed. Iron
ore in the Vychegda river region is being exploited.
Thus the prisoners in the far north, of whom there are about a million and a half, are
building "socialism: for Stalin.
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41. (35) Onega (Onezhskly) ITL, RKVD
St (station) Plesetskaya, Northern Railroad.
Prisoners of this administration work mainly at tree-felling, building railroads and
dirt roads, and. mining iron ore at Lake Onega. The camps were orgitnized. in 1929 and
contain about 25:..30 thousand prisoners.
42. (36) ? Administration of the Southern Railroad ITL, RKVD
Baku
The .need for labor to build the strategic Ienkorane4Saltyany railroad4ndother railroad's,
airdromes and military, construction; near the border forced the .VD to reOrganize con-
centration camps Near Baku Was built the new city of Sungayt.
There are about: 25430- thousand prisoners in this adminietration.
43. (37) Administration oihtheChmkotsk 1T70.
Anadyr, Kamchatka oblast
This peninsula is a wild tundra area, with severe climate. The nitive population is
sparse and consists of nomads. It is mountainous; the moindains are of the Anadyr Khrebet.
The prisoners have built a fish and neat cannery in Anadyr and varitaus settlements and
trading posts (faktoriya). They have begun the mining of coal for the Northern Sea Route.
The tamps were organized in 1929, and. contain 20.r25 thousand prisoners..
44. (38)
Administration of the Kamchatka ITIa, =VD
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatekiy
An uninhabited region. Prisoners are engaged in fishing and building roads ail settle-
ments. They have built fish canneries.
They number about 15,0000 and, began to arrive here in 1930.
45 (39) Administration of the Sakhalin ITL', IUD
Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy
Prisoners here are extracting coal and petroleum. They work at timber cutting *M. fishing.
They have built fish canneries and. an airport.
There are 25-30,000 prisoners, mainly in the Okhe regions.
46. (4o) There are also such places of exile of a temporary nature as the
islands Wrangel, Novaya Zemlya anittraygach.
Prisoners here engage in various cargo loading and transloaddng operations for the Northern
Sat Route and serve various research expeditions. Depending on the need, they are re..
turned to the various concentration camps whence they were sent to these islands, is, those
northern camps on the shores of the White Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
47. (41) Administration of the nubern 121a, dIYD
Sverdlovsk oblaat
Prisoner's of these comps are mainly engaged in timbercutting end floating timber on the.
lyshera river, a tributary of the Tama.
The camps. began, to be organised in 1929. They contain 35-.4o thousand prisonere
W. (42) Administration of the.VOlogda ITIs, DEVD
Velogda
The first trainloads of prisoneri began,to arrive here IM 1929; the prisoners' were located.
in the greet forest regions. They were mainly dispossessed peasants from the southern
Part of the Soviet union, especially the Ukraine. Today there maybe seen in these large
forests innumerable dugouts (zemlyanka) in uhich.live under frightful conditions, Winter
.100. Oiler, prisoners *0are.expleiting the 'virgin forests of the Wet. _There are
constantly *bout 50-60 thousand in these camps..
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49. (43) Administration of the Astrakhan TTLe, NKVD
Astrakhan
On the shores of the Caspian Sea in the Astrakhan region 35-40 thousand prisoners are
working on militarily strategic projects.
About 301m north of Makhach-Kala on the shore of the sea there ams begun in 1938 the
construction by prisoners of Special Plant (Spetszavod) No 513, a project of military
importance on which worked about 25,000 prisoners. Near the plant they built the town
of "Spetsgorodok" (spedial town or cantonment), in which is located the administrative
center of the camp.
50X1-HUM
50. (44) Administration of the Construction of the Volga-Don Canal.
The Volga-Don canal is being built between the Volga (at Krasnoarmeysk north of Stalingrad)
and the Don (at Kalach). It is eqnipped with locks and is about 1001m in length.
Construction was begun in 1936. About 75,000 prisoners are working on it. (See map-- Great
Volga; No 3).
1. (45) Administration of the Construction of the Manych Canal.
2.
This canal is being built by prisoners to connect the Caspian Sea with the Sea of Azov.
Its course will be via the western Manych (a tributary of the Don), the Manych lakes and
the eastern Manych. The western part has already been completed. The total length of
the canal will be about 500km..
The concentration camp was set up and construction begun in 1934. The number of prisoners
amounts to 100-150 thousand. (See map - Great Volga). 50X1-HUM
'camps which have official/y gone out of existence as having fulfilled
their purpose. When a group of concentration camps has completed its production program
under the Five Year Plan or its special construction project, the camps are either
liquidated altogether, and the prisoners transferred to other campa, or the territory
of the administration is divided up into several separate, independent administrations,
as happened in the case of the Northern Administration of Special Purpose Camps(SevULON),
mentioned previously. This is what happened in the case of the Administration of the
Solovetskiye Special Purpose Camps (USLON), the oldest known to the Soviet people, which
had innumerable camps not only on the Solovetskiye islands but also on the mainland, with
hundreds of thousands of prisoners. USLON was later gradually reorganized into separate
administrations, and in 1938 the Solovetskiye camps were liquidated entirely, and the
prisoners taken no one knows where......
50X1-HUM
3. Other well-known camps which were liquidated after the completion of their special pro-
jects The forced labor projects on which they worked are as follows:
(a)
The Chuyskiy highway, which begins at Biyak (western Siberia) and runs through
the reputlic gutonomous ob1ast7 of TUva and. into Mongolia to its capital, Ulan
Bator. LActually, this highway only skirts the southwestern part of TUva A 27.
This highway links Mongolia completely, politically and economically, to the
Soviet Union as a colony of the latter. About 800,000 prisoners worked on this
highway under frightful conditions of climate and terrain. Work went on winter
and summer, and tens of thousands of prisoners perished in building the 11500km
of road. (See map No 7, the Mongolian ffeoplegReptiblic.)
(b) The strategically important Moscow-Smolensk-Minsk motor highway was begun in
1936 and completed in 1939. It is about 700km in length. About 400,000
prisoners worked on it.
(c) The Baku-Batomi, Gurgyev-Orsk? Tuapse-Makhanhkala and Rostov4Aakhachkala oil
pipe lines. There were begun during the first five year plan. In 1939 the
Guriyev-Kandagach railway was built.
(d) Prisoners took part in the building in 1932 of the Dnepr hydroelectric station
imeni Lenin at Zaporzh'ye (Dneproges). The Dneproges dam is 760m long and over
Orril height. About 50,000 prisoners worked on this.
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(e) Up to 150,000 prisoners worked on building hydroelectric stations on the
Chirchik river near Tashkent in Uzbekistan; this is called Chirchikstroy.
A copper-smelting combine is also being built there. Textile combines
have been built in Tashkent and Fergana and 5ext11l7 factories in Bukhara
and Samarkand. Prisoners built 800km of railroads in Uzbekistan - Termez
to Stalinabad, Bukhara to Ashkhabad, and to the Fergana valley. In 1939
the Fergana canal linen! Stalin, 270km long, was built in a month and a
half with the help of prisoners (see map No 8).
During the 1920's and the first five year plan prisoners took part in
building great hydroelectric stations in Leningrad Oblast - Volkhovstroy,
Syosset-troy and Svirstroy, and around them large and srAll factories, and
towns of the same names.
(f)
-end-
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CONFIDENTIAL ' 50X1-HUM
KEYS TO MAPS.
Map No. 1.
1. White Sea - Baltic Canal. 6. Northern Dvina
2. White ?Sea 7. Perm giolotovj
3. Belomorsk 8. Rybinsk
4. Medvezhegorsk 9. Volga
5. Lake Onega 10. Leningrad
6. Svirstroy
11. Vitebsk
7. Syasistroy
12. Moscow
8. Volkhovstroy
13. Gor'kiy
9. White Sea - Baltic Canal
14. Kuybyshev
Map No. 2
15. Oka
1. Moscow-Volga Canal
16. Kiev
2. Canal
17. Dneproges
3. Dams
18. Volga-Don Canal
4. Locks
19. Kamyshin
5. Reservoirs
6. Railways 20. Manych Canal
7."Moscow-Volga Sean 21. Canal completed
8. Klin 22. Canal being built
9. Dmitrov 23. Watornmpmboing Reconstruction and
building of waterway
1M. Komsomol'skaya
24. Planned waterway
11. Rakovo
25. Planned dam,
12. Moscow
26. Completed dam
Map No. 3
Map No. 4
1. Great Volga
L. Krasnoyarsk
2. Barents Sea
2. Tayshet
3. Pechora
3. Bratskiy Ostrog
4. Arkhangel'sk
4. Ust'-Kutsk
5. BBK (Baltic-White Sea
Canal 5. Kirensk
(continued)
r?'44
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Map No. 4, continued
6. Bodaybo
7. Olekma r.
8. Zeya r.
9. Bureya r.
10. Amkun r.
11. Nikolayevsk
12. Mariynsk
13 Sovetskaya Gavant
14. Khabarovsk
15. Vladivostok
16. Pashkova
17. Rukhlovo
18. Scale
19. East Siberian railway
built by prisoners
20. Baykal-Amur railway - second
track, built by prisoners.
21. ffranfilsiberian main line.
Map No. 5
1. Kazakhstan
2. Saratov
3. Orsk
4. Troitsk
5. Chelyabinsk
6. Kustanay
7. Omsk
8. Akmolinsk
9. Karaganda
10. Emmmmad Neltda
11. Kounrad
12. Dzhezkazgan
13. Karsakpay
14. Baykonur
COWMEN fiAL
50X1 -HUM
15. Kandagach
16. Dossor
17. Arys'
18. Frunze
19. Alma Ata
20 Semipalatinsk
21. Ambinimmila Rubtsovka gubtsovsg
22. Ridder jeninogorskj
23. Railways
24. TurkSib - railway built by
prisoners
25. Railways being built by prisoners
Map No. 6
1. Tomsk
2. Omsk
3. Novosibirsk
A. Mariynsk
5. Leninsk -Kuznetsk
6. Stalinsk -Kuznetsk
7. Achinsk
8. Abakan
9. Rubtsov5k7
10. Ridder 5eninog40.5.7
11. Kuznets Basin
Scale . . .
12. Railroads
13. Railroads built by prisoners.
Map No. 7.
1. Mongolia
2. Biysk
3. Biya r.
4. Tuva People's Republic (sic)
(cont
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved
Declassified
. Map No. 7, cont.
5. Abakan
6. Kyzyl
7. Ulan-Bator
8. Kyakhta
9. Ulan-Ude
10. Railroads
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CONFIFN 41
50X1-HUM
11. Chuyskiy highway built by
prisoners.
Map No. 8.
1. Uzbekistan
2. Chirchik
3. Tashkent
4a. Andizhan
3b. Osh
4, Fergana
5. Stalinabad
6. Termez
7. Bukhara
8. Chardzhou
9. Railroads
10. Railroads built by prisoners
11. Chirchikstroy - hydroelectric stationsbuilt by prisoners.
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CONFIDENTIAL
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