SOVIET ARMY HANDBOOK FOR SOLDIERS AND SERGEANTS ON DEFENSE AGAINST ATOMIC WEAPONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00810A006000260001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 21, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 14, 2008
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 25, 1955
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
revelation of which in any manners to wianthinunauthorizedthe Is Espionage prohibitedLawby s, Title
of the 18, This
U.B.C. Secs. 793 and information 794, th etransmission the
COUNTRY 'USSR/Germany (Soviet Zone)
SUBJECT Soviet Army Handbook for Soldiers an ,d
Sergeants on.DeSfrnse Against Atomic
Weapons
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIREC
DATE ACQUIRED
REPORT
DATE DISTR. 25 February 1955
NO. OF PAGES. 16
REQUIREMENT NO. RD
REFERENCES
SOURCE EVALUATIONS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
1. Attached is the Soviet Handbook for Soldiers
and Sergeants on Defense against tomic Tea ons, published in Moscow
in 195 by the Military Publishing House, Ministry of Defense, USSR.
This translation is being disseminated as received in the interest of
speed., although the technical terminology employed may not agree entirely
with accepted U.S. terminology.
4. The
handbook bore no'security classification.
NAVY X AIR X Fal? . ' A eV x 31e x
ARMYeV
(Note: Washington distribution indicated by "l("; field distribution
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 . Il soul ,L ,.1~ y. .
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-Ministry -of Defense0Union of the BSR
AANDBOOK FOR SOLDIERS- AND SERGEANTS
ON DEFENSE AGAINST ATOMIC WWONS
Military Publishing House, Ministry of Defense, Union SSR,
Moscow, 1954
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An atomic weapon by its destructive action is considerably more
powerful than conventional types of weapons, but in spite of this there
are simple and reliable means of defense against it.
Troops who are well-trained for action under conditions where an.
atomic weapon is used can still successfully complete their combat
tasks.
This pamphlet gives the main characteristics of an. atomic weapon and the
methods and means of defense against it, and also shows: how to act
under conditions where an: atomic weapon is used.
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CONTENTS
I - SOME NOTES ON THE ATOMIC WEAPON
Page
1. What is the Atomic Weapon .................................. 5
2. The Destructive Effect of an Atomic Explosion .............. 66
Characteristics of the Atomic Explosion............ ... 6
The Shock Wave ....... ................................
Light Radiation (Flash) ................................ 7
Penetrative Radiation .................................. 7
Radioactive: Contamination............................. 8
3. The Destructive Effect,of Combat Radioactive.
Substances (BRV) ....................................... 8
II - METHODS AND MEANS OF ANTI-ATOMIC DEFENSE
1. Defensive Constructions .................................... 9 (17)
2. Individual Means of Anti-Chemical Defense .................. 10 (24)
3. Radioactivity,Reconnaissance......................... ...... 11 (25)
4. Medical Treatment and Deactivation (Decontamination) ....... 11 (27)
Medical Treatment ...................................... 11 (27)
Deactivation (Decontamination) ......................... 12 (29)
5. Self-help and Cooperation .................. .... 13 (32)
III - ACTION UNDER CONDITIONS WHERE- THE ATOMIC WEAPON IS USED
1. General Duties of the Soldier and Sergeant ................. 14+
2. What to do Wnen the Atomic Alarm is Given... ....... .... 14
3. What to do in an Atomic Explosion... ................... 15
ii. What to do in a Contaminated Area .......................... 16
(34)
(35)
(38)
(4+3)
(Note: Figures given in brackets are the numbers of pages in the original]
SECRET
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I - SOME NOTES ON THE ATOMIC WEAPON
1. What is the Atomic Weapon
All matter which sunounds.us is composed of very small particles called atoms.
The atom is extremely small-. It cannot be seen, even with a powerful micro-
scope. The atom,however, in turn consists of still smaller particles: pro-
tons, neutrons,and electrons. Protons are charged with positive electricity;
electrons with negative; and neutrons are neutral, carrying no electrical
charge.
Protons and neutrons form the nucleus of the atom, around which revolve
electrons (in the same way as planets revolve around the sun).,;, Figure 1
is a diagrammatic drawing sWw,ring the construction of an atom of one chemi-
cal element - helium.
Between the composite particles of the nucleus (protons and neutrons) there
exists a great force of mutual attraction known as nuclear forces. These
forces are considerably greater than the forces of repulsion, exerted between
the protons' electrical charges of like polarity. For this reason the nucleus
of atoms of the majority of substances (to be more exact, of chemical elements)
is very difficult to split.
There are also some substances the nucleus of whose atoms undergoes automatic
internal changes.
These are called radioactive: substances.
(Figure 1 here)
On splitting the nucleus of radioactive substances, energy is given off.
It is carried away by radioactive rays which accompany the splitting.
The mclei of atoms of each radioactive substance are not all instantly
split, but splitting is spread over a specific period. For this reason,the
quantity of energy which is released during a unit of time is comparatively
small. Under certain conditions created artificially, the nuclei of the
atoms of certain radioactive substances (uranium and plutonium) are split
almost instantaneously. In such circumstances: a vast quantity of energy
is released, and produces an explosion.
The energy which is released by its own accord or brought about by artificially
created changes in the nucleus is called atomic energy, and weapons based
on the use of atomic energy are known as atomic weapons.
There are two kinds of atomic weapons: those-of explosive action, and "Com-
bat Radioactive Substances" (BRV).
The atomic weapon of explosive action is based on the use of atomic energy
which is suddenly released as a result of a reaction of an explosive
character. This weapon is designed for the destruction of objectives, for
damaging combat equipment,and for killing people.
Nowadays the exploding variety of atomic weapons are known in the form of
atom: bombs. This type of weapon may also be used in the form of artillery
shells, torpedoes, rockets.,and guided missiles.
Specially prepared substances containing radioactive atoms, are known as
combat radioactive substances (BRV).
They are based on the principles of the harmful effects of radioactive
radiation on living organisms, and are designed for the contamination of
ground and air with the object of killing people.
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Aerial bombs, rockets, artillery shellsand mines may be charged with combat
radioactive substances.
2. The Destructive Effect of an Atomic Explosion
Characteristics of the Atomic Explosion
An atomic explosion may be produced in the air at a height of a few hundred
meters, on the surface of the ground (or water), or under the ground (or water).
At the moment of explosion,a blinding bright flash illuminates the sky and
the ground for tens of kilometers from the point of explosion. Following
the flash of an aerial explosion, a fireball is formed (hemispherical in-1
the case of a ground-burst), which may be seen at a great distance. This
fireball quickly increases in size, rises into the airand on cooling turns
into a cloud column.
At the same time there risea'from the ground a column of dust and smoke which
assumes a mushroom-like shape (see Figure 2). It reaches a great height,
is carried away by the wind,and gradually disperses. The dust carried up
from the ground in the area of an atomic explosion is retained in the air
for a period of 101 to 20, minutes.
The sound of an atomic explosion is considerably stronger than that of the
largest high explosive aerial bomb.
(Figure 2 here)
As a result of the release of a vast quantity of energy during an atomic
explosion, the temperature in the area of the explosion reaches millions
of degrees. It is this extremely high temperature which forms the fireball
and is the source of the strong light radiation, and also the reason for
the sharp increase in pressure.
The sharp increase in pressure causes a powerful shock-wave.
Besides the light radiation and shock-wave, an atomic explosion is accompanied
by an invisible radioactive radiation which is called penetrative radiation.
In the area of the atomic explosion and in the path of the cloud which is
formed during the explosion, there is a fall-out of radioactive substances
which contaminate the air and the ground.
Thus,--an atomic explosion is accompanied by a simultaneous powerful shock-
wave, light and penetrative radiation, as well as radioactiveo contamination
of the area.
The shock-wave of an atomic explosion, like that of conventional explosions,
is a :field of highly compressed air which spreads with great speed in all
directions from the center. It travels:
In 2 seconds - 1,000 meters;
In 5 seconds - 2,000 meters; and
In 8 seconds - 3,000 meters (see Figure 3).
Having seen the flash, it is.thuspossible to lie down on the ground or occupy
the nearest cover, and in this way lessen the degree of effectiveness of the
shock wave, or even avoid it altogether.
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The shock-wave may kill people, destroy buildings,and also damage combat
equipment and stores. In addition to the damage caused by the shock-wave
itself, damage may be caused by flying debris of buildings, stones, and clods
of earth.
(Figure 3 here)
The effectiveness of the shock-wave against people and its destructive power
against buildings and combat equipment depends chiefly on their distance from
the center of the explosion: the further away from the center of explosion,
the less the effect of the shock-wave. The degree of destructiveness against
people and its damaging effect on combat equipment depends also on their posi-
tions at the moment the shock-wave strikes and on the character of the ground
and the presence of cover. Defenst've constructions lessen the effect of the
atomic explosion by one and one-half to three times.
In populated areas the shock-wave may cause fires, as a result of the destruction
and damage to domestic fires and electrical and gas installations. The fires
in their turn may cause injury to people and damage and destruction to equip-
ment.
Light Radiation (Flash)
Light radiation during an atomic explosion lasts only for a few seconds. It
is many times brighter than the sun. For this reason,light radiation, in
spite of its short duration, may cause burns on exposed parts of the body
facing the direction of the explosion, and might also cause temporary blindness
to those people not under cover. The degree of burn depends on the length
of a person's exposure to this light radiation and on his distance from the
point of explosion.
Light radiation may set fire to uncovered military equipments; as well as
scorching paints, coverings of seats, tarpaulins, tents,and outer covers of
combat equipment; and burning or carbonizing-..,the wooden parts of
weapons, equipment,and constructions. At short distances from the center of
the explosion, metals may melt.
Woods, steppes,and populated areas may be fired by light radiation.
In fog, rain, and during a snowfall, the action of light radiation is reduced.
AWeover (walls, dead ground,and covers to structures, armor, etc.) which
affords protection from the direct action of light radiation gives complete
protection from burns. One's uniform also affords protection from light radiation.
Penetrative Radiation
Radioactive radiation which accompanies an atomic explosion, like X-ray radiation,
has great penetrative powers. Such radiation is called penetrative radiation.
The action of penetrative radiation in an atonic explosion lasts 10 to 15
seconds. -
Penetrative radiation has a harmful effect on the organisms of unprotected
persons. From the action of penetrative radiation, one may fall a victim to
what is known as radiation Jickness. Radiation sickness develops gradually,
and does not follow the same course in every person.
The degree of radiation sickness depends chiefly on the dose of radiation
received. This dose is measured in Roentgens. A dose of between 100 and
200 Roentgens may cause only light illness. As a rule, radiation sickness
is followed by complete recovery. The dosage of radiation sharply diminishes
the further away one is from the point of explosion.
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Penetrative radiation has no harmful effect on combat equipment. Optical
instruments (binoculars, panoramic sights and gunsights) etc.), however
are affected by the action of penetrative radiation and darken. Photographic
film and paper "lighten up" even with the smallest dose (2-3 Roentggus),..
The effect of radiation is considerably weakened by various protective
thicknesses. For example, 14 cm of earth reduces the dosage of radiation by
two times; six On. of armor - by five times; 60 cm of concrete or one meter
of earth by 100 times; and 40 cm of wood or one meter of snow - by approxi-
mately four -times .
Thus, the breastworks of trenches, the coverin ~of walls and various defensive
constructions, and also the armor of tanks and self-propelled guns sharply
reduce the action of radiation.
Radioactive Contamination
The air and the ground in the area of an atomic explosion, and the path
taken by the cloud formed at the explosion. will be contaminated by radio-
active substances, as also will people and equipment. not under cover.
Radioactive substances are the product of the explosion of an atomic bomb
(shell).
One of the characteristics of radioactive substances is their lack of specific
smell, color,or any other external signs peculiar to other combat toxic sub-
stances. Radioactive contamination is located with the aid of special instru-
ments called :dosometers.
During an aerial explosion, radioactive contamination is usually insignificant,
as radioactive particles are carried away by the cloud and are dissipated over
a wide area. For this reason, it is possible to enter the area of the burst
a few minutes after without fear of being affected.
With a surface explosion or an explosion underground radioactive contamination
is considerable, especially within a radius of 400 to 500 meters from the point
of explosion,beeause the radioactive particles mix, . with the earth and quickly
settle.
The peculiarity of radioactive substances formed after an atomic explosion
is the quick fall in the degree of their radioactivity. Thus, even strongly
contaminated areas become safe within a few-days.
On contaminated ground, persons may be subjected to radioactive radiation and
to radioactive contamination of the skin. It i,s also possible that radio-
active substances 'will .be taken into the body (from water and from food).
When large doses of radiation have been received, and when radioactive sub-
stances have been taken internally, it is possible that parsons so affected
will suffer from radiation sickness.
Radioactive substances on the skin and those which.have found their way into the
mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth, and which are not removed,
may cause ulcers and inflammation.
Radioactive substances do no, damage to combat equipment. However, in order
to avoid contamination of personnel handling these equipments, it is necessary
to cleaonse 'radioactive: substances from surfaces.
3. The Destructive Effect of Combat Radioactive Substances (BRV)
Combat radioactive substances may be used in the form of liquids, powders,and
smokes. The possibility of their use mixed with toxic substances also must
not be excluded.
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As a result of the use of combat radioactive substances, radioactive con-
tamination of the ground and air may be caused in the same way as during
an atomic explosion.
The destructive effect of combat radioactive substances in no way differs
from the effect of radioactive substances released during an atomic explosion.
II - METHODS AND MEANS OF ANTI-ATOMIC DEFENSE
In spite of the fact that the atomic weapon compared with other weapons is
very much more powerful, there are nevertheless simple and reldtible means
and methods of defense against its effects.
The protection of personnel from the atomic weapon is achieved by using,
as cover, defensive constructions, combat machines, and folds in the ground,
and by using improvised materials, as well as the individual anti-chemical
protective equipment.
For the protection of weapons, combat equipment,and. tores, trenches, cover
and folds in the ground are used.
Besides this, protection from the atomic weapon may be achieved:
-By.skillful action under conditions where the atomic weapon is used;
-By the conduct of reconnaissance with the object of discovering, in
good time, areas of radioactive contamination;
-By medical treatment of.personnel and the deactivati~n (decontamination)
of uniforms, equipment, weapons, stores,and positions, when contaminated
by :.-radioactive substances.
1. Defensive Constructions
Defensive constructions are the chief means of protection for men, combat
equipment, weapons,and stores from the effects of the atomic weapon.
Under battle conditions, where it is known that the atomic weapon is to be
used, all defensive constructions must be made very much stronger.
(Figure 4 here)
Trenches and communication trenches (atlengths of 10 to 12 m) are covered
with logs and earth (see Figure 4), in order to increase their protection.
The thickness of cover (together with the logs) must not be less that 50 cm.
One covered length is constructed for each rifle section.
'(Figure 5 here)
In winter, these covers for trenches and communications trenches may be made
from snow. To do this., brushwood. or plywood is placed over a section of the
trench in the form of an arch (see Fighre 5). Water is then poured over the
top, to form a layer of ice. The ice is then covered with snow, which is well
tramped down.
So that these covers should be less affected by shock-waves, they are made as
flat as possible to the ground.
Trenches and communication trenches must be of full depth,while the covered
lengths and those places containing dug-outs and shelters must have a depth
of 1.8 to 2 m.
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The sides of trenches and communication trenches dug in-soft ground are
strengthened with poles, boards, nettings, reed mats,and also standard
shields made from dry branches.
Sub-breastwork covers (see Figure 6), niches,and various types of cover
are made with strong walls and coverings. Over these covers and niches
there should be no less that 50'cm of earth.
(Figure 6 here)
Special attention must be paid to the strengthening of walls during the
building of sub-breastwork covers and niches built in soft or medium earth.
The entrances to these covers are fitted with strong doors (shields).
Slit trenches (shcheli) are strengthened by revetting, and as a rule are
covered. The entrances to these trenches are fitted with strong shields
(doors).
(Figure 7 here)
For the protection of weapons, tanks, automobiles,and other equipment, trenches
and covers are built (see Figure 3, 9, and 10). The sides of trenches and
shelters built in soft ground are strengthened by poles, boards,and brushwood.
Deep-type shelters are made for light artillery pieces and machine guns.
Frames: made from boards or logs are used in their construction. The entrances to
these shelters are covered by strong shields,which can quickly be thrown aside.
(Figures 8 and 9 here)
For the protection of tank crews and the crews of self-propelled artillery
and other artillery weapons, sub-breastwork covers are made in the sides of
pits. The armor also serves as a reliable protection for the crews of tanks
and self-propelled guns.
(Figure 10 here)
For the protection of optical instruments, covers made for personnel are used.
Ammunition, fuel and lubricating oil, food and forage are protected in slit
trenches, small ditches,or in niches.
The carried reserve ration (NZ) is wrapped in two to three layers of thick
paper or fabric.
In mountainous country, caves and unused workings may be used as cover.
In populated areas, the cellars of strong buildings, underground stores,and
tunnels may also be used for protection.
All exposed woodwork of defensive constructions is smeared with clay (eart)i)
for protection against light radiation (flash). Defensive constructions situated
in woods must be cleared of dry branches, conifer needles and dry grass, and
in populated areas light wooden structures and fences are removed.
2. Individual Means of Anti-Chemical Defense
For protection against radioactive substances, the issued individual anti-
chemical equipment is used in the first instance: i.e. the gasmask, protective
suit, cape, stockings,and gloves.
The gasmask affords complete protection against taking radioactive substances
into the body, as well as protecting the skin of the face and head.
The protective suit, cape (or cape-tent),stockings,and gloves protect the
exposed parts of the body, uniform, footwear,and equipment from radioactive
contamination.
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The individual anti-chemical equipment also affords protection from light
radiation (flash).
If for any reason the issue of individual anti-chemical protective clothing
is not available, then improvised materials are used:
For the protection of breathing organs - a towel, handkerchief, cotton
wool, gauze;
For protection from contamination of footwear - sacking, rags,and matting;
For the protection of uniform (when lying down) - mats made of straw,
rushes: and twigs::,-
3. Radioactivity*Reconnaissance
Reconnaissance of contaminated areas is carried out in order to warn troops
of the presence and degree of radioactive contamination of the ground and
air in the area of operation. When a contaminated area is discovered, the
gas alarm is given.
Checks are carried out with dosometers after the contaminated area has been
cleared (by troops) in order to measure the dose of radiation received by
personnel while in the contaminated area, and also to define the degree of
contamination of personnel, combat equipment, weapons, and stores. These
reconnaissances and checks are carried out with the use of dosometer equipment.
Dosometer equipment enables one quickly to detect the presence and degree of
radioactive contamination of persons, the ground, air, water, foodstuffs,
uniform, weapons and equipment, as well as to establish their dose of radiation.
(Figure 11 here)
In reconnaissance, areasof contamination and routes through and around them
are marked with warning signs (see Figure 11). The boundaries of contaminated
areas with a degree of radiation greater than 0.1 Roentgens, 5 Roentgens and
100 Roentgens per hour are all marked.
4+. Medical Treatment (Sanitarnaya Obrabotka) and Deactivation (Decontamination)
In order to protect personnel from radioactive substances, medical treatment
of personnel and decontamination of arms, equipment, stores, and positions
is carried out.
So that the combat task should not be retarded, medical treatment and decon-
tamination is carried out only with the permiseion'.of the commander.
Medical Treatment (Sanitarnaya Obrabotka)
Medical treatment consists of clearing radioactive substances from the skin
and from the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth,and nose. Depending on
the situation, either full or partial medical treatment is carried out.
Partial medical tueatment may be carried out while in the area of contamination
or after emerging from the area.
Partial medical treatment consists of washing the exposed parts of the body
(face, neck, hands), and in washing out the mouth with uncontaminated water.
Where there is little water, exposed parts of the body may be rubbed with
t, pons (swabs) or towels and handkerchiefs which have been well soaked in
water. Where there is no water at all, tampons may be soaked with the liquid
from the anti-chemical pack with the permission of the commander.
During partial medical treatment in a contaminated area, anti-chemical pro-
tective clothing must not be removed. Because of this, radioactive substances
are only removed from the unprotected parts of the body, and this is done, as
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a rule, only after the decontamination of the position, combat equipment,
weapon, and protective clothing.
Those caught in a contaminated area without their protective clothing on
should wash or rub the exposed parts of the body and then put on their
protective clothing before decontaminating the position and the weapon.
After decontaminating the position and weapons, it is necessary to decon-
taminate the protective clothing and once again wash the exposed parts of
the body.
Water from a source situated in a contaminated area may only be used with
the permission of the commander.
Outside a contaminated area (if the situation permits) partial medical
treatment must be carried out in the following order:-
-Remove the protective cape, shake and beat the uetform (at the same time
bearing in mind the wind direction so as not to shake the particles either
on oneself or on those around), and remove the stockings.
-Remove the gasmask and protective gloves and wash the exposed parts of the
body two or three times with clean water, taking good care that the head is
well cleaned and that dirt from under the finger nails is removed. Where
there is not enough water, the exposed parts of the body are wiped two or
three times with tampons (towel or handkerchief) which have been soaked in
uncontaminated water.
-Carefully rinse the mouth with uncontaminated water.
-Clear the nose and clean with a tampon.
When carrying out medical treatment, it is necessary to help one another.
Full medical treatment is carried out as a rule after the combat task has
been completed and outside the contaminated area at decontamination centers
(obmyvochnp-dezaktivatsionnye punkty).
Full medical treatment consists of washing (with soap and scrubber) under a
shower or in a.tub of uncontaminated water, in order to remove radioactive
substances from the body and from the mucous membranes of the eyes, noseand
mouth.
Dosometer personnel check whether full medical treatment has been carried out
properly.
Deactivation.(Decontamination)
Decontamination of weapons, heavy equipment, uniform,and equipment consists
of removing radioactive substances from their surfaces. As in the medical
treatment of personnel, decontamination may be partial or full.
Decontamination may be carried out while in the contaminated area or after
troops are clear of it.
In a contaminated area, weapons, heavy equipment, uniforms,as well as equip-
ment,are deactivated only after the position has been deactivated (decontami-
nated).
The following is the order of partial deactivation (decontamination):
-Without removing individual protective clothing, prepare three to five
tampons from uncontaminated cotton waste or rags.
-Having soaked the tampons (swabs) in uncontaminated water (in the absence
of water, in kerosene or gasoline), carefully rub personal weapons (carbine,
submachine gun) or those parts of the machine gun, gun, tank,,or automobile
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with which constant contact is unavoidable. The rubbing should be in
one direction (from top to bottom), each time turning the tampon around
so that its uncontaminated surface is used.
Surfaces must be thus worked two or three times, and each time the used
rag must be changed for a clean one. Used tampons must not be dipped into
uncontaminated water (gasoline, kerosene).
-Rub all oiled parts of weapons and equipment with tampons soaked in gaso-
line or kerosene. If there is no gasoline or kerosene, rub them with dry
tampons. Materials thus used in cleaning must be buried iri,a previously
prepared ditch which, after decontamination, is filled in.
After decontamination of weapons and equipment, it is necessary to wipe down
once again with dry rags and to oil where necessary.
Where there is no water, gasoline,.or kerosene for decontamination, rubbing
down is carried out three or four times with dry rags or waste.
In uncontaminated areas, the sequence of decontamination of weapons and
equipment is the same, but rubbing and brushing with tufts of grass, branches,
and straw also is permitted in these cases.
In contaminated areas,,-`:uniform, protective clothing,and equipment may be de-
activated by shaking and rubbing them but without removing them.
Outside contaminated areas, uniform and protective clothing are removed
for decontamination. Uniform and individual protective clothing are then
decontaminated by beating, shaking, rubbing,and brushing.
Trenches and communication trenches with revetted sides are decontaminated
without destroying the camouflage in the following sequence:-
-Remove 3 to 4 cm of earth from the bottom of the trench and place it in
a specially prepared open siding. Trenches with sides that are not re-
vetted must be cleaned by removing a layer-of earth to a thickness of
3 to 4 cm.
Coverings, walls, and floors of covered constructions must be carefully
brushed with damp brooms, brushes, or rags.
Full decontamination of weapons and equipment is carried out under the super-
vision and control of persons who have had special training.
Full decontamination of weapons and ccbat heavy equipment is carried out in
the following way: washing off 'radioactive substances with a jet of water;
washing away radioactive substances with water and at the same time rubbing
the surfaces with brush,_rags,or cotton waste; rubbing with brushes and rags
which have been soaked in water; and washing of spare parts in gasoline and
kerosene.
During the winter, full decontamination of weapons and combat equipment may be
carried out by rubbing with rags soaked in gasoline or kerosene, or in a solu-
tion of water and .anti-:freeze (nezamerzayushcbW. vodoy).
Full decontamination of uniform consists of beating and cleaning with a brush,
or washing.
5. Self-help and Cooperation
If in an atomic explosion clothes start to burn, it is necessary to extinguish
the fire immediately. One should bandage burns and wounds, using the individual
first-aid pack (first-aid packs are not contaminated if the cover is intact).
Clothing that has stuck to burnt skin should not be pulled off. Bandages in
these cases should be placed over the stuck clothing.
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Washing of burnt surfaces (wounds) must not be done.
When bandaging, do not allow dirt to enter burns or wounds.
Bleeding is stopped by using a tourniquet (made from a bandage or from the
belt). Broken limbs are bandaged - the arm in a half-bent position to the
chest and a broken leg to the undamaged one.
If a person loses consciousness or if his breathing is not noticeable, it
is necessary to give him artificial respiration even in a contaminated area.
In rendering first-aid to a comrade in a contaminated area, it is essential
to wash the exposed parts of his body and to put on his gasmask for him.
III - ACTION UNDER CONDITIONS WHERE THE ATOMIC WEAPON
IS USED
1. General Duties of the Soldier and Sergeant
Completion of the combat task is the primary and basic duty of the soldier
and sergeant. In conditions where the atomic weapon is used and for the
successful completion of the battle task, the soldier is bound:
-Constantly to display reasoned initiative and common sense, will power,
endurance, and doggedness in battle, remembering his duty to his country.
-To know thoroughly both the atomic and gas alarms and what to do when
they are sounded.
-To be able to use his weapon and defensive equipment skillfully for his
own protection and constantly to improve his knowledge, and skillfully
to use the protection offered by ground cover.
-To use the individual anti-chemical protective clothing issued and to
maintain it in constant combat readiness; to report all disrepair to the
commander, and to carry out his own repairs when he can. Where the issued
clothing is not available, he should make skillful use of improvised
materials.
-To know how to extinguish fires and to render first-aid to those who are
stricken; to renew defensive positions quickly, and to carry out medical
treatment and decontamination.
-To pay constant attention to the preservation of his weapon and equipment,
the iron ration, water and personal belongings from radioactive substances;
remembering that it is easier to protect weapons and equipment from radio-
active substances than it is to decontaminate them.
-Constantly to improve his knowledge and skill in anti-atomic protection.
2. What to do When the Atomic Alarm is Given
Personnel are warned of the threat of atomic attack by their commanders.
When there is imminent danger of an atomic attack, the atomic alarm is given.
On the sounding of the atomic alarm the fulfillment of the combat task does
not stop.
Having heard (seen)the signal of the atomic alarm, continue to fulfill the
combat task and at the same time prepare individual anti-chemical equipment "at
the ready" (and,where individual equipment does not exist, prepare improvised
materials . Be attentive. The commander will indicate to you the most expedient
methods o action. Observe calm and order and be firm.
R"Ir!RFT
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SECRET
-15L.
In the Attack
The best form of action when the alarm is given is to strive to close
with the enemy.
In Defense, or when on the Jump-off Position for Attack: If you are an
observer or on duty, then, having heard (seen) the signal, continue to fulfill
your task.
If,at the moment the signal is given, you are free from the immediate fulfill-
ment of your battle task, then, with your individual protective clothing
"at the ready", occupy a prepared dugout, niche,or cover; extinguish kerosene
lamps and fires; cover all smoke exits and ventilators. On entering the dug-
out last, tightly close the door or cover the entrance with a shield. If in
an open ditch, communication Qt slit trench, lie on the bottom (see Figure
12). This position considerably reduces the effectiveness of shock waves and
the dose of penetrative radiation, and excludes light radiation.
In the absence of prepared cover, use folds in the ground or local objects
for your protection.
On the March: When the atomic alarm is give, the march continues.
If you are a driver,close down (hatches, visors) and continue to keep your
place in the column.
If your are an observer, continue to observe in the sector given to you.
If your are an AA gunner, be prepared to occupy your fire position and to
fire on enemy aircraft.
(Figure 12 here)
If the alarm signal is given at a halt, be prepared,on the order of the com-
maner,either to continue the march or to occupy cover situated nearby.-
If in a train, close the doors and windows of the railroad car.
3. What to do in an Atomic Explosion
On seeing the flash of an atomic explosion, immediately occupy the nearest
(within two or three paces) cover. (Figure 13 here,) If there is no cover
nearby then on no account run for it, but lie down on the ground face downwards
with your feet towards the flash (see Figure 13). Hide your hands under your
body (Figure 14 here). By observing these rules the effect of the shock:wave`is
reduced and the exposed parts of the body are protected from light radiation.
If in a tank, close down the hatch and visor when your see the flash.
Some protection from an atomic explosion may be derived from shellholes,
bomb craters, mine craters, (see Figure 14)j ditches,, (see Figure 15), banks,
and various other local objects,suc1 .as buildings., mounds, stumps of trees,
etc. (see Figure 16).
Protection may also be had behind tanks or self-propelled artillery.
(Figure 17 here)
Remember that after the atomic attack, as a rule, the enemy attacks. Because
of this, prepare for battle immediately after the explosion, and keep a con-
tinued watch on the enemy. After the shock wave has passed., don the n v ual
anti-chemical protective clothing. If the gasmask is unserviceable then, in
order to prevent radioactive substances from being inhaled, breathe through a
gauze bandage, a towel, the flap of the half-coat (polushinel), or any other
fabric; which should cover both nose and mouth. Thin fabrics are folded in two
or three layers and lightly dampened-with wrater.from the canteen.
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It is forbidden to remove protective clothing without the order of the
commander. If the battle situation allows, then:
-Render assistance to your stricken comrades.
-Examine your weapon and equipment and report to the commander any damage
found, and take measures to rectify it.
-Occupy your fire position.
4. What to do in a Contaminated Area
Areas contaminated by radioactive substances as a result of an atomic
explosion or as a result of combat radioactive substances may be traversed
by troops. However, in order to protect oneself from radioactive substances,
strict observance of the following rules is necessary:
-Quickly traverse the contaminated area, wearing the gas mask and individual
protective clothing and, if lying down, use your cape ground sheet/tent-
cape as protection beneath you.
-Do not sit or lie on the ground when it is not necessary.
(Figure 18 here)
-:'Dig in' in a contaminated area, lying on the ground sheet; to dig, first
remove the top layer of contaminated earth and carefully throw it leeward,
taking care not to cover yourself or your comrades with the dust. Then,
having removed the earth, build a parapet from the uncontaminated soil.
-Do:nbt touch or pick up objects around you.
-Do nbt drink or oat, and donrtt smoke.
-Doriat enter without necessity any contaminated area which is marked with
warning signs.
-Remove radioactive substances from the uniform and skin and from the surface
of arms, equipment,and defensive constructions.
In tanks and self-propelled artillery guns, contaminated areas are traversed
with personnel wearing gasmasks and with the hatches and visors closed as
well as with ventilators (blowers) in the battle compartments switched off.
When crossing contaminated areas in armored personnel carriers, tanks, self-
propelled artillery, or in vehicles., the gasmask and.cape are worn.
After traversing a contaminated area, remove protective clothing only when
ordered 1 do so by the commander. To do this., stand facing the wind and,.
holding the inside of the cape, throw it from you, and then remove the pro-
tective stockings. After this, without removing the gasmask, carefully
shake the cape, stockings and uniform and then remove gasmask and gloves..
Decontamination medical treatment is then carried out on the commander's
orders.
A sound knowledge of one's duty and skillful action where the atomic weapon
is used helps the successful fulfillment of the combat task and preserves life.
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