BIOGRAPHIC DATA ON SOVIET SCIENTISTS ELECTED ACADEMICIANS 23 OCTOBER 1953

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• Publication Date: June 9, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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BIOGRAPHIC DATA ON SOVIET SCIENTISTS F3.ECTID ACADEMICIANS
23 OCTOBER 1953
[The following report present^, short biographies of same of
thA Soviet scientists who were elected Academicians on 23 October
1953? T::e specialty to which they were elected Academicians is
listed after their name and birth date.
Aleksandrov, Anatoliy Petrovich 1903 Physics
After graduation from Kiev State University in 1930, Aleksandrov began
w:rking at the Physicotechnical I:stitute of the Academy of Sciences USSR. In
1943, he was elected Corresponding Member cf the Academy, and since 194E he his
been Director of the Institute of Physical Problems imeni S. I. Vavilov of w,C
Academy of Sciences USSR.
The scientific works of Aleksandrov (which number more than 30) cover most
important problems relating to various branches of physi.:s. His initial works
were devotees to ::he study of the mechanism of file electric breakdown of die-
lectrics. His later scientific activity has been connected with '-:udy of
electrical conductivity and dielectric losses of organic materials. He dis-
covered and studied the dielectric properties of polymerized styrene and
developed a method of polymerizing and constructing high-quality condenser:
from polystyrene.
Aleksandrov carried out research on the mechanical properties of polymers
and amorphous substances and suggested the later generally accepted statistical
theory of the stability of solid bodies. He developed, together with P. P.
Kobeko, the basic concepts of polymer physics sod together with his students
elaborated the relaxation theory of plasticity, defined the nature of polymer
hardening, the role of phase transitions, and the nature of their resistance
to heat and cold.
Stalin Prize winner Aleksandrov has been awarded two Orders of Lenin, the
Order of Libor Red Banner, and medals of t}:e USSR.(1)
Ro~olyubov, Nikolay Nikolayevich, 1)Dy Mathematics
On completion of aspirantship in the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR,
Bogolyubov in 1928 started teaching and scientific work in the country's higher
educational and scientific research institutions. From 1936 to 1y5O, he was
professor at Kiev and Moscow State Universit'es. In ly4ti, he was elected
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR sod in 1948, Active Mem-
ber of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian SSR.
Bogolyubov has written approximately 200 scientific works, which are
mainly devoted to problems of nonlinear mechanics, the general theory of
dynamic systems, statistical nhysies, and the calculus of variations and
approximation methods of analysis. The perfection of classical methods of
study of the theory of perturbations occupies a significant~pPace in his
scientific research. The methods he has developed for the approximate solu-
tion of problems of nonlinear oscillations have found uses in radio engineer-
ing, in the theory of synchronous machines, and in the design of m~snkshafts,
etc.
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He is the author of a series of works concerned wit:~ the fiel~ of th?oretical
physic:, in particular, statistical physics; quantum statistics of nonideal gases,
and quantum electrodynamics. In 1947, he was awarded a Stalin Prize ?or his
works in the field of statistical pY.ysica, Some Statistical Methods in Mathe-
matical Physics and Problems of Dynaric Theory in Statistical Physics.
He hoe trained a large number of scientists in the field of mathematics'.
physics.
Along with his scientific and teaching activities, Bogolyubov is carrying
out public work as a deputy to the Kiev City Council of Workers' Deputies.
Among the governmental awards whic._ have been grantel to Bogolyubov are the
Order of Lenin, the Order of Labor Red Banner, and two Badges of Honor.(1)
timbar~aumyan Viktor Amaazpovich 1908 Astroph sics
Ambartsumyan graduated from Leningrad State University in 1928, and i^
1931 completed his aspirantship at the Main Astronomical Observatory, Pulkovo,
after which he was engaged for +he next 12 years in teaching and scientific
work at Leningrad University. He was elected Corresponding Member oP the Academy
of Sciences USSR in 1939, and Active Member and Vice-President oP the Academy
of Sciences Armenia^ SSR in 1943. Since 1947, he has been President of the
Academy of Sciences Armeniac, SSR and Head oQ the Chair of Astrophysics at
Yerevan State University.
Ambartsumyan has written more than 80 scientific works on astrophysical
problems. He developed the theory of the radiant equilibrium of planetary
nebi,lae, showed the role of ultraviolet radiation and the radiation of lines
of the Lyman series, demonstrated the problem of the physical composition oP
the atmosphere and the envelopes of hot stars, and developed a new method of
studying the dynamics of stellar systems.
In 1946, Ambartsumyan was awarded a Stalin Prize for the foundation of a
new theory of light scattering in turbulent media; this theory was expounded
in the works A New Method of Calculating the Light Scattering in Turbulent
Media, The Scattering of Light by the Atmospi,eres of Planets, and The Problem
of the Difiliaive Reflection of Light b s Turbulent Medium. In 1950, he was
awarded a Stalin Prize for the discovery and study oP a new type of stellar
system called "stellar associations."
?Anbnrtsumyan is working successfully on problems oi' stellar cosmogony.
He hsa discovered new stellar groupings, the so-called 0- and T-associations.
He combines his teaching and scientific activiti=s with much government
and party work. He has been elected a member of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of Armenia and a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet USSR.
Re has been amrdPd the Order of Lenin, txo Orders of Labor Red Benner,
and medals of the USSR.(11
Shubnikov, Aleksev Vasil'vevich 1887 Crystal Physics
Shubnikov graduated frcm Mosccw University in 1912, ana? has been continu-
ously engaged in teaching and scientific research work since. From 1920 to
1925, he headed the Chair of Crystallography in the Ural Mining Institute, and
since 1925 he has been working in the Academy of Sciences USSR.
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Shubnikov was elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR
in 1933? He organized the Laboratory of Crystallography (reorganized in 19~~3
into the Ina?itute o_? Crystallography) and is the director. He also heads the
Chair of Crystallography and ^.rystal Physics oP Mos^_ow State University imeni
M. V. Lomonosov.
Among the published scientific works of A. V. Shubnikov ~rh+ch number more
than 180) are monographs devoted to the research of the growth of crystals, their
optical properties, piezoelectrics, and the study of aymmetry.
Shubnikov has been awarded a Stalin Prize twice; in 1947, for the discovery
and study of a new type of piezoelectric. material (the results of which are set
forth in the monograph "Piezoelectric Structures") and, in 1950, for his participa-
tion in the development ~f a machine and technique for the production of rubies.
Much of Shubnikov's theoretical scientific work has been continued in the
work of his associates and has yielded a number of results of fires? economic
importance
Shubnikov is a deputy of the Moscow City Council of Wo*'+ers' Deputies. He
has been awarded the Order oP Lenin, the Order of :.abor Rei Banner, and medals
of the USSR for his many years of scientific and teaching activity.(1)
Arbuzov, Boris Aleksandrovicir 1903 Organic Chemises
Arbuzov gradLated from Kazan' Institute of Agriculture and Forestry in 192c.
Having passer, his aspirantship at Kazan' University, from 1930 to 1938 he worked
at flrot as a docent and le.ter as a professor in the Kazan' Chemical Technologi-
cal Institute. Since 1938, Arbuzov's activity has been connected with Kazan'
State University imeni V. I. U1'yanov (Lenin), xhere he was successively a pro-
fessor, head of a chair, and dean of the chemical faculty. He was elected
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR in 1943.
Arbuzov has published more than 150 scientific works embracing a number
of fields of organic chemistry, in particular the chemistry of terpenes, diene
compounds, the chemistry end structure of organophosphorus, and other organoele-
mental compounds. The extensive study of the chemical conversesens of terpenes,
begun in 1931, has resulted in a large number of important conclusions and
discoveries. His research on the isomerization ~f bicyclic terpenes into open-
ch=in terpenes, which was la*,er named the B. A. Arbuzov rearrangement, had great
practical and theoretical importance. Fis work in the field of diene syntheses
has made it possible to obtain a large number of nex compounds and to prove tt,e
constitution of :`~> main component of turpentine oil from conifers, i.e.~ of
levopimaric aci4.
Arbuzov has synthesized a number of new types of phosphonic acids contain-
ing ?,arious heterocyclic rings and has found that there is a direct bond between
silicon and phosphorus at,d tin and phosphorus, which proved the universal
validity oP the classical method crf Academician A. Ye. Arbuzov and the possibility
of its application to the most varied types c+f organic compo~n?; containing
haloids. r
B. A. Arbuzov was awarded a Stalin "'riz~ in 1951 for his study ~ the
chemistry of terpenes and dienes.
Ae is a deputy of the Kazan' City Gouncil of Workers' Deputies, Deputy
President of the Committee for the Defense of Peace, Tatarskaya ASSR. He ha's
been awarded the Order of Lenin, two Orders of Labor Red Banner, and?the
medal "For Labor Valor in the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945?" ?
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Kondrst'yev Viktor Nikola evich 1902 Ph sisal Chemistry
After graduating from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute ?~ 19~1~, Kondrat'yev
worked in the Leningrad Physicotechnical Institute until 1931. Since 1)31, he
has been working in the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Academy of Sciences
USSR; which was organized by separating St from the Leningrad Physicotechnical
Ins,.ltute. He was elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR
in 19lt3.
Kondrat'yev has published 150 works on chemical kinetic,, on the structure
of matter, on molecular spectroscopy, on photochemistry, and cn other branches
of physical chemistry and physics. His early works, carried out between 1924
and 1930, proved him to be one of the leading scientists in the fie'.d of the
appl~oation of modern physics to problems of chemistry. His subsequent studies
were devoted to research on the properties of free radicals and the clarifica-
tior: of their role Sn chemical kinetics.
Kondrat'yev is the originator of an extremely effective spectral method
for the identification and quantitative determination of concentrations of free
radicals (the line adsorption method). With the aid of this method, he has
studied various properties of freE hydroxyl and has proved its role in ?.he
processes of oxidation of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, acetylene, and other
substance^. 'e summarize3 this research in the monocrsph "Free Hydroxyl"
published in 193y. In 1946, he was awarded a Stali:; P r.::c for his work S ectro-
scopic Study of Chemical Gas Reactions.
Among Fondrat'yev's mayor monographs are ElementaryY Chemical Processes,
1'he Structure of Atomr, and Molecules, and Elec+.ron Chemist. He has been
engaged in teaching in higher educational estab].ishmentc ffor u~any years and
at present is a professor at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. He has
been awarded the Order of Lenin, the Urder of Labor Red Banner, and medals of
the USSR.(1)
Gerasimov, Innokentiy Petrovich 1905 Geography
After graduating from Leningrad State University, Gerasimov began xork in
tl.e Academy of SciencPS USSR in 1829, first at the Institute of Soils imeni
V. V. Dokuchayev and, since 1947, at the Instib.:te of Geograph;?, of which he
is now director. He uas elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
USSR in 1946 and vice-president of the Geographic Society cf the USSR in l.?53.
Gerasimov's scientific activity has been continuously connected with
expeditionary research. He has studied many regions in C~~~'..:1 Asia:, Kazakhstan,
the Urals, Western Siberia, the Caucasus, European USSR, Mongolia, and Bulgaria.
He is the author of more than 180 scientific works.
His res:~arch has brought muci~ that ie new io the study or ttae geo~rsphy
oP soils, geomorphology, ani the paleography of the Quaternary p_,+,d, In the
field of the beography of soils, his efforts have been directed tc the explana-
tion of the soil-forming process in deserts of the piedit.er:sne_af: and other
regions, to the development of the theory of sail provinces, which are represented
in the soil-geography charts of the zones of the USSR, to ,l.e cstablislunent of
scientific bases of a single classii'ication and systemization ::~ soils, and tc
the development of soil mapping, etc.
Gerasimov has greatly contributed to the geomorphology and paleography of
the Quaternary period in the USSR. His study of the southern and eastern regions
of the USSR not only has a regional signifirsnce, but is of Brest interest for
the methodology of geomorphological research ~r.8 the study cf the Quaternary
period as a whole.
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Along with his scientific work, Gerasimov successfully engages in adminis-
tration and teaching. He is an Honored Worker of Science of the Kazakh SSR and
has been award: the Order of Leni-,, the Order of the Red Star, and medals of
the USSR.(l)
Engel'gardt, Vladimir pleksandrovich 18y'~ Biochemistry
Engel'gctrdt graduated Prom Moscow State University in 1y19, and has been
engaged in teaching and scientific work in the country's higher educational and
scientific research institutions since 1921. Re has been a professor of Moscox
Order of Lenin State University imeni M. V. Lomonosov since 1y36. Zn 1944, he
was elected Active Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR and in 1944
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USS^ He has worked since 1933
in the Academy of Sciences, where he is head of a laboratory in the Institute
of Biochemistry imeni A. N. Bakt,.
Enge1'gardt has written more than 80 scientific works devoted to ti,e study
of the most important problems of functional biochemistry. One of the funda-
mental lines of his research was the study of the connection between the processes
of energy exchange and the stste of energy-rich substances in cells and tissues.
He has proved the participation of adenosine triphosphoric acid in process of
cell respiration and the anaerobic decomposition of carbohydrates. He has dis-
covered the enzyme activity of the t~sic protein of the muscles, myosin, thus
laying the foundation of a new field in biochemistry, the mechanical chemistry
of muscles. In 1943, Engel'gardt was ~.rar?_ed a Stalin Prize fot his xork in
the field of muscle activity, the results of which were published in the work
Enzyme Activity of Myosin and the Mechanical Chemistr of Muscles in 1942.
He has been awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of Labor Red Banner, the
Order of the Patriotic War Second Class, and medals of the USSR.(1)
Mikheyev, Mikhail pleksandrovich X902 Hest Engineering
Mikheyev graduated from tyre Leningrad Polytechnic Institute in 1927, and
from that time hae been engaged in teaching and scientific work in the higher
educational and scientific research institutions of Leningrad and Moscow. Since
1933, he has headed the Laboratory of Heat Exchange of the Power Engineering
Institute imeni G. id. Krzhizhanovs~iy of the Academy of Sciences USSR and since
1935 has been teaching in the Moscow Power Engineering Institute imeni V. M.
Molotov. Re was elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR
in 1946,
Mikheyev has published more than d.^, scientific works devoted tc problems
of hydromechanics, heat exchange, the theory of heat modeling, and the applica-
tion of this theory to the study of working processes in engineering installa-
tions. He was awarded a Stalin Prize in ly'tl for h's work Modeling Thermal
Installations and again in 1951 for his t.extbeok The Pri.^.ciples of Heat Tran~-
mission.
Recently, Mikheyev has been engaged in the solution of the problem of
intensification of heat exchange processes, which is of great importance in
new fields of engineering.
He has trained a large number of highly qualified specialists working in
the field of thermal engineering, sad has been carrying out important work on
the organization and preparation of the teaching of a course in heat transmission
at higher educational institutions.
He has been awarried the Order of Lenin, the Order of Labor Red Banner, and
medals of the USSR.(1)
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Sedov, Leonid Ivanovich X907
Sedov, since graduating from Moscow State University Sn 1930, has been
engaged in teaching and scientific work in Moscow's higher educational and
scientific research inatitutio-ta. Since 1945, he has been working in the
Mathematical Institute imeni V. A. Steklov of the Academy of Sciences USSR.
He was elected Corresponding Member oP the Academy Sn 1946.
Sedov has written more than 80 scientific works devoted to the study oP
the most important problems oP water-based aircraft (gidroaviatsiya), ship-
building, and the theory of supersonic flight. He is the author of a number
of ma,lor theoretical studies, foremost among which are wurks on the theory of
planing (glissirovani-~e), the theory of dimensions'and similarities, the
Lheory o: the propagation of powerful explosive waves, and on gas dynamite.
He has provided a complete solution to the problem of planing on the surface
of the water with calculati?na of itr ponder ability and he has explained the
conditions for modeling the phenomenon. He has suggested the use of similarity
and dimensional analysis for the solution and study of most important con-
temporary problems of hydroaerodynamics and gas dynamics.
In 1952, Sedov was awarded a Stalin Prize for the monographs Place Problems
?f Aydrodynamics and Aeradvnamics and Methods of Similarity and Dimension in
Mechanics. -
Sedov's ?+orks on theory of the propagation of powerful explosive waves
occupy an important place ir, his scientific research effort. He hoe auppl;.ed
a complete solution of the theory of propagation of spherical, cylindrical,
and plane waves Prom a strong explosion. Ae is also the author of s series
of interesting works c~ the theory of potential and vertical stationary move-
ments of a gas and on the application of gas dynamics to the theory oP gas
machines.
A large number of Sedov's works are devoted to important problems in the
theory of the impact of a solid body with water, the theory of the wing and the
development of solution methods for plane problems of hydrodynamics, and
various hydrodynamic and aerodynamic problems.
Sedov has been awarded the Order of Labcr Red Banner, Badge ?f Honor, and
medals of the USSR.(1)
Poapelov, Petr Nikolayevich 1898, History of the CPSU
Pospelov graduated from the Inatitit*_e of Red Professorship in 1y30, and
since then has been engaged in scientific, editorial, and propaganda work.
From 1940 to 1949, he was editor of Pravda and from 194y to 1952, director of
? the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute of the Central Committee of the VKP(b). From
1944 to 1946 and from 1949 to 1953, he was head of the chair of party history
-t the Highe warty School and from 194b to ly4^ he was head of a chair at
the Academy ~i Social Sciences of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
He has published about 80 scientific works and a great number of propagandist
and publicity articles. He is one of the editors of the large co1].ective work
History of the Civil War in the USSR (Vol II) which was awarded a Stalin Prize.
The collection of most important documents on the history of the CPSU, The
VKP b in Resolutions and Decisions of Congresses Conferences and Plena oP
the Central Committee, appeared under his editorship. He took a direct part
in the writing oP scientific biographies of V. Z. Lenin and I. V. Stalin.
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From Paspelovrs pen tutus toms a number oP works devoted to :r.:lvlda~l
proD~ems of P^rty history and to radlcal problems of Marxist-Len..riat theory:
the role of the party as the political leader and teacher of the people and
the mobilizing, organizing, and transforming force of the Ideas of Marxism-
Leniniam.
A member of the Communist Party since 1916, Pospelov was elected a mem-
b~* ~r the Central Committee at the 18th and 19th Party Congresses. He Ia
n er'.cretary ~f the Central Committee and a deputy of the Supreme Soviet U:'SR,
and hna been awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Patrfotfc Wnr First
Class, and medals et' the USSR.
Ostrovltynnavl Kcnatar,.tin Vas1l~yAvich1 1892, Poli_ti_cal Econnmicn
Ostrovltyanov graduated from the Moscow CommFrc]al ?n5tltate? ]n 1917 and
began hls educational and scientific astivitles at the higher eduaat;~nnL and
3C ientifi~ renearrh institutiors of Moscow. ]n 1?3n, he. was elected 3=tl ce
Member of the Communist Academy, a member of its Fresldium, and n scienti.fi
secretary, and in 19j9 was elected Corresponding Member of the Acsdeay of
Sciences USSR. Since 1947, lie has been director of the Insti me oY Economics
oP the Academy .f Sciences USSR and since 1943, a professor of N.o,cow State
Universl+.y.
fie has p~;b.;?~};ed m,rc than iG0 corks devote3 to the moat tmpurtnnt problems
of political economy,
His study of the problems of political economy oP the precapitnllst eras
occupy an important place in his nativity, in this field, his work is :rummarl2ed
in the monograph Sketr:hes of the Economy of Freca italist Erne, p,?,>blems of
capi?sliat political e.-onomy have been developed by him inn 2~ tiorks, SncLiding
Land Rent and *.he Develo went of Ca italism in A r~culture. ~~'
-?-_ _~_.._P--~__--~--_-- g
A great number of Ostroviyanov's works ore devoted to the problems of the
political economy of norlalism. During the past 10 years, he has written a
series oP stmiies oa the character of the economic. laws of r.oclal.lsr~, on the
relatlonsh_p of e^onomicc and politics, on the role of the Soviet. stair it the'
development of a socialist economy, and on commcdlties &nd peace, t,r,d~?; r;uotalism.
Ostrovityun.n ~:;~;-,~P; in mesh public and political a.t.tv.i?y ,c? t.:::; 1,??.r
a memb~ar of the CPSU since l~al4, and was elected cnndidat.e i'or m?mh.~rst;Lu ;;C
the Central Committee at, the 19th Party Congress. Re :s ri dciaity ct t.hc. hk,:;~nw
Oblast Council of Wctkers' Dep?.a;es and a member of tae Scvlet. C~.,:ynitten f,,r
the llefenae of Pear: Re hna been awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of
Labor F`~d Hammer, the Order of the Red Star, an3 medals of the USSR. ;1)
Artsimovich1_Lev Andreyc-vichr 1909LPhYaics
Artsimcvlch is a grad u:,te of the Belorussian Sta+,e 1Jnlverslty. 1^ lo.j0
he began his acientlfic and teaching nctivt.ty in the higher educational an3
scientific reheard; Institutions of Moscow a:id Leningrad. From 19?J to 1:3t+d,
he worked 1n the Physicntcchnical Institute of the Academy of Scieneez tt,;,R.
He was elected Corresponding Member of tr.e Academy in 1846.
His scientific works have been devoted to problems of atomic ar.,i nuclear
physics. His studies have contributed to the investgation of the full interrml
reflection of X rays acid the properties of fa6t eler_trons,
_.. .,.
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In his work Bremsstrahlung for Aigh-Energy Electrons, he studied experi-
mentally the laws of bremsstrahlung trought about by electrons with an enerpr
of 600-3,000 kev. ?his work explains t':e dependence of radis:,ion on the atomic
number of the element bombarded with electrons, the dependence oi' the intensity
of radiatiot nn the initial energy of th? electrons and the definition of the
absolute yield of the bremsstrahlung, the angular distribution of photons
originating from the passage o,' Past electrons through the substance, and the
attenuation of bremsatrahlung in the substance.
A number of Artsimovieh's orks are devoted to the problem of the scatter-
ing and the so-called "anomaly" of the braking of fast electrons. His studies
of electron optics have led to an explanation of the aberra*.lons of electron
optical systems with self-illuvinating ob~ectlve lenses.
Artsimovich has been awarded two Orders of Lenin. (2)
Kikoin, Isaak Konstantinovichl_19OR, physics
After graduation in 1930 from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute, Kikoin
worked at teaching and scientific work, first in Leningrad and since 1937 in
Sverdlovsk. He was elected Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences
USSR 1^ 1943 and since 1944 has Leen head o: a chair at the Moscow Mechanical
Institute
Kikoin is the author o: more than 50 scientific works on important problems
of the physics of metals. He discovered and studied the photomLLgnetic effect
in semiconductors, which has been called in literature the "Kikoin effect,"
and also the galvanomagnetlc effec?. in liquid aetals. The studies carried out
by Kikoin on the galvanomagnetic properties of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic
metals has led to new conceptions of the galvanomagnetic effect in ferromagnetics.
He discovered and studiefl new relations of electrical resistance of liquid
metals with the temperature.
Kikoin developed electrical measuring apparatus for high direct currents.
He was awarded a Stalin Prize in 1942 for the invention of a new system of
electrical measurement.
He has been awarded two Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Star, the
Badge of Honor, and mednls of the USSR.(2)
Andreyev, Nikolay Nlkolayevicht 1880, Acoustics
Andreyev graduated from Basle University (Switzeriard) 1n 1yO9. Since
1917, he has engaged in teaching and scientific work 1^ the higher educational
and scientific research institutions of the rtSSR. He was elected Corresponding
Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR ic~1933 hod since 1940 has been head of
a laboratory in the Physics Institute imeni P. N. Lebedev of the Academy.
Andreyev is the author of more than 90 scientific works, mainly on the
theory of oscillations and the theory of sound. His first scientific works
were connected with the application of the spectral method to the study of wave
processes; later works concerned problems of acoustics. He developed the widely
knower granule method and was the first to expound the theory of sound propaga-
tion in moving media. His studies on piezoelectricity, the theory of the
telephone, and archttectural acoust'.cs are important. Study of the piezoeffect
led him to the foundation of the bimorphous element, which is now widely used.
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Andreyev has carried out much work on musical acoustics; he founded the
Institute of the Musical Industry.
Along with his scientific and pedagogic work, Andreyev is active in
societies, being president oP the Commission on Acoustics and editor-in-chief
of the periodical Zhurnal Eks erimental'no i Teoreticheskoy Fiziki (Journal
of Experimental and Theoretical Physics -
He has been awarded three Orders of Lenin, the Order of Labor Red 3anner,
and medals of the USSR.(2)
Gamburtsev. GrigorlyL_Aleksandrovich, 1903 Geophysics
Gam*urtsev graduated from Moscow State University and since 1926 has
carried out continuous scientific work in Moscow, at first in the Moscow Branch
of the Commission on t.e Natural and Productive Forces, Academy of ~ciencPs
USSR, and later in the Seismic Laboratory of the Petroleum and Geologies: Pros-
pecting Institute.
Since 1938, he has been corking in the Geophysics Institute oP the Academy
?-.. .
P Sciences USSR and from 1949 hsa been its director and also president of the
Council on Seismology of the presidium of the Academy of Sciences USSR. He
was rlected Corresponding Member oP the Academy in 1946.
Seismology and seismic methods of s*.udying the structure of the earth's
crust form the grester part of Gsmburtsev's scientific activity. He has developed
a number of problems on the theory of the seismic method of reflected wsves
and hss founded new methods of research: the correlation method of refracted
xaves, the methon of deep seismic sounding of the earth's crust, and the
correlation metho3 oP studyicg earthquakes. He has suggested nex types of
seismic apparatus,.
Gamburtaev?s work has assisted the development of seismic vethods in geo-
loglcai prospecting. In 1941, he was awarded a Stalin Prize ror the develop-
ment of a method add apparatus for seismic prospecting.
$e has been awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of Labor Red Banner,
and medals of the USSR.(2)
Lebedev, Serge Alekse-yevich, 1502, Calculsting Machines
Lebedev graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical Institute im~ni N E.
Bauman in 1928, and since then has been engaged in teaching and scientific
work in the higher educational and scientific research institutions of Moscow
and Kiev. He was elected Active Member of the Academy of Sciences Ukrainian
SSR in 1945 and from 1046 to 1951 served as director of the Institute of
Electrical Engineering of that Academy. In 1053, he was confirmed as director
of the Institute of v*P~i=ion !dechanics and Calculsting Techniques of the
Academy of Sciences USSR; at present, he is also head of a chair at the Moscow
Physicotechnical Institute.
Lebedev's scientific works have been devoted to important problems 1n the
field of electrical systems and automatics. He has developed z number of
problems on the stability of parallel work of electrical systems, artificial
stability, automation of power systems, mathematical machine building, etr,.
In 1050, he xas awarded a Stalin Prize for the development and introduction
into practice of compound ^>n?rators for electric power stations in order to
increase the stability of puw~ stations and improve the work of electric plsnts.
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Lebedev has conducted much scientific research on problems of computational
engineering, on the theory of calculating machines and their construction, and
on special spparatua for automatic control. He has formulated and introduced
into practice the first high-speed mathematical computer.
He has been axsrded the Order of Labor Red Banner acid medals of the USSR.(2)
Shcherbakov Dmitriy Ivano?rich 1893 Geochemistry
Since graduation from Simferopol` University in 1922, Shcherbakov hoe
continuously engaged Sn scientific work in various institutions of the Academy
of Sciences USSR. Since 1939, he has been xork+~g in the Institute of Geo-
logical Sciences, at first as a Senior Scientific Associate and later ae hea3
of a division. In 194F, he was elected Corresponuing Member oe_~.he Academy,
and in 1953 the General Meeting of the Academy confirmed rtm as Aca'lfLmi'c't91h
Secretary of the Department of Geological ant Geographical Sciences
~e has published ove^ 100 scientific wor':s devoted in the main to study
of the geo~ogy, mineralogy, and geochemistry of rare elements. $is work on
Central Asia and the Caucasus and their ore formations is very important. He
has taken an active part in many geological expeditions to Central Asia, the
PamirF, the Kara Kum, _yan'-Shan, Kazakhstan, the Kola Peninsula, Kareliya,
the Central Urals, the Transbaykal, and other regions of the Soviet Union.
Many of his xorks are !mpartant in the development of the rax material bases
1'or the production of nonferrous metals In the USSR. Recently, he has been
investigating the regularities connected with the formation and distribution
of a number of rare elements.
Shcherbakov has played a large part in scientific organizat' mal and public
xork in addition to his successful scientific activities. He has been awarded
the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Red Star, and medals of the USSR.(2)
Belov~ Nlkolay Vasil` evich~18~1, Crystal Chemistry
Belov graduated from Len~Qgrad Polytechnic Institute in 1821. From 1930
to 1838, he xorked as a Sensor Scientific Associate of the Lomonovskiy Institute
of the Academy of Sciences USSR in Leningrad. Since 1938, he has been in the
Institute of Crystallography of the Academy, at first as a Senior Scientific
Associate and later as head of a division. He xas elected a Corresponding
Member of the Academy In 1946.
Belov is the author of more than 1:,0 scientific works dealing with the
fields of crystallography, crystal ciiemis+,ry, mineralogy, geochemistry, physical
chemistry, etc. He developed and used the latest methods of X-ray structural
analysis, xhich allox the determination of the structure of complex silicates,
such as ramzait [ramseyite?], tourmaline, dioptase, epidote, and other minerals.
He is developing direct methods of fine X-ray .nalysis of the structure of
crystalline substances. the monograph Structure of Ionic Crystals and Metallic
Phsaes is one of his xorks in this field.
Belov's work on geochemistry, genetic mineralogy, and the technology of
silicates is important. It is c~osely connected xith production and is assist-
ing in xork on s number of importsnt practical problems. His structural re-
search represents a substantial contribution 'to the chemistry of sulfides,
which is one of toe bases of nonferrous metallurgy. Other research is assist-
ing the fast adoption of the use of nepheline in the paper, textile, tanning,
and rood-processing industries. Belov was awarded a Stalin Prize in 1953 For
his scientific xork on the ~`omic structure of crystals.
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Below is head of the Chair of Crystallography- at Gor'kiy State University
and devotee much of his attention to the preparation of young cadres of scientists.
He has been awarded the Order of Labor Red Banner.r2)
Tyurin, Ivan Vladimirovich 1882 Soil Science
Tyurin graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Institute in 1919 and until
193G was engaged in teaching work at Kazan State University, where he vas
successively an assistant, ,iocent, and professor. In 1930, he transferred his
activities to the Academy of Sciences USSR and until 1941 he served as a Senior
Scientific Associate of the Institute of Soils imeni V. V. Dokuchayev. He has
been its director since 1949? He was elected Corresponding Member of the
academy in 1946.
Tyurin has written nearly 100 scientific works embracing various problems
of soil science. His most important works are on the study of the turf process
of soil formation, on the genesis and fertility of forest steppe soils, and on
soil humus. He was the first to give a correct solution to problems of the
genesis and classification of forest steppe soils, and he discovered the laxs
of the soils distribution. He has developed a number of original methods for
determinaticn and investigation of the composition of soil humus that have
a ride application.
The honor of determining the geographical laws of humus in soils of the
Soviet Union belongs to Tyurin. He has developed the classification of meadox
areas of the watershed zone, which has an important part in practical agri-
culture and forestry. The results cf this wort have been generalized in the
paper An ExPerim~nt of Classification of Meadox Areas of the Watershed Zone
Their Watershed and Protective Roles.
He has been awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of Labor Red Banner,
and medals of the USSR. (2)
Stechkin, Boris Sergeyevich 1891 Heat Engineering
Stechkin, since graduating ~.rom the Moscow Higher Technicsl School in 1918,
hsa been engaged in teaching and scientific work in the higher educational and
scientific research institutions of Moscow. He was elected s Corresponding
Member of the Academy of Sciences USSR in 1946 and since 1953 has been head of
the Laboratory cf Engines of the Academy.
Stechkin, who has written newly 30 scientific works, is the founder cf
the theory of heat calculation and of methods of construction of the ground
and flir{ht characteristics of sircraft en~ires. He also founded the theory
of ram_,jet engines (1'?2) and developed and augment::d the theory of turbojet
engines, axial compresr;ors, snd turbcccmpresscrs. In 7y',9, he published the
first lectures on The ;henry of Jet Engines.
In 1 46, he vas awarded s Stalin Prize for Lhe creation of a new form
of aircraft engine snd for the radicsl improvement of existing engines.
Stechkin has trained a large number of highly qualified specialists to
work in the field of aircraft engine construction.
$e has been awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of Labor Red Banner, the
Order of the Red Star, and medals of the USSR.(2)
Zhuk, Sergey Yak~vlevich 1892 Hydraulic Engineering
Zhuk graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Transportation Engineers,
and since then has worked in various organizations in the field of hydraulic
engineering.
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For many years, Zhuk has beer part of the scientific and technical leader-
ship in the planning of the largest hydraulic engineering constivctions? +*^
Blatic-White Sea Canal imeni I. V. Stalin, the Ca::a1 imeni "^acow, the Rybinskiy
and Uglichakoy Hydroelectric Stations on the Volga, the Volga-Don Ship Canal
imeni V. I. Lenin, the Taim].yansk Hydroelectric Station on the Don, irrigation
works to Rostovskaya Oblast, the Kuyuyshev and Stalingrad Hydroelectric Stations,
and rany others. The construction of a number of these was accomplished under
the continual technical supervision of Zhuk.
At present, 7huk is the Chief Engineer of Cidroproyekt of the Ministry of
Electric Power Stat.iona and the Electrical Industry and is also a member of
the Council of Engineering and Economic Experts of Gosplan USSR.
He has twice (in 1950 and 1951) been n-warded a Stt.lin Prize for outstand-
ing work in the field of hydraulic engineering. In 1952, he war rwarded the
title of Nero of Soviet Labor.
Zhuk has been awarded three Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner,
the Order of Labor Red Banner, two Orders of the Red Star, and medals of the
Soviet Union.(2)
D r:zhinin, NSkols~Mikhn~lovich, 1886, Ristroy cf the USSR
In 1911, Druzhi~.in graduated from t.`.:e Juridical faculty and in lyl$ from
the historical and philological Paculty of Moscow State University. In 1920,
he started his scientific and teachirq work; since then he has trained numerous
cadres of Soviet historians. From 19.4 to 1)52, he vas a professor of the
historical faculty of Moscow State University and sir.~e 138 he has worked in
tYie Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences USSR. He was elected a
Corresponding Member of the Academy in 1946.
Druzhinin has rubliahed more than 1jO scientific works mainly on the
social and economic life, on the history of the revolutionary movement, and
on social thought in Russia in the 19th Century. His studies of the history
oP Russian peasantry in the prereform pericd are important. His chief work
State Serfs and the Reform of P. D. Kiselev, which vas based on a close study
of archive material, xas awarded a Stalin Prize in 1947.
Ae has also written a number of valuable studies on Moscow and is one of
the leading authors in the collective work Hi:.tory of Moscow. He has taken
an active part in Lhe preparation of textbooks on the history of the USSR for
higher educational institutions.
Druzhinin has been awarded the Order of Labor Red Banner and medals cf
the USSR.(2)
SOURCES
1. Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR, No 12, 1y53, PP 61-73
2. Ibid..,No i, 1954, PP 37-49
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