REGIONAL PLANNING OF INDUSTRY UNDER POLISH SIX-YEAR PLAN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000700040539-8
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• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: October 28, 2011
• Sequence Number: 539
• Publication Date: February 27, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
SUBJECT
HOW
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
Economic - Regional planning, industry
EICIAL USE ONLY
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1950
Monthly peril
Warsaw
Oct 1950
CENTRAL INTELL lENCE f:~ NCY!
CLASSIFICATIO
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DATE DIST..11 Feb 1952
SUPPLEMENT TO
EPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
Gospodarl a l ooir.1 Vol , N-) 10, 9 O.
REGIONAL PIANNING OF INDUSTRY
LTfDER POLISh{ SIX-YEAR PI AN
The Six-Year Plan mark; the beginning of a long-range program aiming at
an efficient distribut,inn of ;reductive capacity thr.~ughout Poland.
According to 1947 data, the vertical zone extending from Gorny Slask,
across Lodz, Wloclawek, and Bydgoszcz, to the port area of the Gulf of Gdansk,
accounts for 55 percent of total industrial em>>yabou
this area account for 63 Percent of the power and abou,t a half nfus of trt the he rawnma of
raw ma-
terials, in value and in weight., cony;:mod in the ;.ntirn Polish Industry. The
southern zone running through Wroclaw, Opole, Katowice, Krakow, and Rzeszow
wojewodztwos accounts for Stout half of the total industrial Amployment and
70 percent of th nco
in 1R1ust.rv. f. tom., i ~
In both of th:" ze zone:,, the dominant. position is held by the Slack-
Dabrowa Basin, whi-,e Krakow and Roeszow w.oJewcdztwos contai.o very little in-
dustry. At. the f!f,'h p:ouery ,version of the ;:"ertral 'mt' of the United
Polish Workers' Part;;, Vice-Poe,;,irr Mine stated that is 19L` four wo,tewnRm-
tvos -- Katowice, Opot.e, Wroclaw, and Lodz (together with Lodz City -- accounted
for o5.t5 percent of t-uel industrial employment, while the remaining 14
vojewodztwos (including War .rt.. city) accounted for only 34.^ percent of total
industrial employment.
The Slask-Debrowa Basin lo Poland's only large industrial region. Other
industrial region, such az Walbrzych and the St.arapoleka Basin contain rela-
tively small industrial capacity, or are limited to urban concentrations of
industry in Lodz and Wroclaw. The remaining parts of the country contain only
scattered industrial plants. In the Bialystok-Lomza region only abo.,t 2.3 per-
cent of the population is employed in industry; in the Siedlice region, only
1.3 percent; and in the Lublin and Zamojslti regions, only 3.9 percent. In many
sections industrial employment is below .5 percent of the po ulation.
STATE NAW
ARMY A!R
1
CLASSIFICATION `P,E;Z:A3C1g,8'-A
OR DEEM
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ONLY
STAT
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In the basic industries turning out production equipment, differences in
the degree of industrialization are even more evident. Almost the entire
metallurgical industry and most of the machine-building and chemical industries
are concentrated in Katowice Wo,jewodztwo.
Coupled with the unequal distribution of industrialization is the unequal
regional develcpment of transportation facilities. A well-arranged system of
railroads, highways, and waterways is an important prerequisite for the country's
economic development. Today, fundamental inequalities in this field hinder
uniform economic development. A survey of the network of railroads and sur-
faced roads shows the lack of transportation service in the central and south-
eastern regions in comparison with the northwestern part of the country. In
the southeastern area nearly all r i1 lines are trunk lines, and the distance
to the nearest railroad stat.i)r i- .ften many kilometers. While the density
of the railrcai system of the irrl :t l r,.lev le I- n; of Katowice and Wroclaw is
almost 55 kilometers per 100 square kilometers, the density in central and eastern
Polana is less than 2u kilometers per 100 square kilometers. The situation is
similar in regard to highways, for the road network ranges from more than 90
kilometers per 100 square kilometers to below 10 kilometers per 100 square
kilometers. Furthermore, since the Polish transportation network is a patch-
work of several systems, it is inadequate for present transportation needs
even in the most heavily developed regions.
The unequal distribution of productive power and the poorly organized
transportation system affect the degree of urbanization and distribution of
population. In contrast to urban areas such as the Central Coal Basin,
where the population density approaches that of Belgium, a great many areas in
Poland are entirely devoid of settlements which could be called cities. The
average percentage of urban population for various regions of Poland in 1939
was about 33 percent, but in certain areas such as southern Kielce the urban
population was less than 10 percent. The population density in Katowice
Wo,jewodztwo is 8C0 persons per square kilometer, but in the coal basin it
is 3,000-4,000 persons per square kilometer.
What is required is a uniform development of industries dependent on one
another, with emphasis on industries turning out means of production.
World War II, with its destruction of 00 percent of the industry of the
western lands, with total disruption of transportation within the country,
with the mining of vast partially arable areas, and with destruction of
forests by the Hitlerite invaders, introduced an element of extreme disorgani-
zation into the previously imperfect organization of productive capacity.
Poland rose to the task of rebuilding economic potential and service
facilities. The first annual plans and the Three-Year Plan had to be limited
almost exclusively to reconstruction work. The necessity for an instantaneous
increase in production wit! the least expense limited the distribution of
productive capacity to those place. where it had formerly existed. The re-
location of industrial plants and regional planning in agriculture were by-
passed temporarily, but research was initiated in this field.
The proper distribution of productive capacity must start with the proper
distribution of that part of industry which turns out the means of production.
The principle of equal distribution of industry requires that every region be
given industrial capacity based r' its local resources. Io_dustry, raw materials,
and markets must be brought closer together to eliminate heavy transportation
costs. Extended geological explorations, investigations of the availability
of manpower, and analysis of development possibilities are the levers for
economic progress in heretofore undeveloped regions.
STAT
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On the other hand, there is a need for decentralization of those industrial
regions which have become too congested. Excessive congestion hinders produc-
tion and affects the workers' health.
An even distribution of industry adds to the defensive power of a nation.
Maximum defensibility results from a distribution of productive capacity
which makes separate areas mutually substitutable and self-sufficient. The
distribution of induetry is Integrated with a well-planned agricultural system
and transportation network.
The socialist principle of distribution of productive capacity cannot be
fully realized during the Six-Year Plan. Planned investment programs totaling
61 billion zlotys, with annual outlays averaging 31 times more than the average
annual programs of the Three-Year Plan, permit lnvectments within the limits
of this sum. Limitations are also imposed by the supply of raw materials and
manpower. Furthermore, the expansion of existing plants increases production
potential with less expense than the construction of new plants. The fact
that construction of plants is unindustrialized wojewodztwos necessitates the
expansion of the transportation system and more housing further limits the
construction of industry in these new areas. The Six-Year Plan will be only
the first step toward the prcper distribution of productive capacity.
As stated by Vice-Premier Min,., about 80 percent of the 1,287 new indus-
trial projects to be initiated ender this plan will he marked for regions other
than the most heavily industrialized wojewodztwos, that is, in the regions
other than Gorny and Dolny Slay::, Lodz, and Lodz Wojetrcdztwo.
Map 2 (appended) presents a graphic picture of the distribution of in-
dustry to result from the Six-Year Plan, It i= dependent oa the creation of
compact industrial systems supported by locul resources, manpower, and invest-
ment. This does not mean that industrial plants cannot be established beyond
the regions denoted by the map; rather, it means that a sicnificantly greater
number of the newly built key installations will coned*tute combines having
either cursors sources of raw .,aterialc or similar p;-oductive cycles.
The map distinguishes three categories of industrial areas. Th.- first
category consists of those sections which have long been heavily developed.
Further concentration of industry ~.nd :rvice facilities in these regions
would complicate productive efficiency rd wor.cerr the already poor living con-
ditions of the workers. The second group tcicprises those regions and indus-
trial centers the devei.opm.ent of which 'is neceraary for full exploitation of
natural resources and existing investment,. The third group consists of those
sections or centers where industrial development will only be started during
the Six-Year Tian. 'these viii cc''I a nu'ieus for future development of
backward areas.
The Gorny Slask iud..>rriai basin belongs to the first category. Although
Katowice Wojewodztwn's share in. ,ol :h industrial potential measured in terms
of population density will ;cop mound 32 percent in 1949 to 26 percent
in 1955, the Gorny Slask Coal Basin will -ont.inue to be a major industrial re-
gion. The development of this region will follow expansion in coal mining and
expansion of industrial pia.^.t:= deio'ti nt d teddy or: icca' resources. Other
new industrial sites will be located 1cyond the limits of the coal fields in
Corny Slask. Whereas the nurb.'r .f' newly employed industrial workers in the
Central Coal Basin will increase by aeuut 50,000, the renaming part of
Katowice Wojewcdztwo will register an Increase of about 80,000 workers.
The construction of a~ new System of aqueducts will be. started during the
plan period. They will depend -n a number of iutakeu, the most important of
which 'ill be the Go,;zail:owice reservoir.
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The industrial development of the Subsudeten region will be based on proper
utilization of the large, rich mineral deposits at the foot of the Sudetens. At
the same time, excessive investments in the Walbrzych and Dzierzoniowa regions
will be curtailed, a.nce they are not in immediate ror,tact with their source of
supply. Walbrzyck Powiat will gain about 5,000 new workers, while eight other
Subsudeten powiats will gain around 35,000 industrial workers.
Lodz, the great Polish textile industry center, will expand industrially
under the Six-Year Plan, but not along its present specialized line of textile
production. The industrial sites located here will be aimed at counterbalancing
the preponderantly female employment by creating industries employing male
labor. New textile industries will be located outside Lodz. This is especially
true of plants which consume large quantities of water, in view of the water
shortage in Lodz. Industrial employment in the five powiats neighboring Lodz
will increase by about 25,000 while in Lodz itself industrial employment will
increase by about 30,000.. Construction of a pipeline to bring water from the
Pilica vicinity and extension of the Lodz water supply and sewage system will
provide a foundation for future transformation of the city.
Despite the expansion of industry in the first category, its share in total
national industrial employment will drop from 65.8 percent in 1949 to 54.3 per-
cent in 1955?
Krakow, Czestochowa, and 'ipole powiats belong to the second group of re-
gions. Their development will he concentrated in the metallurgical, chemical,
and metal industries, which must be near but not immediately adjacent to the
coal fields.
Krakow Powiat, next to Gorey Slack, will be the area of greatest investment
activity in the Six-Year Plan. Industry will be expanded along the Wisla River
in a zone extending from the coal region through Krakcw and Tarnow to the
Dunajec River. The Nowa Huta near Krakow will he a great metallurgical combine
with a number of secondary industrie=, the i.?dastry to be Guilt in western Kra-
kow Woewodztwc will the rcrh ?-e. ; . o, oi' the old Olkusz region.
industry in the Jawoizoo reg.oon wii b- enlargec. ;feat chemical ,uuustry
will be created in Oswiccicc. in the eastern part of the region industry will be
dependent on the clear water of the mountain streams, especially the Dunajec
River. This industry will have a; of its aims the utilization of the vast
surplus of agricultural labor in thla 1:,art of the wujewodztwo. The construction
of great dams on the Dtr o.jec River will be of utmost importance to this region.
The waters thus stored will be used to produce electric power. The increase in
industrial employment in eight of the ten most heavily industrialized powiats
of Krakow Wojewodztwo will to ar(?und 7O,t)L'(O workers.
The industrial employment of the Opole region will be centered on the
Klodnicki Canal and the upper .':iri River. The area's proximity to Corny Slask
and its good transportation retwo:?k permit the construction of large chemical
and metal-processing indnstri:3 ono=its of raw materials favor the develop-
ment of the cement wurla near c:1 1e To :rly four powiats of Opole Wojewodztwo
situated along the lira, ti"" ince?eas? to Indust"ia; employment. will be 25,000
workers.
Warsaw and vicinity will l's -:...?h-, f tn.-, m st inten:.teely developed in-
dustrial areas. The reconstrict_;-c of i:arsaw -id it, transfurmation as the
capital of a socialist nation i., cce of the ails of the Six-Year Plan. The
capital will become a center of industry ant of the working class. Large in-
dustrial plants will be built in the old industrial sections of Wola and Praga,
and the newer sections of Zeran, Sluc,ewiec, and Zoliborz. These industries will
be chiefly of the precision type and others which require skilled workers and
must therefore be situated in a large city. Industry will be developed in
surrounding areas as well as in Warsaw proper- New plants will be built and
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old ones expanded in Wars;w, Grodzisk, Grojec, and Radzymin poviats, increasing
to about 19 percent the percentage of population in industrial .!mployment. The
increase in industrial employment in Warsaw Powiat will be 80,0c'0 workers.
The Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szczecin, the greatest emphasis will be placed on
the shipbuilding industry and on industries related to the port operation. The
Port Complex of the Gulf of Gdansk should be free from nonmar'time Industrial
functions. Therefore, such industries will be developed chiefly in Elblag,
Malbork, and Tezew. Industrial employment will increase by 25,000 workers in
these areas.
In the Szczecin Complex, rayon factories, a cellulose factory, and other
establishments will be developed in addition to the dockyards. The largest
single investment will be the construction of a deep-sea-fishing base in
Swinoujsciu, with related industries. Industrial employment along the lower
Odra River will increase by 10,000-20,000 workers.
Other industrial centers to be developed are Wroclaw, Poznan, Zielona Gora,
Bydgoszcz, Torun, and Inovroclawa. The greatest increase in employment will
occur 9.n the metropolitan area of Wroclaw, which will expand along the Odra,
from Brzeg Corny to Przeg Dolny.
The third group of industrial areas 'r lades those in which work will be
begun during the Six-Year Plan. The main significance of this group lies in
the fact that t-,. gill mark the beginning of industrialization in these areas.
The Kielce area is semideveloped, particularly in the Starapolska Basin.
This region, rich in mineral resources, has not been exploited sufficiently.
Among other problems, this region is retarded by an especially poor transporta-
tion system. During the Six-Year Plan, the mining of iron ores and quartz ores
will be stepped up, and the extractic:, of lime, marble, sandstone, and gypsum
will be increased. The Starapolska region will experience the heaviest growth
of industrial employment. Its five poviats will gain over 35,000 new workers.
The southern powiats will get their first large industrial establishments. A
gypsum and sulfuric acid factory will be built near Buska, because of local
gypsum deposits. Construction of new railroad lines in this region will offer
possibilities of great future development.
The Kunin and Klodawa areas will develop new industries based on brown
coal and potassium deposits. During the Six-Year Plan, the creation of a great
combine will be begun with the construction of a number of allied plants which
will employ around 5,000 workers.
n cignifi.:a .- . . _ +..,.~o-
- ~??~??-??~ oYini development viii twice place in the eastern
wojewodztwos, up to now greatly underdeveloped. The Bialystok and Lomza areas
will develop textile, metal. and food-processing industries. Industrial develop-
ment in only three powiats of thie region will increase by about 25,000 workers.
There will be heavy development in th- L:llin area. In Lublin, Krasnik,
and Pulawy powiats alone, industrial employment will increase by around 20,000
workers. The industries will be based on local raw materials, especially
agricultural raw materials. In addition, metal and electrical industries will
be built to employ the surplus rural population.
There will be heavy industrial expansion in Rzeszow Wojewodztwo. Near
Rzeszoo and Sandomierz, and along the San River valley, new industrial plants
will be built and the existing ones expanded. In Debica, Rzeszow, Rozwadow,
Nisko, and Sandomierz poviats, there will be an increase in industrial employ-
ment of at least 20,000 workers. The metal-processing and clothing industries,
and those utilizing local raw materials (flax, lumber, and clay), will absorb
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the large agricultural population surplus in this area. In addition
extraction will be intensified in the southern powiats of Rzeszow Woj
This will raise industrial employment , petroleum
by about 10,000 workers. ewodztwo.
Warsaw Wo,jevodztwo also belongs among the heretofore neglected
is a very weakly developed area b
areas.
eyond the
actual city of Warsaw.
he Plock
area, a number of factories makin It cultural industrial center along with the nd sir al zed machinery will create ta Powerful
trial development will take place in the Siedlice Similar Indus -
Wloclawek m-
ber
and Lukow areas, where a nu
ber of metal_processing and other industries will be located, increasing trial employment by about 10,000 workers. The construction of gre
connecting the B W indus-
ug, Isla,
and Notec rivers will be the foundationaofwa greats
t
new industrial region, through improved transportation and
resources, great
hydroelectric power
The Six-Year Plan has no definite outline for the industrial development of
the Western Pomorze and Olsztyn Wojewodztwo regions. The reason for a lack of
definite Planning stems from the nature of local industrial raw materials, culture, forestry, and sea and fresh-water fishing. Moreover, the sparse pop-
ulation of this area is required ~'1
latiif this area
employment for agriculture. Some industry will be developed,
increas ngjidusti to in Koszalin Iyojewodztwo to 17,000 and in
Olszr is that 30,000 workers. The greatest industrial concentration will
Part of Western Pomorze bordering on Zielona Gore and Poznan
woJewodztwos in the Notec River valley. The urban centers of Gorzov, Kostrzyn,
Krzyz, and Naklo will be heavily developed, raising industrial employment by
about 25,M persons in the povlats along the Notec River. The rayon and cellu-
lose industries will be heavily built up along the great central waterways
running east and vest.
While industrial development provides the main impetus for economic develop-
ment, it is a socialist principle to maintain the proper relationship between
industrial growth and agriculture, The Six-year Plan calls for a 5O-percent in-
crease in agricultural production over the year 1949, a good crop year. This
increase will consist of a 39-percent increase in crops and a 63-percent in-
crease in livestock production. The solution will be found in a high degree of
collectivization. An essential factor in realizing the task is proper zoning
of agricultural production according to local conditions of production and
marketing.
1'.e areas with the best soil and climate will be producers of many types
of grain and industrial crops, The largest crops for the year 1955 are planned
for Opole, iatowice, Poznan, Bydgoszcz, Gdansk, Wroclaw, Szczecin, and Lublin
wojewodztwos.
Certain areas haw.. t,,.e., a_-.
in-
tensive livestock production will abe~in the southernkzonedoftthe highlandst in-
wo,jevodztvos. However, the percentage increase in livestock production will be he northern thegreaincreasetest in
livestockwproductionswillobeeaboutea in ercent, n hilewn Koo
zalin and Olsztyn wojewodztwos it will be about 2spe 0 pecentent while in os-
rcent.
One of the essential factors to be considered in zoning agricultural
pro-
duction is the location of markets, which are primarily industrial
regions. The agricultural economy and centers of industry, especially inttheocase ofpperidelivery shables.toThenSix-Years
Plan strongly accents the importance of the suburban zone.
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The Six-Year Plan in forestry calls for enlargement of the forest stands.
The plan provides for the reforestation of all areas cut during the war, total-
ing.295,000 hectares, and the afforestation of 90,000 hectares of thinned
forests. In addition, the stand will be increased by 215,000 hectares of
afforested wasteland and 90,000 hectares of afforested poor agricultural soil.
In Rzeszow Wojewodztwo the forest stand will be increased by about 10 per-
cent. In addition, intensive work will be carried out in the Carpathians to
prevent erosion, and in Bydgoszcz, Warsaw, and Lublin wojevodztwos.
[-Nape follov_?
-7-
RENUMD
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Siedlice and Lukow
area
Map 2. Schematic Distribution of
Industrial Areas in 1955
? Industrial regions where %, further
development is planned
0 Industrial regions to be developed
o Regions and areas in which industrial-
ization will be begun
, 4 41 -9 1011 - 11-017 %,-
nccmw4ED
A
55
63%
43%
50%
B
Employment in industry
70% Power consumption
40% Raw material consumption
(tons)
30% Raw material consumption
(zlotys)
Map 1. Industrialization of Poland in
1946
STAT
Gorzox, Kostrzyn r ~ Olsztyn "c u
area
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