GHEORGHIU-DEJ ANALYZES AGRICULTURAL SITUATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700170342-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 2, 2011
• Sequence Number: 342
• Publication Date: April 20, 1954
• Content Type: REPORT

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GHF.ORGHIU-DEJ ANALYZE AGRICULTURAL SITUATION
Lu to de Cla
ucharest J,~ur, 1953
Colley=s
manianhWorkers passion of 3-5 March 1849 of the Central Committee of the Ru-
mani of agriculture. outlined the historical duty of the socialist transforms,
Since that time, the party, the people's democratic state,
andthe Rumanian people have achieved important successes in this direction.
More than 280,000 peasant families have united in 1,960 collectives and 2,000
TOZ (agricultural cooperative
one quarter s). State farms, collectives, and TOZ cover almost
of the entire arable area of the country. The average production
jiar hectare of many collectives and TOZ has exceeded that of individual farmers
by 25r 0 Percent. This fully proves the superiority ~f collective agriculture
n large areas of land with mechanized equipment and scientific methods, over
farming narrow stripy. of land with backward means and methods.
Many collectives have been strengthened economically. They have started to
introduce advanced cultivation methods, to use natural resources increasingly
for irrigation and soil improvement, to increase animal raising and other branches
of agricultural production, and to build intensively. A large number of such
collectives thus have become models for attracting Individual working peasants
to collectivization. They have become living examples of the meaning of socialist
agriculture and large farming.
For example, the 16 Februarie Collective, Mizil Haion, Ploesti Regiune, had
a much larger harvest in 1952 than its individual peasant neighbors. The collec-
tive harvested 2,200 kilograms of wheat per hectare, compared to 850 kilograms at
individual farms; 1,350 kilogn:ms of corn per hectare, compared to 800 kilograms
at individual farms; 1,150 kilogram- of sunflower seed per hectare, compared to
300 kilograms at individual farms; and 30,000 kilograms of fodder beet per hectare,
compared to 8,000 kilograms at individual farms. Besides soil cultivation, the
collective also developed other branches of agriculture. At present it has 370
sheep, 72 lambs, 17 hogs, 200 fowls, and 320 young chicks; this is a very good
beginning. As a result, the collectivists had a large income. For example, col-
lectivist Savu Petria and three members of his family worked 500 workdays; he re-
ceived 1,700 kilograms of wheat, 1,650 kilograms of corn, 500 kilograms of sun-
flower seed, 500 kilograms of barley, 2,500 kilograms of fodder beets, 2,500 kilo-
grams of hay and lucerne, rand 4,000 lei in cash. It must be said that the members
of the 16 Februnric Collective not only are hard-working men, but ,also are anxious
to learn. Many of them regularly attended agricultural course a. Here is a truly
good example for other collectives and an indication of the road for individual
peasants to follow.
Many collectives also constructed large buildings on their farms. For ex-
ample, a. collective in Valea-Rosie, Bucharest Regiune, constructed a grain store-
house for 600 tons of grain, P. stable for 50 animals, 3 sheds, 2 workshops, and a
poultry house for 1,000 fowls. Local mater ,l was largely used for these buildings.
The Palazul-ttare Collective, Constants Hu iune, gave special attention to
animal raising and now has 50 cows, 450 sheep, 100 hogs, ,nd 700 fowls, which rep-
r-_sent considerable wealth and an important source of revenue for the collectivists.
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What is the explanation for the success of collectives": It is the good
organization of labor by permanent brigades, completion of agricultural prep-
arations and work on time, observance of agricultural standards, and the fruit-
ful Political activity of primary party organizations. Kolkhoz delegations
from the Soviet Union gave collectives important assistance in organizing
labor. Soviet technicians and agronomists visited Rumania and gave the young
collectives valuable advice acquired from their own experience.
The results obtained ;y collectives have a strong influence on working
peasants with individual farms; in 1952 alone, 44,000 peasants joined collec-
tives by their own free choice and another 42,000 peasants in over 3,000 vil-
lages filed requests to form new collectives. T0--have demonstrated their power
to convince the peasants and educate them in collective work. In raions where
Party and state agencies devote sufficient attention to TOZ, 5-8 tines as many
TOZ have been formed so for in 1953 as in all of 1952. There are more than
21,000 requests from 1,404 villages to form new TOZ. The correctness of the
party line was again confirmed by the transformation of 218 TOZ into collectives
at the request of their members. The foregoing proves that an ev,..-larger num-
ber of small and medium farmers are accepting the idea of belonging; to TOZ and
collectives, where collaboration and mutual assistance are practiced, :advanced
technical methods are used, and a better life is being created. Most of the
individual peasants have improved their standard of living, but they cannot rid
themselves of the di.ficulties encountered by the small producer. These small
farms cannot ensure increased production or, in bad years, even normal proOuc-
tion. Medium peasants are becoming, aware of this fact. Their situation has im-
proved considerably since their days under landlords and kulak exploitation, and
they are ,joining collectives and TOZ.
It is important to notice that poor and medium peasants have become aware
of their position in respect to kulaks. These peasants now realize that the
working poacant is united with the working class, .:hich is the leading class in
the people's democratic state. In recent years, despite the shortcomings of some
party and state activists and mistakes committed by them, a more concrete and
realistic attitude has been adopted by medium peasants toward kulaks, the ex-
ploiters of the peasantry. As a result, the political party line was applied
more firmly in restricting kulak exploitation. The class struggle in villages
is becoming increasingly sharper. Transformation in agriculture, according to
the teachings of Stalin, cakes place inside and outside the collective despite
the efforts of the enemy to infiltrate into collectives.
For example, .Laming news come from the Fratesti Collective, Bucharest
Regiune, ever a period of time. There were signs of criminal negligence of pub-
lic property. This resulted in such regrettable in^idents as the spoiling of
carloads of fodder. A careful investigation disclosed thtt the management coun-
cil of the collective consisted of undesirable elements spa that the chairman of
the collective was an enemy, a le,^,i.onnaire, who maintained close relations with
]:ulcls. Rc hated the collectiv^_and tried to destroy it. Similar situations
were also discovered in other places.
Collectives are a socialist form of organizing production, but the most
import"nt individual in the collcctivc the chairman. We must ace that hon_?::t
.corkers head tad manage collective: and T07, men who are att:chedl heart and soul
to the n.0ogln's democratic regime and the socialist cause. The strengthening of
collectives and T0Z ani their intensified ties to ind:vidual work-.in; pcasonts
lead to the isolation of kulaks from the lace oeasanmasses, and to the strength-
of the fight waged by working peasants _ ;ainst L.ul:ka. The development of
class struggle in villages in Rumania in the 1^.st 4 ye:.rc fully confirms the
correctness of the line proclaimed by the plenary scssion of the Cent -.l Consnittee
of the Rumanian Workers Party in I,Lrch 1949.
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Mi'S have an important orgratzati.onal role in the socialist transformation
of agriculture. I'= contributed to the creation of T07 and collectives and to
the rich harvests obtained by these units. Many MDS proved to be real organ-
izers of production at collectives and TOZ. Investments in MTS have been
greatly increased in 1953, as compared to 1952.
There are at present 218 M15 in Rumania with a total of 9,650 tractors and
more than 25,0CC agricultural machines, besides the 41400 tractors at state
auns. MTS are serviced by 114 repair shops and 19 regiune mechanical centers.
The removal of the old, defective system of wages and the introducticn of
the new socialist wage and incentive system are a powerful stimulus for tractor
operators and other technicians and workers at FITS. Charges to collectives and
TOE for work done by ZITS have been reduced. As a result of the measures t^.ken,
INS tractors perf^rmed four times as much work in the spring of 1953 as in the
spring of 1952. Tractor operators are no-.t introducir.new services in the fields,
including mechanical sown; and cultivation.
Despite the successes obtained, there are still many serious shortcomings
in the building of socialism in villages. In the past, the ma.jor trouble was
caused by the counterrevolutionarj action of rightist deviationists who carried
on a policy of protection of capitalist elements in villages, to the detriment
of medium and small farmers. They permitted the infiltration, into collectives,
of kulaks plotting to destroy the collectives from within and to discredit them
in the eyes of individual peasants. These deviationists forced peasants to dis-
regard the principle of free consent, thus hurting the alliance between the work-
ing class and the peasants. They also caused damages of billions of lei (old
currency) to Iyi and st^t; farms.
After a year of intensive effort, Mi'S started on the road to consolidation;
602 new collectives were created and the number of TOZ increased by 1,121. More
than 3,000 kulaks w.,o had infiltrated into collectives were unmasked and evicted.
Class Struggle
The meaning of the fight waged against those who attempted to divert our
party from the Lenin-Stalin road is more evident now thr.n ever before. There
is no doubt that our entire advanrc toward socialism would have been hamoered
if this fight had not been lainehedon time. The principle of free consent and
the joining of collectives or TOZ by free choice is the fundatn.ntal Lenin-Stalin
principle in the socialist transformation of agriculture. Only the peasants'
profound conviction of the great advantaga_. of collective farming can serve as
a basis for the creation of truly lasting collectives.
Disregarding, the party line only helps kulaks and other Class enemies who
try to discredit the idea of socialist transformation of rgriculture and to break
up tha worker-peasant alliance which is the basis of the people's power. What
kind of collective can result when doubting people are herded into it at random,
not convinced of the advantages of collective farming sand constantly looking back
to their oz?-1 strips of Land? Such collectives are destined to fall apart from
thn betinninc, because in such circumstances it is easy for a kulak to use his
tricks.
The switch from the old capitalist order to the new socialist order consti-
tutes :: profound revolution in the life of the peas ants. I?en lived the way their
ancestors lived; for years they trod the old capitalist tr:ch. Now they are sud-
denly shown new way, the way of collective farming;. Such c; step is not easy to
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take. That is why patient enlf;htenmant must be pursud, why such things as con-
ditions in villages, class relations, and the machinations of kulaks must be
i
6OUbts and ed. On the basis of this study, we can combat evil, and we can overcome all
convincing questions and remove enemy' influence through patient persuasion and
ing of somenactsivistand arguments. Unfortunately, this method is not to the lik-
come convinced, Who prefer "strong methods." The peasant needs time to be-
he must see the advantages of collective farming with his own
educeyes.ation What working peasant does not desire a better and richer life, with more
for himself and his family, The peasant is not satisfied with w-rds;
no matter how nice they may be, he wants proofs Such proofs exist and are quite
numerous, but they must become ]mown to all peasants.
If, for example, roads separating the more than 23 million lots of peasant
land were convert' into productive areas by collectives and TOZ, agriculture
would obtain an additional 200,000 hectares of arable land. This area, now
covered with weeds could produce more than 200,000 tons of wheat or corn; 160,000
tons of sunflower se^_d; or 3.3 million tons of sugar beets, equal to 2 years'
sugar production at present.
A large number of collectives and TOZ cane into being in the last few years.
They have become a powerful incentive for every peasant who visits them.. The
1,000 Rumanian peasants who visited the Soviet Union from 1949 to 1953 played an
important role in tha creation and strengthening of collectives in Ruruni.because
they saw Soviet kol'rh ozeo and became convinced that only collective farming can
lead to a plentiful and happy 11fe.
We must draw attention to the unfair attitude which recently has appeared
among leading collectivist:; namely, their reluctance to accept new members in
collectives on the ground that these applicants should have joined collectives
from the beginning. This attitude isolates the collectivists from individual
peasants, whom they drive away instead of befriending. Such an attitude pleases
the kulaks, who in turn try to influence individual peasants to keep away from
collectives.
Kulaks know that when every working peasant has joined a collective or TOZ,
the possibility of exploiting peasants will no longer exist and the liquidation of
]urluks as P. class will be at hand. That is whj kulaks try by every means at their
disposesl to isolate individual from collective members, and try to prevent
them from following the good example of socialist farming. The fact that some work-
ing peasants did not join collectives and TOZ from the beginning should not be a
reason to reject them now. On the contrrry, we must intensify political work among
them; we must convince them with new proof. Frequently, party orranizc.tions, party
members, and collectivists who continue their persuasion with perseverance and pa-
tience finally succeed in convincing even the most stubborn to Join collectives.
Some of these new memberu become good workers and even collective leaders. This
fact demonstrates that only patient enligirterrnent will _ve good results. In the
organization of collectives, special attention should be given the wivo:, of indi-
vidual peasants.
In nrny re':emcee, ^1CZ c not cons''
C ve ri` ntly ir.:nit:ant by rty and
state activists. The TOZ is a orrc of
__.;. rctive p production unit for till n2;,santc;
who have not yet definitely decided to t;:}?, the final :,tap into a collective, but
who do Dee the advantages of tilling large areas of land with rrechenizcd equipment
c.nd want to try out this method. The increasir,; nurnLe: ~" ~, ,ants who a_?ply for
remberehi.p In TOZ proves how unfounded the attitude of th 11ct:ivf:-te is.
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A further dangerous tendency is spreading among political activists. Once
they have convinced peasants to join collectives or TOZ, they do not foll
their ?etivity p
o, up
easants
, are expected to carry out their intentions and set up
collectives and TOZ with no further guidance or help. This atti _de is destruc-
tive and opportunist. Party organizations and executive committees of people's
councils must stand by at all times and not only help in the formation of TOZ
and collectives, but continue to remain in touch with these units and guide them
in their development and effort.
and think they have Some party and state agencies become complacent
lectives and TOE done their duty once peasants are convinced to unite in col-
this Party and state agents must give every day and every hour to
new s activity. Each success that has been obtained must be consolidated, and
achievements must be encouraged.
Mechanization
Some }?TS do not act as production organizers in collectives; they do not
help collectives sufficiently to adopt and apply Soviet agricultural methods and
experience. NITS must always assign the same technicians and tractor operator
brigades to one collective to obtain the best collaboration betwe?t
gades and field brigades.
soil en tractorctive
T The specific conditions
olle bris -and
not of co are not sufficiently studied and }mown by WS operators because this rule is
observed. There are still many cases of indifference to public propert y
loss of implements a:d tools, deterioration of machines, and even theft of -
Parte -- because tractor operators are not held responsible. A further important
problem is the full use of WS machines. There also are many cases where the K D
35 tractor, for example, is used at only 50 percent of its capacity because ma-
chine couplin?s are not set up to use its full power.
The concern for the material and cultural needs of MTS workers has not been
given enough attention by }?II'S managements and by the Ministry of Agriculture.
The party and the government consider 14TS as nuclei of socialism in villages.
1d"o must honorably fulfill their duties and responsibilities.
Collective Statute
Special attention should be devoted to the application of the new collective
statute. Since the statute, an extensively debated one, has been adopted, we
must emphasize a few principles which form its basis.
What is the source of strength and endurance of a collective? No doubt it
is common ownership. The creation and consolidation of commcn ownership is the
main ob''ect of collectives. The greatest successes in the economic and organi-
zational strengthening of collectives and in the increase of their revenue were
obtained by the collectives which expanded the common ownership and turned to
animal raising and other branches of agriculture in addition 'o the raising of
grain. For example, the Olga Bancic Collective, Constants Begiune, had a good
harvest and earned mere than 200,000 lei from the sale of animal products alone.
Many of its members were able to build new homes, to buy cows for their own use,
and to buy radios, bicycles, etc.
The statute also points out that personal interests of collective members
are in harmony with the common interests of the collection's. This means that the
income e' every collectivist, derived from his workdays, increases with the growth
of the collective's common property. Work within the collective is the main con-
cern of every member. Personal farming is merely an auxiliary factor adding to
tha income derived from the collective work.
The collective, which is a farm including hundreds of families, can be man-
aged only on the basis of a plan. Plans are drawn up by the management to expand
a collective, with the aid of people's agronomists councils and of 1?IS technicians;
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tuey are discussed and approved by the general meetnin up g of the without the members. There
are still some cases,
tion of coll however, where plans re dr er-
participa
ectivists, where the potentialsaof the collective are neglected,
where the use of local resources is not provided for, or where plans are issued
from an office of the committee of the raion party organization or the radon
people's council without consulting the collectivists. Such bureaucratic prac-
tices lead to serious mistakes. For example, at the lance Collective, large
quotas were Planned for animal raising but the fodder supply was overlooked.
A problem of greatest importance for the consolidation and development of
a collective is the constant increase of its baste fund. The basic fund is the
mirror clearly reflecting the over-all progress of the collective. The total
basic funds of collectives throughout the country amount to 230 million lei, a
60 percent increase in one year -- sufficient proof of the expansion of collec-
tiveo in Rut_ nia. ldost collectives increase their basic fund from year to year.
It must be said, however, that some collectives tend to distribute the entire
income of the collective and do not withhold a portion for the basic fund. Nat-
urally, such a practice cannot lead to prosperity.
One of the most important principles that must be introduced into collec-
tives is the principle of personal responsibility. The entire organization must
be Stroamlined to permit at all times the determination of good or poor workers
and the discovery of those deserving, credit for positive results and those guilty
of ne glit;cnce.
'Ile statute adopted by the Party Congress stresses that the permanent bri-
gade is the principal unit of labor organization. In some collectives, however,
brigades are set up and changed every year; they are reorganized at the beginning
of each agricultural campaign. This practice is in contradiction with the basic
organizational principle of the collective. Each brigade must be permanent and
must be responsible for the portion of land entrusted to it for the duration of
the crop period.
Socialist competition has proven successful in mobilizing and organizing
labor at collectives. It has been adopted only recently, but has already stim-
ulated thousands of collectivists to fight with enthusiasm for the strengthening
of the collective, for an increase in labor productivity, and for the introduction
of advanced methods -- especially Soviet methods. Socialist competition has
brought to the forefront leaders in the fight for rich harvests and for large
productivity in animal raising. It has revealed collectivists with initiative,
with organizational talents, and with farming skill -- men such as Petro Dragoescu
and Alexandra Aron, chairmen of collectives; brigade leader Aur Buicu and Ludovic
Varga; leading milker Gheorghe Ardeleanu; leader in field labor Stefan Simion;
and others.
Despite these successes, it must be recognized that party, state, and agri-
cultural agencies and management councils do not fulfull their duties satisfac-
torily. They do not develop agricultural technicians and other trained personnel.
They do not encourage progress or promote new methods.
Internal democracy is the basic organisational principle in the management
and operation of collect'ves. In Host collectives, correct management and labor
organization methods of the party have been applied. There are, however, some
collectives where ;,eneral meetings are not celled, reports arc not presented at
regular intervals, Icily problems of the collective era not solved, and all nut-
t'_?. are decided by the afei.nistration or the chairman. Such infringements of
the statute are not permissible and must be eliminated.
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most reliable collective members, men, women, andlyouths tto positions.
ntands.
In collectives there are women who fill responsible 'leading po with and
skill. For example Maria Zidaru and Maria Buciuceanuuareochairmenhof collec-
tives. Lucretia Ilinca is a leading milker, and Marina Cristea is caretaker of
a poultry farm.
the There are still party activists, however, who do not understand
?~eechings of
tives Stalin with regard to the role of women and youths in collec-
.
The fact that industry produces and supplies agriculture every year with
increasing numbers of such items as tractors, agricultural machines, construction
materials, fertilizer, end means of transportation is of greatest significance.
Industry supplies rural areas with industrial consumer goods, such as fabrics,
clothing, footwear, household appliances, and cthers. In turn, agriculture must
supply industry with vegetable and animal raw materials, and the urban population
with food.
In the present phase of economic development, industrial production in
Rumania has tripled its volume in only 4 years, while agricultural production
has remained considerably behind because of the poor production of individual
farms. Small and meaium farms occupy most of the agricultural land in Rumania.
About 70-75 percent of the entire grain production of the country comes from indi-
vidual peasants. This is shown by the following table:
Production of Marketable Grain and Kernel Vegetables
1950 1951 1952
Tons ant Tons Percent Tons Percent
Total 2,528,519 100 4,304,726 100
2,960,207 100
Tate]. 208
740 8
3 40
14
,
.
3,
9 9.4
Socialist
Sector
442,694 15.0
State 201,720 8.0 343,988 8.0
Farms
9.8
269,598
Collec- 7,020 0.3 59,161 1.4
tive
117,545 4.0
35,551
1.2
Working
oc-.sang;
1,825,980
74.5
3,210,998
74.6
2,152,1125
72.7
Irulnks
33,799
17.2
690,579
16.0
365,088
12.1
The data regarding the cocia]ist sector refer to the production of grain
from 9.21 percent of the tot:]. arable surface of the country in 1950, 12.31 per-
cent in 1951, and 17.39 percent in 1952. The percentages are constantly changing
,.s a r.!sult of the creation of new TOZ and collectives. The production of grain
'n. kernel vegetables is still unsatisfactory, even though the average production
per hectare at many state farms, collectives, and.TOZ considerably exceeds the
average harvests of individual farms. How is this explained? The production of
m: rketable grain and kernel vegetables in the socialist agricultural sector fell
b-hind scheduled quotas in part because socialist agriculture had to concentrate
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on an increasin 'y larger production of industrial and food plants, such as coil
ton, flan, temp, and
industry, For exa eu"ar beets, to supply the working class and the processing
24 Percent of the total total 21.4 area percent of the area planted to cotton and more than
sector, of quality vineyards are situated in the socialist
in addition to special planting intended for choice eeds and saplings s- The on ntedyt~rdsuintensive Planting. portion of these areas is, therefore,
-foie
g?
Another cause for the unsatisfactory production of grain in the socialist
sector is the fact that state farms formerly operated over areas di.vided into
thousands of small plots, often of fewer than 10 hectares, and man;: of them kilo-
meters apart. Before consolidation of state farm lend in 1952, state farms were
divided into more than 17,000 plots.
Equipment Labor
The equipment of state farms is still below the level required by advanced
agricultural rules. Combines and machines for cultioation and harvesting are
lacking. Hand labor is still practiced on a large scale. These deficiencies
result in insufficient manpower and cause great harvest losses, because crops
remain too 1on2 in the fields. btoreover, corn, industrial plants, and fodder
plants suffered from the drought in Constanta, Galati, Bucharest, and Timisoara
regiunes, where about 50 percent of the total arable land of state farms is lo-
cated.
Collectives still produce far less grain than their 'potential permits. The
cause must be sought in the economic and organizational shortcomings still pro-
vailina at many collectives, such as poor labor organization, inefficient func-
tioning of permanent brigades, inefficient utilization of mechanized equipment,
and slow expansion of the common property- Collectives have unlimited possibil-
ities for increasing agricultural production. For maximum use of the advantages
created by social agriculture, constant attention must be given to the strengthage -
ening of the collective. Every collective chairman, every member of the man-
ment council of a collective, and every collectivist must clearly understand that
the production of marketable grain is the index of the strength of the collective
and of the quality of its work, and at the same time is an important factor in
the increase of income for all.
In 1953, the area cultivated in the socialist sector h:s reached 24.7 per-
cent of the total arable land of the country, se against 17.39 percent in 1952.
Favorable climatic conditions also have contributed to a better harvest. A much
larger production can, therefore, be eapectcd in tha socialist s;:ctor in 1953
?
The living conditions of working, peasants who had little or no land have
been improved since the distribution of land to peasants by the democratic agrar-
ian reform of 191+5? In addition, the state has supplied the peasants with tools,
selected seeds, and cheap credits to buy cattle. Socialism doe:; not mean ruin
and destruction for small and medium farmers, on the cont_;ly, with the aid of
the people's democratic state, the peasants raise their standard of living and
education. 4torl:in peasants are guided toward large socialized farms which ulti-
mately will save them from poverty and ha_rdshin.
Our party must intensii' assiata
their level of tray, n=~~ to poor and medium fnncrs to raise
ni.n,^., the_:; lr-bor productivity, and the volume and quality of
their harvests. A decree for economic assistcnce to peasants toes strictly up-
plied by the party and the goverrmant. Err.11 and medium farms could considerably
increase productivity per hectare.
h.'.'.vC:ua1 ;>eas:,nts must achieve better re-
sults from the soil in their own intei ::arid in the i.nteract; of th? country.
They can and must obtain increased production. Ind:ividuI peasants; can raise the
yield per hectare by at least 25 percent within far . s, as neighboring
racies have done.
democ-
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At present, the problem of raising agricultural n-?oduction and of obtaining
greater quantities of marketable grain is of th?a great_at i.;portance to Rumania's
advancement toward socialism. A solution to this- problem woad bring greater
supplies to the urban population and increase the raisin? of industrial plants.
The 1948 census shows that the Rumanian population increased to 16 million.
If the Population continues to increase at the same rate, it 'rill reach approx-
imately 18-18.5 million in 1960. A vest increase in pep let! m. in cities
industrial centers is takin. and
from villages to towns and indu
place as u resul of strial centers. Ac^~ord:nZ toodemor--ehicestatis-
tics, the Population in cities and industrial centers grew from 5.'..,_ lion in
1948 to 5.5 million at the beginning of 1953, and is exp_cterl to r :eh 17 million
in cities and industrial centers by the end of 1950.
The development of our socialist industry, the :irowth of the :?o;urlation of
the country in General, and the growth of the uorkin- population in cities and
industrial centers necessitate the r,,
expansion of a,,rI:ultural produce 'on, to isi`y 'ndustry s requirements for raw maeri,.ls n s: t-
needs of the and c nst:.rtly i:?r; easing
population for consumer good::.
A riculturul Erp^nrion
The problem of cricultural e?ronnr.i cn and of crap production hr.s b coma a
concern of the state the entire ccu:a The socialist agricultural sector
must be gradually enlarged and the yield per hectare must be considerably in-
creased each year. State farms which no; ..ir_clule more than 1.2 million hectares,
will be able to consolidate cad cxpan'l to 1.5 million hectares in the next few
years by such measures as the acquisition of new land, the clce.rin? of wooded
areas, and soil reclee.eation. we expect the country to 1:ev: 10 mil
lion hectares
of arable land, including 6 850
,000 hectl.r;,:; of :;rain field:..
The following average annual yield:; per hectare for the whole ccuntry will
be reached in the next few years through the :psnsion of the socialist agricul-
tural sector and through better working of the soil: fall wheat, about 1,500
kilograms; corn, about 1,800 kilograms; barley, about 1,5C0 kilorams; and oats,
about 1,400 kilograms.
According to the foragoin3 figures, we expect to plant 6,850,000 of grain, yielding about 10 million tons of in arnuily during ti so^_ondFive-
Yet_r Plan, as 'against 6-7 million irons ebteined at present. The increase in grin
production will be possible by es;.blishi.n irrigation systems alonee the Danube,
the Siret, and t1.p Pruth ravers, tend by thy extension of irrigation along the
Crisu, Mures, and Olt rivers. Methods used to solve the grain problem will help
expand the development of industrial crops in areas which offer the best growing
conditions.
Rumania has favorable clin:;ic condiiicns for the cultivation of cotton.
The cultivation of cotton must be extended to 300,000 with an annual
yield of 1,100-1,200 lalogr:ms per hectare of irri.gete:l ;.--ad and 600=j00 kilo-
grams per heetaro of nonirrigatcd coil, as against the 40y 450 kilograms per
hectare total yield obt:anod .. present.
The gnelit,)' ref cotton
rd t.cc ?_r![t:: of the th_adu must i;_ y of rr' m"ae-ec.
rials to our t^ inc,e_-so' The tali s,aopl of row mzt
rrem dto cu _x+ tile industry during th_ second Five-Ye r Fi:.n ;:rust be satisfied
ic: production
sw?plu:es must be c7.^_at;~d.
Ue must ins= ee sugar beet plen`i.ng from `.~ about 100,000 :;ectnres in 1952 to
1 0,ex D hector : , ui..th an noire 1. yield of 18,000-20,000 ' i lp-r m s of
per bee-care cad r total nnnu~a l., sugar v-ill
ro.u_-rpf .-:pout riillion tons. This .5:11
result. in more than 300,000 tons of sugar'
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grams Per heetare,thusr suni'lower seeds must be increased to 1,100-1,200 kilo-
kilo-
grams 0 hectares, enabling us to harvest about !150,000 tons of s
the second This will yield at least 100,000 tons annually during
Five-Year plan. of oil
Potatoes will be Planted on 270,000 hectares in the next few
3.2 million tons
Years. About
`,250,000 tons inof potatoes will be produced for central stockpiles, as against
the population nd1952 e increased production will fully satls
demand for raw mlterial in industry, fY the needs of
Rumania 1s known
fruit. In the next ris one of the great :lrropean producers
fcw year, we must take full advantage of pr?ec
qu cntyfavorat
conditions to morocco fruit, gr pe , and wine production, particul~:r1
prevailing and
ality t ,,roes. To achieve thi s, we must eliminate the serious shortcOman,^?s
in the Ministry of in
a
Agriculture, and must combat hostile elemnth now
viViti;aicon ulture and orchard ? Immedict-: rtc.ps should also be takn to improve con-
s of low-?rc.
nal vines d and e, negl cted vine. ads, to replace old vines, and to plant
cditio young fruit tree
on of grapes s. ideasures mu.' be taken to increase the
producti _:r.tu..l problem: or wort: at eollect]ves, state farms, and TOZ. Thn.y.
e to :.rn.swcr tl:c? croblcros r:: iced by practical Kricuiturc' :,nd
must ie-
vote all their cir skill Co th :,ricntific solution of problems arising frucithe so-
cialist I.ransforn:Lion of :;nriculrure. T.`tey Curt teach field l::borcrs new rnrl
cthc?::: to Obtain tit 1arg_ot and best yields,
11. The Strenrtireni??g wnd
3spansi-on of Collectives ::n3 IO
Ev ul] c t r t. mu: t take c,.r, or eonunon
m:.ls, buildin, , ;?l r .-. ;nd ,,.0, cts? h_ illy -- to n; -
strant iml.ro m,nt. lobcdy h--.s the rim " must wort: with th d~li,enee
fil* c their con-
co-1 tivj. rr and i v 1?, h 1rt to damage collnotaV egos tv,
n o. Of a_rir 1 prod r the
u r . aural :,cur, hrougrthe wise nod cn^luse ' r
of
Collectives
L-e to ae rt to ?e to in ;row u` io r'ti,-,s and
ec indm:_tr;c i ccrrl'ers . ast or?:^i, 1-
.b7 toes,
and n.r t , cnc nt tai rr:.c tree , sty:.:'br^r', s,
on rya
of the colt t..:r_ .a3 to too poultry, :nd hr.s? to inc nc. r; spberries,
su 1 t uor..,ng popul:ai..,r, rc-s^ th^ in-ome
STAT
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The Collectives must devote e,eet .]. a.ttcntion to pool labor orp,?;.niaction.
Permanent brigade must become the baste orbit in labor orb:ntz:,tion in every
Collective. Collectives must eliminate waste and cut down ndminintrative red
tape.
Reduction in production costs is en important condition for the better-
ment snd expansion of collectives and TOZ. This will lead directly to higc,er
income for every member of the collective anal TOZ.
Inspection combs uP
organization cnd their production plans.
Y?o1F The ]Lima:t' or -riculture u..... the ndiv n??-.', of
? ?wj,-.t
hones, must c.sJ 71 Z; 1 in the prer ?cc'.tion of the so 11, in the introduction of
crop rotation, and in the creation of snot^cttve belts for fields.
Prosperity in (:ol.l,act.i?.rcs(lei,.)ndo r_n the iucr?ur;,e of production ,or tr. c.-
tare and on hi,-,h labor prcductivity. To attain theca ecala, party c r.iuti
and nr.nc ons
g.ment count. is of cnl.l..;?tiv ;; rr + 0evot r ~ tten r .'o hr 07-
t; on cna d lc e'^nt, of ,:octclI:t d r.,t].I
r m m, .; b'
r,.rl_ :end collect Vu:.
The Ministry of Agricultur?^ ;rill 1-rm.r up 'a,rulitions regar:iinp the des-
ignation of le ,ding workers o.nd Stalhanovites in collectives, and ,.!ill establish
procedures for the De,esantution of insignia and certificates. It gill institute
a Red Banner of Production for the bast collectives in regiuncs, and :. yearly
production banner which is to ne . aac?r?;led by the Ministry of Agriculture to the
lea(liup collective in the country.
Collectives must become c;nt_rs "or dia:^e:'action of eau'ation .ncn,z
the .: or::i.n, peasant ma .:. 7 ;,?:rrrtivc e w e
0o,:1e's coupe; and collec-
tive m n . rent en lace Lb re I'' the rl i. au: l rc t ?%l r iccl 1""12], ,i' all collec-
tivist:', that coller_t vast ::>11 know horn to pl, rdvi need labor methods and
how to r:; e; .,:line in certain branches.
rrty nGerts , e.._cuY,ivc coron et o' p_o,al.a s ::ounu_ la,
collectives :oust not for??nt th t, tl:e ..,.._. ring colt,'-' :iv ;;h' i.-.a
means
,
convtncin'; vor9:in , e^ the cuaric("Ill., c.. cr:a. ^ri., y
The re_hune zu.i :.,,:ion part; core:'.ttae: n, the _;cecuti.ve