RADAR, AA AND PASSIVE DEFENSE MEASURES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00810A000900570006-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 13
• Document Creation Date: December 14, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 8, 2001
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: April 16, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its contents
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
Radar., AA and Passive Defense Measures
REPORT NO.
DATE DISTR.
16 April 1953
NO. OF PAGES
2 25X1A
25X1 C
REQUIREMENT NO.
REFERENCES
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
that Ploesti (4457N-2602E) and its
vi et AAA units.
STATE# X ARMY # NAVY # X AIR /' X FBI I IAEC
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Passive Defense
3.
5.
7.
lans for passive defense in Rumania. At
the civilian population of Brasov had not
been informed of any defense plan, and since Brasov had none for the
civilian population, I do not believe other areas would have any.
In Brasov, only the military at.the airfield practiced air raid
alerts,
Regarding the construction of air raid shelters, underground factories
and installations, I have information on the Brasov area only. There
has been no new construction of air raid shelters since World War II,
during which two or three concrete air raid shelters were constructed
in Tampa Hil],,south of the city, for the civilian population of Brasov.
I never saw this construction but knew of it during World War II.
Two concrete shelters were also constructed during World War II for
the population of Brasov in Dealul Cetautuia, Fortress Hill within
the city limits. At one time I took shelter at this location. The
shelter was constructed so that the entrance was on the side of the
hill and tunneled toward the center. I would estimate it to be
50 to 60 m, in length, two meters in width and head high. Construc-
tion was of concrete and stone. Although ventilation was very poor,
I consider the shelters very adequate and believe that, in the event
of future air raids, the shelters would be used.
I heard that the larger buildings in Bucharest had air raid shelters
in their basements during World War II, while the civilian population
living on or near hills within or near the city dug their own air
raid shelters in the sides of the hills. Three or four families
would combine in the construction and use of these shelters.
the pivilian population had
not shown any interest in the possibility of future air raids and
there had been no organized plans made by the authorities for passive
defense. Gas masks had not been issued to the: civilian population,
including those people working in the factories. During World War II,
only the workers in the factories were issued gas masks.
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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
INFORMATION REPORT
SECRET
SECURITY INFORMATION
This Document contains information affecting the Na-
tional Defense of the United States, within the mean-
ing of Title 18, Sections 793 and 794, of the U.S. Code, as
amended. Its transmission or revelation of its content.
to or receipt by an unauthorized person is prohibited
by law. The reproduction of this form is prohibited.
COUNTRY Poland
SUBJECT Training and Maneuvers in the WOP
25X1 C
REPORT NO.
DATE DISTR. 30 prii 1953
NO. OF PAGES 11
REQUIREMENT NO.
REFERENCES
25X1A
25X1X
WOP Training
WOP Bn, at Raciborz , 5005N-1812 , Ufl (Jednostka Wo j skowa) 21+80.
THE SOURCE EVALUATIONS IN THIS REPORT ARE DEFINITIVE.
THE APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
(FOR KEY SEE REVERSE)
1,. The daily training so edule'ehow below was applicable to all units in the 43rd
0600
0605
0615
0620
0645
0710
0715
0750
0800
Reveille
Preparation for gymnastics
Gymnastics
Personal hygiene, care and cleaning of barracks
Breakfast
Preparation for training
Rifle training and marksmanship
Roll call, issuance of daily orders and assignments
Political indoctrination
STATE *X ARMY X NAVY IX AIR FBI AEC
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1000 Nomenclature and field stripping of weapons .(The
training period between 1000. and 1200 hours was
devoted to the care and cleaning of one light,MG
(RKM-28 Degtyarev) and other light weapons in the
guard. units. The heavy MGs (Maxim 7.62 of Russian
manufacture) were never fired and, in general, received
little care.)
1
1.200 Cleaning of weapons and equipment
1300 Dinner and free time
14oo-i8o0 Combat training, extended order drills bayonet. drily
f-ieid stripping of equipment, political indoctrina-
tion when omitted in the morning schedules nomen-
clature of weapons, border document identification
training
1800 Care and cleaning of equipment
1900 Supper
2000 Study period
2100 Free time
2145 Roll call and taps
2. The training period between 1400 'and 1800 hours was not rigidly
followed and.varied constantly. Rifle marksmanship and weapon
nomenclatt,re were the subjects most stressed. Part of this
period was devoted to border document identification training
and the checking of passports, parses and papers. There were
three types of border crossing passes:
Permandnt. P .ss Whitely Issued to Polish and Czech. workers
pexmanenTY `~rp aye~on either s.i.de of the border.
b. 'P, ~ora ,,Pass Pink : Issued to Czechs and Poles for the
purTpo a of s for 'mss .ts, such as weddings$ funerals, eto.
41 ricultura1 Workers Pass J7'A Blue): Issued to Polish
an. z `ri i i" ?w~ix* c r-s"` ,n .e i rsc' employed in harvests
and other fArm occupations.
Sample passes were kept posted at battalion head Quarters and at
all guard units,
units and while pepro 11",y a7a o o e point
Cieszyn -946N-1836E7 during the period 15 July to 30 October 1948.
The 'passes were made of stiff manila paper and measured 6 x 4 inches.
In order to obtain a pass, the app lie.ant had to obtain a, alearanae
from the nearest security, ice (Urzad Bezpieozenetwa - UB) He
then had to contact the SOOUa.t ' Officer of the 4th WOP Brig,, H4.
in Gliwice (Gleiwitz) 017N..1840E/, where a photograph was taken
and a personal history statement was completed by each applicant.
Applicants,-then went to the Customs` Office in ' Rao born, where the
passes were 'issued, My infor*mation.,pertains only to passes
listed above.
units of the 4th WOF Brig.
oint' training exe`r";8'ee ,, .
W e agar ery or o er coma un to.
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. SECRET/SECURITY INFORMATION
Training in the 43d WOP Bn. was not supervised by Soviet officers.
The various guard units were scattered out along the border and'my
battalion was never able to amass more than about 150 men .for
field training exercises at any particular time. I believe that
in the event of. an emergency, if. a fighting force was required, the
battalion could muster no more than 150 men.
Training .Schedule at .ArmorersSchool for WOP and IBW
7. The following training schedule was effectiv the A orers'
.School at w q .,
0615 fymnastics
0630 Personal hygiene,
0600 Reveille
0605 Preparation for gymnastics
0710
0720
0730
0756
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
14o?-1600
?1600
1700
1800?.
1900
2000
and area
Breakfast'
Personal cleanup
care and cleaning of barracks
Morning inspection
Roll oall and reading of orders of the day
Care and mainte6ance of arms and equipment
Nomenclature and field,ztrippin'g of weapons
Polit'dal Indoctrination
Close and extended order drill
Policing of barracks and oaserne area
Dinner and free time
wee "1A :.A s i, 97
Care-and maintenance of arms and equipment
Policing of barracks and caserne area
Free time
.Supper
,Political meeting.'o' the ZMP (Zwiazek Mlodzierzy
Polekiej - Polish 'youth Union) or PZP (Polska
ZJednoozoba Part ja Robotnioza - Polish United
Workers, Party)
2200 Evening roll '*all and taps
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SECRET/SECURITY INFORMATION
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This school was conducted by the EBW.for both the 1W-and the
WCP. The school had an enrollment of. 117 students and the class
was' divided into two platoons. The commanding' officer was a.k W
captain, but I'do not remember his name. A deputy for political
affairs, with the rank of captain, assisted the CO. In addition,
two instructors from the WOP and one from the KBW constituted the
teaching staff. The course lasted six months. Its purpose
was to train 8,rorr,4~-r NCOs in small arms repair. Instruction
books, pencils,
was given through lectures and demonstrations. 09
blackboards and charts were used as. training aids. Two
examinations were given:.. one at mid-term and one at the end
of six months.. Upon graduation students were awarded certificates
of successful oompletion-of the course. Graduates were then
returned to their respective units to work as armorers.
Flares and 3order Obstaoles Used by Guard Units in the 43d WOP Sty
9..
At each iit (Straznios there were fife4g See
:fl ax, 17. placed 'tn border wooded 'sectors or other ins oess3 le
areas, The distance between flares was 8 to 20.feet, depending
upon the terrain.. Flares were,plaoed in a zig-zag'pattern and.
were connected together by wires set in such'a manner as to.
indicate' whether a person was crossing the border- into. or out of
Poland;.. Flare positions on the border were changed whenever
an old class was demobilized from service. This was done for
reasons of border security. No,trip flares were set at the 214th
Guard Unit at Soiborzyee,Wielki 002N-l802 because the lowest
'number ofescape attempts was ma -de in that sector of the border
line, An ' electrical 'warning device. e sex, B7 would occasionally
be set up by sentries on the border ',T ;p4iZ 0au1 *XY nerable
places, where they sus ected'that an esoape might be. attempted.
This device was oonneoted by taut. trip wires which would, when
trippedflash a light to the sentry indicating aborder') crowing
into or out of Poland.'
Barbed wire and mines were not used by the. 434, WOP Bn. ,as aids
in appprehending,illegal border oroesere. However, it was the
i.ntent,ion to use barbed wire in the future. Four-c0rn'e '4 WOOd ,
pyramid-like structures, approximately 20 in. high, were placed in
the vicinity Of each' guard unit, for the purpose . of 'daytime,
,observation of the border. A,,,square' wooden ?ehack with-'slanting
roof apd four windows'-was mounted on each structure There .was
also a catwalk with a small fence surrounding ,.the shack There
were'two to three structures at each unit, and'they were usually
placed in those sectors of the border which were rugged and hilly.
The only other obstacles employed to hinder passage and.assist
in detecting illegal-border crossers was a plowed soil belt,
approximately 8 in, deep, running the length of the border line,,
except in wooded or extremely rooky areas. The area was re lowed
on' the average' of once' or twice each week in order to 'keep the
earth soft and fresh. This replowing made it easier"to. detect the
tracks of escapees.
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SECRET/SECURITY INFORMATION
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11. Flare cartridges used in both trip flare devices.and.flare
pistols by the kid WOP Bn. are described below:
on flare
Marking
Color and pattern..;
Purpose for which
.
shell
of flare burst
used
Red tip
Red with single
Border crossing into
fire ball
Poland at night
Two red raised dots
Red with 2 fire
For training and on
balls
crossings into Poland
A ,,red band 6 mm. wide
Red smoke flare
For daytime crossings
in center of shell
into Poland
Two raised inverted Vs
Green star cluster
For crossing into
Czechoslovakia at
night
Plain -green top
Green with single
For crossing into
fire ball
Czechoslovakia at
night '
Patrols and Methods Used t6.Capture illegal Border Crossers
12.. Guard units in the... 43d WOP Bn . employed` certain established
methods to"accomplish the capture of illegal border crossers.
Mounted foist. and. dog patrols were . used ":to track down and to
capture illegal border orossers. Upon notification that a
orossin~g ?had been made, the guard unit commander immediately
notified battalion headquarters, which in turn reported to
brigade headquarters, through 'whom WOP headquarters in Wrarl awe
,,was informed. The guard unit commander then dicpatched`4' tragking
and search patrol, consisting of two dogs and their handlers.
Upon arrival at :the suspeote'd crossing area, one of the dogs,
would be released, followed by his. handler:. Later, the second
dog was releAted t'd determine the pres,ehce. of a new scent, or to
confirm the tracking oaf the first dog. Qne soldier was' .armed with
f aubmadhine'gun, while the other Was armed with'a carbine Mounted
and foot patrols were, dispatched to the area to assist in the
capture. Supplementing these measures, guards were stationed at
areas which were recognized ad offering opportunity-suitable for
illegal crossings. Guards were stationed at main cross roads,
main thoroughfares and at all nearby railroad stations in the
vicinity of the crossing. In the event of an illegal crossing,
sentries stationed. on the border alerted their units by firing
three times. The alert signal at the guard unit consisted of
three long blasts from a siren and the rapid beating of a
manually operated gong.,
ra c~ 0 in
to ad b the 48th GPK ( GlownYTF~otroln~r - Main
2 The mi.wi on of this traffic control point was to check all
ol
iss.-
9 assenger, and freight trains approaching and crossing the P
zech border in-either, direction. A detail of 5-6 soldiers
and one officer met all trains and searched them. Guards were
stationed at each end and on either side of a passenger train.
. One officer accompanied by, an enlisted flan went through the train,
checking passports and passes and searching for' hidden passengers
al border orossers. They inserted & 'long iron rod into
and ille
g
the coil tender ' in order to see if it contained storaways or contra-
band. One enlisted man walked over and searched the entire top
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portion of the :freight trains. At a point 14 kit. from the
border all passengers were ordered to vacate the train and enter
a customs inspection hall (sala rewizyjna),-,where passengers,
baggage, passports and passes were checked and searched. After
the search and inspection, all passengers boarded the train
again and proceeded to the'border. Meanwhile, the train was
watched by, two sentries stationed outside of the train. They
were posted to see.that no one jumped aboard the train and.
crossed the border illegally. At the border the, Polish
locomotives were uncoupled and hitched to Czech cars'. entering
Poland. Similarly, the Czech locomotives were hitched to Polish
cars entering Czechoslovakia. Both Polish and Czech railroads
used the same gauge.
Practice Alerts the 43d W0P Bn . ?
1+. Practice alerts (alarm cwiozebny) were held twice monthly. 'The
signal for the alert was the 'sounding of the 'siren three times and
the rapid beating of a, gong. Officers and troops would assemble
at the alert field (plat alarmowy) and await, instructions. Each
soldier armed with a carbine or machine pistol was issued 120
rounds of ammunition. 'Officers armed with pistols 'T carried
i6-18 extra rounds of,ammunition in addition to their regularly
loaded magazines.
Tactical Training''in the 43d WOP Bn.
15.- Tactical training in the 43d WOF Bn. was presented once each week.
During the training period, personnel from the various guard unite
not actually on guard or outpost duty were formed into provisional
squads and ?platoonns . The ooa~'bined,~ strength seldom exceeded that
of a company. The training problem was a ,typical and often
repeated?manbuver such as that described below:
a. A; oaptain conrnanded a unit of 2'-3 - platoons, each of whj.oh was ;
divided into 3-L squads and commanded by a first or second
' teutgtant. , The commander of a unit, designated a specified
villa ge s the objective. Five or six sol'die'rs were pplaced in
the village to act as the skeleton defending force,.. The' unit
was ftrs't formed' into a line Of squads ' for . & 'frontal attack;
the sgtadli then deployed into a line of skirmishers. On
the si$nal to attack, one man from each squad advarosd
approximately 8-10 m. by short rushes under the protective
f.re of the remainin riflemen. This taotio was espeated
until the attacking force was Within 50-70 yeards of the
objective,
be Assault tactics z The signal for the 'assault was preceded by
the command to, fix bayonets and to prepare hand'greMades. All
men in the attacking force would then et up and in towards
the objective simultaneously, holding the rifles in their
left hand and wooden grenades in'the right'hand. They
hurled the grenades and stormed the objective when
approximately 2p,25 yards from?..the ob ective. If an ,enemy
was, assumed to be dug in, smoke grenades 'were hurled, and
then simulated F.-1,or RG-2 grenades were thrown.
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Cbemicsal Tral 134 In the 434 WOP. Bn .
25X1X6
Ohemical training.- consisted mainly of gas., mask drill,
on command, This about, 15 minutes once a , week. . Bo'
effort was made to limit the time of removal or placement of the
mask; . the' 'men'' were merely told to' perform the drill . as quickly as
pbs'sible. Gas mask drills ,;were performed in the following manner;
At the command, "Prepare for gas :'drill," each man removed the
fade,- tuba and canister from the, carrying bag (the'
aorPgated tube 'was carried unconnected to the canister in the
carrying bag) ','.A 12-15 cm. 6*rk was removed from the' air intake,*,
at the bottom portion of ' the canister;. a screw metal' cap was
disconnected from the upper portion 'of the canister,, then the
canister was screwed to the tube.. The canister was then replaced
In' the ,carrying bag. The drill was `followed by the coawmand '~6 ae
17. .At'6a'h guard unit there were-25-30 gas masks, which were piled
in large wooden boxes. I was told that they were manufactured-In
the ,USSR. The, facepieces were made of rubber; the canisters were
oblong with rounded corners .and the tubing. was corrugated. tasks.
were' marked with size designations 2-3-4. The carrying bag was'
made'of light"tan semi-tarpaulin material, The battalion
armament officer was supposed to conduct gas training ?for the
25X1X battalion; , how'ever,, this was ,not done,
25X1X
18..,
ecause there were no'manua s or. gas training
I did not conduct gas trainin While 1 was
ava a~ e n t
,
attending recruit school at the 4th WOP Brig. Recruit,'.Training.
25X1X `Center n Gliwice I had firing' practice while
wearing a gas mask. I heard of, and,was'lectured about, the
following, gases during recruit trainirigs blistering' agents,
ohoking'gases, and gear gases,, I was taught to Identify gases.
"cording to smell. One gas' smelled like fresh bread. another like
hay and another smelled like manure. I have 'r!o knowledge
-- ~LL_~ ..---- 25X1X
niff set containing 7 ' round glass flasks
w one
5
s
0 I sa
19
of a proximate' y i pt, in a wood'rsn .`box. I have no. inormation
on the use of this set: In this 'same arms room i S 'se' iltal~' .,
five sets of chemically impregnated protective clothing, can-
misting of trousers., jacket and hood. This clothing, was of
.light' gauge cotton material and was light' tan "in 'color.' I also
-saw one horse gas mask in this arms room,"but have.,no further
knowledge concerning the mask.
19., ,At each and unit.there,,were two charts relating to gas training.
One, "ohar listed the ''domponent 'parts . of a ? Said mask,, ? while the
other dealt with the care and cleaning of equipment contaminated.
by gas. .A reagent ?r. cleaning compound was mentioned in:the
...-A T w
WOPBn.'was,,very sketchy.
;; '11M , f~KTa J. ,,CiRTU i/V vas .^m -.t~..~.~ .
entex'ed a gap chamber; gas training in the guard units of the 43d
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P].itzical Indoctrination 'and Training
,20. political indoctrination. and..training, was' conductedby' the
.
uard unit on Tuessdays~ and Fridays
h WOP
g
political officer of eac
olitical topics were. stressedd The
lsror
so
y; p
mpu
Attendance. was
trpicq that were specifically discussed were: imperialism ofVthe
West; (particularly the United states and :En4land), destrugti?n
and degradation caused by American ?oraes -in Korea, American . ,
,and. British spy aims,. P.olarld t s new and old oonstituution aims and
efforts of the
tion
tit
,
u
abJeotivee or 'the new Polish cons
uence the Polish people by radio br?adeaste,
r
a
a to i
'fl
gye
ip
n
x
.
Americ a's "A' bomb, and the importance of the WOP''s border. '
was devoted. to open discussion on the subject , material' .prepentec;
ibility
o
ns
grid" to,. a: question and answer period. It was the resp
of :the political officer to determine the weaknesses of political
and
ni
-- --- - -- : -
t
edM%OCbG.Loal d.44 'hill r{
to 'th,la purpose, either on Wednesday or by utilizing a .portion
f th
oon training time'. T)'ie point stressed most . ''I
ftf a
o
e
n
ould
ld
r
W,.
ie
--- -
strongly above all others, was that = . so
. cx + a
i de ree of - olitiaal knowl d e order to
4AMA 0%
mum. At Trip Place Devine Used by" Units gf the.:,43d WOP Bn. at
Raoiborz ff005N-1812
B, sketch Showing Partial Construction Details of.
time Warning .Device Used by Sentries .on c t'post Duty
at the 43d WOP Bn'. at Raoiborz
Weekly Training Schedule at the WOP Armorers'SOhool
at WIL"
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Trap Flare Device Used by Units of the .fid 9 Bn at BACIBOBZ 50O51~-1$~
(Drawn from memory by w ur ca
This sketch gives 1/2 the approximate size of device
Flare shell
Sketch of trip flare device
showing firing pin spring re-
leased and in fired position
Looking lower and catch
B
Trip wires connected to arms
A and B
D and C, Metal
p$6ng..f6r plat
ing' flare in
ground
This'firing device was' set for firing by pressing down on arms A and B
and then twisting them to the right. There was an L-shaped milled slot on
each side.,of the firing pin housing, epproximately 111 x P. When trip
wire was disturbed arms A and B would clear the horizontal portion of
the slot and spring upward causing the firing pin to strike the primer
on the base of the flare cartridge.
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25X1A
Sketbh Showier Partial coastruetion Det+~ii' iah
&W, icon . II d bs ?g;1riep 211 e_ LAX
1AA i[OPBB at RAOIhORZ 50O ~?1 ~12~~ .
&aad B
Two 3-volt bulbs
LIN
Bls~ri~1 scataet was made .
hsa~e whey' trip wire wis' tripod
(Source did?not raor-ember, further
details')'
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Aep*lx of (Theory)
Togo pb i rzowilodp
or the cundt
Cmbat Training:
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