GEOGRAPHIC ECONOMIC

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700140262-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 9, 2011
• Sequence Number: 262
• Publication Date: October 27, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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fQR QFFE~~AL ~~~ ~~~.
STATE
ARMY
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! MAI .952 "' ~"
1
SUPPLEMEPJT TO
REPORT N0.
A PPr,Li:+tiPiAItY STUCiY OF TfiE UitBAN GEOGRAPnt OF *IANIt_T:7G
E: cn ~rrf. ^ ;
iV=?n'e?.?:3; commercial imgortan^e
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1950
-z~-:,:ra1 fac_li'i~a DATE [FIST. :~-~ Oct 1953
3 repo: t
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Journal of the Oeoitranhisal Sociat~r of China
Vol. XV11. Dec. 1R 50
1. ti Preliminary Study on the Urban Geograp by of Nanking (p. 39)
(By Chao Sung Ch'iao and Pai Hsiu Chen, Dept. of Geography,
rin~.ing ? ::Flomon's College,
':?anki.nF.
Introd~:ction
A metropolis being ti"io hiEhest form of the result of human
effort on the earth it is nedessary that geographers should give
it adr'ed and detailed study. 'rlankinE is one of eight metropoli
in China ?rrith population of over a million each; it has been the
capital of the country on and off during six dynasties for a
combined total of Si7 years, and ocouples a unique position
politicall;r, economical h; and cultu^,ally. It is natural that such
an ~rportant cit;~ should receive our attention.
This article is on?;; an elementary stud3- of the geograph;,-
oC Nc;nk~ni based on statistics gained from various t;*pes of rosearct.
conzucted prior to the sorin_r, of 1::50 aided b; practical work by
tt~o authors between Sont.'4~ and Junr, '50. After touching briefly
on the geographical background and historical development of the
city, its structurd and function are described and explained, and
than finally, by gathering tor~ethcr the various faetrrs, an opinion
is offered regarding the construction of a new p?nnki.ng. Tho whole
contribution is lir;ted b;; the superficial scholarship of the
wri.tcrs, the temporary natura of th.; practicsl work bhey put in,
tho~r lack of materiala of all kinds, aad the ;nany places whore
there have been mistakes and carelossncs=. e.~;. Kn intimate
co.~noctlon >,ctwoen the city and tha suburbs at Hsia-kuan, P'u-k~ou
outs~do the Shui-hsi Coto and outside tin Chung-hua Gate has drown
up, tut has not received :;dcqu.;tc traatmcnt bore; and again,
materials have not teen ottainud fnr a dotailar' comp.;rative sthdy
of the rapid renowinE~ of nll social nhan a~ona i;: the post-liberation
city, where the business of reconstruction is brinvin~; constant
changes. Corrections from studcnta of all groups will be welcomed
and forboar:~nce is akked until deficienci?s and alterations are
effected.
I. Geographical BackFrotind
(i) Location (Chart I) Nanking is situated 82?3'Idorth lat.,
11C+o47' cast long., it has 14 hrs. 10 !?+!ns. of daylight :a mid-
su!n~!er and 9 hrs. 50 mans. at midwinter; clocks are E hrs. ahead
of G.i".T. To the west find north winds the Yangtze, China's
premier river; Hankow, startint; point for ocean-going shipping,
lies 730 Km. upstream, while Ping-shAq,which marks the beginning
of >boat transport on the river, is 2130 K,m distant. (T.N. rsbout
10~o1'F, long.) 300 Krr, downstream is ~Voosung, whore the river
meets hhe Pacific, the world's largest ocean. Below Nanking city
there is the flow of the diurnal tides so that steamers of up to
40 ft. draft have no difficulty in travelling up and down. Nonce
Nanking is fortunate in its location as regards Toth sea end land;
among, China's capitals of the past it is the ono Bost qualified to
be regarded as the "t:`aritime Capita?".(Chart I. inserted hero)
At ''>luhu, Nanking and near Chinkiang is the last of the hilly
arcar: that the Fangtzc passes through; t?iis marks the beginning
of the delta and is also the place to vrhich the ?.raat i?. China
plain, the largo lake district of Lhc ccntrnl Yangtze, _u7C1. the
delta converge. Tho main roads that frcm ancia!~t times h,.vc skirt3d
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the eastern end of theCh'in-ling Hts. or have been connecting links
between Id and S here meat the E-W =.vaterwa~- of the Yangtze. The
reason for Nanitin~ havin~~ taken prededenco over Wuhu and Chinkiang
seems to lie in the following, geographical advantages it oossesses:-
(i) Tho Yangtze, which flours towards the N.E. after passing
b7uhu, suddenly turns near iYanki.ng first towards the oast
and then South-cast, forminf an r:rc tl:e convex side of
which is to the north; this is the nearest point on
its course to the large cities of the T1. China plain.
When the ti-S railwa-Y iin~ =vas first constructed in 1911,
the termini were Tientsin and Pulcow, only 1014 ::m apart.
(2) The river narrovrs to about 1100 metros between Pukow
and Hsi.a-kuan, a distance which can easil? be rowed across
and narrovrer than at either Wuhu or Chinkiang.
(3) The many streams and lakes and hills in the vicinity of
Nanking, the natural defensive barrier of the Yangtze,
where, as the sa,,?in~~ goes, "Drak;cns coil among the mountains
an~~ tigers lurk among; tha rocks" combine to m~ko it
suitable as ~ 7ilitary and political centre of China.
At the present time Peking has been restored to its place as
the political centre of Chins, and a groat wave of largo-scale rce
construction is sweepint, across the Id and the NE, but the Yangtze
delta ha not lost its position as one oC the economic centres of
the country; and while wo may call the id-S lines (Peking - Tient-
sin - Pukow, Nankin, - ShanE-hai - Hangchovr) the main arteries which
at thy, ~,omont connect up the oolitic~l and economic centres of China,
yet the water transport of the Yan~-tz:;, stretching E=''! for over 2000
Fm, mar bo called the economic vein of our country. The fact that
Nankin, is situated at the point where th.:sc tyro great thoroughfares
meet is one of the vasic reasons w,1 it will continue to maintain
its position as a groat mctroeolis.
2. Climate (Chart 2. Ilotc: I) Host pl.:ccs in China lie
within;. tiie monsoon region , and '.iar.lcin~: is no excoetion. The
dry, cold eontinont.~l. mousoon, inclined towards the north, prevails
from October to iv?arch. idean barcnr.;tric pressure for January, 765.6
mm., is the highest for the year, while the rainfall for the same
month,.. 37.9 mm., is thr., socnud lo.rest fa: the ;;car (the lowest
being 36.3 mm. for Docernber); during the colder months, the
month?y barometric: readings ire hi;;hcr thsn the mean annu al
pressure of 756.5 mm., and the six-months' rainfall of 26II.7 mm.
is only 27.5f of the annual total (977.6 mr.). From April to the
first t:n days of TEunc the vrarm, moist south-cast monsoon from the
ocean gradually stronE*hens, but the force of the land monsoon is
still great, and as a result of the interaction of the t=,vo, crowds
of (?) "spearhead surfaces" are produced forming the irresponsible
April showers. IIeavy rains accompteny the period of heat from the
middle of Juno tc the middle of July (these are called "Plum Rains").
The mean barometric pressure for July, 747.1.mm., is the lowest
for the year, while the rainfall, 142.6 mm., is the highest monthl~r
total. From mid-July to early September the monsoon from the sea
has no rival and the rair. slackens though storms are more numerous
be.caus?eof tha influence of typhoons. (Chart 2 resorted here).
After earl-- S~tember the NE wind obtains the mastery once more,
the period of i:,toraction being very temporary end the r, the cold
weather conditions come into force again.
Although Nanking is in the temperate zone and not far from
the sea, ,yet the groat changes from cold to heat arc characteristic
of its climate, the continental character of which is mono apparent
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than at places of equal latitude such as Shanghai and Chungking.
The mean annual temperature i.s 15.5oC? the January minimum '
averages 2.2?C and the July maximum 27.^r?C, so that the annual
variation reaches 25.5oC. The hiFhost and lowest recorded
temperatures are 43?C (13/7/1P31) and 13.boC (27/1/1?33) resp.
April temperatures {ave^. 1'..SoC) nre slightly lower than for
October (aver. 17.2oC), the compensating influence of the ocean
bein!; trifling. '*cv. 7th is the a~er:a~c date of the first
Yrosts, :=ar. 20th that of t'ie 1 Est frosts, the frostless period
being thus 23~ r?a;,-s.
By K'o-pan's class ific:.tio~~ Tnrin; and autu~^n as those periods
when moan temperatures c" "" ve-da^ groups lie hetvvoen 10o and
22oC, sum;nor as the DCPi G(~ 'f~}iCn these are higher than 22?C,
and winter as the pcr:`od wiic;n t:'_o~? fall bel.~w lOoC, then in
Nanking sprinE bog,ins on i!c.r. 1'7th and totals 65 days ( 10 days
longer than in Pelting'); sur.:a~er hogins on i::ay 21st and totals
125 days (20 dais lonE;er than Pa'.tin~): autumn be~_ins on Sopt.
23rd and totals 65 days (20 lon~cr then Peking); and winter
begins on tlov. 27th anP totals 110 da;?s (50 daps shorter than
PokinE). The spr'nf_ is mur!ced `:y :ruch wind and rain; the
humid?ty of sum~nc is oppressive; in winter the north winds
are cold and rs.v; the -utumn is the best, wit!z fine days and
crisp air.
(3) Toook.raeh< end :il~dro;r.rac1~J? The district near Nanking
Purple 3.s one of low hills . Chun;: ~hr.~? the hif,he. i; ( i2 motros alti-
Ilts, tudo) hta the form of an o~~orturr._d coat, and rises 400 motros
above the surrounding 1'_u:~ial o'!:,'_n; irom the clden times it
has boon callers t_~e k^.;,' to ".ankin~-? i,n.~ki^t>. wesb:+ard from the
observator;~? on the ?xestern extr~m::'- of the ridge (the site of
the former Tien-pap-chen,;), th:, cit;,- ^rit!1 its sarroundinE river,
]alres anr] hills is snreac' cnt >t one's fora . The hills immediate
ly to the north of ChunE:-s~Z~~.ri 1^^, .11 of ap~:roximately the same
height, 200 metres, (?), t'r; lc?::r alc_?x:s `:='17.inF' in steps to
40-60_mctr_~and Consist'`c oS' .:~_: s o:' tY;:'}isia-she' sy~s~tocn,
making. a confused p?t*.~~rn w; ~h tiii; a:~:uviai I'l:cta off` the low
pl~:ces and for:nin;_ un nr!~ul.:tin: surfs... ::month the many low
hills (? mounr's) near Yu-'1;:-t';i, s~~u;i: of Chum-shan, is the
valley; of the Ch'i.n-huai-?~,-~, ao:^ ;? t!~':^ '=0 metres in altitude,
where the cultivated fi arts 1'c ofcr :.;-=.inst one another, and
here and there the poi n?: n" r.. H~.;_.n~ -t'u (or loess) hill breaks
the montony of the sur;::ce. The l.ow-ivinU durrp plain to the
west of the city- 4vas orit;inall-: L'.~. ccurse of the Yangtze River;
it has grar'ually formers by si.7tln?: since the end of the Southern
Tang dynasty.
Within the c't~- the ground is mostly an allu~~i^_1 plain,
approximately 15 trrs ahovo son-level, built u~ in rocont
times; it forms ...:rt of the Y-anr:tzc and Chin-huai r.ivor flats.
The hills Fu-kuei, Fu-chow and Pei-chi-ko (where the NE section
of the city adioins Chung-sh n) look llkc sm:~l.l replicas of
ChunE-shan in appearance; theti have altitudes of 50 to 70
metres. There is a rolativel5 oxtensivc hilly area west of the
Pram Tower, from Shih-tzu-shan (Lion Hill), passing Ch'ing,-
li.ane-shan, "du-t'ai-shan ::nd Ch'ao-t'icn-?sung to Feng-t'ci-shan;
th? altitudes of those v?r;; betwocn 40 and 60 metres, appoaranee:
vary too; slopes are gentle, and most are covered vrith 'Hsia-slaw'
loess, thoir~~structuro and height resembling that of the low
hills hoar Yu-hug-t'ai south of the city;. Under the loose in
the Ch'ing-lianY*-shan district there is~an outcrop of Pukow
strata'"of rod con[3omoratc, Tertiary period, which provides
bu^1r~inE naterinl in an area where not muchis found; For this
reason Ch'inr-Bang-shan used to be called Stone Hill. At~~
Yu-hug-t'ai and the neighbouring hills there are beds of Yu-hua
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t'ai pebbles between the late?ite (?loons) and Pukow strata; the
stones being smooth and clown ;;,ivo much cn~oyment.
(T?rT. altitude fiEures given are all "above sea level").
The Yangtze after flowing b?); from '.Yuhu onters the Nanking
metropolitan area at Ta-sheng-..u~,n e+berc it meets the Yun-liang-
ho ~iRddotBanal); still flo.v!n:- f~ it receives the water of a
branch of tha Chin-huai-ho ~t?Po_-ho-'a'ou, near which aro the
water works - water 's led fror. sure to stor:>,t;e tanlts on Ch'inr-
liang-shun from whi the. w'io'.?a city is supplied. Chiang-halh-
ohou (id id-river Is]_.,,d), 26.3 sq. ;:m. is are.:, stretches fror?
Ta-shong-kuan to c point of .? Pei-'^o-?k'ou, ;nd is separated from
the south bank oC the C.. ..-chip::, 400 nctres wide, a place a1
concaurse for l::anches ~:nd timbar rafts, the main rivor boin5
very wide and used b~ l...rga vessels. The ma_n Chin-huai
curront enters the Y?zngtzc at l~si.:-ku.!n ('Do:vn-rivor Customs');
horn because of thu nature of the tcrrr.;in t_,c surAaca of the
YanEtze suddenly narroerN,tha curront is dofiocte9 to the east,
flows pest Ynn-tzu-chi and u1-chih-ta, end crosses the boundary
of the metropolitan aro a~_..i.n at 'au_lun~-span. P1-ltua-ohou
(an island or sand ban''), 57.7 sn. m. in aria, strcl:chos from
Hsia-kuan to the foot of 4;u-]un,?-~hcn, the Chi:;-chi.:.n., or
branch separatinv it from ?l?~nkin,? aervinf; as an anchor~ga for
f'.shing and frc7ght junks, st.a:n-boats usinc the outside channel.
The depth of the river within the metropolitan area would be
from 15 to 50 metres :and the width generally over 1500 matron;
when the water is hr-,ld r_:ck L;? t^c tic~~s d~.,rin~ the summer
freshets the water lav:,l r'_sc.s a little }nd the speed of the
curront is 2 to 3 knotsr _t; ti^!es of high tic~o dur;nr_t the winter
low water the water lcv?-1 ~?i~cs O.v to 1.2 #nctres and the curront
is reversed for an hour or an ho,:r and :half doily - the speed
is roducad to}~$o2.kriots.wt Cloo6 ti^~,s inund:a ien troubles at
??.",hung-hsin-dhou, Pa-ku~-chou au' .isi...-kuan, with that whole low-
lying region, are unavoida'~le.
~'he northern c ,~ so',t'-:.:rn so?rc.s of the Chin-huai-ho are
in Chu-yun~ and L1- ,i (~,.a:,ti;s) resnocti?~cl~,~; the;- loin b~
the ao ~thern footh? of ~_~.nr -sh.n, _ :~ after flo',vint north
the stream enters t.._ ~?otr-~^o].itan c.rc.. :,t Shar~c?-fanE-n+en and
thence to a point outs ids- "'u',r-c!,i.-?~.n ah::r.. it rccnives th::
clear waters of the cit?- ro_a ;~ di?it:r.s into two parts. The
outside brunch, thu liu-ch(en~ -r,o, o- :; _.rou ,c' the S3, S and SYJ
of the city; the inside, branci. ~..,ters t'rc city at~fiTuor.;-shui-kuan.,
joins up w;th th:; Yank-?m? ro_.t, tl:c s~;ai Ch'i~?*-,r~ canal,and the
-tu emerges on the west ut the C.: ;-: n:-m~.:;, ?::nc rc-uniting; with
pal the outside branch fol'_ows ~.rourd the cite ;rill to tha north until
it onters the YanE;tze. The ^~in Ch'in-:iusi strc::m is shout ul ltim.
long; its western shore is r,11a principol plin in the vicinity
of Nanking, the river bed in its upper section is from 15 to 30
metres wide anP in its lower section r._::chcs a maximum of 70-odd
metres; the depth of water in the summer is 3 metros (upper)
7 metros (lower), and launch traffic is possible as far as Li-
shui. Tho inner branch oC the Chin-huai ?xith the c?t-t canals
mentioned has been the centre for cultural articles in thq city
since the time of the sixt d~%nasties;~ nc:: through the
silting up that occurs seat b~- year the bed of this branch is
over 2 metros higher than that of tha outer branch, and it is
onl;t during the summer and autumn thGt small junlts can be forced
through, while the canals dug b~ past gcncrations are almost
completely stopped up and onli;? w few malodozaous drains remain.
The main lakes near Nanking are the HsUan-wu-hu on the east
and the Dfo-ch'ou-hu on the west, both probabl-; oxbo, lakes
('billabon~' ) Teft after chun;;os in the co'~rsc of the Yangazc.
The former is about 12 lim. in ci.rcumfercncc-. "nc? ordinsrily the
water is 0.5 to 1 mc'.ra? in depth; there aro five islands; on
t~1c cast it receives the water from the e?'4 slopr.s oC Jhunp;-shin,
~n~1 at Ch'inc,-ch'i on the S:'~ its watosarc led off .into the
,. -
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Chin-huai-ho. At the time of the 93x dynastiEStho Lake vras
oonnectod with the Yangtzo via Lion Hill and was used as a plane
for naval oxercisos; it was therefore Pnngorous spot in ti*nos
of trouble and the eonnectinC chann_.1 vrith the river is now
blocked up, and its mtlitary ue:: ':as docreasod. It h.as boAn -d
changed into n public oc.rir since tae close of the Chin? d:?nasty,
lotus and water-chos`- rts ha ;?e bo::n pi.^ted profusely, and~the
surroundings sro nor? ~cr Cor t'io t~?oaut;: of the scenery. The
Mo-oh'ou-hu is about :, Sm. in circn*~for:;noo; Ch'ing-liang Hill
is a little distance off, an~i t~cro :sro mcny other lakes nosrb7i
St has also Boca oooned no^: as w ~..rc?.
(i) tiyricultural Division, or Tlsc of tre Lsnd. Lanr' utilisation
near Aianking; is complex, ?gut the chief cis.inction of the whole
is that betwoon urb..n and rur~:l u:ic. In the ^ity- area the buildings
arc, packed tightl-- to~et!-~or :vit'i a networl: of ro:.ds c!non~ them.
It is the cantrc of po'.iticil, commercial, cc:ltural and other
activities which are not cng~E:d in agricultural nroduction; that
it influoncos, and is iniluanced L?y, tiro su'.:urban area in which
farming is central, is very o~?ir.~ent, .tad thorn Is ~: mutual intor-
flow of goods. :;part Cro~~ tae ci'c-? itsaf thorc u?c aan ~ m::rkot
tovms in the r^ctronolitan district rrost of vrii?ch arc situated on
the lines of L:nd or water communication; o.C;. Cii'a-lu-k'ou and
Sh~~.ng-fanE-men Sn the v:rllc}: of thr: Chin-huai-ho, Tang-shun and
Hsiao-ling-wei sro among] the hills of the caster section, Ta-
shenE-kuan, Hsi-shan-ch'i~c, Shan-^sin-ho, FIsi~-ituan, P'u-k'ou
and Yen-tzu-chi are along. t?.c ",~;r.!c cf tlzc Yangtza. Tho relation-
ship of thcs:; to the rur_:1 vil]c`?-:s around is simil.;r to that of
Plankin(; on a small scalp.
Farmlands ?rri.thin thr, rrctro?~^1'_*.- '~',trict^_rc not o:acnsivc
1936 figures gave only 150,31 21.5 of the, total. stns.
Of this, 12fl,5f;0 i'cu were parlr'~r ! ' ,-r'~, ?.5,i. ~1 i.ou v:cre dry.
(T.N. Figures A3"pin ~ , ~ s' ~ ~JG "ou o:' uadd;; and 1?i, 100 Mou of
dry; fields iii-the. T' -?.~ ar: r..rca ;true ?u~t re~,n ~ ?irl'?d.ed. Tvro
pra;n crops a ,year :. _ ,.es'"',:. ..,.., chief such cr crop is rice,
maize .car. so;-a be ins }:air. ro?;t; t~,c o':icr .r:ntc:~ crop is shoat,
with subsidiary crops cC ~::.rl.?; rn' ~ ~.r'rnr, t-~pcs oC beans.
Immediately abounB the cit-- ::rd?;..,-~.rt :,L..-line-'-poi (T.`d. This is
about 3 1{m outside Chun-~ha^-r^,;n ~>n t!:c. r.~~.in rend to the cast)
the cultiv~.tion is nost'_? oC v.~ ct .`?1 -s~ :nd fruits, x;rriculturnl
produce of the metronolit.:r. _rca i.s C..r fres~ suf~'isicnt for its
nacds.
Concentration of farw'.n:-, 'r; C:ii.;. is li^i?toc? to the level
ground (sic); the cultivation oC the ~-ennt::in slopes is very
redo, and on the hills ::',out :, yin t:1 _ri: are few f,:rms at an
altitude of over h0 metres. '1''.c or?;?in:a snoods of pine .:nd
deciduous troos have been almost ro~arl^tc]7- out down, and every-
where onu looks, :bone the 10 metro line, one secs nothin,., but
wild grass and bare hills, a circumstance vrasteful as regards
production, and giving vise to soil erosion. ~uitc s larr~c aben
of the metropolis is taken up by the gravas seen everywhere and
b~,- the mud and sand on both banks of the YanE~tzc. Recently- the
opening; of waste land. has been cncourag~d b~? the government and
afforostntion has been carried out at Yu-hua-t'ei and Purple it;t.,
a lino bog inning; to the reconstruction of a new c:ge.
The total water surface in th:~ r..etropolitan distric*, is
largo - this may bo rogsrdcd as anotherrwaq in which the land
is made use of, for the Chin-huai-ho and the Yangtze are
communication artori?s, ..^..nd, besides the lstter is the source of
the city's water sup..y. THe Yangtzo fishing- industr--, c:.ntr::d
on Yon-tzu-chi, supplies apart of the Cish consumed b? the. city's
inhabitants, and th?:;ro arc countless pools in the area from which
?::ator is drawn off for domestic use or irri.ation, .rnd wai.ch
serve in the 1;reeding of fish, g;~.cso :nd duc~rs. Tho larg;cr lakes
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are noted for the production of lotus roots, ureter-chestnuts and
'chiao-ts'ait.
(5) Population (Chart 3 inserted hors.)
At the time of the founr'inf, of the Republic in 1512 the
population of Dianki.n~; metropolitan district was only 269,000
persons; nor was it more than 260,000 in 7.^27. It was after this,
when the HI,T government made it their car'*.>l, that the numbers
began to increase anc? b~/ 1S3b the million mark was reached. 'Kith
the outbreak of the ant7-J~.~anese veer in 1937, and the fall of
tdanking, there was a sur~en r~eerease, anc' the number in 1938 was
440,000 and not more than 650,000 at the conclusion of the struggle
in 1945. ~`~ith the return of the government to the city there was
a large increase, the figure passing a million again in 1946, and
in June, 1948, there were 1,230,000 inhabitants the population
having almost doubled in 2~ years. This is the highest recorded
figure in the history of t'~e cityy. (See Chart 3 and iQote 2) .
The number had fallen s1lEhtly when the city was liberated in
April 1949. In ?'arch, Lust before liberation, the populace
numbered 1,142,441, of which 746,84? resided inside the city; at
the end of June the number was rer~uced to 969,685, i.e. 172,756
less. It was in the city itself that the greatest difference was
shown, viz. 142,266 or 82.3'' of the total loss. The decrease
was particularly noticeable in the newly built areas, No. 1 ward
(East) and No. 6 ward (North). (Chart 4 inserted here)
Statistics of too Public Security Police office for mid-
December 1549, Bhov: '.'1?t residents in the metropolitan district
then totalled 9P5,E. persons, ari avera e of 17,912 per so. lfm.
The number for city and suburbs was 587,554 or 59.6 of the
above figure, the r'istribution of the popu?at ion by vra~ds being
as shovrn in the followint, table; (See P'ote 3)
'.`lard Area (Sq.Fm.) Population Tens!ty (Fersens~Sq.Km.)
1
10.06
113,274
,673.3
2
2.90
X1,202
31,?14$?9
3
2.18
0',248
2S,O12.8
4
2.17
ts~",601
39,908.3
5
6.46
130,409
20,.191.8
6
13.36
102,790
7,693.3
Prom this table it is seen .*.hat the population is densest
in the three southern wards of the ~:ity, ?os. 4,2 anr' '', and is
the least dense in the northern, No.6, and eastem,Plo.l,wards.
(See Chart 5). The south of the city is the site of ancient
DTanlcinE:, and tho populatiot: centre remained there even when the
are was enlarged through an increaso of numbers at the beg?n-
n~ng of tho Tint; dynasty. 'With the extension and ease of com-
munications in recent times the region of Hsis-kuan and Hsin-chi.eh-
k'ou outside tho city has gradually assumed importance, and the
centre of populatio- in the city has tended to move towards the
north. Still, this :entre was dill at a point 200 metres SE of
Hsin-chieh-k'ou '.~n Lec. 1949 (See Note 4); this is about 2 ICm.
away from tho geographical centre of the city, Drum Tower Hill,
which lies towards the noi't:i.
(C'iert 5 inserted here.)
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II, Historical D~velooment,
(m. N. Suctions previous to 1949 on pp .47,8,9 untranslated
not being required for present study,)
(7) Since liborati.on. Thir, took pl~ce in April, 1949,
and during the pest 5 ti;s ruvu.?nraent has nut much effort into
making changes dosit;n to trr ntifu.^~-: id,:n;cing into a productive
city. Thot tl:eso hev~ t~En?uffct~.ve can bo Doan already, but
since it is :lwc-~s hErd to unC,o ;r +. t has slu.:ly grovrn up over a
period, a number o?' una~~oida~l~ :.:..'i'ieulti~s lws, naturally, boon
encountered d~minl; ti,u chcn?'_t~ uvc^ Frocuss. Still th:: cons-
truction of a nu:v i;anki:,~ mill hc:rrily br, dulnycd by thorn.
(8) From a compruhonsivc; survc~r of ita historical duvulop-
ment it is s,.an that lienking's mein function hcs be-on as a mili-
tary and politiccl contra cf gravity for the, middle and lovror
Yangtz:,; end at tivcs urban tiie country has tended to s_~lit up,
this city has boon th:; cr~~pite.l of the r?.,~;icn. On tiro occasions
also (at the beginning of th.; i:Ii'dG dynasty end during IudT times,
69 years oltoguthur) v$;;n th:: couatr~? was unifi:.d, ]ionkia, has
boon the nationcl cc .,ita1, th.. r.,rso,. b:.?_:ig, th; Y, the unifying
povror originated in the Scuth. So that the riser.nd duclinu of
Nanking lies always Dun dcFsndc,nt on the rclativu ir,rport4nco of
the area south of the CH'Iid-LIIrG to the vrholu country. In olden
days when the nation's contra wc.s in the Yollovr R. area, as
during the HAN dyne.sty when th.- ratio of the gopulaticns of N.
and S, China wcs 3,5 s 1, Pi c:~rkin? }ice? no spoeiEl standing;
during the Later HI:'`i dynasty this r r.tio fell to 1.5 s 1, and
latEr, at the oponinE of the Six D;,-ncstics, Tanking first camp
into prominuncu as e. groat c it?~ . ?~ th?. end of t ho Epoch of
the Fivu Dynasties (900 A,D.) ?ouLl:,Chin'. h:d hoeomo the ro-
pository of the whole nation's ercci.t:h, 'nd curing the SU:1C.
dynasty the population thor~? for th~, fi.~:~t time cxcuedud that
of th:, idurth; idenkin r. s t' _n c ;rtuinl~~ sot u~ .s th+:. nationcl
capital. ,Jith the c. ;:nga ,~f -:~~rii;i::?, ccnr~unicrticns, the
state of our country's ciu?-::lopm.:nt has ovol?zo~i to the place, whore
both land cnc~. sur r.rc ~cp?rll;; _=~nort:nt, znd :,inc:. Planking cer-
tainly hc.s the quclificction fur :. '; cr_i:~;.,~ Cc pitr.l', its future
is nc.turclly one of ?r~~:t ho*:o.
III. Structurc,?, (Scu Chc:rt %.)
(1) Thu form of tlia m~trunol{:;. Ci'-~ ?u~1 a+zbrtrbs he vu an
arue o: 41.1' sq.Kr:., or 13.6;s c!' ~,t,:. tot~1 m~:i;ro;~olitan district;
the shape is irru;;u].ar, tin urrrsu i t!.in` ::Hong tY_., older cities
vrhich hr.^u core doe+n from th . f~n:l. ]. o_~r?ud.. Thu narrowest E -
'JJ muasrtrument (from HSO1:N-'JU- 'N tc TU'i:0-CH'..idG-1i3i?1~ is only
about 3.8 Km; the lon,gost iv - S mc.csurcr,cnt (fror Y -H_'A-!'3Pi to
the northern base of Liun Hill) is 10.5 Ir?; the :v~ 11 winds for
30.5 Km. end it is difficult to record fully ell its fns end outs,
the shape being influenced lergolf by lecEl Lorrain, Thu south
of the city on thruu sides is close to the CHIN-riUAI-H0, vrhich
has boon rulicd upon for dcfcuco since early times, and no al-
terations in the dufuncu lino were considcrud necusaary urban the
city well was built in the _iING drnesty, Thuru hc:s boon groat
expansion to the N end Es the two hills FU-KUEI-SFiAN and Fff-
CHOU-BRAN are i cludod in the city to the ir.E., end nearby the
two parts of HS~AN-WU-HII, lying outside, are a natural protection.
On the wusturn lido, in order to koup the city boundary
close to the CHIN-HUkI main stream the CH'ING-LIANG and F1U-T'%+I
hills ho vu boon taken inside; in the N.'+~, thorn is r. corner
which 3uts oat like a ,rn so thct S~IH-TZ~J-5:11 (Lion Hill) can
be included - s!tch r~g.?,~;;. to the situation of the hills and water
was most s:zitablu Per the dufuncu of th?, cit;; in ~nciont ?times.
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There ero now 13 gateways to t hG city; the Drum Tower is
within comparatively easy roach of a ach one, end so, with a
little accommodation of speech, it ern bo said to be the geogra-
phical centre of the city. mhG c~ntr~ of activity is about HSIN-
CHIr~f, i-K'0?", which is the cross-ready ~~~har:: the N,E and S branchas
of CHUNG~SHAN Rd. end HAN-CHUNG Rd, r.;eet, end the point to which
old end now Nonking cun? r;G, Southv.~ards, in the araa west of
the Nanking city rcilwa (.vING-Si?IY 'i?'IBrf-.U), rnc?. especially
along the banks of t::G i;inor branch cf tha CH'I:irF?UAI-F.O, the
houses are crowded together, tiic str-c,ts ^rc narraw r.nd wet, m d
apart from a faw broa:c modern str:;~t t~'-~ich r^vG bGOn built, it is
still an oid-fc shio~d business ?. nd t~r~o;n::zt district. To the
north end east of ?iSITd-CIiI~;FT-K'OU more. modern development has taken
place, perticuls.rly scout C~lTG-:1Nn'T Rd..; the streets end buildings
ero tidier and d.eener than in t2?c south of tY::, city, only most of
the buildings follo:v t1iG courses of the road in r ribbon-development
end spot-do*;Glopmont ms~nnor, ^.nc? thc:ro are min?~ public buildings,
gardens, perks rnd spcr~ plats, the unsc~~oury heritcgo of the K&:T
regime, out of hc.rmony wit?: their surroundings Find confusedly
mixed with vvgotsblG gardens. This ,jumble of ChinGSe end foreign
snciont and modern remains sh~r7~l~ssly cs ??inking' z?, in feature,
(2) Pattern of land-utiLsrtinn in cit;;~ :_nd suburbs.
According to 7 figures of~~hc eankim~r, metropolitan government,
the use rand distribution of lard in trio six cit?~ ~;ards and the
HSIA-KUAN district wrs ns sh w:n in the f ollewing tnblos-
(Chart 7 iraerted hare:)
_ Uso
Area (Sy,?,m~ ,.
~*' tut tl
Remarks
Military
7.78!
15.72
Includes r:;atricted
bu clciin3 araa
Governm:;nt
4,037
8.15
IncJ_~.rdes Control Govt.
s~. l;,.::, ; n~: placesfor
pti:,]. is c~nd r.dminis tra tivG
U ;U,
Cultural e.nd
3,001
E,06
I:;cludes chcritable aid
Educational
~acl.fr:rG organisations.
Commercial
0.564
i.13
hc7.ud~s living quarters
::ttcc.iei: to business
?- ~ tabl i:,hments
Industrial
0.75
1..7.5
hicludas public utilities.
Communications
4,05
~.1~:
Includes airfield, rail-
~fays, ti+harvee, godowns,
:rnd rend opan to vehicu-
lar traffic.
Residential
13.887
26.03
Includas ?illas, lining
quarters for government
servants and other groups,
ordinary houses and booths,
Perks S: gardens
0.185
0.37
Includes arenas and sports
grounds.
Vacant
16.445
33,23
Ponds,end sites reserved
by govurrnnent and other
group s, not included hare.
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Chronologically, Nanking developed as a capital city
earlier thanEhking, but the latter has been the national capital
almost continuously ever since tho CIiIN and YJAI1 dynasties (i.o.
about the 13th century), ti.hile tY.e forcer Y_as risen and fallen,
axd has been cruelly ravaged b;; ~uar a nw;i5~r of tir,ies; so that
now there is very little veca?~t lend in Pr?1sir..g city, whereas in
Nankinn it is still about one trird cf the total in spito of the
way the KtiT spread ovt n ~xd am~c:llinl.ud the city, and the rapidity
with which buildings s~~r.;rg ~xr, it tl:e Nand .L sections. It is
evident that _7ankin~.; has nut ~?::t: ~^rc;crcd tc full maturity, B?-
cause of the recent loss ~P it:: ;~os~tion pis capital very many of
its buildings 1'16VFi fall.;n ir,c? s~a;ate o1' r:eglect, and there is
tho ep,~earanca, as one might ai;,^=, o~ te:,!~,c:^ar;~ senile decay, In
addition to the above, aLor.s of tliu e.:^F,;; is residential, whilo
another ; is used fur milit:._ ,- e~r_d l;overn:.ental purposes; but only
1.12;u for commerce and 1.19;1,: 'or industry, This soems proof
enough that iQnnking is ba::ica?.ly a political and consuming metro-
polis. (T_N. ~Consumi?-~v~ as op,,osed to ~prod?.~cingM,)
The distribution of tl?G different t; ,yes of land usage
is involved (lit. interlock l+.ke dogs' teoth~}; the;7 aro not
es clearly marked eff as ?n ~,u?op?,en nd Gux-,risen c ii:ies.
Gonorally speaking the main ruairos:s district i.s at the contre
of the city; a shox 3lstanco o1'f tre the who'l.usale trade, the
smaller light Indust-^.~os, end Class 2 C: 3 residcnc~s; a littlo
further off ers tho better class homes and cultural, educational
end public buildic~;s (lacking in the south of the city); tnd
finally there is the vacant lard both within end outsido the city,
and in the northern suburl+ cf 11SI~:-KUALA is tho main industrial
district. Lines of cos:?+unicaticn end business ar., scatterod
througYx every district. myl~ distributiu~t is -given in more do tail
in tho following parr~grepha.
(3) Land in commercial ~xse, l.Onlln" 1'CU ;;i+:es the test roproson-
tation of o cityls oconomic cctivitios; v:husevur L-hu businoss
of fors the brightest display, thur~. Yh; ci.ty~a centre a nd tho
tallest buildings ~:+ll oc loc?.a`od, ;a. hiisiu~as districts of
Nanking aro in the form of .~ .ir: ,ao~~cr'.< bux?d,:rin?; the streets end
tho city contre, r.nd uat~rc,inr; i;hru>>, ;~ chi south wand whore tho
population is denser, the st~?.: t~ c7os.r crfl tllc shops covor a
wider area. Tho business cmt:r~ ~,::;; ~.?i the south of the city
when it :vas mado tl,o capttc?1 ~~ .L:>S:u; shcn there v~,ma many throo-
storiad buildings along SbPl-:~:;~.':-?C'':4'i+ ~tl~c middlo suction of
CNUNG-HTJA Rd,) c?hich I su.~;~os:: ;?.;r.: f:hc. ,k-~-srrao.:ra of the timo,
and where th_ land was vclu~.:c~ .'t 2 i0 1~7.'--. ii ur FE..1^,-CHAT?G, (T,N
1 FANG-CHANG- 12.826 sq, r~wtrue b7 old uni~s, cr- ?.1.111 sq.m~os
if nowar municipal units ari; rcY-..:?r::d to.} 4t :HSIN-CHIEH-K~OU
the valuation was only 50 YTJrai; : ~ Irlr, -? _ I-LOL' (tho northern
suction of THAI-P'ING }~d.) onl.1 ;;;~ -sii4lt; ^n,i north of KU-LOU (tho
Drum Taxer) below 20 YUf,.1. (Sec; Chart fS, and Motu 6,), After
this tho businoss cc+ntra graduell_? sY:iftod towards thv north,
coaching HSIiI-CHISH-1~ OU, whcro the newer buildings aro ovor throo
storms high (tho tal:.ust is scv~n); HUA-P~bI-LOU now competes
with SAN-SHAN-CHIr~H (~ Znroo Hills St, ~) ; and a:long both sides of
CHUNG-SHAN Rd. businoss is looking up. (Chart 8 inserted here):
E: re-valuation of land by the Pooplc~s 1?iunieipal
Gov?rnmont was announced in Play, 1950, wYr~n the highest rating
of 1140 oquivolont units per FA11G-Cr!_PiG was around HSIN-CHIEII-K~JU;
the next highest, 950 units, was at IIJ6-PEE::I'-LOU and at Sf,Di-SHAN-
CHIEH, both the samo; for the rest a hither valuation was put
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glong tho stroets, such as CHUNG-SFi:.N Rd,, CI-:UNG-Y/.NG Rd., 3I~NG-
CHOU Rd., and CIiUr1G-HUI. Rd., than for tho rosidontinl aroas
around thorn, whilo mo~uzds ntid fields Hoar the city wall wore
ratod at loss then l0U units, (Soo Chart 9, which is insortod
horn.)
Busin.saos of curtain sL-an3nrds sl-icnv r ugional division
of works o.g. finencial intcr~at~z :m~ ooncontr:ted about HSIN-
CHIEH-K~OU; silk and. cloth shop:; a~c ou CSUPFG-HU:. Rd., T+l.I-P71NG
Rd., CIiIEN-K~l.NG Rd,, S;'E^TG-Cr..;~T nd tho Fish htarkct Stroat
off CHU-CHL'.NG Rd,; tht ,rnj.n L? r,osc is carried on Hoar the
CHUNG-Ii[ti.-??C-;1J; the m::3,rn dcn:rL,:i:r,t atcrc:, r:ro in tho noighbour-
hood of TiSIN-CH]:BH-]t' wl:il?.-- ~:'::, old-f'.a!_1S,r:od typo ere found
mostly on C1TIFri-K~l.rIC .,, ~? .. :'L'?; Ra.. YU-::~~IH-CHTI'H (~Fiah
Market St,~) :nd i,Tl.-ice L'1r..,':?,.:,jo;?T': cr? .; iris dueling in char-
coal and sewn timber i~1a.:iKS .*?u iocr.tod n::or ~1w HLId-CHUNG-r.iEN;
woodon furniture send utensil:; crc, .:!ostly 1n _/v'Id-LIriG-&'.NG Hoar
ERH-LLiiG-IdI;.O; gc?norol storua ar.: scatsur:~d cJ.cng all the small
stroots and loans in the city, c. g, CH~l.r:G-LO Rd,, Hi:r,. SHIH Strout
& YTriG-PU-1T:.1FG in the south; Ti.-KrJl.~TG P,d< . Tom' ~l.T-S't:IH-K~OU (Vego-
tablo Dtcrkot), T~UDTG-CHT-9tP:Td Strout, Ti.r+-r'3;r:, S'::oo+ ~c iIU-Nl.r1 Rd.
in the oast; Hoar ShVI-1;.3I-rtl:r; and S};:.-~Fi.?.d in tho s+ost; nonr
HSING-C HUNG-1~EN and YEN-TS~..iFG-CIi~Il.O (Sc1t i),.not Brici;u) in the
north.
In addition to th.i roqular shops thorn ^re still throo
kinds of semi-commercial activitic;; carried on in rlankingt
(1) Old-faahicncd sc:ni-in~9uatri^1, so:ni-commc;rcial oatnb-
lishmouts, s aullir~ goods which they thursulvus hnvo manu-
factured, mostly in places snc~ru the raw materials nro
rolativuly oas;; to obtc:i:, cnc_ frequently nu~r to other
tradoa. o.g. Leather a'rr:pa aro concuatrnted in TS~:.NG-}L:NG
(Godovrn Lano), P'I}?G-ST'-C~?I ;Ii, 1'!.-CH~I:.O-SHIH and KO-TZU-
CHIGO, Hoar SHUI-HSI-i~TT1; most of thv blaclcsr.:iths nro on CH~i.NG
CHILrTG Rd, botwoon T3~'f:-1'U- :-? ;, ^rc? T~ il;Ii??CHI-YING, in the
atrotch from hT0-LIIiG Rd, to Gii ._~)-T~13iF-KUI1G, cn It0-CHtOU Rd.
and Sl.r]-P~l.I-LOU; hemp scc::= ::r', t'ca:~3 i.r: tl:u hIC-CH~OU Rd.
region and shops s.11i.,: k :,oc ;r>,re nr.. *,'u;::t Humorous on
T U?-C ii ~ Ui.N-IL'.T1G (l~ i:'_' ^;; '~...~ ~) ,
(il) Ste11s of 1 t-??. d.r:; . *~d v; ~;.;te~bl:. 9e110P9 nro
acnttorcd in all ~1,~:: ...?;11 ,c,r:.~`,~ .*:~1 lcncs, Most of the
timber enc fuel is brrn,l !.` : r,?;~ r ? ;:ul-iS;I-1L3N, &:N-HSI-
TiEN and T':.I-P'IPIG-P'i>pnrisou. witl-r the pr.:-liborr.tion 1'iguros, ati11 the
mnin fronds arc np7erunt s-
Ferrang Industry Cc?:nr:oroo ~orvieo l:udieal Ho::to Duties
Metro-
politan
district
City &
Suburbs
11,356 92,500 96,632 2%,338 2,701 138,629
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district
City &
aub~u?bs
Motro-
aolitsn
kliscollaneoua _._~~~ nw] Ur. No ortmmntinn
~a~
Population
60,658
69~i,282
261;,057
982,409
61,202
41f:,252
167,?iBE:
583,738
Thos:, i''.; ??'~.:r? :hu,,, t'ea'; the ;o ;,f thosa with occupations
is sllgY;ta;; hi~l;ur ;; t;:_i.'urr, l7hcrctiun, bcit?~; 71.3;: for city
end suburbs. Tho ,;:?.n~;; ?-, r_scribu4tcn 1a so:,n moat claarly
in the Public Surv?c;; (i.n ??i::~ch b'?u ~;:',ucc;tionnl vrcrld is included)
the figure for srhi.ch i.^ c.i1;; 5,3s of .;hu total ntu:,ber occupied,
or if we furtY,or ni.:_ .in this;, fu7.liavir,.; tir, independent profession
of r-?c:icin: it o~:,l.- r.,: ck:~s F,9};, c:'hlcl; 1s not to bG compared
with the pre-liborctiou fir;ure, Thy ?.,, in busin.,~s (23.2;y) is
similar to tha 1947 figure, t?ut ih?~rF, ~i.:: ~;;itc a .:iffurenco in
the quality of those so :.n;;a~cd. In r~:furc+nc:: to those engaged
in ind.ustrv and h: ndicrrfta, pr:~ducbiu:r ;vorlxrs end labourers
it shoal l be said t1:e t th, .1r:rg.; ru?rioer cf tl:uso working in the
trrnspcrt , nc'. cor3;ur.Lc~ tions bus ~:ross is inc].uc c,, and the N
ratio has ri.acm to 22,2;;, Ch.c:u;ua for other occupations Novo
boon smaller. '
(2) ldi.litcry_nfl I~ ,7. tticcl "unctions, In t.,c. picture of
Nr.nkin~;, militia r;; -nd Pc11L'9.cr?1 ~i?ulour:, h v:, baen laic. on honvily
right fre;:, th., t1.?:u of its fut:?,Srtian :~~ c: city u^ to the present,
Its prosaerity '.~< ;: r:: ;n ;?uc.ll;; l.n car..c.t proportion to the, size
of th.: ~+olitical rrc.ra of ~',+ch ;. t; ws;, th, rcntro; v+h;;n it was
the chief cit;; of the 'rr.n,gtzr: vnl):.;? or cf tLo whale cuuntry the
whole plr.ee rnd ::11 its ri.fr.irs t;l.robb+:d rri`t? n.,~.r lif:., but as
seen na th:, political c~ntro r?r;?.ruC' ?:,_'1' _a.serhorn it became lonely
and desolate i'orthwitr,. u;u?in; i;l,: c;n+.rso of hlstor;{ such fluc-
tuations h~^vc occurr~ci s;:v~r, 1. t,L
..a~
`=l~u cl?iuf r::::r~=; rr it.r :aru?~ti? 8n s. p;rcct mutropulis
with r ;.;illion ir;k,r'.? ltr; is +.,: r,?c~.nt ~??:i; right yet b&ce:::c one, cf the rac:del rosidon-
t'.~1 citios of tb:. cou.*ar--,
(4) Conrx:rcu. Th. ba s.i.s of X11 Id?!rilcin~; rs .foreign tredo
in earlier ti?ws wns satin; trapork enc': ~??port custi`a7s dv.tioa
daring the oarly ;a rrs ref t:~~ r~ public anch ^rtountcui to aovoral
L~illion tools, tha u;:nort ~:utice bei.rgz at ti:~n;, the gr~otor.
Thv importeti_n of ccnsur,cr ~uu:?.o r~:? 331 incru; sed cftvr it
bacc.mu tl-:e cr,pital in 13x7, ?,rt;ilc :.xpcrt~ i.,r,~?C!i:;t.ay collapsod.
Import duos on for~iE,n t;ouds rcc..i~n.~ b;~ ?~?~.. CHIP:-L'IPiG (i. o.
IJanking) Custor.~. i;: 153:: tct 11u~, 3S
17i;
s~E3 Yi':.;J
reins
motels
,
,
, b
,
,
n koroscnu bcir.;; th:: c'?i:,f, ,. -1:1c r,:c?r~r' eucy was only 351,685
pcrculs, Fi;;ures fci? c: c,=osL?tc tr:~f.c, tlu?ou~h i7r;rt]cingVaro~vory
s:7a11 olso, tlw plecue ?~rith ~,:h;.ch huinese is c'.ono being only
the four noighbcurir~; coru;tiun, `?r;-;;L: c1onE ti_~ Yr?nw;tzv, and ox-
tending nt the f'urthost tv ?, Rion:-,su, ??, :.n;iw~.i, J??. Kien~;si
and E, Iiupuh r.lon?; the Ycr,~tz;; l ;~f'ur;:1~ 3 e nc' the Tiontsin-Pultow
r:: ilvray.
P?anking'a Gc s::u=::: vur;;? cluurly tYr.t it is acon-
sumor city. Invosti.rr_tior.: t;r,Gur`: k:,n ir. 1935 showod that of
13,003 trE.dvrs in B6 t~.pes or tut:l.~r?ssu: fo?_:e'. in tl:o motro-
politan r.re^, the ?cst nu:::rcuc ~+cr: ::oalr.rs in *.:laccllanoous
imported good:;, 1861, ~rlr:. ko:.purs ii" ca nu-a?Ming rostaurents,
1151; ;,~tivs ,.doses who':!oC. tl~r, le.rgc:~t : count r.f cc.pitcl, door
a million Y~..i. Stet3atics for tbv or,:'. of 1947 shuwuP. 17,786
shopkoopors in the crop, of wl;ich fi,702 wore in the food businoas,
thr..t is clmost ono-third of t`:c total; 1206 were in tho clothing
trczc; 1085 ran ounerr~l stores, Gt the tiro of liberation,
of the 107 typos of businussas only 18 bclongod to th:, cless of
thoso docling in vssentirl d~ily eosL:.odi.tiea, 29 were ;~ckinp;
oxcussive profits cin purely consumar goods and many othors bv-
longgud tc rho ssmi-conaw?aor typo. This deformod doveloppment
oxpleina why there wore tomporaril; soma annoying regulations
in rho coc.:nvrcial work of ,Jenkii~g in tl:c early uvriod rftor
liberation (Si,3 iJoto 8), end uxal.^. ins too the nocvssity of
ehengirrg th:, business of the city toguthor with the ciffieultius
this involvod.
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l.ccorc~iny; to fiF;;mos for Oct. 1949 thorn worn 19,260
business ustablishmonts of 106 typos, 18 of th~so types had 300
or morn shopa. t3rain murchanta 770, iro;i woods 308, bamboo
goods 313, r:.iscullnacuus p;oocb 1310, dcpcrtmcnt stores 670, hair-
drossors 605, butch ~a 63U, gaunt hovs~s .;10, bckors end vormi-
colli makers 1465, tals s: n-? ~aoctrical supplias 3F6, sutomo-
bilus 528, ci~,arcttuc 559, corl ~u.7.urs SE 3, hc:rsu cart proprio-
tora ?60, win:, ;7rchr?nts u14, tcilora 4.10, hcuJ.cgu ccrt oropris-
tora 30u, stows 456. Thu five: :au.'c: i.*;;c:rtant t;Jpus ere t-
(i) Grain Eusinuss. Rico i^ brcn.~,ht in from around NiUHU
(ebout 710) r?u; t*'om t:,; va1'_~:- ~i' tbu CiPIN-TIU-I-FIO (3/1C)
anc whoat r:catl~~ frua :.nhwui. Ti~~. ;-rr;cct is 11r,itud to
tho mutropolit::t, ^r~r., 'nxcin.;us t_.in, ::risk in Sept, and
Oct., quiet in Jun. tnc :tul.y. It zs ss,i8 that 40s of the
grcin murchr.nts wont in fur a~~~cul.^..tj.onj those placos wont
ir~olvunt after th_ fixing; of ~,ri.c?~s in tho spring of 1950.
(il) Aiiscullon.,:~ua ;;u~.~ds (G..n?.rr.l s turoa). Tho r_nJority
rro sr?.^11 shehs, much thir,~s r~ cir;e.r:,ttes arc croi;gYa
in largo cunsi~rn*.x:nts to tho H:;I1TC-CTIUNG ru;rkut ploco near
IiSIFI-CHI:;H-K'OU; other things aueh cs frtuc ;;Dods r.ne~. bonn
sauce havo roecntl,y be ?n sc1d. whal~e:r:lu. Since liberation
buslnoss is on17~ half vrhrt it wr,s buforo, tlia vunfors on
the struut st^lle ha vin;.; ttkun it (frur,: tlio rogulr.r shops).
(111)Cigaruttus, r~lc~;,ly distributur~, t':~~. larr;ur businossus
boing on Si:b?~IG-CF'.OU Rd, T?-::; ;ar.,jority of ci~erattos aro
brought in wholu;,?:-:lc by v+. rl.ous lrr.nkirv; tradin;; co:*;ganios,
end aro su1C to th., public ti,rrn;~h both rcttil r.n~. wholo-
salo channels . T'~.. ir.rr~ ? f ir-:u ~: t CHiTNG-HtT:a of th;i poorost, and
standards of control nnr proi:uction technique wore low;
hence most of tho products bolori;;ur. to tho class of ~;ooda
to be kopt savoy from.
(iv) Sources of r:.w s,^tcriais c:u' ~:::r::ots for or~i;ucts
woro mostly 711mi.?..?:t to 't; c c ant;..s .~ ~, t''.:: .r~ :. _ to
vicinity.
(v) Durini; tk,e Host-liburaticu ,~.,ric~' . Win;; in'ustrins warp
brought to a stu;:? by the fell of the rcnctionr..ry^ govornmont,
pcrticulcrly thoso coucernuc? sc iL?h rico-::~:11irL;, printing,
buildinE;, brick and tilo r.x.hin;;, stool c ;2. r:cchinory.
Thorp hcs Coen n pertir.l rost~rr.tion rucunl;ly with the, old
nn~. undor tlx, E;ui,anca of tho ?eu?~'_o's Guvt. o.g. ?.vork
fires boon resu:,~u8 in those 26 1cr~;cr Tr..ct~rius; 20U stool
r..r.chine shops hove co;~.cncc% to r?t>ca near _'^r''iii5 itaplorsnts
anu nachiaery ncodoJ f cr iu~'.ustrial pro~uetion; over 50
contractors, chcnginC their businoss polio;;, hevo ~oinod
up with the govurrmacnt's roconstructiun s chmaus; of moro
than 100 prints:rs, scn:?to have, chcngoP, tltoir plant to oil
presses anc: loots:, nn:' others kx.vu auvuC. to 1{i.IF'ENG, fiOFEI
and SfUFiU.
To sun up, 1?ankin,,'s incustrics h:.vo not ;:clpac'. r.uch in
tho past to dovolon tT:o city, but Gn t1:G ci~ntrcry, thc?? storo fun-
demontnlly only tho nccossorias :.f ^. pcliticsa n:otrouulis.
(6) Cor,:.:uniceti:n;a. 7k:u cla::f voles c?f flap city horn lies
in tho fact of i-ts 3.ucnti.un at tku? ?cint of intorsuction of tho
E-'N lino of tho Yan;;tzu r,ctur trrnap~rt e~.:ck tho ;~-S lino of land
transport. It wos tkas position of nut:ttrnc.in~ m:vantli;n which
oxpoditod its ~;rewth in .,;?rli.cr t~..:os, c:nf it still givos Nanking
one: of its chief functio;:s in t:~:. ??resent rgo.
-pr.rt fron t~ shore is the. ?iII'3-'?'iJ reile:oy (tu i'JIIHU);
thorn aro tho hiGhweys c??rtn~ctin~; '.hu cif;- to ;?.liiU, N_?.NGCHG'N,
fi~liSIH, LISN.L?I enc. FIISi:J; thor:? is t;-?u nr?.vi~ation along tho ClitIN-
HU~.I-H0; nn,a there ar:: tka::?irlinoa o~~~?:c:c in.GC?mt ;roars to
SH:_NGHLI, PEKI1v0, SI:.'~~, 'iTI~U., I,:.lr':::;:;r, C`-i;i;:,:~.L'.~G and HOAGIiONG.
YJithin flap city ern t;ti~ city ra ilv;r~,;, +iC:a c::oC:;;??n roods, and up-
to-dato telocormmllcetions oyuip??t~;a. ltzsa :.x:ans of communicn-
ticn.rirkc Nankir>v ar. imprrtant pivot in t.':u cor,:auntcations notwork
of tho country, boing in a central position ri~lstivu to tho Ynngtzo
:'ultc., the c antral Yca~,.zu croa sad tho llortt, Cl;ina Plain.
(7) Cultural ' ffaira. l.;r.ny govurnmvnt s nc, privr.to schools,
wore ostcb iii in~ankinc; towrds the c.loso cf the Cli'I:VG ilynasL?y
in orc'er to r,.oet tho needs of the now ago, at;d after 1927 now odu-
cctional ?ovclopmunt wos pE?rticulnrly rapid. Thu figuros con-
cornic>GG cduc~tion r_t tlro anal of 1947 aro (for tho whole metro-
pulitan eron),v 185 pri:w!?r~- schools with 2967 staff and 85,883
pupils (80.6;,, of tho sci.ool-ago children) ; F.1 secondary schools
with 2017 staff end 27,319 pupils; 11 universities and collogos
for spocicl coursos with 2908 staff and 9,Oki9 st~tC.unts; also 8
boc.ics, with c staff of 65, giving social uc7.ucaticn, 111 schools
far soei.l stuf,ios wit!: 7225 studonts; thus the totes nczrt:~ar of
thoso on~;:'?goc: ineducation was not loss t:pan 13'!,470 ~Ersons, or
12.2,0 of trio fetal population of the Karopolis.
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In tho ~crly stagos eYter liboration, rcccrr,in^ with
ntudontsrdscr osodeendorccortcinfnumb?^iof~,~rivat~lachool~s of
tha shop typo found it herd to !s,;cp 3oin~, =.:^,iilo institutions
liko tho Collogo of Political Stuc ics 4alir.h wcr, inti,nr:tuly co:.-
ne,etcd with tho k:riT government disrp;w: red root at:d brunch. Yot
this was a v.>ry tompo+-nry phonomono:~ onl.yt nc:: th;. iCr',-:.I:~IC (i.o.
Rovolutlonnry) Univcrsit~ and tho Tsrst Chin:. e'311tery University
ore, trr.ining a ler4c number of r~~vulutionr;* cacr.,s ?::halo othor
univorsitios and sacondcr~-school: cro ::it::~r buin;; nowly ononod
or aro moving in from othor plr~c::e, so tl:c?' th~r., is no doubt
that bofore long hi?hur cducction in ti: nkaq r.ili be in a much
morn flourishing coedit ion tl?:; n it ~^ ,a o,;i'oro liburr.tion.
Thcro aro ~rcat honor for tl:c ~~:,v;,lopmont of Pinnking
as a tourist rosort, for the r o ;ian to t;z oast oi' tho cite con-
taining HS JAN-YrU-FEU a:nd ?u_rply !:;t, shoes ::11 the vc:riud colours
of lnko and mountci a s - ?nsr~~ in on.: setti::.;, rad rl though it door
not possass tho oxquis.. ., bocuty of tI?:o r?cuntr:is c.nd str~nms at
KUEI-LIFT, nor tho quiet alugancc of tlr:, ix:'C=CHJ`i vicrrs, x t it
has a nrturr.l buauty of its o+m, ana if it ,'?r:; ir.:urowd red
thrown opon to thu public cs c. perk i.t ;vould u,~ubtlcsa attrect
mcny visitors. Amongst tho ~rpo,,n hills ~.nd cnciont r::licn in-
side tho city the inner CI'.rIIv-HUAI is rlso the old-tim:, cuntro
of th., rod 1 fight district, r nd in t h.; vicinit;~ of rr^U-TZU-2.iIA0
Chore still romnins a f~ude.l l:.gacy of c vil in the prc~sonce of
723 singing girls vith 1'2;2 d~pundcnts v:ito Head to bu I,ivun a
now start in lifa.
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V. The outlook (for the constructicn of a new *?anking).
Anciant'Tanking was basica;liy a military and ~olltioal
metropolis, and ot:,ar occupations began a:s subsidiary to this,
but after the Zsvelopmants and acct~^:nlations of over 2400 years
a satisfactory foundation is there; e:tr: as e resalt cf the labours
of past generations t>:c:re is c latent stron~th which ensureseon-
tinuad growth in t.'~o : ? aura.
T:.e city e:es faced. with e ser?cvs test after liberation,
vizt how to ovorcona th-, great difficv.ltics brought about by the
loss of its ,osition as anticsl c~.ritsl ~_~li bacor,a a strong
People ~s iTanhir.~; in t:?:; . st?~ C:a:.'t of the nets Deaocrecy. Since
we havo not gicon the :attar tboro,tq;; sta?:y vru can only put for-
ward afew suggasttons oniccc:yir.~- sec:; of t vrdarlying principlost-
(1) The reconstitution of ~o::tn:orc~+ .:;?_i induatrti~. Zhe most
proasinc; problem at the mo-:: it is hct+ to-chs:ls;~ aanl:in~ from a
consu;rr0r into a constructive city. s rega:?ds inctustrias it looks,
from a nationsl stsndpoint, as iz t'.-a cite will not by ably to
take a place of any specicl ir?:pcrts:r.ce, r.articuiarl~* in heavy in-
duatrq, and t ha raw work:r that era already there will probably
not be nddod to, Evon so, after a ~oried of enar~etic raeonstruc-
tion, it should still be possible for it to remain as a centre for
secondary light inattstrius. In fact tl;e whole cf the Yangtze
dolts, led by Shanphei, s, ill ba one of th;0 kernels of China's
light industrial; there are lets of r~.r';ets here and plc0nty of
labour available a+hilo E71 sorts of ra::? rr.:tari~ls, rend coal, can
bo transported choarly front entry?, o nc: ;:crth Chi~t~, a.zd after
the davalopm+nt of hydro-electricity on the Cr'Iv:T-T'Aif(} River
there trill bo an .:v?n more plvntifr..'t. st:p~+1 r cf pcwor. Silk
waoving hoe i:ed s gloriota his tor-- in :'~nkin~; if it can be
turned into productive chen_n,.ls to m_ot t:'.c, r~cods of the people
at home r.nd rbro:ad its restoraticn sl;cv'id not be too difficult.
Others such as cotton ~ .cvin?;, ~-v' in:':uat~riu^? producing foodstuffs
an3 some of tl:e drily smoditias, .,ra cr,.~eblo of great expansion.
Althou;h proc:u: tien oqui.t,r_-:.:a in :fie: king is meagre, yet
it is still possible `o m,^i:.: :such :nor. pr ofitablo us;; of it during
the period in :which difficulti;a rr_ist ba ;ot :. 5.d overcome, r,o
shell consider the pos~ti.on of forr types (of industries);
(a) Purely eonst~mer inct;str?.?_s tint arc cf no use to the
masses of the pooplo sue:. es tha?:, base oa s.?pcrstition, should
bo allowed to dlsaz cr; it is anttec~:~sr.r}- tc show any indulgence
hone, as both labour and matc.ri:.'.s s::oai.d 'ou put t?o other uses.
(_N. '~fioro has been c large tr_d~ i:i parer 2.or_oy, fig:?ros and
lantorna, also incense, candles end wocdon crticlea used in temple
worship in the pest.)
(b) Industries :which are primarily of use to the pooplo
but which in the past havo been made to serve a reactionary govorr.-
mant almost entirely, such as power plants erd ~^i.rale~s stations
whose chief function was to receive military orders and make cit~*
life morn on,joyabls, or many stool machine plants which only fitted
spare parts to KhiT government cars or mad;: movable ramparts. Thc~sa
industries should bo t?:+rnod to a oroductivo direction in order to
proceed on a tzjuo path.
(o) Industries which do bring Bona profit to the com:unity
but vrhich have boon s'onormally developed, such 4s the 285 rice
hullers with 400 hulling machines; if fully utilised these oould
hull 1,200,000 piouls of rice a month, but 40;, of their productive
power was still lying t;_?+xsod oven when their output was highest,
and after liberation this rose to 80,`0. ~.?art from this, there
was over-production in the contracting, printing and cigarette
ricking businesses. Such should be partirlly retained, and their
development assisted; the rest should be scrit`~,red to other places
or change their trade.
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(d) Industries r?a~ly nood'ad in the community or w::ich it
is soon, in the light of investigation _incu libErr.tion, should be
revived, such as cmmonittnt sulphate mantzfrcturc, flour .nillin3,
cotton a?oaving, oil eatrection, tooth br:ahGS a?td soap mahirta, etc.,
sho;tld bo well aupaortec so that tkx,ra will bo 3unGral ir?.provamont
in organisation, cr.~~ital and technique.
Tire obfoctivos mentioned in t:~: eve four typos hevo
been partially attained slron8~ under t~:~ di.reetion of the Ncnking
Peoplo~s Govt. '?
As rugarGs coi,tn:;?: c~ the, vrcr!; of reconstitution is more
difficult. In the ~;cst whet eves sold. ; t tl:c shoppin,3 contras of
1??~:nkiztg v+as consu~;ud w:,t'r.in the city; transport vra quite un-
important, and moreover businc,as was recom,?:;tiud by heavy specu-
lation. After liburr.tiun ti :; r,x.ia conav:riac; nartir,s htd Bono,
and the largo ne:v rural msricct hoc not yet or,,;nod up; and follow-
ing on ihu goxu;ral duaolction there wrs c ~tiood dory of surplus
business capital floatitk; r:routd for r+hich nc a;.titablo outlet
could bo found. kfter in+justr?~ hr.s founfl i. ;;s foot ag~.in ^nd the
general purchasing aver hes boon ratsod, b~~sinuss (ro-oriented
to servo the people shoul3 prosr~cr, b?-.t it I-:r_rdly si:,,ma possible
for tlx, old-fashioned businesses to a:rat. in the troight of the
daily, incosacnt, busy end complex raiatlenships that v:ill eriao
in the future by the int.:rflrnr of urbcn : ttcl rural metc,rials.
Something morn suited to this would br to :.et ua in t~~u city a
strong structure of Str.' r~rns~:onc+nt for t_;c control of the chief
crticlcs of co:n-.:orce rr... to dir::ct the old-style business hoses
in the sotti.rt8 up of COOU(.t?tlt1V:. aOCiGt1E3 rl! t::rou;jh tI?o country
distriots, so that th:; fcrt,;i.ng v?.lla:;oa ~?+~11 co .~ int.o c'?.irect con-
ttet with the Stctc ~tructur>. r.ud t;:~ ?'I:;uoin. ?::i the s:iddlu man
will bo fundamc;ntrlly cboliahad, T,:., ~ ;o;;lc; ~a Govt. hes elr~ady
done some prclirairmr~~ v:orl: in this d:ircct'on, ear,d it is hoped that
it cen bu further dovclonud,
(2) Anew esti:natio;t v;: th? poait_c,~l_s tr11c~I.;y (of the c it~r). Tho
raactionary cn corruY,t :