ECONOMIC AND MILITARY SITUATION IN CHINA AND THE MPR AS OBSERVED BY A DELEGATE TO THE ASIAN AND PACIFIC PEACE CONFERENCE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00810A001300320009-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 17, 2003
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: June 22, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
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COUNTRY
SUBJECT
This Document contains Information affecting Vie Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of4he U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is pr(*ibited.
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lt_c a lu t ilitarj + ua* :S.o ? In China DATE DISTR.
MF"Mt i s '0'6ss ;.r'V c! fL y a Del eg.Ite t;:i
the l a..t P*", 1 i is Pea,. ;r~I 'fix' rw. NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO. RD
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REFERENCES
U J'unie 1953
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NS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
KEY SEE REVERSE)
(.+'^. ';.'G.c; G'M r t;he the '"rTt'.".re: 8-out 30 k lanes on Wes i; Field)
Of A-h.i.ch ."Were, and. t .he rest, twin e agt.ne bombers. No jet aircraft
were seea an the ':4 eid.. At the southern end of the airport, there.. -ire
aL:-L:W -,; :trc~; attt; gim axpl.ac:e ier~ tf and, three towers., each 30-40 meters high.
e e ors.
No these "YC3Wf:.
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A "t;'i? 1_and: n; , ;he dea ^ x,A s were asked for passports and b? age tickets.
'1''ae : z ,,s nc t &2 ,oI:. n~3 lr:r... ? .Ctrl at the field. T hrc,y were asked to fill oxit
a reg- :.a,x fora;.. After c m i i_ ? i *ig at the airport for an hour, the
leggy * were a.i ided t rzto groups and taken to the Hotel of Peace in Peip i-ng.
On the zouth. s i dv off tht; road. bdtwen West Yield and Peiping, there were
:?e cent, 1nfant-2- hti.;:'rr3 vts.s, The b-u.,l.d.ingF were not cano9jflaged, but had. a.
',ar'by d. -wire fence, eigh-15 wi;r-es high, around the instal_.ation. Guards were
a~u the entrsa-ice.
5. The llote:sL of Fasl'^e in .'e ipi g, according to Chinese officials, had been
rrox,p.etea by the corkers of (;hira in 35 days. it is a vni..ne-story hul.l..d1r!g
with 25 to S0 rooms to a floor ; it has modern plumbing, dial. telephones
in .each room, el evato s, a barber shop, a dining room on the first floor
which se :vres Chinese- food, and one on the terrace which serves occidental
food. The cha-3rrr~:a;.;. of each delegation was assigned a pleasant single room
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6. The delegations from Vietnam, New Zealand, Australia, Latin America:, Canac.a,
Indonesia, Malaya, Iran, Morrocco, France, and the Philippine Islands stared
at the Hotel of Peace. The Japanese delegation of 14+ to 17 people was in the
Peking Hotel. They had left Japan secretly, and when the PPC was over, retrained
in China because an order ha3 apparently been issued for their arrest on
their return to Japan. Similarly the Philippine delegation had secretly left
their country in small fishing boats after the Philippine government had
refused to issue them passports.
7. From 7 to 10 p. m. on. 28 Septedber, the delegates participated in a
que$tion-answer period in a large ballroom of the hotel of Peace. The
questioning was directed through two girl interpreters by SHEN (flu),
secretary general of the Chinese Youth Organiza.tion,l and another official
The delegates were ask.ed-v."Y7ous questions on the political, economic and
cultural aspects of their countries. This sepsion was apparently held by
Chinese to collect as much information as they could on each country and
also as a means of getting to know each delegate better. The delegates were
later told that individuals would see them within three or four days to
discuss these subjects further.
8.. On the morning of 29 September, each delegation met separately to prepare
discussions of problems to be presented at the PPC. Colombia, as the only
nation with troops.-in'Korea, was asked to be present at the Korean problem
discussions.. The Chilean delegation was to make a report on the liberation of
all peoples of the world; the Japanese on the rearmament of Japan; the Costa
Ric ,on women and children; the Me:4csn, oil cult al problems.
9. In the afternoon of 29 September, the delegates toured Peiping. There were
few automob:llee; atreetcars were old.. There were many bicycles and charcoal-
burning ba e's.? Traffic was directed by traffic police. They saw no gun
emplacements in Peiping. Water for drinking was used directly from the
faucet; it contained a, certain amount of chlorine.
10. On the evening of 30 September, the delegates were invited by MAO Tee-tong
to a large banquet held in the Hotel of Peace. There were some 10,000
people congregated outside the building. In all, about 1,000 people were
invited to the banquet. Includfing delegates from all over the.mainlahd Of china.
Delegates from other coo tries numbered 435. Chinese Government officials
there were CROU En-lai, LIU Shao-chti, ministers, and vice ministers,
and heads of all departments of the government. The tables were arranged
in such a way that the d.e`?eates were able to circulate easily to meet
MAO and other delegates there. MAO looked very healthy, gay and happy.
There were no apparent security precautions taken to safeguard MAO's life.
As the delegates entered the hall, three or four Chinese dressed like the
other Chinese Government officials, that is, in a dark blue gown with a high
collar, checked their special tickets and the badge which designated them
as delegates. Seated next to MAO at the banquet were the chiefs df the
delegations from India, Korea and Chile. They, as well the delegation frau
the Democratic Republic of Vietnam,, seemed to be on very friendly terms with
MAO. Speeches were made by the delegates from India and Korea. Manuel
Cruz, chairman of the PhilA pine delegation, was loudly cheered when he
walked over to MAO's table. In a private conversation later, Cruz stated
that the Communists dominate l5 to 20 percent of the Philippine Island
population. Cruz spoke fluent Chinese, having been educated in China, as
well as Spanish, English and Portuguese. At 10 p.m. at the close of'the
banquet, MAO and CEU Teh shook hands with all the delegates.
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II. At 9 a.m.. on 1 October, Communist China's national day, the delegates:,..
assembled in specially assigned places in frontbf the Red Square in Peiping;
to view a parade. In the presidential box were many Chinese officials; to
their right, the delegates to the PPP and Chinese representatives from the
mainland.. The parade began at 10 a.m. and lasted until 1. p.m. The first
part was the infantry, consisting of 22 groups of 120 i)Ops each, all very
well equipped and well dressed. Following the infantry were the paratroopers,
12 groups of cavalry in-groups of 90 men each, the medical corps, machine
gunners on motgrcycles in groups of 100, the horse,,drawn artillery whose
assignment was mountain work, and numerous trucks, including half tracks
mounting anti-aircrafts machine guns, and jeepscarrying :guns. Most of the
jeeps and trucks were American-ma..e. In addition,there? were some 200
tanks of all sizes up to 70 tons, carrying guns of heavy, medium and light;
construction, which also appeared to be Smerican-made. There were some
Russian-made tanks. Following the tanks were trucks with long-range
searchlights. Approximately 300 planes, including fighters, twin-engine
and four-engine' transports and about 150 jets in groups of three, flew
overhead.. Some of the pilots according to Chinese officials were women,
everyone in the parade was Chinese. After the military units,. marched
children and representatives of various civilian organizations. In all,
approximately 700?000 marched in the parade.
12. The parade appeared to be planned to impress the delegates with China's
well-equipped manpower. The spectators seemed pleased with what they saw.
Russian delegates to the PPC were also well satisfied with the parade and
its organization. There were l62 delegates from the U30 and a few
Russian guests sitting in the Presidential boxy one of'' e: s a:. marshal..
wearing merry decorations. The Ru ;.an delegates were all in uniform. There
were also some Russian civilian. present' wh0'.live:..ih. Ieiping:..9n :.:31Drkufor
research organizations', act as advisers in f'ecitories and professors in
ssc6Q1s- The Chinese have been learning Russian, ~s well various other
languages: in their schools, and the. lhuasians. have learned Chinese inChina's, , schools
and. universities. Military representatives from the satellite countries,
including a Czechoslovakian army officer, were guests of the government
-and sat in special places designated for guests. They did.. not mix with the
delegates.. There were also some diplomatic groups. present.
.13. In. the evening of 1 October,, the delegates returned to the Red Square and
watched group dancing on the streets. This was the first time they had a
chance to mix with the local population. The delegates were nicely treated,
with the Chinese shaving no hostility nor Animosity toward them. The
dancing had apparently been pre-arranged.
1. From 2 to 12 October, the delegates were at the PPC attending meetings and
working on the agenda: of the fallowing days.. During the conferences the
Indian and Pakistanian delegations appeared to be on very good terms with
the Chinese.7.''n e ;Imes people, sc4ording to Chinese writers and newspapeImen)
consider China their second motherland and have a great deal of admiration
for the country. The Japanese delegation stated that Japanese rearment
was a threat to Asian peace and that Japan would eventually turn on the
nation that rearmed it. . There were some trade transactions "set up between
the: Chinese-and various countries during the PPC China offered tea,.cotton,
silky. jewelry in return for the goods of other:-;countries, or for cash, The
Chinese were always careftfl"~` td':Pavoid secret meetings, having the delegates
present at all times.
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15. During the delegates' stay in Peiping, they were apparently never followed,
normally taking tours of the city in escorted groups. However, when some
of them wandered away from the groups, they were always brought back to th3
hotel by children. When they had time for themselves, some of them went to
the local market and walked around the city. They visited museums, art
galleries, and on one occasion a school where illiterates were taught by a
new method which makes use of only some 600 to 900 Chinese characters.
They noted that on the street corners of Peiping there were bulletin board,,
used for economic, political and commercial news. On the same boards was
a great deal of anti-American propaganda. There were series of cartoons
depicting the enemies of China and showing American planes dropping germ
warfare bombs. When the delegates first arrived in Peiping they were
issued masks for protection against germs. Later source learned that farmers
in the interior of China had been ordered to kill all insects in their area
and to keep a record for the government of those killed. Millions of flies,
mosquitoes and rats have been killed as a result of this order.
16. On two days between 2 and 12 October, the delegates drove out to some
villages 40 kilometers north of Peiping to see the farms and observe the
progress of the Chinese agrarian reform. The roads in the Peiping area we^e
generally in poor condition, except for the road from West Field to Peipin,
which was asphalt. Many of the buses in Peiping were Russian-made. They
were gas-powered and named "Stalin." Russian automobiles in the area were
called "Borlobov". and looked like the American Packard. The head of each
delegation had a car assigned to him.
17. Delegates noted many small shops in Peiping all with fixed price: control.
The price of rice was pro-rated according to the amount of work done by a
person. Magazines in French, English and Chinese were on sale, as well as
American razor blades.
18. On one occasion during the period of 2 to 12 October, the delegates were
offered the opportunity to visit prison camps in Korea, but were later
denied the trip. The reason given was the frequency of United Nations'
raids, which made the trip dangerous. They did visit a political prison
opposite the Temple of Heaven; thia'_was a de17pri:a.on..
19. From 13 to 20 October, the delegates met with representatives of the
Chinese Communist Government, and at the end of this period began their
tour of China.
20. On 20 October, the group left Peiping for Shanghai by train. Their train,
which was used for the entire tour of China, was 14 cars long, and had both
dark green and dark blue pullman-style cars.
21. Between Peiping and Tientsin, on 20 October there were machine gun emplacemt:nts
every five to ten kilometers. The replacements were mostly concrete pillboxes.
Soldiers were stationed only at strategic points; while quite a few of the
pillboxes were abandoned. At least eight freight trains of about 40 cars
each passed during this four-hour trip. The freight trains Were carrying cotton.
About ten new factories for cement and other construction material were noted
along this route, starting about 15 minutes after leaving Peiping.
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22. The train stopped n Tientsin for approximately 15 minutes, then left for
Linchao (Linhsiao) along a single-track railroad. Between Tientsin and
TAnchao there were newly constructed factories and homes, and a petroleum
Storage area west of the railroad close to Tientsin. At Linchao new
construction for the maintenance of trains was noted. There were train
yards and about 20 buildings in Linchao. From Linchao, the train continued
to P'uk'ou (N 32.06, E 118-44), where they crossed the Yangtze River by
ferry, still remaining on the train. It took from 20 to 30 minutes to cross
the river to Nanking, where they arrived at 11:50 p.m. on 20 October. The
railroad line between Linchao and Nanking was single track. -Many ships
were noted on the Yangtze River at Nanking. At 3 a.m. 21 October the train
left Nanking and arrived in Shanghai at 10:30 a.m. The railroad line
between Nanking and Shanghai was double track. There was quite a bit of
train movement in this section.
23. On arrival in Shanghai, the delegates were met at the railroad station by
some 200,000 people representing various organizations of the city, who
paraded from the station to the Cathay Mansions, where the delegates were
to stay. The Cathay Mansions is a 10-story building in the center of the
old French Concession of Shanghai, directly in front of the Lyceum Theatre.
24. In the afternoon of 21 October, the delegates visited a State factory for
white Cotton, textiles in the northern part of Shanghai, close to the
river, about a half-hour drive from the hotel. Of the 4000 employees in
the factory, 60 percent were women. Delegates were told employees have
schools for children and housing. The manager of the mill showed them
around and described the mechanics of the work done there. The factory
which was constructed in 1922,,had been in Japanese hands and was later
taken over by the Chinese Communists. At the time the delegates toured
it was being remodeled for a estimated capacity of 10,000 workers. Part of
the factory was flooded at this time because of a flood of the Yangtze
River in October. When the delegates arrived in Shanghai, the flood water was
going up, but had not seemed to damage either Nanking or Hankow. All
personnel in the factory were Chinese. The machinery was marked Dobson-
Berlow, Ltd., Bolton (1931);-I#an'oya; Jido (1922); Sussakusko; Howard;
Bulik; Togada Works, Osaka (1922). The plant had its own power plant
operated by steam. According to the mar ger of the mill, about 200,000
people are engaged in the textile industry in China.
25. On the evexiing of 22 October, a dinner was given the delegates by the
Mayor of Shanghai at the Cathay Mansions. About 700 people were there.
26. On the morning of 23 October, the delegates toured the House of Culture
in Shanghai, which was formerly a club fo diplomats of foreign countries,
about 10 blocks from the Cathay Mansions. It is a two-story building,
built on an angle of a corner. It had a swimming pool, .a long bar which
was being used as a conference room, and a small pmxk behind the building.
The building had apparently been remodeled. A. new method for the
construction of buildings were shown the delegates, in which concrete
cement blocks are used, covered with fresh cement o4 top, then pressed
down. They were also shown a new method for sanding wood floors, for making
bolts and screws and for switching rails on railroads. According to
representatives in the House of Culture, China has been producing new trains
and locomotives, mainly in Mukden.' MAO had been given the first car of a
new train made in Mukden.
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27. In the afternoon of 23 October, the workers of--Shanghai held a special meeting
in a large amphitheatre for the delegates. There: were some 30,000 people
gathered,, includin ; the delegates of the TTIC, some -Soviet offici43 s, and a
special dele atio4 from Canton. The president of the Soviet delegation,
8misnov (fnu) was hailed and applauded when he spoke. _.Be mentioned the
friendliness existing between the USSR and China and spoke-of the various
accomplishments of the Soviet Union in the past 30 years. He stated that the
Soviet Union had completely recovered after the war, and that the Chinese
people, following in the footsteps of the Soviet Union were building up
their country as the Russians had re-built theirs. The USER, he said, was
ready to talk peace, but if she is attacked, she is ready for war. At
this gsthering,,aqat.all that the delegates attended, pictures of Lenin,
Stalin and1(AO were widely displayed. Outside the amphitheatre, the crowd
was divided into groups of 100, each having its own cheerleader.
28. Throughout their stay in Shanghai, the delegates were warned not to go out
into the city alone. On two occasions, when one delegate tried, he was
followed and brought back to the hotel. The men who followed explained
that Shanghai was full of traitors, that is, people who did not belong
to the Pexty and that if anything should happen to him, it would be an
international, incident, which they wanted to avoid. During the entire
trip through. China, government officials took great care to safeguard the lives
of thec :'agates. There were always soldiers around or civilians who .guidk d
the group through tours. The delegates were quite often followed by the
' ioneers, children abo,,zt 12 to 15 years of age who were distinguished by
red neckerchiefs. There were no curfews imposed in Shanghai. At almost
every corner were two or three military men. The police were instructed
not to bother the delegates. They wore a green khaki uniform with an arm band
that had Chinese characters on it, and carried rifles with bayonets.
29. On 24 4'ctober, the delegates visited another factory in Shanghai, which dyed
the cotton textiles from the first factory they visited. The cloth was used
for civilian clothing. This factory had also once belonged to the Japanese.
It had about 150 workers and was being enlarged to hold more people. The
machinery was old, but In good condition. The manager of the factory told.
the delegates that new methods for increasing production were being used.
The workers were getting 1.00 percent more pay than under the old regime.
Cost of production had been reduced by 20 percent, while production,. itself
had been increased by 8 percent. Percentages given were based on the 1949
index. According to the manager, all factories in China have increased
production and have improved working conditions within factories. All.
factories in Shanghai were guarded by military police. Special permits had
to be obtained from the government for entry. Factory workers showed
indentification cards when they entered the factory grounds. Two machine
guns were at the entrance of the dye factory.
The delegates rioted few automobiles in Shanghai, but many pedicabs. The
streets of Shanghai were always crowded. There were a few electric streetcars,
which were always very crowded vA th long lines . waiting to get on. There
were also some charcoal and gasoline buses. Some of the automobiles had
gasoline engines; other used charcoal. Air raid precautions were strictly
adhered to in Shanghai. The delegates were told to keep their windows closed
at night so that no light would show outside. Streets were poorly lighted
with only about two bulbs per.city block. Houses had only about one-half
the desirable amount of light. The reason given for this by the Chinese
authorities was a campaign to increase.production,for which a large amount of
.P electric power was being used for manufacturing at night.
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31. The People of Shanghai looked healthy and well-fed, although it was difficult
to tell whether they were rich or poor because they all dressed in the sam.
way. The only distinction between an officer Ps and soldier is uniform was
the material; the officer's being of a better grade. In the same way, party
functionaries and officials dressed in a finer cloth than most of the people.
There were no beggars seen throughout their trip in China. The delegates were
told that anyone who does beg is taken to jail,
32. The delegates were told that the mouth of the Yangtze River was mined
becaused the Chinese feared an attack by CHIANG Kai-shek.
33. In the afternoon of 2i. October, the delegates visited a school for small
.children in Shanghai. They were greeted by-more than 200 children and their
teachers. The school building was large and comfortable, hada dining roaa,
a clinic, with free medica_ treatment for each child and rooms for dancing.
There was one teacher in charge of every group of five children. When a child
reaches the age of one year (sic) in China, he is taken to school and from this
age on is taught the Marxist theory of Communism..
31+. On 25.October State-owned stores in Shanghai were toured. The stores seemed
well-stocked and those seen carried silks, handicrafts and luggage. Prices
on these articles appeared to be reasonable.. The few people who were in
the stores appeared to be of the working class. They were dressed in cotton
drill pants, jackets and caps, and had rubber-soled shoes. The same day they
visited a government housing project for the workers of the metal industry
They were told that the government had planned to build 20,000 buildings and
had. at that time completed approximately 1,000. The latter were already
occupied. The buildings were two-story concrete row houses with one family-
occupying both levels. The ground floor had a living room, dining room,
kitchen and bathroom. The upper floor had three small bedrooms. All rooms,
were relatively small. The kitchens were equipped with a coal stove; the
bathroom, a small bathtub, shower, toilet and washbasin.
35. At about 5 p.m. on 25 October, the delegates visited a section of the Shanghai
inner port. There were a few small ships, one oT'which.sppeerbd to be a river
gunboat, They were told that at the mouth of the river, there were a number
of installations.
36. Quite a few Russian civilians were seen in Shanghai. No Soviet military were
seen. The Russians were usually discernible by their clothing and speech.
Most of them wore felt hate of a very poor quality. They did not appear to
be specially privileged individuals. Some were seen riding in riclcsho;
others in cars.. Hotels in Shanghai have all been taken over by the State;
people,:living in hotels were required to have a government permit. Ordinarily
hotels were reserved for special missions.
37. On 26 October between 9 and 10 a.m., the delegates left Shanghai for Hangchjw
in the same train they had taken from Peiping. The roads between the two
Cities were poor with no automobile. movement. The only stops made by the train
were those to permit freight or passenger trains to pass. There were trains
about every half hour; the freight trains had never less than 20 cars',and one
had tzp to 45 cars. The Chinese were very proud of the maintenance of their
V'ail1*oadsUevidenced by the fact that railroad workers are among the most
privileged group of workers in China. Along the rail line between Shanghai.
and Hangchow, as throughout all of China., there were a large number of concrete
sentry houses, especially along bridges where the sentries were armed. They
arrived Eangchow between 1 and 2 p.m. wherethey were met by a cheering crown
of people. The railroad station was in very good condition. It was concrete
and had a tin roof.
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38. On 27 October, the delegates Tisited the Needle Pagofl in5Hangchow from-which
they noted a good deal: of commercial traffic on the lake. In the same area
of Haagchow, there were some small factories for the manufacture of machinery,
silk, jute sack, soap,, paper and chemicals. They -Were primarily small plaits
within a five acre area each about 400 square meters in size`, with about 200
people employed. The buildings were concrete.
39. North of Hangchow outside the city wall was one of the largest jute plants
seen by the delegates in China. The road approaching the plant was in very
poor condition. The road crossed over a large old bridge which came to a
steep arch. About 8,000 to 10,000 people were employed in the plant. The
jute plant was in two sections; the old section which had been in use for :1.8
years and was built under the Nationalist regime, and the new section on
which construction was begun in January 1952. Machinery in the old section
was marked Robertson-Orchard; new machinery was built in Shanghai, Wuhsi
and Lanchow. The plant was well guarded. Workers who were single men were
quartered in barracks built on the plant grounds; there1weretwoicthree.or four
men to a room. They were not permitted to leave the plant area. Married
men lived off the plant grounds nearby.
40. On 28 October at 10 a.m. their train left Hangghow for Wuhsi (N 31-35, E 12,0-18)-
They passed Shanghai without entering the city, proceeded to Soochow by
2 p.m. where. y obse - ed many metailur .ical. slants] some: oil .tames west ..the
Soociiow. station'were also noted. Between-Sooc4ow and Wi hsi, &.few aircraft;; ' nustly
fighters:ot=pfstori engine'.type,4:were seen. They 'appeared 't6 be-training planes.
No airports wire seers. There was one coal mine in-th.is area. The route
taken paralleleff. the Grand Cazial on which- there was :a .:large ;: tuber." o: .v.,'esie -s .
At 3 p.m. they arrived at Wuhst. The delegates were lodged in a building
which was regularly used as a school of fine arts. It was outside the cit;
of Wi.~hsi, on a hill overlooking a lake." The guest house had its own power
plant for ele idity.. The delegates visited rest homes and hospitals do
the lake area. In the area north of Wuhsi, between the city and guest Eouse,
and on the lake shore, were barracks, apparently for infantry troops. Some
of the buildings were frame; others were straw and bamboo. Troops in five
or six groups of about 100 men each were in the area. They appeared to be
in training, and were equi ped with rifles, machine guns, and mortars.
There were some military vehicles in the area, but no tanks or armored care.
Three large buildings about 200 to 300 feet long and two-stories high were
visible from the road. The camp had a barbed wire fence about eight strands
high around it.
41, On the morning of 29 October, the delegates left the guest house and returned
to Wuhsi to visit a silk mill and some silk shops. Between noon and 1 p.m.
they left Wuhsi,on their way north to Mukden. They crossed the Yangtze River
at Nanking by ferry. Many trains,, most of which were freight trains, moved
on and:off the ferry. Their train of 14 cars occupied the whole ferry, wich
seven cars in a line plus the locomotive. The delegates were not permitted
to get off the train while on the ferry which was guarded by soldiers.
.+2. On 30 October between 8 and 9 a.m.. the delegates arrived a~ Hofei (N 31-54.
E 117-18). From Hofei they travelled by bus to Fushihlin which was aboiit
45 kilometers from8Hofei. The road pareal.eled for. -41,stWce one
of the tributaries of the Huai River. The land appeared to be all farm land.
Few cars and trucks were on the read, but there were many people. The roa=i
was macadam and about 10 meters wide. They stopped about half way for lure and
'arrived in Fuahiblin at 7 p.m. where they were met by soldiers and workers who
were engaged in the construction of a'dam on the Huai River.
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Aboix 15,000 men were employed in its construction, of which 10,000 were
civilian laborers and the rest were soldiers, who worked on a special
Wt of the dam. The soldiers were there to learn engineering and
hydroelectric techniques. Shelters of straw and grass had been built for
both the workers and soldiers. The delegates were housed in the military
barracks within the military camp itself. On 31 October the delegates wexe
shown the dam itself and were told that it was to be 70 meters high and
517 meters long. Two sluices were being built for irrigation and:: four for
electrical generation. There were 157 pieces of machinery used to build.
the dam, most of which were tampers and drills. The dam was due to be-
coapleted by the end of 1953. The designer was an engineer named W (fnu).
Russian advisers. had reviewed all the plans. and proposals prior to
construction; however, no Russians were seen in the area at the time of the
delegates' visit. WANG and an army general, who was also an engineer and who
was in command of the district, were in charge. All civilian workers had
contracts and were not permitted to visit their homes until the contracts
o pdred.: On the road approaching Fushihlin there.,,ta s a guard. detae1unent,: -
al ld~ all, through- the construction area were soldiers'-on'gua:td duty. :'."'Ih` the
evening of a1 3ctober,. the. military held a banquet. for, the, delegates- after
't hick. they played a game :. df basketball with the. delegates;' which.,th-e.
soldiers 'Tfoh ,'.
43- On 1 November at about 7 a.m. the delegates left Fushihlin and returned to
Hofei where they arrived about 4:30 p.m. At 7 p.m. they left Hofei by tra__n
going north toward Mukden. They did not return to Nanking, but went directly
to Tsinan (N 36J41, E U7-00) on what appeared to be a new rail line and arrived
in Tsinan at about noon of 2 November. The line was single track until they
approached Talinan where it was double track.. At Tainan there was a large
railroad m rs.h .g. yard with lines running east and west. From Tsinan
to Taipai, which ..ig a small city just south of the Yellow River, the
track was double, and from Taipai to Tientsin (N 39-08, E 117-12) single track.
In the area of Taipai they passed four trains loaded with Janks. of Russiark
const ruetion~ and with ammunition. On the two trains going south, some of
the tanks had holes in them
,,as if penetrated by artillery fire. The two
trains heading north had tanks which appeared, to be freshly painted and
apparently repaired and pleiced in combat-ready condition. Each train averaged
from 40 to 45 cars. All but two or three of the cars were boxcars; the others
were flatcars. Tanks were loaded two to a flatcar with four to si4C on each
train. Artillery shells in bundles of three were on one of the trains. They
`- n'cl.'uded?, both expended shell cases and live amunition.
44. After leaving Tientsin at 7 P.M. on 2 November, they passed several troop
trains heading north. The troop trains averaging about 40-45 cars in length
had-been side-tracked to allow the delegates' train to pass.
45. On 3 November betyeen 8:30 and 9 a.m. the delegates arrived in Mukden. Two
or three kilometers south of Mu?sden, there'was-a large number of machine guii
emplacements, rifle pits and anti-aircraft emplacements built on both sides
of the railroad tracks. Most'of them were concrete. Just west of the
railroad station was an airport with fighter planes and some two motor planes
on it. Between the railroad station and the airport were piles of wheat from
which soldiers were taking out aerial bombs_., The wheat piles were almost
continuous in this area and were in an irregular pattern. There were
factories east of the railroad station, but no wheat piles were visible.
Very few planes were noted in the Mukden area. Those seen were conventional
type planes and one jet plane. In the railroad station there were many rusty
and old trains, some with bullet holes in them. They were probably left over
from the "liberation". Fifteen trucks with soldiers were in the railroad
station. The trucks were Russian-made, had six wheels, four of which were
in the rear. They were marked USSR in Russian.
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46. Wkden had. the largest volume of automobile, truck and streetcar traffic
seen by the delegates in all of China. There were a great any Russian
men, vamen;T-and children on the streets. Names of stores were both in
Russian and Chinese. Factories in Mukden seemed to be concentrated in the
area of the railroad station. The delegates were housed in a hotel about PO
bucks from the station in the city itself in frombof what were formerly
Japanese government buildings.
47. The delegates visited an industrial exhibition in Mukdei};on 3 November vhieh
was in a five-story building about 4 blocks from the hotel toward the rail-
r ad statjpn. The exhibition was divided into five parts-
(1) Products of the Hansa factory consist Lrg of nickel steel, steel bars,
galvanized iron, various thicknesses of steel plates, railroad wheels
and rails. A new coupling device for railroad cars., extra hard steel
for ball bearingswhich are made in Dairen, steel wire and steel bombs
were also displayed.
(2) Mining machines made by a factory in Fushun, lathes, dies, coal
pulverizers, woodworking tools, electric heaters, ovens, ship pumps.
(3)
Electrical equipment such as high tension resisters, generators,
inductors,ejtectrical measuring devices, and elevators.
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14 Hand tools of various types, bicycles, farm implements.
() Rubber and chemical products of which one section was devoted to
chemical engineering and included paints and paint products, an&-a...dbe ical
called "Chemical 666" used in anti-bacteriological warfare. Paints
for painting vessels are no longer imported in Chime.
48. Oak November, the delegates visited factory number 1 in Mukden where light
machinery is produced. The factory is in the city itself east of the rail-
r, surrounded by a wire fence and guarded by soldiers The director of
the factory, BEANG (fnu) told the delegates that the factory had been torn
down by the Japanese, was looted by the XXT and had been rebuilt by the
people with the assistance of Russian technicians. It had a foundry, casting
and, the cutting shops, and produced lathes, abrasive machinery, and polishing
machinery used to make small precision parts. The machinery came from the
Soviet Union and was marked "NSTSG" and "TOSMAS". The Chinese stated that
theywere manufacturing heavy machinery in another factory using Russian
patents. The factory was also equipped with air raid shtlters, the entrances
to which were built up about three or four feet above tthe surface o f, the'.groi nd and had
a wooden ramp stairway running down into what appeared. to-Se caves. In the
area of this factory were a number of heavy machinery factories and steel mills
with what appeared to be blast furnaces. There were alsp high towers buri:iog
off ,. The delegates were told that there-here about 4000 factories In the
.X *den area. Machinery being built was to be distributed in factories
througbout China. New factories ere 'being'po'hbtrueted: to .the industrial area.
"tea the "railroad station.
49., On 4 November the delegates were also shown a school of medicine in Mukden.
Students in China go into medical school directly from a secondary school
for a period of three to four years, after which they go into the army.
'ter a period of time in the army they return to medical school to finish
their formal training. The first three to four year douse is designed to get
the students out to take care of China's most urgent medjaa] needs. The medical
school had about 2,200 students and was being enlarged to hold 5,000.
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50. At 10 a.m.. on 5 November the delegates left )Csri-,by J4s:'-for`Ftishun
E 41-53, E 123-54) to visit one of the coal mimes. The cpa~ nffnew in
hun employ 8,900 people. Fushun also has 4.ron mines and oil refineries:
open-cut mine was 6,000 meters long, 1,200 meters wide and 175 meter deep.
was completely mechanized having machinery tp cut and d,i;l coal out of the
of the mine., as wel7.as loading equipment aid ra4lroi}d c irs to haul
the coe. , upper surface of the mine capgi?ted of shale which
i ed in the production of petroleum products. L.ter they visited a
I the area of the coal mine there was a factory uue}_fox the processing
0 the coal into coal tar byproducts and petrgleip. the plant had
& L1 10 processing areas. Every ten minutes a train prriyed at the plant
f W, the wipe with. from 8 to 10 carloads of she. A r9 n q.tel r 15
ft races were used for extracting petroleum fropn the e and "about 50
a.iprage tanks were used for the finished produetp. T#p tanks were about
3q'meters high with a diameter of 30 to~40 meters. One section of tanks wts
used for paraffin; another for sulphuric acid. The facto and tanks ho4
been built about 1928 by the Japanese and were later rebuff t by the Chinese
CQpmurists.
a restri
cted and
gu
arded by soldier's.
f rY
T
d
toae
er leavi
factory
retur
the delegates
the
~21 Tb* road between ?[ukden and Fushun was dirt and stone With many holes ip it.
An airfield about 10 minutes out of Mukden was noted on the north side of
the road, near a place referred to as the Mausoleum 'of the Manchu Dynasty,
Only one or two planes were visible on the field. There were piles of
Kapliang between the air field and the road.
53, On 6 November the delegates went to a farm cooperative=-. near Fushun where
cattle, pigs and corn were raised. The only machinery noted was one
t ctor and a combine. In the afternoon of 6 NayempRr grey returned to
X ;den and visited a political school used to refor* -for*er 1uoaintan1
bare.
54. There were many soldiers noted on the streets of Mukgep, including a platoon
of airmen, and quite a few women in military uni'o} . There were also a,
gt od many Russian civilians, who, according to the Chinese-were techn.ciewns
in factories. They lived in houses west of the hotel where the delegates
stayed, but in no one group in the area. Stores in 14ukdgn appeared to be
very well stocked sad many people were buying. They carried Chinese style
clpthing ouch as woolen suits, overcoats with thick cotton padding in then,
as well as luxury items such as cologne, soaps, and cigarettes. There were:
loge numbe35of soldiers in and around the stores who were apparently on
police duty. All factory workers in Mukden were required to have an
:' tification card and from time to time police in the city made spgt checks,
someone appeared suspicious to the police they were stopped and as~ed
fqf identification papers. None of the delegates was stopped because
thpy wore the PPC badge.
-. At 7 a.m. on 7 November the delegates left Mukden by train and returned to
PAPing by 2 p.m. of the same day. They remained 1.n, yelping until 10
Z eember. While there, they took a trip to the Great Vail Along with apout-
Y 4usu'ians who were in China on an artistic and cultural mission beciust,
November was the month of Chinese-Russian friendship.
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56. At 5 a.m. on 10 November the delegates left Peiping by air for the USSR.
The aircraft, a dark green twin engine plane, had an all-Chinese crew.
The first stop was Shangri-la Airfield12'where they arrived at ll a.m.
The airfield was in a desert area with hills on the east and west sides.
There were no hangers or buildings on the field; howeverythere were tents.
All personnel at the field were military and appeared to be Mongolians.
Their uniforms were dark green and resembled Russian uniforms. The eombsuiler
of the airport and about 10 soldiers were at the field. There were no
military aircraft at the field. The only other plane at the field had a
group of Chinese youth who were going to Poland. On arrival, the delegate?s
were asked to show their passports. The passports were not stamped.
Runways were not marked on the field. The area of the field was very large
and the sand hard enough for a light aircraft to land on it. There were
no fortifications at the field. About one kilometer from the field on the
mountain-side irere houaea with sloping; roofs., 'Many..camels Vrere7..in the area near
the airport and on the hills. While at the field the delegates went into
the e an.deri'Stent and some of the other tents. The epmmar de: tent was
about 10 meters wide and had a small portable coal. stove in it. Both planes
were left in the open.,. Gasoline for re-fueling was brought in to Shapgri-
la by fuel trucks probably from Ulan Bator. The relationship between the
Chinese and Mongols was very friendly. The Mongols as a general rule apokr
Russian among themselves. There were only a few women at the field and
those were members of families of personnel..
57. At 4 p.m. on 10 November the delegates left Shangri-la and flew to Ulan
Bator where they arrived at 5:30 p.m. There had been a heavy'"Mw storm in the
area. Radio clearance for take-off had been given their plane prior to take-
off in Shangri-la. A Mongolian member of the Peace Committee greeted the
delegates when throy'.lahded. There were three concrete buildings at the
airport Aeach one-story high. Runways were of..satd that had~:been_ sboothed..over
with machines, and were covered with approximately one foot of snow at this
time. There were 10 soldiers at the airport.
58. At 6 p.m. on 10 November the delegates were taken into Ulan Bator where they
stayed at the only hotel in the city. It was a three-story building which was
very modern; it hadcentral heating, but no bath or showers. Between the
altport and the city, they noted from 20 to 40 factories, some of which
produced steel, leather, wool, razor blades and tools. The Ulan Bator region
specializes in livestock and the wool industry for which camels hair is used.
There were also coal mines in the Ulan Bator area and the delegates were told
that the ore was processed in one of the factories. Prior to entering the
city there were military check points. The road between the airport and the
city was one lane and asphalt. In the valley they noted "burning" towers
of steel which were from 20 to 30 meters high. Three and four-story buildings
of cement were near the towers.
59. The city of Ulan Bator had a population of about 150,000 people. All streets
were paved with asphalt. The people looked very healthy and strong; their
diet seemed to consist mostly of meat. The temperature at the time of the
delegate's stay was 34+ degrees below zero. In touring the city, the delegates
looked at parks and monuments. At the theatre they saw a motion picture on
Mongolia which was similar to a newsreel. They were told that the power
plant for the city was near the river and toward the hills.
60.. On each floor at the hotel there was one person who was responsible for the
activities of all persons on that floor and who was also in charge of the
telephone. There was one telephone in the hotel. There was also a radio
that was amplified for everyone in the hotel. The radio station was a
local station.
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61. The railroad station in Ulan Bator was in the city and about three
kilometers from the airport. It had a long one-story building and a single
track line. Two freight trains transporting livestock in flat covered
cars were noted, Telegraph lines pare l Bled:.'. the'-rail line.
62. At 8'a.m. on 11 November the delegates left Ulan Bator on the same aircraft
for the USSR and Europe.
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Comments
1. Although there is information that FENG Wen-pin (7458/2429/1755) lost
his position as secretary-general of the China New Democratic Youth
Corps on 2 September 1952, this may be the man whose last name only
source remembers.
2. The largest tanks the Chinese Communists are known to possess are
51 tons, which are the Soviet JS-1 and JS-2.
3. Possibly Linch'eng (N 34-52, E 117-20).
4. This place may be the former British Country Club on Nanking Road.,
Central.
Probably West Lake..
6. Probably T'ai Hu.
7. This may be Fotzuling (N 31-22, E 116-16) where Chinese Communist
broadcasts report a resevoir in construction as part of the Huai
River Project-*,.
8. Possibly P'1 River (N 31-42, E 116-22) on which Fotzuling is
situated.
9. Possibly '.Tahsien (N-37-27, E 116-17)
10. This factory may be the Manchu Machine Tool Company.
11. Possibly the Fushun Shale Oil Plant.
12. The exact location of this airfield is undetermined.
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