DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AT ZAVOD 393 KRASNOGORSK

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00810A007200590003-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 19, 2008
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: June 29, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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NFORMATION k" PORT
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains Information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Seca. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorised person Is prohibited by law.
S-E-C R-E-T
USSR (Moscow Oblast)
Development Activities at
Zavod 393, Krasnogorsk
DATE DISTR. 29 June 1955
NO. OF PAGES 9
The following divisions were built up after 1949; an electrical laboratory,
a mechanical shop, a drafting office, a laboratory for optical coatings as
well as laboratories for crystal growth and for photocells.
The Soviets were all expert employees and trained optical personnel.
tories became gradually cooler until they finally came to a standstill.
Suddenly, orders were issued that the Germans could no longer enter any of the'
Soviet workshops'in the old area and even consultations could only be carried
on with permission of the director,. since it was decided that the Soviets
should work independently.
4. Two Soviets visited the Krasnogorsk installation upon occasion. One was
Gen. Dobrovolskiy.,who was Chief of the Directorate for Optical and Preo ision
Mechanics., and was responsible for the relocation of the Zeiss plant from
after 1949 the connection between the old and new labora-
(NON: Washington distribution indicated by 'W'; Field distribution by
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6.
8.
WA. was Dmi.L1J r. Ustinov, the Minister of Armalaents,who was Dobrovolskiyts
chief. Ustinov visited the shops and laboratories three or four times- rsrttr?-
1 - -'I -- i L _ - _ . .. --
Jena to the Soviet Union. Contrary to the opinion of scientific circles, he
once stated that he could reestablish the Zeiss production in the USSR within
a half a year or one year at the most. Dobrovolskiy visited the plant several
times up to 19118,when he was dismissed from his position. The other Soviet 25X1
visit
an
After the separation of the old and new areas, Karbinskiy had nothin arore.
do with the new plant. Major General Nikolayev was in charge of SKB-1 (onto
struction and Development pment Bureau No. 1) and Belayev was in charge of SKB-2.
Nikolayev had already been interested in the Kiel device in Jena.
r
na
y (fnu) wa
in charge of the entire installation including both the ld
d
9. A member of the Leningrad Optical Institute, the same institute Which ordered
the spectrograph, came 0 with production problems regarding They made their first inquiries for Kiel mirrors in 19+.8these mirrors.
19+9-50 that they wanted the mirrors produced ,but it was not until
10. Before the end of World War IIZeiss had production line facilities for Juno
lenses which had practically eliminated hand work.
11. The Soviets must have had difficulties with these mirrors or th,e.
.
~,
a _
t
ou
ge scar
odi
i
'
f
? p
~
--
c
on for the 12V mm mil l ors)
which were produced by dropping over a master an4 subsequent polishing. Soviet supervisor had evidently received the order from the Institute in The
Leningrad via the Armaments Ministry, and then requested re
production nrocedures_ p pmt's the
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~a Soviet named Ka
bi
ki
s
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any 'work Ing. Otto Ritter may have done on the Juno was
Black Bodies
13. Prior to 1949, no work done in Krasnogorsk on black bodies. 25X1
After 1949, the Germans received a out 20 to
30 black bodies. (See Fig.]. 25X1
page 8 They were in a wooden housing approximately 35 to 40 cm. The
housings were painted field gray, identical in color with military aircraft
cameras made at the same installation, There was a carrying handle on the
top,which included a visor at the same time. An opening in the center, with
a removable cover, represented the source of radiation. A plug for the heater
current was located in the rear. a separate battery was 25X1
supplied with the unit. The black body was insulated from the wooden case.
The units were not equipped with built-in thermometers 25X1
0 the Soviets inserted a thermometer in the center opening to measure
temperature. 30 to 60 of these military black bodies 25X125X1
were produced for the Soviets, under the direction of Straubel, between 1930
to 1951. Difficulties were encountered during production and some of the
units had to be returned by the Soviets for repair. This caused considerable
concern,in as much as Nikolayev was responsible for the order covering these
black bodies, which had the highest priority. Naturally,the plant management
was very much interested in the completion of the order.
primarily of the nature of translating German to Boviet,norms rather than
to produce a new design.
charge of this office.
Army colonel, with a staff consisting tartly of Air porno nfft&pra_ w a t.,
Straubel had also worked on a requirement for a special
area at a range of about 20 meters. When completed the black bodies were
turned over to an Army field Office, located in the old area, which accepted
all military equipment produced at the Krasnogorsk installation. A Soviet
laboratory black body equipped with a cooling system.
K R S - 5 Optical Work
15. Straubel came to Zeiss after the end of World Wax II and took over the crystal
laboratory there as successor to Smakuia (fnu). His work covered the growth
of KRS-5 crystals and rocksalt crystals. The ovens were repaired in 1945 and
set up in the so-called Eulengebaued,e in Jena. The first experimental crystals 25X1
were grown when Straubel was required to dismantle the equipment in Jena and
to reassemble it in Krasnogorskk,primerily for KRS-5 production. Be reestablished
the laboratory at Krasnogorsk, with four or six ovens, in the old building. 25X1
16.
17. From the spring of 1947 on, at least 10 lens sets of the Juno type
at a rate of about two sets monthly. After this,more KRS-5 lenses were made
but not of the Juno type, apparently rely for'the purpose of training the
inferior to those formerly made at Zeiss in Jena. They were Softer and
difficulties were experienced in 1Yorking these crystals.
25X1
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18.
the Soviets were not satisfied with the IGtS-5
lenses produced by the Soviet group and sent for a German by the name of Betz,
who t t
was
h
i
19.
made the lens from eight pars a ms er o e ys,
S-E-C.R E-T
no a ec
n
cian but just an ordinary worker. Apparently he had had
some previous experience along this line at Zeiss in Jena.
not made in Leningrad. He was transferred to Krasnogorsk for a period of three
to four months and worked with the Soviets in the old building so that he would
not be under the influence of the Germans. The Soviets hoped to prove through him
that the quality of the KRS-5 lenses they were producing there could be improvec25X1
Betz was not able to better the quality, since the problem lay in the impurity
of the raw material which resulted in poor transmission qualities. When the
first KRa-5 was grown at Krasnogorsk, they still had Merek material from Jena,25X1
and no difficulties were encountered until this material was expended and the
Soviets started to furnish their own raw material.
1 ' 25X1
357 in Leningrad at that time. Betz told their IM-5 lenses were
Betz was employed at the Progress Optical Instiument Fact No
?
asnogorsk xal the main KRS-5 production center in the USSR although there
might have been scientific research and experimental field go-
ing an elsewhere. there night
be KRS-5 work going #n in Leningra.,in view of the optical industry located
there.
A coating for KRS-5 lenses was developed at Krasnogorsk by a Heinz Fuchs,
was better than that used at Jena in 1945. The
Jena coating had been spotty and cloudy and was never considered satisfactory.
25X1
25X1
fabrication procedure was to be developed and tests were to be made to deter- 25X1
mine the quality of the lens (see F . 2,, page 8 . Niko was very
persuasive in requesting the work this was a
very special order. several preliminary experiments regarding 25X1
the possibility of putting the lenses together and finall worked out a
satisfactory procedure.
Gen. Nikolayev came directly
,.with an order for special lenses in 1900. The order was for an annular type
lens with a radius of curvature of approximately 25 to 30 mm, for which
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23.
24.
25.
26
27.
Goerlich established an optical experimental shop in the
old laboratory, where necessary optical components were made for devices
under experimentation and development. Measurement equipment from Zeiss in
Jena, which arrived in, 'the Soviet Union as reparations, was set up in this
shop. This equipment arrived partly in good operating condition, partly in-
operative caused by the fact that important components, which could be put
to personal use, had disappeared. Subject gave a detailed description of
this shop, including equipment, in a previous report.
,
scientific director, for political reasons. He does not consider him to be
the top level scientist he has often been labelled --1 1
Goerlich was assigned his present position at Zeiss
as
Photocells
photocells of the Elac type. The sensitive surface was about 3 x 3 mm in
diameter in size. Goerlich was requested,in 1949-50,to reduce the area to
1 mm; he did not succeed in accomplishing this. From 1947 to 1949, Goerlich
had continued his production of photocells in Krasnogorsk which he had started
in Germany during the war. Following Goerlich's move from Dresden to Jena,
he started to fabricate Elac type cells which he had never fabricated before
with a team of several of his forayer collaborators from Dresden. Goerlich 25X1
previously fabricated evaporated button-type cells (Gulden cells). Goerlich
used liquid air in conjunction with hi4 vacuum systems in 1947 and he might
have used liquid air for cooling of photocells.
-5-
in 1t7,that Goerlich t iately went to work on PbS
chemical deposition at that time.
Goerlich made photocells primarily by
25X1
25X1
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28.
Goerlich was experimenting with lead selenide and lead
telluride cells,.s a result of a Soviet requirement.,sometime between 1949 to
1951. Source felt that Goerlichi1d already started work an this pro 25X1
in the old building but continued to work in the new building on it.
29.
30.
the old building but later discontinued this work: and switched to chemical
disposition when the Soviets required it.
Goerlich had been originally working an evaporated cells in
in the old building, since Goerlich owe had to assist when the number of cells
delivered per month was inadequate. approximately 60 25X1
to 100 evaporated cells per month were made by the Soviets.,and that 50 to 60
Elac type cells per month were made by_Goerlibh after 1949-50.
evaporated cells were later made in the Soviet laboratory, 25X1
did they have facilities to work rocksalt. Such prism were furnished from
somewhere else.
(there was simultaneous work going on with evaporated 25X1
and chemically deposited cells in the Soviet laboratory but rather that one
or the other type was made at any one time. an evaporated 25X1
cell which looked different than the Elan cell and was actually a square
glass plate. Ma, cell had afterwards received a metal frame by evaporation
(probably electrodes), over the glass plate a glass cylinder 25X1
was placed as a protection. The cell was approximately 25 mm in diameter and 25X1
about 60 mm long. It was not evident that the cell could be cooled sinc
there was no flask type sce for a cooling agent;
The surface was a velvet Figure 3 page shave the cell.) 25X1
gray layer. Goerlich's 25X1
laboratory when the Soviet* could not ll their requirements - in which
case the new laboratory had to assist in roducti n 25X1
lead telluride or lead selenide cells. Goerlich was working
on these because diacusaions- were, ,.., held about o aining raw materials 25X1
for these cells. Goerlich was requested to make cells with new sensitive
surfaces but not much came of this since-Abe rat, material were lathing.
a Soviet Pbe photocell when a spectrograph or similar 25X1
device was developed at Krasnogorsk. This device was ordered by a Moscow
institute of physics and the cells were furnished for this equipment by the
Soviets. The Soviet cells were never directly compared with those of
Goerlich but collaborators of Goerlich, Dr. Paul Gaenswein particularly,
pointed out that the Soviet cells were substantiAlly better than thamp whin
the Germans themselves were making at that time. 25X1
The Soviet cells were used in the spectro- 25X1
graph. They were a little larger than the evaporated Krasn orak ty-De and we
fitted with a different base (see Figure 4, page 9 ). 25X1
a quartz prism was to be used in the spectrograph but was not certain whether
the quartz prism was the only one used in the equipment. The Krasnogorsk
laboratory had refused to furnish rocksalt and quartz prisms because they were
not in a position to orient quartz prises, having no equipment for this, nor 25X1
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[Soviet optical industry
33.
25X1
Soviet optical industry had now been in existence for 30 25X1
to 35 years, starting after the Revolution of 1917-18, and was presently so
far advanced that it was capable of reproducing,in the comparatively short
period of approximately one year, excellent Sonnar objectives of equal quality
to those made by Zeiss. The Soviets have fine institutes which have developed
some excellent devices. The western world has one great advantage over the
USSR in that the Soviets have not yet mastered the principles of transferring
the results of research and development into production. 25X1
[the Soviets have developed a synthetic lens cement which even
25X1
25X1
34. Optical devices built by the Soviets are excellent. Equipment built in
Leningrad had excellent performance and was on par With German and English
devices. Several Soviet optical devices of recent manufacture were in use
at Krasnogorsk. a bolometer allegedly originating in
Leningrad used in Goerlich's laboratory.
37.
Zeiss in Jena had demonstrated a spectrophotometer at
the Leipzig Fair in 1954 and that this means that evidentl problems of
making satisfactory thermal detectors had been overcome.
25X1
[Krasnogorsk was the center in the USSR for infrared, es
25X1
for the production of military infrared devices.
which comprised about 15 subsections and covered all aspects of ass technioues 11
LJX"I
and the computation of lenses. 25
X1
25
X1
Fifilov, a professor at both the Leningrad Institute and 25X1
a Moscow Institute of physics, was technical editor of Goerlich's book. 25X1
ment; as well as -sAch scientists as Maksutov, Joffe, and Herzberg. 25X1
Institute where such personalities are employed as Yachendovwho works on
photos objectives; Kummanyer3 who is chief of a group for equipment development
for the optical industry; Aleksandrov, in charge of optical apparatus develop-
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there was a large optical development center at the Leningrad LDAI
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Figure 1.
BLACK BODY
Figure 2.
Tubular photocell required for axial
mounting in conjunction with annular
lens.
Approx. dimensions:
D a 190 mm
D's 170 =a
r a 25 to 30 mm
Wa20to25mm
Note: The dimensions given
do not quite check
out, structurally,
but are indicative of
the order of magnitude.
SPECIAL ANNULAR LENS
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Aquadag conductor
on. inside Of
glass' tube.
ii0VIET CELL
Figure 4.
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