RAILROAD LINES IN THE KARELO-FINNISH SSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00810A001100880007-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 48
• Document Creation Date: December 15, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 3, 2003
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: October 2, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mess-
ing of Title 18, Sections 723 and 794, of the U.S. COde, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorised person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
SECRET/
25X1
U U I spurvinmsu I 1,01,1
COUNTRY USSR (Karelo-Finnish SSR) REPORT NO.
25X1A
SUBJECT Railroad Lines in the Karelo-Finnish DATE DISTR.
2 October
1953
SOB
NO. OF PAGES
3
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT NO.
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PLACE ACQUIRED
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REFERENCES
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THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
SOURCE:
.
The Kirov railroad, in autumn
from Ladva (1.61.300 E :34-40)
(N 61.450 E 34-20). The Finns
19510 was single-track, and ran northward
to Perguba, (N 62.500 E,34-29) via Petrozavodsk
had. removed one track during World War 11 with-
out harming the roadbed to an
appreciable degree. such
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a practice had been followed throughout
the Finn-occupied areaufrom Sviri
(N 42-070 E 42.56) to Maselskaya
(N 63.'09, E 34-19). NO
restoration ,Of the
doub16, track was contemplated,
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2.
After the war, three narrow-Ouge
lines, tributary to the
Kirov railroadl were
constructed, all running in an easterly direction. The southernmost line,
from Ladva0 probably served a peat bog 17 kilometers east, which Wad worked
by the Leningrad Torfstroy company. An eastbound freight of four .= five
cars, carrying sand, was observed near the Ladva - Peda
Selga (N 61.33, E 3442)
road crossing; the crossing had no barriers .or dignala
Ue whereabouts of the eastern terminus of this line, nor
I d not knOW
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a of the offehtot
from Fyashiyeva Selga (N 61-300 E. 34-42), 18 kilometers north of radva. This
line also crossed the Ladva Peda Pelga roads again without barriers or
Warning signals0 ?fist north of Cur Seiga (1 61-30, E '34-31), The northernmost
tributary extended from Derevyankal 61-310 E 34-25)y
ten kilometers north
of Pyashiyeva Belga. it was not more
than six kilometers
long, as it did not reacn mne eeaa belga ...2etrozavodsk
road. The latter tg(t
lines probably. transported timber from the lumbering areas to the Kirov rail.
road.
STATE
The Kirov railroad .crossed the Feda Selga Petrozavodsk. road twice just south
of Petrozavodsk; first, over an ordinary grade crossing, and next? over a rail
overpass about 15 meters long, Through Tomitsy Of 61.320 E 34.15), seven
kilometers north,. a line proceeded, west to $uoyarvi (N.62-05, E 32.18). and
SOrtavala (1 61-42, 1'1,30-41). iletween those cities, it crossed the Shuya
River, at a place where the water was deep and. still, on .a bridge built in
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1944 or 1945. Consisting of two arches of equal size, the highest points
of which were 15 meters above the water? the bridge was 120 meters long and
six meters vlde. TWQ four-strand barbed wire fences? about one meter high,
encloSed semicircular areas of from 30 to 50 meters on either end of the bridge.
IWO sentry pasts with telephone boxes also guarded it. A small guard house
was located on the north bank of the river, vest of the track.
25X1 I It left Suoyarvi. between 0500 and 0600 houxe? and. arrived in
r zavadsk
between 1500 and 1600 haare.2 Short stops included Zestava
61-16? E 33-14) and Syamozero (N 6151 E 33-10. , Irains generally
25X1 ran on schedule.
5. A passenger train, I Iran from Moscow to Murmanek on odd.
numbered. days .3 1-K. I.M0M0a4.a. 4LiC uz-alat Petrozavodsk; it left at 0215 hours.
The train arrived at BelOmoraX (N 64-32, E 34.48) at approximately 1000 hours,
and also etoed at Kam .1t" 64-57, E 34-36) and Apettty ON 67-35, E 32.30) be-
fore coming into Murmansk at 0700 hours the following morning.
6. The locomotives on both the Elroy and the Moscow-Murmansk lines were oteam, of
the $U type. Presumably, on the latter, the locomotive was changed at
KandaleAsha (1 67.09, E 32.36), as the railroad line between that city and Murmansk
25X1 is electrified.L the train had from. ten
Sg
to tweiTe Zarp I frWEI4VD. ,,,nree or lour carried ireignt. The Murmansk train
had ten modern p?sseager cars, and a mBil car in the rear. Eleven cars pre.-
Tided the average complement for the trains. Nev cars in this region were all-
metal, and compartmented. Four passengers rode in each compartment, the seats
Of which were numbered. and reserved. Most of the older "general" cars had
no compartments; skating therein was indiscriminate.
7. Tickets were available -without question for anybody who wished to buy them.
25X1paid 25 rubles fare Suoyervi to Petrozavodsk, 140 kilometers by
I from
and. 93 rubles from Petrozairodask to Murmansk, a journey of 1043 kilometers.
Sleeping cars were available on the M11216.9,115 k trip at considerable extra actst.
Tickets were generally purchased. about two hatr:s before train time. Valid :only
for a pert iculex train, they were forfeit if the buyer, upon changing his plans,
failed to redeem them at least an hour before that train departure.
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t Suoyarvi? he noticed between 20 and 30 persons de.
ta-a-Luar-gy and between 30 and40 getting on. Practically everybody on the
train at 61.10yarfl remained until Petrozavodsk, and there were few additions
from intermediate statiots. In his car On the Murmansk trip, which was filled,
there were about 4o persone? including some families with many children, some
soldiers, and five or six officers. The only change in passengers in the car
occurred. at Apetty, where a sentr lieutenant of the Soviet Army got off with
his wife and two children. tpwards of 400 detraird at RUrmank. -it was
apparently a general practice for some to ride on the platforms between care
to avoid payment of fare.
9. On most trains? many passengers would get off at intermediate stops to buy
refreshment. The militia, es it leased counters to concessionaires, officially
prohibited other vendors from peddling their wares, but this rule was laxly
eePreed.p andvammvould gezerally be selling suet' iteMs as berries. armies.
corn,? *441. eggs. Abeer booth on the platform at Belomersk,
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1 was very popular. Large statione usually maintained
a bazaar,
rubles a plate.
lottre soup was sometime sold daring the summer at two or three
One plate was: not considered filling. Most large stations also possessed
restaurants, where an excellent meal could be Obtained for about 30 rubles.
10.
While one: of the two conductors allotted to a car rested in the c
artment
reserved for their use, his partner would occasionally serve
tea.
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many passengers on the Petrazavodsk-Murmarisk run
-, :
:ble
cons
amount of liquar'en route.
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25
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Begging
trains
beggars
1.
2.
leMS
tb.emselves.
preva,lent at the stations,
Children,
and. occasionally was conducted in the
or wounded war veterans, made up the bulk of the
theft was wid.espread on trains.
-wh a,
ich appears on the Soviet timetables
on Map NP 35, 36-12p MS Series N501. On the
by source; appears a town called Novinka;
tim,etables for 1950 calculate the time
at four-and-pone-b.alf hours.
COntl ratite Derevyanka,;
Icie
for 1950 S not appear
nrsp; at the location described
on the Derevyanka River.
Conmient.: The Soviet
lieWeenuoy7;747-17-and PetrOzavodsk
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.QQMMent
37t- ozalrod0-0
SECRET
probably referred to days on which it left
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Approved For Release 2003/08/05 : CIA-RDP80-00810A001100880007-6
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
sEcRET/(
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its trt.nsmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorised person is prohibited
The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
.PIAAIRI I I I III,JKOVIA I IVPI
25X1
COUNTRY
SUBJECT
DATE OF INFO,
PLACE ACQUIRED
USSR (Karel? Finnish SSR)
Roads. and Road AdmintstratiOn In the
Earelo-Finnish SSR
25X1A
REPORT NO.
DATE DISTR.
NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO.
REFERENCES
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2 October 1953
6
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THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL Of CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
25X1X
SOURCE:
1. According to their condition, roads were divided into five classes in the
autumn ,of 1951. Highways were in the first class; concrete or asphalt.
surfaced roads, in the second; sand or gravel roads in good condition, in
the third; non-surfaced roads of poorer condition, in the fourth; and tralla
in the fifth. On the criterion of inTortance? they were further categorized
as national (soyuznoye), republic, or rayon highways The first and .second
classes conteined, most of the national highways, but strategic military roads,
particularly in, border regions, would also be classified as such even if they
were in poor condition. The MVD of the republic had jurisdiction over the
building and maintenance of national highways, while roads of the republic
class were administered by the republic's Chief Directorate for Roada. LOcal
authorities were responsible for the upkeep of less important rayon roads and
city streets.
Chef .E2L1221.1.--e
2. Headed by Engineer Yevgeniy Pavlovich Nikolayevskiy, a functionary of ministerial
rank, the Chief Directorate for Roads as directly responsible to the Xarelo.
Finnish, Council of Ministers.1 Its offices were situated in the northern
settion of Petrozavodsk (1 61-49, E 34-20), the capital of the repUblic, on
Erasnaya Ulitsa. Its chain of authority extended downward to five road con-
struction sections, to which fell the task of the construction and maintenance
of roads of the republic class. This work included the building and repair
of bridges, and involved snow clearing, sanding, and erecting snow fennes in
the winter. The sections were located in central towns of the republic; each
maintained stretches of road from 250 to 300 kilometers in length..
3. The headquarters and shops of the Second Road Construction Section (Day) were
in Building 2 at the north semaphore in Petrozavodsk. This .organization con.
trolled the Rybreka (1 61-16, E 35-33) Petrozavodsk, Ladva (N 61.20, E 34-30) .
Petrozavodsk? and the Shuyskay4 (N 61-56, E-34-15) - Perguba (1(62-500. E 54.9)
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roade, which totalled fn all 263 kilameters. Five subsections worked under the
section; in command of each of the former was a road foreman who supervised a
25X1 permanent work gang of ft:am ten to tOenty laborere.
4. At the time , the Second DEU possessed four GAZ,-AA trucks,
four ZIS-5 trucks; one GAZ-51 trucks three tractors ra ChTZ, anCS-80. and an
STZ-NATI), three G-12 graders.; and three snowplows. this 25X1
equipmnt complement was fairly well standardi.zed t , . e
Chief Directorate for Roads would make available from ita Central equipment
depot bulldoeers, scesperse rollers, and more graders? .tractors; and trucks to
a DEU engaged in large projecee.
1.11-01-1.4.1km.V.:510u
5. Engineer Lieutenant olonel Nhrosov directed the activities of the PM Highway
25X1 Bureau; the effieee of 'which were located in the eame building as those of
the republic hief Directorate for Poads. The Chief of the Finalce Section
was Captain Zvereefl 'Engineer Captain Vinogradov as
working in that office at tnee 'time. Included among the road construction
sections working under this organization were the' 87th at Suoyervi (N 62.,05;
E 32-18) and the 85th which was housed in the same location in Petrazavodek
as the Second DR] of the Chief Directorate for Reads. The chief of the former
section was Technical Lieutenene Rozhanovskiy.
22.11-11102.E.S24L.: Pelle' Se
6. Starting at the boundary between the Yezelo-Finnish SSE and Leningrad Oblast,
twelve kilometers eeouth of ."eybreke; the Rybreks Peda Seigle (.M 61.33, E 34-42)
road was about 116 kilometers long; third class; and unpaved. Approximately '
20 cars traveesed the road per day. Immediately to the south of Pybreka; a
pile bridge, 31,6 meters long and nine meters wide; was constructed in the
Bummer of 1950. The bridge at Sheltoeero (N 61-22 E 35-22) had been. rebuilt
by the autumn of 1951. Between Ishanino 61-26 E 35.08) and Peda Selga
Were a few small -wooden 'bridges between two and ten meters long, 'with A,
Standardized Firiving 'width of seven-and-oee-balf meters. An old 'bridge over
the Pukhta River (A E 34-46) was stabilized by cables in the spring to
prevent its being careied sway by the seasonal floods. Ishanino marked the
dividing point between the areae of responeibility of the second and third
subsections of the Second DEr'j from lahsaino to Pede, Selga the road was con-
sidered well-maintained.,,
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7. The town of Pybreke, had a population of approximately 5,000, and was without
industry of any tore. Nearby existed e, quarry from which stone was
shipped to Leningrad.. T.t was necessary for an automobile to be ferried
across a, river to xeach leedmgard. In the winter, the stretch from Rybreka
to the Leningrad ::bi.a0 border remeined uncleared. &Law drifts would
frequently aecumulete to the extent of three or four meters at Eakkarovo
(11 61-21, E 35-28.;? necesetteieing 8 week to reopen the road northward.
Leave Peda_Selda - Petroeamodek Road
- - .Asoaawaaam...u.+
8. The first eubsection of the Second DEU maintained the Ladva Peda Selga
Petrozavodek road, which wee also third class and unpaved, but in better
cOndition than the other roads La the Second DElge purview. Traffic on
this road amounted to 50 cars per day. The road underwent constant im-
provement in the form of sfraightening of curves and erection of guides and
warning signs. Fro: Ladva southward; however., the road was very poor.
9. The autherities were planning to replete the old pile bridge, from ten to
twelve meters long, at Nizhnerp, Derevyanmaya (N 6137, E 34-37) by 1956.
At the time a new bridge, twelve meters long and mine
meters wide; had been built over the Neluska River (approximately N 6141,
E 34-25). In the summer of 1951; the seven-kilometer side road to the
stati,on at Orreba ( 61-38, E 34-28) was improved;
2
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this action vas celculated to ease the traffic burden =the ittrozawdepk.
railroad etatien.
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107 The road from Suoyarvi to Petrozavodsk was classified as a national highway
and, hence, VAS under the control of the MVD, which delegated the responsibility
for its meintenance to the 85th Road Construction Section it wae from eight
to ten meters wide. Forty kilometers of the road from PeirozavOdskweetward
had been asphalted before World War II.
l'e.travdk ort)award
II, The 22-kilometer road from Petrozavodsk to Shuyskaya2 from eight to ten meters
Vide, Was classified as a.mational highway. It was asphalted to the fork, of
Whichome prOng extended to Spasskaya Guba (N 62-102 E 33-42); five kilometers
of that stretch were asphalted before World Wax II2 and the remaining 17
kilometers were finished in 1951. In 1944 or 1945, a 120-meter-1ong wooden
bridge was constructed over the Shuya River CR 61-522 E 34-14). The main
piles? protected by wooden buffers, were driven in a small island in the
middle of the river. Nine meters wide, the bridge had sidewalks thxquarters
of's:meter-wide on each side.
12. From Shuyskaya to S asska a Guba the road was unpaved and, at its outset/ was
13 ?
14.
13.
16.
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17.
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18.
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seven meters wide0 he considered it in better condition than
the roads south oftovoa that it was a national high- 25X1
way under the jurisdiction of thL c9-cn roact uonstruction Section of the MVD.
The Second DY was responsible for the Shuyskaya Perguba road. Its width
to KOndopOga (N 62-122 E 34-18) was between five and six meters; it was de-,
Scribed as well enough maintained to permit an aVerage of 50 to 6o kilometers
per hour on that stretch. At Luchevoy it crossed the railroad on a grade
crossing Without warning signal or barriers. 'Aere were several similar
croSSings between Kondopoga and Medvezhyegorsk (17 62-55, E 34-29). Between
these two locations were a few ten- or twelve-house villages. The bay below
Yanezh Pole (7 62-092 E 34.24) was crossed by a.100-meter-long bridge, built
in 1944 or 1945. just south of that town? a six- or seven-kilometer road, in
poor condition) branched off to the Zaytseva kolkhoz.
Through Kondopoga 'the Toad was unpaved.. In the winter it was kept open up
to twelYe kilometers north of the city for purposes of timber transport; north
Of that spot2 conditions were generally so unfavorable that only from June
through August was there any noticeable amount of traffic.
Peshe%s liNikel Road Murmansk Oblast
In Liinakhamari 69-380 E 31-22) I I Soviet jeep (GAZ-67), a Ford 25X1
truck, and a Studebaker truck, with . just outside of Liinakhamari,
On the road to Pechenga (4 69-33, E 31-12)2 there was a control point. '
Located beyond a ridge on the western side of the roads the control point
'conbisted or a barrier across the highway and a small house to the side.
Between Liinakhamari and Pechenga2 three or four large MAZ 25X1
trucks, the weight of each I Iestted to be seven toms. They were
trameporting what was pwesuned to be ore. It was believed that they burned
gasoline, but
I 1 tnree or four malitary trucks which be Fords. 25X1
the unusual sound of the motor. In
The highway itself Was seven or 'eight meters wide, well rolled, and surfaced
with gravel. There was a, ditch on either side, It wet thought to be a
national highway, as it was well-maintained and a' phosphorescent rail guarded
the durVes.
From eight to ten persons worked in a gravel pit at the junction of
25X1A 1.
he Tower and Arctic highways. (approximately N 69-250 E 30-5
'era were women.
Comment: It seems unlikely that Nikolayevaliiy held ministerial
as his airiietrat,Ioxi had lower than ministerial status.
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Bridge Acro3s the Shuya River
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/am
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tone work
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Bridge Across the Bay at Yanezh Pole
m
Sidewalk
0.75 n6
co. /00 in
MIA
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Cross Section
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Board - 40 mm..
Plank - 10-15 cm.
Beam - 20-30 cm.
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Organizational Diagram of the Chief Directorate for Roads
Karelo-Finnith SSR
Operations-Technical Section
Engineer Yegoretskiy
Engineer Karlokov
Machine Section
Ye Chekhianiin
Finance Section
Mikhaylovskiy
Personnel Section
A.F. Sorokina
IPlans and Economic 'Section
Schmit'L
(About 25 personnel p incl.
warehouse personnel)
First Sector
Prionezhskiy Rayon
Sector foreman - Yudkin
19 laborers
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Chief Directorate for Roads
Chief Engineer- Ye P. Nikolayevskiy
Senior Engineer- P Ivokuv (sic)
Road
Construction
Sections
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let. Sec.
Pudosh
Eng. Konoshko
1
Garages & Workshops
_J
2nd. Sec.
Petrozavodsk
P. Fedotov
Chief Tech. 'Al- IVanOv
Mechanic - Yevtsemyaki?
(ca. 20 individuals)
3rd. Sec.
pamilimmmow
4th Seci
5th Sec.
Suoyarvi
Eng.
Kanichev
Office Personnel
First Eng.-AG SavOnchev
Chief Bookkeeper-,Ya.
Yevseyev
Bookkeeper-AV KoSchek
Treasurer-AI Bekveneva
Second Sector
Third Sector
Fourth Sector
Fifth Sector
Gialtoydoskiy Rayon
Gialtoydoekiy1
Kondopozhskiy
Kondopozhskiy
Sector foreman -
Rayon
Rayon
Rayon
Laryoshkin
Sector foreman-
Sector foram
Sec. foremen-
14 laborers
M Krupin
Kolesnikov
Zaytsev
16 laborers
15 laborers
11 laborers
,
1 'Comment: According to available information there is no rayon in the Karelo-
17Finnish SSR by this name, may possibly be Zaonezhskiy Rayon.
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its tansmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
'rh-
reproduction of
SECRET/
this form is prohibited.
25X1
SECURITY INFORMATION
COUNTRY USSR (Moscow
25X1A
Oblast, irarelo.Finnish SSR) REPORT NO.
SUBJECT 1. Military
Engineerin,g School in DATE DISTR. 2 October
1953
Moscow
2. Military Highway School in Pavlova. NO. OF PAGES 3
Posad
DATE OF INFO,
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1A
25X1
PLACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
SOURCE:
1. In 105 the Military Engineering School of the Order -of the Red Banner
(Moakovekoye Kresnoznamentoye Inzhenernoye 1,Tchilishch,e) was located aiiout 500
meters from the Balshevo Station in Moscow. Soldiers selected to attend the
school at that time had. combat experience in engineering units and were considered
to have distinguish,ed themselves, particularly in evincing qualities of' leader.
ship.
2. A training cycle began in May 3,94,5. The applicants! entrance examination con.
stated of dictation in. Russian and some tests in arithmetic and algebra, con.
sidered to be relatively easy. Following a physical examination, they were
personally reviewed by a board. made up of high.ra,nking officers, including
generals. This board placed special emphasis on correct deportment.
3. The student body was divided into four battalions) which included four companies
apiece. From 100 to 120 men made up a company. They were taught by a faculty
which, including the music corps, comprised 200 persons. Major General Germalayev
Oomman.ded the school; his deputy, whose duties included heading the political
eeetion)Was Colonel Sgridonov or Sviridov. The Second Battalion was commanded
by Lieutenant Colonel Gorodeskiy; one of the companies in that battalion was
commanded by Lieutenant Kuritai.n. Lieutenant Colonel Pyrkin taught tactics and.
camouflage. A captain, handled political indoctrination. The head of the
medical and, dental sections was a woman with the rank of captain. Ratings of
the trainees ranged. from master sergeant (starshina) to student, (kursant). Their
shoulderboards? black with yellow piping, were ornamented with two croSsed a.xes.
Most of the training was performed. in the field, the students living in tents.
The ten glass hours a day covered tactics, open and close-order drill, camouflage
preparation, artillery, demolition, mime laying., and pontoon, road, and bridge
conatruction. The students were also instructed in _Russian language and. mathe-
matics; and were given political indOctrination. Athletics were voluntary.
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The headquarters of the staff of the White Sea Military District is located
in Petrozavodsk on GorshLaya Ulitsa. The headquarters area is enclosed and
located in the direction of the river. This area includes two four-story
masonry buildings, both approximately 40 x 25 meters, and several smaller
buildings. The commander of the military district is Marshal Meretskov.
He is seldom seen, usually only at the 1 May and 7 November parades. In the
I May parade of 1951, there were ten T-34 tanks, but no heavy tanks. The tanks
were presumably stationed in the vicinity of the city because they came to the
parade under their own power. There were many soldiers on the streets, I 25X1
there are at least 5,000 troops in the area. There
were troops irom ail orancnes of the service, but not many from the Soviet
Air Force.
11. An infantry school, is located on Anyokhin Street in Petrozavodsk. This school
is under the command of a general. The school consists of a large four-story
building, approximately 50 x 20 meters,
12. The city military commandant of Petrozavodsk holds the rank of colonel.
Altogether there are probably five or six generals Of the various staffs in the
city.
25X1A 1.
IcAllientt Pavlova-Posad, approximately 35 kilometers directly
east of Moscow, is on the rail line to Gorkiy.
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5. After a month at the school'the students were ordered to write their biographies.
One student in the cycle beginning hi May 1945 -was refused a commission because
his father was .serving a prison term. Those who passed the final examinationa
in the middle of October were commissioned as junior lieutenants and dispatched
to active units? mostly in the east.
try hway School in Panlova-Posad
6. Road construction schools and units were not established in the Soviet Army
until 1942 or 1943; when the Military Highway School in Pavlova-Posad
(N 55-481 B,38-42)? 70 kilometers southeast of Moscow on the road to 0orkiY,
waS founded .-L In the autumn of 1945 it still ran ,on a provisional baeis;
operating in an, old textile m111. The postal address was Moscow Oblast, Pavlova-.
Posed; VODG.DOKA. When the WD ,assumpd supervision of road construction in 1947
and. took over the school; the letter designation VODG.DOKA Was changed to VD00
MVD KA. Ordinarily? a field post office number for simdlitary unit would have
five digits, while those of MD units had four.
7. The original two-year course was extended to three in the autumn ,of 1945. In
command of the school was Colonel Sivolodskiy; Krapivinitskiy; either a colonel
or a lieutenant colonel; 'was second in command. Of the 30 or 4c) instructors,
all were officers except two from the local civilian School, who taught Russian
and mathematics. The 1;000 students; also ranking from starshina to rant,
Were_ divided into two battalions; each with three companies. Both rec i s
and soldiers with.combat experience made up the student body; the majority had
served in highwsy engineering units. One of the two sets of uniforms issued
them included high boots; regulation coat; leather belt; and visored cap. In
the winter they wore quilted caps. Shoulderboards with crossed axes designated
those concerned with road building. For training purposes; the students were
also issued. "liners", anoobsolete type of rifle, and gas masks. A studentts
salary started. at 50 rUbles? was increased to 100 the second year, and 150 the
third.
8. The subjects-novered at the school included small arms instruction (a compre..
hensive course covering rifles, pdstols, machine guns,: mortars, and hand
grenades); road and bridge construction; described as primarily theoretical;
construction materials; machines (tractors; trucks; bulldOzers; and graders);
open and olose-order drill; Soviet Army regulations; mathematics; geodesy;. the
Russian language; some English; and physical education, which included bayonet
drill; commando training, skiing; and swimming. The basis for the political
indoctrination Vas the study of the history of the Communist Party and Stalin's
book about the Great Fatherland War. In addition to these subjects, a student
would take a specialists course in either road Construction, road utilization,
or machines,
9. A typical daily schedule for a military training school Is as follows:
0600 - Reveille. Five minutes allowed for rising arid dressing.
0605 0, Setting-up exercises.
0620 - Wask make beds.
0640 - Dissemination of political information
0720 . Breakfast; followed by preparation for classes.
0800 - Classes (five before lunch).
1300 - Lunch (preceded by gymnastics).
1400 Rest (so-called altztazAhm; or .".devad hour") and study.
1500 - Classes (five).
2000 - Preparation of homework.
2100 - Supper.
2140 . Free time.
2220 -WashQ
2230 . Roll-cello singing of the national anthem, 'and informal singing.
2300
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
sEmanycorritot, US OFFICIALS ONLY
SECURITY INFORMATION
COUNTRY USSR MOSCOW' Oblaat Ukrainian SSE) REPORT NO.
25X1A
SUBJECT Me Road Construction :Corps of the MVD DATE DISTR.
2 October
1953
NO. OF PAGES 2
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1
25X1A
PLACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
.?
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
25X1X
SOURCE:
1. The Eighva,y Bureau of the Soviet Army MEtS diSsolved in May 1947? at which
time all highway construction troops and the Mititary :Highway School were
consolidated under the MVD,s Bureau of Hie:ways limier this body, a
Special Road Construction Corps (ODSK) was establ.iShed. The headquarters of
the ODSK was located in. Moscow in a complex of 'build.ings called the Belorussian
Station; as they were in the vicinity of a railroad station of the same name.
2. Major General Lyuby commanded the Road Construction Gorges, which had four
divisions. The first of these was presumbly stationed. in the vicinity of
Moscow.; the second, in the Crimea or the Caucasus; the third? in Rostov; and.
the fourth, in 1.1arkov. Major ?General Mi.churin commanded the Third Division;
the Fourth as under COlOnel Belyayev. The divisions were separated into
units initially d.esignated as regiments but eventually called battalions.
3. The units under the Third Division included. the bTth Road. Construction
Battalion in Rostov and a battalion in Novocherkessk: (N :E, 4.0.06).
These were occupiedp, during suMmer l949,c, with the building of a road between
the two cities; they also constructed a bridge over the straits between
laierson Oblast and the Crimea. The 87th Battalion; under the command of
Major Kuzmin? consisted of approximately 300 men 'end was equally subdivided
into three companies, each normally under the direction of a senior lieuterRnt.
Lieutenants and j7witor lieutenants served as platoon leaders. A master
sergeant in this batt*Iion with five years, longevity received 300 rubles a
month. If he were not directly concerned with construction works he would.
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The First Battalion of the Fourth Division was stationed in Slavyanek (1 48-52,
E 37-37); the Second?in Khrestishche (N 48-55, E '36-30). ,There were two more
battaliOAS under this division. The First Battalion's active strength was
between 240 and 250 men,. it was divided into companies of approximately 80 men
apiece. A. lieutenant colonel Commanded the battalion; the commander of one
of the coMpanies waS =officer of undesignated rank by the name of Klimenko.
Part of the wort performed by this battalion in summer 1947 consisted of
digging and transporting and and rocks on the Artemovsk (N 48-36; E 38-00) -
Kharkov road. While engaged in this work? t4e battalion enlisted men were
quartered in tents by the side of the road. They wore no distinguishing uni-
forms and participated in no special exercises, except occasional marching
and small arMB drille.
5. A sergeant with the First Battalion received 150 rubles per mOnth, and. was
virtually guaranteed a, bonus .of from 30 to 7.0 rubles, as the unit invariably
accomplished more work, than.demanded by its.quata. The address of the battalion.
was Stalin ?bleat,. Slavyansk, Military District v/T Sh.' . A unit first called
the Fifth Road Construction. Regiment, and. later the Fifth Road Construction
Divt-ton? was. aleo.stationedin Slavyanek.
During summer -1948, the 579th Special Bridge. Construction ,Battalion built a
:bridge over the soundat Chongar, Kherson Oblast. Double-laned? it was
100 meters .long and was flanked by sidewalks, each one meter wide, This
battalion- also resurfaced a 15-tilometer stretch of road between Slavyansk
and KhreetishChe, Its.commandingaffiCer, a. Jewish engineer, was. Major Pisman.
The battalion companies, of about 120 Men each, were divided .into fouriplatoons,
A sergeants salary amounted to 150 rubles, per -month; he would occasionally
get a bonus of 20 or 30 rubles- for overproduction.
7. Similar units, all directly responsible- to the Special Road Construction Corps
in Moscow, were deployed betweenKharkov and Simferopol and along the Kharkov...
Rostov road. The,latter highway, which proceede.-asoUthvard from Rostov, was
called Stalinls. Magistral- It was a first-class. highway, from eight to ten
_meters wide, surfaced with asphalt and .concrete. Tinhnicians from all parte
Of the country were employed. to .operate the specialized machinery, such..as1
excavators, "automatic apadee (Le Tpurneau excavators), bulldozers, graders,
and tractors, Much. of the unskilled labor wasdone by Japanese and German PWs,
25X1A 1.
Loalmag The letters 'IT Sh" represent an interpretation of an
adbiguous transliteration. It might possibly be "Ch"? "Sle? or "Shce.
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code. u
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
SECRET"(
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SECURITY INFORMATION
COUNTRY USSR REPORT
25X1A
NO.
SUBJECT 70th Marine Infantry Brigade DATE
DISTR. 2 October
1953
25X1A
NO. OF PAGES
1
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1
PLACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
25X1X
SOURCE:
1. Under the command of Colonel Blak? the 70th Marine Infantry Brigade, an
amphibious unit, participated in battles against the Finns in the Lake Ladoga
area in 194.3 and 1944. Together with the 3rd and 69th Brigades, this unit
formed. the 126th or 127th Light Infantry Corps, called the Sharpshooter Corps,
under the command of Major General Zhukov.
2. The 70th vim suffered. many casualties during the Lake Ladoga battles; in
Summer 1914 it was reinforced with recruits who had inhabited. the Finnish-
ocewpied area. These recruits were trained for about two months near Petrozavodsk
(N 61-49, E 34-20) and Kanda.lakshe, (N 67-09, E 32-26). In Septetber 19/14, the
unit was transferred to Kola (N 68-52, E3300) via the Murmansk railroad and.,
thence, was deployed along the Litsa Front. It engaged in the single envelop.
znent maneuver against Pechenga (N 69-33, E 31-12) and drove through to the
Neiden River (approximately N 68.48, E 3144).
3. The entire corps was transferred. to Gryazovets (N 58-53, E 40-14) in November
1944, where it was again reinforced, this time by Moldavian recruits, who
had. also lived in occupied territory. Thereafter, it moved to the Fourth
Ukrainian Front and fought through Poland, Sileaia, and Czechoslovakia. At
the end of World War II it had reached Friedek (N 49-38, E 18-21), and was
later transferred to the Far East.
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This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
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25X1
25X1A
om.uni II ins VIVTS4,1 ii
COUNTRY
SUBJECT
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRED
USSR
Living Conditi
REPORT NO.
s of Soviet Servicemen DATE DISTR.
NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1A
REFERENCES
1953
25X1
2 October
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
25X1X
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
25X1
SOURCE:
1. In 1951, enlisted, men in the Soviet Army Were billeted in barracks. The
theoretical space allowance: per man was four square meters,'
Sbme oarlcers lad
wr, up uW that extra expense,
jLLtinivl?Lcbe ul .1.11
the majority inhabited officers, quarters on their bases, where they were
apportioned one or two roma apiece.
2. The two most apparent divisions in the Soviet Army are the veterans and. the
recruits. The latter, on probation for three months after their induction,
'were not allowed leave or liberty of any kind until the expiration of that
period. Upon induction) a serviceman,s head. was shaved; he could. not crow
his hair back for two years, after which time, he was permitted to have a
crew-cut.
3. Those rating passes never received them more than once a week, generally
on Saturday or Sunday) which day would be split equally among the personnel
of a autruni-b. The pass, ordinarily never valid for more than five h.ours,
was usually good for a shorter period of time. It was within t
of the cOmmanding officer of a subunit to issue a 24-hour pass,
25X1 I rhe would tip so at his oWn risk, so presumably the pol
granting extra liberty varied considerably. No area limitation was imposed
on a paEss, but it would have to be shown to any patrol encountered. on the
ritreet An enlisted man was not allowed to visit a restaurant.
that the rules applying to officers in this respect were even more
stringent.
4. The relationship between officers and enlisted men was not coneidered friend...ly
Occasionally a platoon commander would address his men by a common nickname, such
as Petya or Vanys,. They in turn would cohmonly call him Tovariehoh Leytenant".?
25X1 5. I he last draft in late 1951 was the 1931 class. He noted that
well-trained through the military programs in the seven-
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yeax schools.
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amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
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25X1A
5MUKI I T INNJKMA I nirl
COUNTRY USSR (Murmansk Oblast) REPORT NO.
SUBJECT Sea Travel between Mlarmansk and DATE DISTR.
2 October
1953
Liinalhamati
NO. OF PAGES 2
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1A
25X1
PLACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
25X1X
SOURCE:
1. Two ships, the DERZHAVIN and the SESTRORETSK? made a :regular run between
Murmansk and Liinakhamari (N 69-38, E 31-22) in lateTautumn 1951.
doubted whether the departure point of the ships, was farther east .
Murmansk. The ships pursued different courses in their run. The SESTRORETSK
had formerly sailed the Leningrad - London route.
2. Tickets were available at a sea station on a quay in Murmansk harbor. First
class accommodations? consisting Of one berth in a double cabin) cost 100
rubles. Second and third class quarters could also be purchased, but it
was generally necessary to make arrangements for those in advance.
3. About 45 minutes before the SESTRORETSK departed from Murmansk for one trip)
approxirAtely 20 passengers were aboard. These included some Coast Guard
personnel, who wore army uniforms with "SF" (Northern Fleet) on their shoulder,-
boards; some soldiers from the Border Patrol, wearing green caps with black
bandgj some Border Patrol officers, who carried sidearms; and a Navy captain
third rank. The servicemen did not comprise a unit and were presumably on
leave. The civilians on board were in the minority.
25X1
4. No verbal abandon-ship instructions were delivered, but placards on the wall
in Russian and English indicated which lifeboat the various passengers shoUld
report to incase of an emergency. Four or more lifeboats were available.
The ship .did not put into any ports between Murmansk and Liinakhamaril a
voyage which took about nine hours. She followed the coastline fairly closely;
it was.never out of sight, and occasionally individual houses on shore could
be distinguished. Movies were shown on board during the trip.
5. The ship employed neither a pilot nor a tug in the approach to the Liinakhamati
dock. Only token controls were imposed by the Border Patrol ttarshina and
private who. chocked the passengers, papers on the dock. A sailor collected
the tickets. At Murmansk, .the check of the papers, by a Border Patrol lieutenant
and two soldiers, had been stricter.
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6. There were no lights, on. the Liinakhamari wharf,. which 1 escribed as
wooden and in poor condition. Inc cranes in the vicinity.. A
boat, resembling a fishing vessel, witn .a mast and a bridgepwas tied up on
one side of the Wharf. The road leading away from the wharf was paved for about
5.0 meters? after which it degenerated into mud. Curbstones had been installed
.on the aide nearest the sea. On the side of the roadd 'two concrete
pipes one,and...a-half Meters lOng and two meters in diameter. A nondescript
one,-story building, about 300 meters from the wharf,. served as a pea station,
in which awaiting TWM was provided for the passengers.
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INFORMATION REPORT
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the 'U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of Its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
sEurri(
25X1
25X1A
SECURITY INFORMATION
COUNTRY USSR (Ifs e10-Finnish SSR) REPORT NO.
25X1A
SUBJECT conomic Conditions in the Karelo-Finnish DATE DISTR.
2 October
1953
SSR
NO. OF
PAGES 3
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT
NO.
25X1
25X1A
PLACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
SOURCE:
25X1
1. The lowest salary known in 1951 wasl.paid to unskilled. construction
workers; it amcrinted. to 600 rubles Der month; which deductions pared. down to
a net of 450.1 I mn working on such a salary could
reasonably expect a quick raise. For bare subsistence, a bachelor needed.
25X1 approximately 20 rubles .per day. An unskilled worker and. Us wife could. lire
well if they had no children to support and the wife could hold down a Job.
The woman. would add. an income of 400 rubles per month to her husband's 600
or 700; after deductions, they would. net 800 rabies per month. Some mitigated.
their difficulties by cultivating vegetable gardens, the most important atapke
of which was potatoes.
2. A road-building technician, who took charge of the bookkeeping and .a,m1nistrative
work for a gang of 90 workers, received. a salary of 600 rubles and an extra 40
rubles for traveling expenses. Ilia take-home pay amounted to about 590 rubles
per monti3; the d.ectuctions included 50 rubles towards a loan (ZigaZ), 36 for his
bachelor's tax, 36 for his income tax, 15 for the rent of a government apart-
ment? and six rubles for professional union dues.2
3. Ithe following food prices; black bread, 1,80 rubles per kilograz;
putter, rrom jib to 40 rubles per kilogram; 12 rubles for granulated sugar and
14 for cubes; and 18 rubles for a bar of chocolate. Melted fat, the only
variety readily available in. all. localities, coat 2;5 rubles per kilogram. Fork
fat was available to a limited. extent in the larger cities. The price of sausage
ranged from 13" to 40 rubles per kilogram. A half liter of beer cost 2.50 rubles;
the same amount of vodka sold for 23 rubles.
25X1
4. At a station restaurant a full meal, described as excellent? cost about 30 rubles.
One would be charged eight rubles for an entree of sbornaya selyanka. (sauerkraut
and meat or fish); or of goose. The cheapest entree available was a kotleta (cutlet
of ground meat), which was priced. at three or four rubles in coffee shops and.
six in restaurants. The restaurants had. white tablecloths, and. a waitress was
called. an ofit siantka.
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5. The cheapest variety of sleoes, costing from 40 to 60 rubles, waemade of wat ea
proof canvas. Leathereteeped shoes with rubber soles cost about 100 rubles,
Shoes .of good leather cost 350 rubles. They were readily obtainable if one
could afford them. A set of undearwear, also plentiful, cast 80 rubles. A
25X1 serge tat was. sold .at from 800 to 1,000 rubles; the average jacket cost 500
rubles. People generally-were cloaks f4lashchi) and hats while shopping in
the citYll peey'had tired of the military tenic. The cloaks
served double duty, for work and recreation. Bats were not worn in the summer.
Girls also Wore cloaks and either heta or berets, although the latter were going
out Of Style in 1951. Women's summer shoes were usually Izip.c22.1_11d. (light shoes
With flat heels.).
6. Most brands of cigarettes mere manefactured at the Uritakty Tobacco Factory in
Leningrad. The most popular were the Kraanara ZtEadtaS which were both
cheap? 1,50 rubles, and strong. The Belmar neale-Fiatival? and Pushka brands
each cost 2.30 rubles for a pack of 2ralif76;Mg. Cheaper brands included
Baketa and Sport, 80 and 60'kopeke respectively, and Paras. at 80 kopeks
for 20 cigarettes. The Samorodok brand, a good quality cigarette, cost seven
rubles. One could buy MFFE;i7-76r 15 kopeks. Many people rolled their Own
cigarettes, but few smoked pipes.
25X1
25X1
25X1
7. In generals an adequate saeOrteent of geode was. displayed in city -department
stores. Village stozes were less well-stocked. because .of the difficulties of
transportation. 1 however, that the buyer had to be discriminating
lest he be sold ineereor -material. Luxuries- and furniture were not always
easily obtainable even in Mescoluit was sometimes difficult
te buy a watch - and some items of clothing .vere.occasionally at a premium. An
expenseve silk shirt, for instance, could be bought ateany tine, but it was often_
difficult to procure severk. shirt. Ink Was readily available in verioue. sizes
of bottles, Enough .aoap.could.be bought. During 195I shortagesof sugar and
buckwheat existed in the KareloeFinnish SSR.
8. The markets, at vhieh the v' ors set the prices of their goods, had more to. sell
than did the department stores. They were generally open fel- buelnese from 0700
to 1700 or 1800 hours, and were particularlyacrowded.on Saturdays and Sundays
when inhabitants ofoutlying districta.vould come to the cities to shop. The
troaem? also, w.s available for those who wished to purchase canned goods.
an ..the like.
9. Theeti_ek.91oriemskez (city executive committee) apartments were considered
good .living -quarters; those who inhabited such apartments- usually did not change
their residence when they shifted jobs. It was eaaysto rent other private
apartments.byaconsulting 'various bulletin boards throughout a city or by in-
quiring of ones acquaintances; the letter method was said to. bring the test
25X1 reaulte. The .primaryaieterminant of the amount of rent was the floor space-of
the room Or apartment; ae20eequateeteter room- would cost from 100 to 150 rubles
per month. Rovevere it was an eccepted practice to bargain with ones landlord
before moving in. most landlerda,interest did not ?depart
from the finaneial aepect of the deal, and that few queetione concerning such
matters as employment and. references were. asked. Fora feeaa landlord would.
usually perfere 'the function of registering his tenant with the city autherities,
the apartments. established by various organizations and enter-
eeeee, eadefit.of their employees usually conetituted the best and
_eheapest lodging. In Petroavodsk, all; housing was allotted by the pr (city
(city
commissariat).
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10.
begging was an everyday phenomenon. Many of the beggars
Were children,, some .of whom solicited money so that 'they could attend the moviese
butathe majerity-weee criepled war veterans,. Both classes of beggars haunted
the railroad trains and stations. [the crippled veterans 25X1
spent most of their proceeds for liquor, but indicated that that was understandable,
and that most people sympathized with them and would give them 20 kopeks or se.
some of the crippled veterans had jobs specifically designed for them, but pest
were content to receive their governmental allowance and. beg. A quadruple amputee
Was paid approximately 300 rubles per month.
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the
the following coins as among monetary units existing in 1951
6ne-0 two-? five-? ten-, 15-? 20-? and 30-kopek pieces. The 50-kopek piece
had apparently been withda'awn from circulation. Further denominations existed
in one:three- five, ten-?25 5Q and 100-ruble notes. The ten-ruble
note was referred to as a chervonets; the 100-ruble? as a la-eml.
25X1A
1.
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2. L I comment: The loan was probably a government loan r(gosudarstvennyy
25X1A Weill ?
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This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its oonteskte
SECRET/
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he reproduction of this form is prohibited.
25X1A
%room v ni . I nirvigannmori
? COUNTRY USSR REPORT NO.
SUBJECT Unions, Factory Personnel Procedures? DATE DISTR.
and Wages in the USSR
2 October
1953
NO. OF PAGES
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1
25X1A
PLACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
'
25X1X
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
SOURCE:
25X1X 1.
25X1X
25X1X
it was t ? ally incumbent upon a worker to
join a professiorial union, I practically all workers did 40
as soon as they *ere employed, at a factory. It was considered. fairly easy to
join these unions, although candidates were occasionally rejected. Their at-
traction lay in,the fact that a member would receive from 50 to 100 percent of,
his salary while sick, depending on his union tenure. In Petrozavodsk (N 61449,
E 34-20), a worker on sick leave received 50 percent for the first three years,
60 percent between three and five years, 80 percent between five and. eight, and.
thereafter full pay. Non-members, on the other hand, would. not be reimbursed.
at all. Dues, which had to be paid regularly, were prorated. at one percent of
the individual's salary.
2. Soviet workers were paid. according to the category in which they were placed..
Seven such categories existed; the progression went from the first up to the
seventh. Workers without any training, usually old, men, occupied the first
part of the second categories; they would. be employed as street cleaners,
garbage haulers, and. water boys for construction gangs. At the top of the
ladder were the specialists, such as carpenters, lathe operators, and. welders.
Sex discrimination was distinctly in evidence; a woman hading down the same ti
25X1 job as a man would be cateccorize4 lower than her male counterpart. Most
women were# lin the third. category. It was considered.
exceedingly difficult for them to be ranked in the fifth.
3. Also pertinent to the salary of the individual workercwas the wage 'one in
which he lived and. Worked. There were five of them, presumably established
on a nOrth.south geographic scale. The least lucrative zone, in which Moscow
was located, was the middle one; a worker could most profitably be employed.
in the zone farthest north where the wage 'scale was approximately double that
in Moscow.1
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The hiring of laborers was the prerogative of the pertinent personnel section
(Qtdel Kadroy), the chief of which/ however/ was limited to this function; he
did. not possess the authority to hire white-collar workers of any description.
Leave authorisations for individual laborers originated with the director of '
the particular plant and passed down through the personnel section. The maxi-
mum leave was for a month (24 working days); ..1nost unskilled laborers received.
two 'weeks per year. Tartlimes of one day in returning from leave could be re.
warded. as a serious offense/ but the authorities did. not quibble over a half.
hour discrepancy/ as apparently had. been the case a few years before
report.
To change ones place of work, an official release from the original employer
vnte. neoeSsary) with the complementary proviso that the worker was assured
of employment at his expressed. destination,. Laborers were urged to move from
a metropolis, such as Leningrad or MOSCOW to an outlying district, a suggestion
which had. little popularity among them. l'he reverse/ such as a move from 1:
Siberia to Moscow/ was not allowed.. Generally/ it was easy to obtain a re-
lease fromttemporary enterprises but hard with vital industries. Practically
every organization was loath- tb let its specialists go; other workers could
bribe the director with some hope of success.
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tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
EtErma
eipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
25X1A
SECURITY INFORMATION
COUNTRY
SUBJECT
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRED
USSR (.Irarelo-Finni
KolkhOr Condition*
Finnish SSE
R)SS REPORT NO.
in the Ureic-DATE DISTR.
NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1A
REFERENCES
1953
25X1
2
2
October
25X1X
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1. In 1951, every kolkhOz was administered by apresident and a political deputy
40
with the assistance of professional agi6nomists. This white-collar cadre
consisted entirely of mens although two-thirds of the kolkhoz workers were -
Women. I the government enforced compulsory mobilization
Of laboxi 31,.v.i.x..u.t.my mut that; unlike factories; it WM impossible for
a worker to leave the kolkhoz to which he had been assigned.
. The annual meeting concerning the accounts of each kolkhoz was characterized
by confusion. Practically invariably a worker 'would expect more than be-
eventually received in payment for his labor; he would not have taken into
account hidden or unexplained deductions; such as subscriptions to State loans
Or charges; for food from the communal supply which he had consumed while
working in the. fields.
Payment to the workers vas made primarily in kind .rather than in currency. Eo
hundred rubles per year was conaidered a better than average emolument. Pay
ranged from .7 to 1.5 rules per day; with only the president receiving the
latter amount. Moat women were paid the former amount; which could be converted
into tram 200 to 400 grams; ,of bread. Workers cultivated their own Vegetable
garden and, in addition; received some cabbage and bread from the kolkhoz.
1 a person could earn a three-.. or four-month supply of bread duzilling
the year; the rest he had to buy at the State store in which kolkhoznikl made
their purchases. Those families who owned_ cows wre .!permitted to sell milk in
the city markets. At least one member of a family would be employed-in-some
industry rather than on the kolkhoz.
Although there were' no- incidents of pcvsitive action,
the kolkhOz worker's generally had low morale and wer_ u.i.ayvaeu
toward the governmelat. The antiSoviet book ne_Tragegly_Of .the Kolbhoz Paraere.
.WaS described as aCcurate. Under the Finnish. oC6714i-E17155:7711773E-Vg7S7M-1----
Finnish War in 1941$ the workers disbanded the kolkhozY, on their own initiative.
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13$.
19i. eight.kakhoky heil-lwat combined. into tol, the Lenin end Stalin
oentrelizatiOn,oeneett:no noticeable ehenge iZt the living
AK
eon of the le%41"*"04, exeqt for the feet that it aftessi
tate a longer milk to vork. f?z *one of them.
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This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the 'U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
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25X1
25X1A
SECURITY INFORMATION
COUNTRY USSR (Ukrainian SSE/Karelo-Finnish SSR) REPORT NO.
SUBJECT Religion in the Karelo-Finnish ,rid DATE DISTR.
Ukrainian SSEs
1953
2 October
25X1A
NO. OF PAGES
1
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1
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REFERENCES
SOURcE:
STATE
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
25X-1X
rmamm?m?iamemsnal,
1. By 1951; a considerable measure of religious freedom existed in the USSR.
Whereas; before World War II all churches in the Karelo-Finnish SSE,
had been closed; in 1951 at least one functioned in Petro4avuuaA
101,,q4; h .34-20 and one wae'open in Ladva (N 61-20; E 34-40). The prietst
of the latter church returned to his congregation from a concentration namp.
2. Noliday congregations, composed principally of older people, were particularly
large. Children were often baptized, and it was not considered too uncommon
for adults; including Communist Party members to undergo that sacrament. The
people generally respected the priests0
pome religious pamphlets; reSemblin,g chain letters; were distributed; commenting
on political and civic proceedings. The reciplent would be asked to copy such
a letter and forward it to an. acquaintance. In 1951; anyone so inclined coul.d
make traditional Easter food :and colored eggs with impunity. Despite the fact
that organized persecution had vanished; some official anti-religious pressure
remained; during harTesting campaigns; the Eaykom 'warned the priests to shorten
religious serviceS,,
no controls were instituted against conscientious objectors
in the Karelo-Finnish SSE; but in the Ukraine a man was sentenced to five years
for refusal to bear arms on that ground. A priest in Ehrestishche (N 48-55,
E 36-30) held the rank of a major and was a Party member; the latter fact was
known because he exhibited his documents when drunk. Various Baptist sects
flourished throughout the Ukraine; a Baptist church in Novocherkassk (N 47-24;
E .4o-o6) was. located near the Yekaterinskiy Gate. All religious persons in
the Karelo*Finnish SSE recognized the supremacy of the Moscow church.
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sEcREv
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tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its trensmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
25X1
SECURITY INFORMATION
25X1A
COUNTRY USSR (Harelo-Finnish 88R) _ REPORT NO.
SUBJECT Higher Education in the Karelo-Finnish DATE DISTR.
2 October
1953
SSR
25X1A NO. OF PAGES
2
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1
PLACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
25X1X
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
SOURCE:
25X1
I
1. In.1951? the Harelo-Finnish State University was located in the capital of the
republic, Petrozavodsk (N 619? E 34-20). This institution had departments
in, among other subjects, Russian language and literature, Finno-Ugric, Ntxxism.
and Leninism, physics end mathematics, geology, and ichthyology)- The cUrriculum
included courses in English, No -instruction in Norwegian or Swedish was 'offpred;
not know of any educational institution which taught those languages.
2. Yakovlev, (fnu)? the president of the university; was rumored to have a salary
,of 15,000 rubles per month. Professor ipatov headed the department of physics
and mathematics; one .of his lecturers was Zakoldayev? (fnu). The only courses
in which armed service TersOntel enrolled were those in Marxism and Leninism.
3. The technical schools attached to the university included one fOr architectural.
and construction engineering, highway engineering and mechanics, mining,
statistics, music, medicine, nursing, midwife trainin.% and veterinary studies.
The five-year forestry institute had evening classes. A man who successfully
completed. the mtdical school -would became a field surgeon, a grade lower than
that of doctor.2
,N41St Qf the University students, whose ages ranged 20 to 30, planned to satis;y
their military requirements after graduating; the rest had taken their term of
service before matriculatioq. Seven years of schooling were a prerequisite for
admission to ,one of the teeWill cal schools; one could be admitted without
examination after eight. The majority .of the technical stlidents commenOed their
specialized. studies at the age of 14 or 15 and. were completely trained by the
time they were 20. Students .who were natives of Petrozavodsk lived at home.
The rest procured accommodations in boarding houses.
5. To be admitted to the teachers1 school in 'Petrozavodsk, which trained_ elementary
inatructorso ten years of schooling were required.
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6. An institute of finance and economics and an, agricultural school were located.
in portavala (N 61-42, E 3041). ladva (N &o20 E 34-30) had a school for
tractor 9:orators and. -automobile mechanics. The tractor operators completed
their couple in three monthaj the mechanics, in to years. The White Sea
Navigation sohoolo in. Belomorsk (It 1.32, E 34,48)0 offered a three-year course
for sailors, engine mechanics, and mates for coastal vessels. Experience at
oea ?'net not considered an entrance requirement.
7. The Ministry of lligher Education had. general Jurisdiction over educational
planning, textbooks, and teachers, but the technical schools were administered
by the individual ministry concerned..
25X1A
25X1
25X1A 2.
pomment; It would seem peculiar for a separate
consioer so slleoialized a subject as ichthyblogy. Perhaps
zoology.
department to
. Comment: 'Field surgeon." is probably a translation of feldsher
or .ocre assfatant, a common medical designation in the Soviet Union.
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INFORMATION REPORT
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
sEaFETi(
25X1
25X1A
SECURITY INFORMATION
COUNTRY USSR (Karelo.,Finnish SR) REPORT NO.
SUBJECT Recreation in the Karelo-i,Finnish SSE DATE DISTR.
2 October
1953
25X1A
NO. OF PAGES
2
DATE OF INFO.
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1
PLACE ACQUIRED
REFERENCES
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONVENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
25X1X
SOURCE:
1. Popular motion pictures in the Katelco,Finnish SSR. during autumn 1951 included
Eavaler Zoloto Zvez (Enigbt of the Golden Star), Padeni e Berlina (The Fall
of Berlin)0 Sekretna Missi , (Secret Misaian), the fore gn picture Meksika ksga
.Devushka (The Mexican Girl., 8.Ati the Chinese -films ..421120j*vushks (Gray Girl
and .....21,tsSoztat (SOldier of Steel). Also well received .was a picture derived
from the book,Rekord Mostvz (Record of Moscow). he Pictures 25X1
to be of a uniformly high quality and the actors extremely.comperent artists,
but he was displeased with the lack. of. realism .and the hsmndmg evident in
depicting kolkhoz life. This criticism he levelled particularly at 41211E
a1-21;20y.
2. A movie ticket costs from three to seven. rubles. Children could ,obtain admission
to special juvenile matinees for two or three rubles Rows and seats in the
theaters werO generally numbered. Movies were occasionally exhibited in .clubs.
3. In Petrozavodsk 61-49p E 34-20); reserved seats and advance sales Were available
for both cinema and theatrical productions at the theater box offices and the
central post office. Difficulty was frequently encountered in obtaining a tiSket
for the first few daya of the run of a play or motion picture.
I. During the winter, plays were usually performed .every Saturday and two weeknights
in Petrozavodsk. Ihe metropolitan theaters close daring the summer while the
actors tour the countryside. Ticket prices ,ranged from five to fifteen rubles.
Source affirmed that a large network of theatets existed among the smaller cities.
5. Few people owned radios; there were about 500 seta among the Petrozavodsk popu-
Dation of approximately 50,000. Most peop1e0 however, had loudspeakers. The
only official limitation placed on the purchase of a set was the necessity of
registering it at the post office, althoUgh an owner was liable to the charge
of cosmopolitanism, The cheapest brand, the Maskva.? was very small; it coat
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approximately 250 rubles. Other popular makes included the PTS, the Bodina?
and the Ural. The prices of the latter twovfrom 800 to 1,500 rubles., were
prohibitive for all except the very rich andviarious institutions.
the Ural had the beat receiver.
Broadcasting commenced in Petrozavodak at 0600 hours with the correct time
from Moscow and concluded at 2400 hours with the Kremlin bell. The radios
were silent from 1500 to 1600. Programs were generally rebroadcast from
Moecow or other central stations. It was officially foebidden to tune in
foreign stations, but virtually everyone who Owned a radio, including Communist
Party members, did so. The BBC could be heard, with considerable interference,
between 2400 and 0600 hours
5X1
25X1
25X1
that the best time for workers to listen to the radio as rar as tneir personwl.
routine was concerned, was between 0730 and 0800.
7. The various enterprises and political groups arranged summer excursions for
their members. Informal, recreation flourished on Saturday night. A city
bachelor would change his clothes and dine after work (Saturday was an eight.
hour day), and proceed to a park with a friend He might conceivably be a
trifle tight when he arrived at the park, where he would dance until 0300 or
0400 hours and then walk home, there being no transportation at that hour.
Sundays he would sleep until noon and then busy himself with preparations
for a similar party that night. Laborert would frequently patronize beer
and vodka stands on their 'limy home from work. Their attitude at these stands
was described by source as sloppy. Beer, always available, cost 2.6 rubles
per glasii aad. 25 rubles for a half-liter bottle.1
25X1A 25X1A
1. L, Comment: In Reportl I quoted the price of
a helf-liter of beer at 2050 rubles, and that of the same amount of vodka
at 23 rubles. Be wee undoubtedly referring aa vodka, at least regarding
the higher price, in this context; be mentioned that a two-ruble charge
was exacted for the bottle itself.
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This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
SECRET/
COUNTRY USSR (Kare10.4inntsh SSP)
SUBJECT Public Opinion and. Propaganda in -the.
Xereloo-Finnish SSR
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRED
25X1A
REPORT NO.
DATE DISTR.
NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO,
REFERENCES
25X1
25X1A
2 October 1953
3
25X1
25X1X
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE. .
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
SOURCE:
25X1
1. The underlying theme of the political attitudes of the
Soviet people indicated tat tney were, I !quite dissatisfied with the 25X1C
Soviet regime, but that their dissatisfaction bad not sufficiently crystallized
to inspire them to any concerted rebellion. They were accustomed to blame the
MGB and Communist Party members for most adverse conditions. The latter were
suspect because they could easily obtain sinecures, and because of their
generally privileged status. Party members were fawned on while in their
25X1 ascendancy; one functionary in particular who constantly
received free room ana liquor from various storekeepers until, for some
reason or other, he fell out of favor with his superiors. Then he tmmediately
became a pariah. Formerly ardent Bolsheviks, despite ideological disillusion-
ment? vould pay lip-service to Bolshevik principles for the sake of personal
advancement. That motive constituted by far the greatest attraction of
Party membership.
25X1 2. some specific inbidents of open dissatisfaction. A widespread
and angry Tumor averred that the government sent wheat to India while those at
home vent hungry. The inefficiency characteristic of government public service
projects was not appreciated. At one time it was promised that a certain section
of the countryside would be supplied with electric lighting. The too-hasty con-
Struction of a power plant ?proved a failure with the result that no electricity
vas ever forthcoming. Falsification and exaggeration of production and labor
figures to avoid scandal was widespread. To underline the passive quality- of
the dissatisfaction, however?1 espite considerable opposition25X1
to church persecution. and the large-scale resistance to collectivization, in-
25X1
evitably the churches suffered and the farmers were collectivized.
25X1 I the police organizations should be abolishea? tne
Ms runctions atterea? and the kolkhozy eliminated. In this last regard,
hOwever? he emphasized that no one farmer 'should be allowed to become a large
landowner.
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3. Frequent incidents. had .occurred in .which public criticism. _of eeme aspect
of the regime had.gane unpunished.. This happened airily.in informal con-
25X1 -TerSetioeal groupse but pne formal propagands, meeting at
Which the Communist Partyeorator vas- heckled from the floor withaat adverse
results- for the heckler. No ceeporing eflettera took place except in the
concentration .aamps, The postal rate of firat class mail was 40 kopeks'.
25X1 la Speaker at a ,epareelysattended election
rally in Petrosavodek Ilea startled -his listeners by yelling into the mecros
phone .an enjoinaer not to crowd on the platform from. the right. The explana-
tion for this peculiar oeceerence lay in the feet, the theproceedings were
being broadcast to Mosccw.
4. The, basil, for the government power over the people rested -in the fact that
every individual VBB, afraid to initiate active resietance. himself.
25X1 an insurrection would receive fairly wide supmoet after geztig
aquwzw,714 uuu underlined the difficulty 4,n :communicating the news_ fran city
to. city. He reaffirmed the prevailing-political apathy by the example of
lesov eituatien. Everyone in the Soviet
the:
knew abont Vlesove. but. wee entirely disinterested in. nis crusace. Tne
V Armyi-
were generally sympathetic to the prisoners in s, IarelosFinnish camp .designed
especially for Viseev supporters.. but some hated them because .of their af-
filiations.with the Germane..
25X1
25X1
25X1
. It was enerally believed thet peoples in all other countries were better
..........those in Soviet Russia. Particular emphesis in this regard Vas
placed on Western Europe; those eho had traveled ebrosd0 esrticulerly soldiers2
would secretly compare conditions. military 25X1
discipline was exceedingly strict among the Soviets in Germany, and that
soldiers serving in Germany were far better dressed than those billeted at
25X1 home0 who had met Americans during World War Il had favorable
recollections or tne reiationship9 but the general belief held that Americans
were aggressors. Korea, was cited as an example wheYes he 25X1
Soviet farces had left but the Amex...team renetned.
6. People both feared and hoped for 6, war. This ambivalence could be explained
by the fact that many believed a war would effect a change in regime; they
had hoped for such s, change during World War II. The discontent among the
soldiers and population in the eve* of hostilities is expected to exceed
considerably that of World War 11.i
there would be general indignation ehould atom bombs be dropped on heavily
populated aresa? but that "everything would be in order" if the Kremlin could
be pinpointed and eliminated. Be thought that propaganda from such Russian
emigre groups as the NTS would prove more effective during e ear than American
antisCommunist material. Be felt strongly that the people had to be informed.
that Russian wax veterans were abroad working against the Soviet regime.
7. The strong and peressive feeling of nationalism among the Russian peoples ran
through tical discussions like a leitmotiv. Noting that Russians
professe- --rest in foreign affeirsd rhe USSR
shoad be free of foreign Influence as well ad see V.I. w.te puxnucv.L.An. Any
temporary executive committee formed as a result of a coup d,etat
required to prove itself faithful to this nationalistic spirit.
n such an event the people would brook no secret agreement
25X1
25X1
3PE1
25X1 8. The question of Ukrainian secession generally disturbed the peciple; I I 25X1
'such e step were taken without consulting the ethnic.
Oilsuld resist it. Very little animosity existed among
uz.rsualLa441, 1,14c .1.0.,,,%,=1
the various nstionalitiesl I
25X1X the Great RusOlans disliked the Cdeseckse who 'were conaidered stupid; their dark
25X1 gain apparently increased the prejudice against them. Be also noted that the
natives of the Zakerpatskeya area were temperamental., but stated that they cone
ducted themselves in the ermy without engendering friction. The Estomians _
were said to mix well withother 'ethnic groups; the 25X1
Great Russians Belorussians and Ukrainians "hau. a. - , n".
A Great Russian would. commonly be referred to as Ivan; a Georgian;, as Eatsol
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and a Cossack, as Mdulla. tany Great Russiuns had . 25X1
moved to -the pre,6Baltic are . f living was reputed. to
be higher than elsewhere. Conversely; Fotonians had settled throughout
the Soviet Union.
9. Georgians took pride in their compatriot Stalin; many youths were fully.con-
vinced that be was a genius, 3Slinin was held in high esteem because.- he was
considered one of the limsses. LeninF.s.memory?was.revered; the opinion per..6
slated in some quarters that Trotskiy shoUld have succeeded him.
10. The Soviet-Finna were generally antipathetic towards, the Soviet regime,
During the Finnish .occupation of the present-day Yarelo-Finnish SSR in the
Soviet,FinnilWwnr.they, in fact, disbanded the kolkhozy. The oldintelli-
gentsiavas-pietured as.being passively antioBolahevik, while the young
25X1 25X1X members of that .class 4 were not intrigued by political
matters_ but concentrated on fostering the nationalistic spirit. They were;
howeverp-inclind to believe their.parents when the latter mentioned the
favorable memories the. Laart regimeepoked:when. compared -to the government
in power. The ,older 'people-. spoke well of the NEP. kdoggerel italiciing
the comparison of. the old and new regimes ran3
-"Under Tsar Mkolashek
Gingerbread, and fritters were eaten,
But now the Bolehevtas
Do not give rye flour.''
25X1
25X1A I Jconmntais report lAbors under the (14mble disadvantage of being
derived from a somewhat incoherent and aMhixaous discussion. 25X1
$ECRETV
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Approved For Release 2003/08/05 : CIA-RDP80-00810A001100880007-6
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the tis. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
SECRET/Cl
25X1
25X1A
SE URITY
COUNTRY
SUBJECT
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRED
USSR (Karelo-Finniah
Oblast)
Concentration Camps
Finnish SSR and
SSR and Arkhangelsk REPORT NO.
in the Karelo.. DATE DISTR.
.Arkhangelsk Oblast
NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO.
25X1A REFERENCES
1953
25X1
2 October
2
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE. 25X1X
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
25X1 1. pix forced labor camps in the Karelo-Finnish SSR and Arkhangelsk
Oblast in and/or immediately prior to 1951 one the Kotschkoma 25X1X
25X1 Station, and anotherl pap No. 203/8 near Molotovsk (N 65-40,
E 39-50).1 Two other camps were located in or near Kotlas (N 61-1 6, E 46-35),
nm A 1-he remaining camps were in the suburbs of Petrozavodsk; Kakovka and Petushki.
25X1 a large complex of camps existedain Arkhangelsk Oblast and
many in Central Asia. His discussion of them was not based on personal ex-
perience.
2. Both political prisoners and criminals inhabited the forced labor camps. The
only distinction in their treatment was the fact that the political prisoners
'Worked outside the confines of the camp while the criminals remained within
the barriers. The inmates wore striped convict clothes. They worked in groups
of twenty men; each group was guarded by two or three soldiers and a like
number of trusties. In Kotlas, the prisoners' work, described as very hard,
consisted mainly of transporting, loading, and floating logs. In POtrozavodsk
the emphasis was on construction and road-building. 'lever heard of
25X1 beating of prisoners, but 'the guards' were customarily
shouted, and that the prisoners exnibited extreme timidity towards them. The
guards were addressed as Mr. Director (grazhdanin nachalnik). No dogs were
used, except to track down ay. escapee.
3. One of the Kotlas camps, outside the city, was surrounded by two fencesP A
strip of barbed wire ran around the top of the outer fence, two-and-one-half
meters high. Towers at the fence corners had searchlights and guards stationed
thereon. The inner fence (predzonnik) was constructed of barbed wire; 4,
prisoner caught between the two without authorization was considered as
attempting to escape. Near the large entrance gate, the duty officer stood
his watch in a booth.
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4. The prisoners livedin barracks.. A cultural,education unit (kuvocha).served
for recreational purposes, Oneoopla re Ra lipoRnAllArbg there,. imbibe propaganda
in tbolled-pernerT or play cards I the latter-divtrtionVas
the moot -popular. The FTCh (industrial-technical unit) assigned the,prispners
their work; it was considered advantageous to ingratiate oneself with the
authoriWs of that section, in that lighter assignments often resulted. A
prisoner was allowed visitors.on.Ssturday and Sunday for a period .of 15 minutes
viditor. One inmates wife was permitted to write him twice a month; she
closq,small amounts of Money until he obtained a job as a bookkeeper in, the
25X1camp.3I Isomt townspeople viaated the law by passing
,messages to various prisoners as hey.mkrched through:the city.
5. The inmates of the tamps, a thirdof'whomwere women, were: usually serving
Sentences of from five to fifteen yeara, The prisoners in PetrOZavodsk all
had :terms of five years or under. Many of the women had worked in German
camps during World War II, The civilian population pitied the priaoner044
they knew the hardships under which they laboredbut they were not inclined 1,1,-.
to oheltor any who escaped, as it was gpesumed that all those who attempted
to escape had a-record of several criminal convictions. It was not believed,
hOweVer, that the criminal inmates were in the majorityj the generally
smathstic feeling ,of the =lace toward' the prisoners loould have been
25X1 exp ained-by the fact that, , most families had at least
one imprisoned relative-.
6. Upon his release, a convict's fortunes enjoyed ,no meteoric rise-. The fact
that he had served a term, and its length, was indicated on the passport issued
to Um, by the camp. The more lengthy .his term, the shorter the validity of his
passport at ftt-conolusion.* A man -convicted for the first time, and for a
minor offense, received a passport good for five years. A serious offender,
upen release, was given one valid for three months. Nor was persecution
limited to the offenderhimself. One convict's son was denied a commission
when the Soviet Army authorities diecOVered his father's prison status, despite
the fact that the young man had Successfully completed the requisite officer
training.
25X1 7.
25X1 25X1
25X1A
25X1
25X1
:per
a large number of 'well.educeated persons inhabited
forced
+be
I lhad
25X1
labor camps.
specific objective
heard rumors
He had heard that many of them were cooperating tOyareta
of tangible opposition to the Soviet regime.
that this group had "helpers outside the country."
(A
possibly have been referring to the town of Kochkomozero
1.
ould
2.
N 3..37,
E31.23).
reports two camps at Kotles) a main campand asubcamm.. about
30 kilometers apart. The main camp) I
25X1
WU described
a, having fench
an outer w. www. VOXIJOV. luxe top, am an
7r17,.inner fence- of barbed wipe. The permanent camps customarily contained
prisoners_ with longer sentences; the sub-camps dealttmtth those sentenced
for a few months-0 or prisoners in a transient status.
3. A camp at Kharkolt was reported elsewhere as having no restrictions on mail.
Camp No 3 in BOrOvichi Rayon allowed ? itS prisoners to write letters twice
a zonth. 25X1A
The report on the Borovichi damp affirmed that the records
of prisoners with sentenCes under four months were not subsequently
entered on their passports.
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Approved For Release 2003/08/05 : CIA-RDP80-00810A001100880007-6
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
SECRET/
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
SECURITY INFORMATION
COUNTRY USSR (Karelo-Finnisb SSR)
SUBJECT City Plan of Petrozavodsk
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRE
25X1A
REPORT NO.
DATE DISTR.
NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO.
REFERENCES
25X1
2 Ootober 1953
7
25X1
SOURcE:
25X1X
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
1. As of autumn 19519 the city of Petrozavodsk had a population of between 45/000 and
50,000. The city is considerably larger than Murmansk and Kandalaksha; the latter
looks almost like a village. Those parts of Petrozavodsk which are situated on
Lake Onega were largely destroyed during Wor War II, but much has already been
reconstructed. The largest buildings in the city have Only four 'stories. Among
these are the Hotel, North, the university, the student residence, and the MVD
headquarters. The new public buildings which are being constructed are three-
or four-story masonry structures, while the workers dwellings are one and two-
story frame hOuses. The workers reside in the Perevalki, Sulazh-Gora, Kukovki,
and Zareki sectors of the city and in the suburb of Ruyoka. The railway workers
live in the fifth suburb (sic).
2. Karl Marx Street is the main street of the city and runs from Lenin Place to
Kirov Place. It has an Asphalt surface and, besides Lenin Street, is the only
street in the city which has street lighting. In some of the larger business
places there are lights in the display windows.
Administration
3. The following administrative organizations and officials are located in Petro-
zavodsk:
a. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet - OV Kuusinen.
b. Chairman of the Council of Ministers - PS Prokkonen.
c. Minister for Timber and Paper Industry - Shkolnikov.
d. Minister for Education - Belyayev.
e. Minister for Motor (and Tractor) Transport.- Salomatin.
STATE
ARMY
NAVY
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?f. Ministry for Social Security - Al Karenina,
g. 'Secretary of the Central Committee of the CoMmunist Party - AN Yegorov.
Kondokov and Kupryancv were .tormerly secretaries but have been removed,
h. Communist Party secretary in Petrozavodsk - MD Razov.
Zhudyakov and Nozarov are Party propagandists who often speak at the larger
Party functions,
J. The following are among the offices and committees which are directly
under the Council of Ministersg
10 The Chief Highway Directorate-- EP Nikolayevskiy, chief engineer..
20 The Committee for Architectural Affairs Chinenow, chief architect.
3. The Committee for Physical Culture and Sport.
Police
4. The MVD headquarters is situated in a large four-story masonry building, about
40 x 15 meters, on Lenin Street? There is a sentry stationed outside.
5. There are three police stations, divisions of the militia, each of which has the
responsibility for its own section of the city. Police officers go on patrol
most often singly, Patrol cars are seldom seenpand when they are it is usually
on occasional, evenings when the police go around picking up drunks. They also
check on restaurants and tea shops and pick up people who are disturbing the
peace. There is no checking of identification papers in these places or on
the streets. The traffic police, on motorcycles, cruise around, off and on,
checking on vehicles? They test the brakes, 7',.nepect the steering gear, and
check the vehicle license and the Arivers license. The identification papers
of the passengers me not checked.
6. There have been no siren tests for air-raids or air-raid drilleof any kind.
There are no shelters in the city. Thera were some when the Finns occupied the
city, but they have been removed,
L1LLE:LE
7. The Pauli Clinic is located in the center of the city; it is a rather large
three-story masonry building, In addition, there is the Central Polyclinic
named after Isserson, the head doctor, who is Swedish by birth; anmaternity
home; a mental hospital; an entire little village for tuberculars; and a
quarantine hospital. In most of the rayons there is a small hospital. During
illness, the trade unions provide support for their members. For the first
three years after Joining, a member, during sickness, receives 50 percent of
his pay; after three to five years of membership he gets 60 percent; with five
to eight years of membership he gets 80 percent; and after eight years he gets
full pay.
Hotels
80 The city has two hotels. One hotel, without a name, is a two-story frame structure
located on the First of May Street, close to the railroad station. The other,
the Hotel North, is a four-story masonry structure built in a half circle and is
located on Lenin Street. This hotel is often used for housing when there are
large congresses or meetings in the city. There is a restaurant on the first
floor of the hotel. There is one other good restaurant in town, In addition,
there are about five cafes (tea-shops) and also a number of places where beer
can be purchased.
Theaters and Motion Pictures
9. The theater Russian Drama is located on Karl Marx Street at Kirov Place.
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At the National Theater plays are put on in Finnish. In the summer both
theaters are closed and the actors travel around on tours. In the winter
there are plays every Saturday and usually two other days in the week. The
ticket prices are from five to fifteen rubles.
10. There are two large motion picture theaters in Petrozavodsk: the Rodinan which
is located at Antikainen Place, is completely new and was finished in spring
1951; and the Sampo located on Uritskiy Street. There are matinees for
childeren for two rubles. There are three shows in the evening, at 19009 21009
and 2245 hours. Tickets cost from three to seven rubles.
Libraries
11. There are two large libraries in the city, the Central Library and the City
Library. Besides loaning books, these libraries maintain reading rooms where
newpapers and periodicals are available. Various organizations, ie. the
Highway Directorate, have their own libraries.
Nepapers
12. There are two newspapers in the city, Leninskoze Znamya (in Russian) and Totuus
(in Finnish). They come out every day except Thursday in four pages and cost
4 50 27 kopek :0 In the various rayons, information sheets are published
which generally consist of one page. In Ladva, for example, EtkstailEjElasillk
is put out.
Telegraph and Te1phone
13. The telegraph station is located on Karl Marx Street. There are four-digit
telephone numbers in the city. There is no dial system, and it is necessary
to ask the operator for the desired number. Uhen calling a military unit
it is necessary to ask for "Aurora" and then from this central get connected
with the desired unit. In the northern part of the city several apparatuses
are connected with the central at the railroad station.
Electric Current
14. Electric current for the city presumably comes from the power stations in the
vicinity of Kondopoga and Solomennoye. Consumption of electricity is rationed
to a certain degree, and if one uses more than he has permission to use un-
pleasantness ensues.
15. Every evening at 2300 hours the lights burn brighter. Presumably this arises
from the fact that at this time some of the factories use less current. It
often occurs that the current fails entirely, and it is then as a rule from a
half hour to an hour before the failure is corrected. There are hardly any
lights at all in the rural communities and few in the villages. In Rybreka
there are electric lights in a few houses and in Ladva there are none at all.
A small power station is being built on the Ivenka River.
Bus and Taxicab Tranprt
16. Under the Ministry for Motor (and Tractor) Transport, there are several sections
which are responsible for passenger and freight traffic in the republic. In
Petrozavodsk there-is a section, Anto-Traktora, which is responsible for bus,
truck, and taxicab traffic within the city and the villages in the surrounding
area. This organization has bUs routes from Petrozavodsk to Ladva, Rybreka,
Spasskaya Guban ytnrazhan Kondopogan and Syamozerb. GAZ busses with a seating
capacity of 16 and 20 seats travel these routes. There are We connections
once a day to Rybreka and Ladva. The trip from Ladva to Petrozavodsk costs
22 rubles. The bus starts from Ladna at 0900 hours and arrives in Petrozavodsk
at 1400 hours. There are only drivers on these busses and they also sell tickets.
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17. Within the individual rayons there are local bus routes. For example, between
Ladva and the railroad station there are connectionetwice a day.
18. Inside the city of Petrozavodsk itself there are bus connections between
Antikainen Place and the bus garage and between the baths and the railroad
station. The busses run n the quarter hour from 0700 to 2400 hours. It costs
ten kopeks to go in one zone, and from the center to the end of the line and
back again would cost 90 kopeks.
19. Besides the busses of the GAZ make, there are also around 10 or 12 new busses
in the city,which were put into service on the 25th anniversary of the Karelo-
Finnish Republic. They are very attractive; yellow with a red band around them.
They burn gasoline and have the motor in the rear. They have padded seats which
are covered with leather, nickel plating, and doors which close and open
automatically. The drivers cab is enclosed. Besides the driver, there is also
a ticket-taker on the bus. There are two or three of these new busses on the
Petrozavodsk-Shuyskaya ran.
20. There are about 30 taxis in the city of Petrozavodsk. They are sedans of the
Pobeda and Moskvich makes. The cabs have the usual license plates, but for'
identification they have a special number on the side and on the windshield,
The fare is two rubles per kilometer. There are cab stands at Antikainen Place,
at the railroad station, and in the evenings at the North Hotel. The cabs can
travel as far as they want, ie. to Ladva and Rybreka, just so they are back
at the close of working hours.
21. License numbers for civilian vehicles in the Karelo-Finnish SSR consist of
two letters and four numberspuith a dash between the second and third number.
Presumably there are different letters on the license plates for the various
?blasts, however, it is impossible to tell anything from the numbers. Tractors
do not have license plates. Licensee are obtained from the police automobile
inspection office.
Industry
22. The Onega Machine Factory is located on the Losos River and is one of the largest
factories in the republio; employing around. 3,000 workers. The factory produces
small locomotives, cranes, and power saws. In addition the city has a milk
plant and a bakery. In the northern sector of the city, on the Murmansk
Highway, there is a ski factory and a building construction syndicate. In the
southern sector of the city, on Lake Onega, there is a sawmill.
alp Traffic
23. Before World War II there were primarily paddle boats that went to Petrozatrodsk.
Now there are, ter alia, two combination passenger and cargo ships operating
between Leningrd and Petrozavodokg thenURITSKIY and the VOLODARSKIY. Among
their stopping points enroute is Rybreka. They both look nice from a distance
and are very similar to Norwegian express ships, but are about half as large.
24. A very small boat, the-VERESAYEVs, runs along the shore of Lake Onega and
touches, intannilla, Solomennoye.
Radio
25. The radio station for the city *f Petroiavodsk is located in Kurgan, southwest
of the city. The station commences broadcasting at 0600 hours and concludes
at 2400 hours, with an hour off the air between 1500 and 1600 hours. There are
around 500 radio sets in Petrozavodsk. However, most people have loudspeakers.
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Ke to to Sketch of Petrozavodsk (see pages 6-7)
25X1A
1. Hotel.
2. Railroad station.
3. Third police precinct station.
4. Water tower.
5. Normal school.
6. Second police precinct station.
7. The main office of the commercial organizations, Karel-Torg.
8, Factory.
9. Jail
10. Eating place.
11. University.
12, Teachers Institute,
13. Rodina motion picture theater.
14. Architectural school.
15. The bureau (sic s possibly the city soviet).
16. Council of Ministers.
17. North Hotel,
18. MVD headquarters.
19* Cafe.
20. Ministry for Public Health and medical school,
21. Baths.
22. Geological Bureau.
23. Univermag.
24. Society for the Advancement of Science,
25. ?Sportsmans Association.
26. Arbitration Court.
27. Ministry for Education.
28. Komsomol.
29. Supreme court.
30. Telephone booth*
31. Central Post Office.
32. Houses under construction.
33. Telegraph-telephone.
34. Editorial offices of the nevepaperas, isk(Lenizye . and Totuus.
35. State Bank. '
36. Unidentified,
37. Party Information Offices.
38, Unidentified.
39. Central Library.
400 Infantry school.
41. Military barracks,
42. First police precinct station.
43. Sampo motion picture theater.
44. Onega Machine Factory,
45. Red Star Stadium.
46. Unidentified,
47, The Russian Drama Theater,
48. Tribune.
49. City Library.
50. Parachute tower.
51* Music school.
52. Church.
53. Baths.
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City Plan of Petrozavodak
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25X1
'PlAt,71 Of Pet rozaTodsk(cantiamed )
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Approved For Release 2003/08/05 : CIA-RDP80-00810A001100880007-6
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
SECRET/
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
reproduction of this form is prohibited. 25X1
SECURITY INFORMATION
25X1A
COUNTRY USSR (Karelo-Finnish SSR)
SUBJECT Cities of Solomennoye, Suoyarvi, And
Kondopoga
DATE OF INFO.
PLACE ACQUIRED
25X1A
REPORT NO.
DATE DISTR.
NO. OF PAGES
REQUIREMENT NO.
REFERENCES
2 October 1953
3
25X1
25X1X
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE,
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
SOURcE:
25X1A
Solomennon
1. As of autumn 1951, the city of Solomennoye had a population of 6-7,000. A sawmill
and a rather large brick factory are located in the city. A ferry operates across
the sound, which is 150 to 170 meters Wide. The ferry haa no engine and is run
by hand power. It can take only one automobile at a time.
LIEEEzi (SuojErvi)
2. The city of Suoyarvi has a population of a-loi,000. The population of the city is
made up of individuals from all over the USSR. The streets of the city are
unpavedl but are in relatively good condition. There is a voyenkomat in the city,
headed by a major, which is located in a small one-story building.
3. No military units are stationed in the city itself, but there are many soldiers
in the area of the city. Obout every tenth person was in 25X1
uniform. These were primaruy border troops, with green caps, who were usually
passing through or on leave in the city. A number of soldiers were quartered
close to the railroad station. They had black shoulder boards and presumably
belonged to the army railroad corps. They were employed in removing the temporary
wooden railroad bridges which were built immediately after the war and replacing
them with new Ones of steel and concrete.
4. There is a large paper Syndicate in the city situated on the lake. There is also
a forestry office which has to do with forestry in the area. In March--April 1950,
it was said that a vein of valuable mineral had been discovered in the vicinity.
Comment
hudimeni;ary sketches of Suoyarvi and Nondopoga are attachea,
SECRETA
STATE
ARMY
NAVY
AIR
FBI
AEC
Note: Washington Distribution Indicated By "X"; Field Distribution By "#".)
Approved For Release 2003/08/05 : CIA-RDP80-00810A001100880007-6
25X1
Lake
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SECRETA
Sketch Of_Suovisyl (N 62-052 E 32-18)
a syndicate Viii ge soviet
Eljorestry office
strict Voyenkomat
25X1A
25X1
istrict Executive Committee
K:zusomol
Baths
Bakery plant
Ot-Grain mill
=REV'
Police
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sir
25X1
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SECRET/I
-3-
Sketch of Kondorjp.
25X1A
City limitik
Poet offic
Telegraph
SECRETI
Paper syndicate
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25X1
25X1
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
escar/
Title &ARNIM estittitis Iiiiennition iffeetiag bits Ns=
Waal DeilEl at till Uhited @Abel, withiR As alma
ittg of Tie. iiii ileetiefti 'IN and TOC el thy sa, seas, is
molded; HI inuisniiiile if militia of Iii eentinS
i3ti if reseipt lay mi wistitheriled PUNE ii Inhibitid
I6- '? 'F' 5 roprodustieft of thil tom Is prohibited,
siCuRITY INFORMATION
25X1A
25X1
COUNTRY
uaea (H4rmansk Oblast)
WNW Oity of Harmansk
DATE OF INFO,
PLACE ACQUIRED
25X1A
RPORT NO,
DAT1 DISTR,
NO. OF PAWS
REQUIREMENT NO,
REFERENCES
2 Ostober 2.9,3
3
25X1
SOUVE:
25X1X
THI SOURCE VALUATIONS IN THIS /WORT ARI DEFINITPIL
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTINT IS TINTATI111.
(FOR Krt UI RIMS')
1. Prospekt Stalina is the main street in Murmansk and the .most important buildings
Are located on this street, among which is the MVD headquarters. Several new buildr
inge are being constructed on this street, and the old ones are being touched up.
The street is asphalted, Another important street is Leningrad Street) the motion
picture theater Fatherland is located here, as well as the post office and the
Hotel Arktika, a rather old four-story masonry structure. Pioneer Street, which
starts in the center of town and ends below a ridge, is another important street in
the city. The baths are located on this street.
2. A four-page newspaper is published in Murmansk, the Po arna a Pravda, which is the
Communist Patty organ for Murmansk Oblast. The paper costs 20 kopika and is on
sale, at the post office. Besides the usual greetings to Stalin and
Party news, it contains news regarding the fishermen and the fishery kolkhooy.
3. There were a number of soldiers on the streets of the city from, inter alit, the
infantry, coastal defense, and.the border troops. There were very few navy men,
but many fishermen and sailors. Military vehicles were ocaspionally observed but
never artillery or tanks.
4. The office of the Nickel Combine at Pechengt is located in Murmansk on Pioneer
Street No. 5. The office consists of two rooms in a small one-story house. The
telephone number is ATS-524-19. A female secretary, 6 bookkeeper, two dispatChers,
and a man who dealt with the employment of laborers occupied one of the room!.
The chief of the pereonnel section is V. Kudryash And the chief bookkeeper is MG
Stognenko. The 'inner room 33 occupied by the head of the office, a Jew by the
name of Ivashetko (nu),
50 In September 1951, in many places in the city, ie., at the railroad station, in the
larger stores, and on board fences, there were posters advertising for construction
workers, painters, mine laborers, office workers, engineers, and technicians, for '
work in the mines.
S4CRET/
1STATE
ARMY
NAVY
AIR
FBI
AEC
(Note: Washington Distribution Indicated By "V; Field Distribution By "#".)
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25X1
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SECRET /
-2-
25X1A
25X1
The nickel mines are under conatent'eipansion and a number of workers'
dwellings. are also under construction. Road laborers and technicians are needed
for the construction of roads between the Various installations. There is a
shortage of housing and the workers have to live in barracks, but the pay is good.
The workers have to pay for the trip to the puce of work but they receive per
diem reimbursement inaccordance with the workers' protection law.
The MVD headquarters is a four-story, pale rod, brick building on Stalin Prospekt
facing the harbor. At the right of the entrance there is a sign with the name.
There are no guard posts outside the building, but inside in the hallway there
.is a policeman who stands guard and guides callers. The pass office is located on
the ground floor. It consists of a small waiting room with a window into the
inner office where a young woman and a lieutenant sit.
SECRET/1
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25X1
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SECRETA
-3-
?.SketCli-cf Ifutzerisk
(selected areas)
25X1A
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