LABORATORY EQUIPMENT FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600360805-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 13
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 22, 2011
• Sequence Number: 805
• Publication Date: December 27, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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The absence of general combined catalogues and the lack of information
on analytical equipment in scientific periodicals make the situation still
worse. There are no good and complete instructions for equipment. Ia most
cases the instructions and descriptions are so brief and unclear that they
cannot be used at all.
It is recommended that the example of the radio industry be followed:
new radio receivers are provided xith detailed, well illustrated instruc-
tions.
Following are some observations on apparatus and instruments which
have been used by the author in his practice.
Colorimeters and Photocolorimeters
Colorimeters of the Dutoscq type, manufactured by Soviet industry,
generally are better than those made in prewar times. They are more stable,
and their readings are proportional to concentrations. These devices are
quite adequate for mass control analytical work.
The author is more familiar with a photocolorimeter of the I. G. Pere-
nezentsev system, manufactured by the Ural Scientific-Research Chemical In-
stitute (UNIKhIM, Sverdlovsk). It is an excellent instrument of the compen-
sation type with a unique device which eliminates the influence of tempera-
ture on the photocurrent produced by the selenium cell. Such instruments
are still in the experimental stage of 1,.,,duction. It is desirable to re-
place the illuminator with one more powerful sad to equip the instrument
with as iris diaphragm instead of the primitive slides.
It is extremely urgent to organize production of light filters in the
form of sets of not less than 12 pieces and with precisely fixed wave
lengths of the Light passed.
It is also necessary to manufacture a quartz spectrophotometer with a
photocell. This apparatus would permit selection of a narrow 5-10 aS.ti sec-
tion of a spectrum in the range from 270 to 700 m,[t.
It is desirable to develop production of fluorescent lamps which se-
cure, in combination with light filters, greater monochromatization of lumi-
nous flux. This suggestion refers to all types of photocolorimeters.
Polaragraphs
The laboratory of the Ural State University uses polarographs made by
UFAN (Ural Affiliate, Academy of Sciences USSR) and also Czechoslovak in-
struments of the Neyedla firm.
The UFAN polarograph is dependable and simple in operation. One of
its shortcomings is the use of constantan wire resistors without prelimi-
nary aging. This causes changes in the readings after a certain period oP
time. Another defect is the absence of a mirror galvanometer in sets de-
livered for laboratory use. Since the mirror galvanometer required is of
a special type, a great deal of time usually has to be wasted in searching
for and adjusting this essential part of the polarograph.
The Czechoslovak polarograph has parts of high quality, but is as-
sembled carelessly, and considerable time was spent in the laboratory ad-
,~usting the drum rotating mechanism.
polarographs of the Gorkiy State University are nice-looking instru-
ments, but their interior assembly is not quite satisfactory since all elec-
trical connections are of thin wire, the resistance of which is very high
and will vary under the influence of temperature, affecting the precision
of the instrument.
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Balances
The analytical balance type ADV-200 and microbalance type MA-20 proved
to be good in operation. The ADV-200 balance has a constant sensitivity of
0.1 mg in weighing 0-200 g; the MA-20 microbalance has a constant sensitiv-
ity of 0.01 mg. Both types of balance are convenient in operation and per-
mit considerably faster weighing than an ordinary analytical balance. An
early increase in the production of these balances is desirable so that they
will be available in every laboratory.
Potentiometers
The high-grade potentiometers of the Raps type, manufactured by the
"Etalon" plant and other enterprises, are of very good quality. The high-
resistance PV-5 potentiometer ("Etalon") are also good, permitting me~sure-
ments to 2.5 volts. Maas production of inexpensive but dependable mirror
galvanometers should be developed since the galvanometers manufactured Pt
present by Soviet industry are excessively expensive.
A dependable and easy-to-handle type of potentiometer has to be de-
signed to operate entirely from an ac line. Instruments of this type are
needed for operations involving measurements in circuits with great resist-
ance, e, g., measurements with a glass electrode.
The chair of analytical chemistry here developed such a potentiometer
and a dependable vacuum-tube voltmeter (pH-meter) based on the conversion
oP de into ac with subsequent amplification according to a vacuum-tube volt-
meter circuit. The amplified current goes into a phase-sensitive rectifier
and then to a galvanometer.
The instruments designed according to a bridge circuit or with special
electric lamps are less convenient is operation.
B. V. Mikhal'chuk, Senior Scientific Collaborator at the
Scientific-Research Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides
The colorimeterc method of analysis plays a prominent role in present
analytical practice. Soviet industry does not satisfy the requirements of ~
laboratories in respect to instruments for colorimetric analysis. Many
laboratories are forced to use homemade apparatus.
Visual colorimeters of the immersion type are not produced is sufficient
quantity and are not always of good quality. Photoelectric colorimeters are
still not in mass production. Numerous attempts to satisfy, to~a certain ex-
tent, the urgent demand for photocolorimeters are not organized and fre-
quently result in delivery to the market of instruments of inferior quality.
Among the unsuccessful models of photocolorimeters, the VNIV1 (All-
Union Scientific-Research Vitamin Institute) photocolorimeters put out by
the TsNIL (Central Scientific-Research Laboratory)of Automatics of th, Chem-
ical Society imeni Mendeleyev ahou':d be noted first. The first instruments
of this type were distinguished by poor photocells, galvanometers of low
quality, unsatisfactory tanks, and an excessively high price. Photocoloxi-
meters of the KFE-1 type designed by the VNIVI are manufactured incomplete
without galvanometers, the teat cell is poorly fitted, and they have low
sensitivity.
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~NfINEN~'9AL
Among instruments of good quality may be listed a photocolorimeter for
liquids put out by the Ural Scientific-Research Chemical Institute (UNIKhIM).
The instrument is designed according to a uniquo bridge circuit and has suf-
ficient sensitivity. There are good reports on the quality of the photo-
colorimeters produced by the optical-mechanical plant. They are at present
undergoing tests for continuous operation,
It is quite evident to the author that the problem of organizing mass
production of photocolorimeters must receive immediate attention. It is nec-
essary to collect and evaluate the numerous data accumulated by designers of
photocolorimeters and to take into consideration the criticism and require-
ments of consumers. Only then can the most efficient type of photocolori-?
meter be developed for mass production. Such organizational work was per-
formed before the last war by the Analytical Commission attached to the Acad-
emy of Sciences, but this work was not renewed after the war.
The absence of a supervising center in the manufacture of barrier-lay-
ers photocells ie seriously hampering the progress of photocolorimetry.
Although considerable theoretical and experimental work has been con-
ducted, resulting in the development of excellent barrier-layer photocells,
e.g,, GOI (State Optical Institute), these photocells are not being mass-
produced.
The production of measuring devices for photocolorimeters is not suf-
ficiently satisfactory. Galvanometers especially designed for photocolori-
meters are not manufactured, and incidental galvanometers of inappropriate
type have to be used in many cases. Investi~atora also need, in addition to
a pointer galvanometer, the high-sensitivity instruments. Ordinary mirror
galvanometers are bulky and not quite suitable for laboratory conditions.
The problem may be solved by the introduction of portable mirror galvano-
meters of the "multiflex" type, but these instruments are not manufactured
by Soviet industry and again we have a situation wherein makeshift devices
are prepared by individual miscellaneous organizations.
Glass cells, lio t filters, and other parts are not produced, and only
by special order is it possible to obtain at GOI gelatin light filters with
required spectrum characteristics. One plant manufactures excellent glace
light filters, but they never reach the laboratories. There is no place to
order test cells.
The situation is somewhat better, but still far from perfect, in the
field of equipment for polarographic analysis. The best instruments are
the polarographs of Gintsvetmet (State Research and Production Institute of
Nonferrous Metals). They are equipped with an excellent mirror galvanometer
and a set of glass parts for the polarographic installation. Visual polsro-
graphs made by the Gorkiy Chemical Institute are a little lower in quality
but still good.
Until recently, laboratories had no convenient and sufficiently precise
potentiometers for determining pH in solutions. The LP-3 vacuum tube poten-
tiometers, manufactured by MOSKIP ~oacow Division of Testing and Measuring
Instruments Trust, partially satisfy these requirements.
MOSIQP also produces. a good instrument, LU-1, for potentiometric titra-
tion, but final evaluation of its quality is possible only after observation
over a long period of operation.
Good and dependable pointer galvanometers of the GPKP type for 17 my
are now being manufactured by Soviet industry. These galvanometers are de-
signed for use with platinum versus platinum-rhodium thermocouples, but may .
be also used successfully for photocolorimeteic work after modification of
the dial. GMP zero galvanometers manufactvred by the same plant are depend-
able in operation but their sensitivity is insufficient for certain operations.
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Glavelektrotochpribor (Main Administration for Electrical Precision In-
struments) in the Ministry of the Electrical Industry manufactures the M21
magnitoelectric mirror galvanometer with illuminator and P31 indicating de-
vice. This instrument is of high quality and satisfies all requirements
for this type of galvanometer.
The Arctic Scientific-Research Institute in Leningrad manufactures a
mirror self-leveling galvanometer of very small size. The instrument has
many good features but also r.ome deficiencies. Due to the light weight of
the galvanometer, suspended with a universal point, self-leveling is easily
disrupted by movement of the air in the laboratory. This defect may be
eliminated by surrounding the galvanometer with a protective shield with a
cutout opposite the mirror. The spherical mirror ie very convenient with
regard to simplification in the construction of the illuminator. A clear
image of an incandescent filament is ,projected on the dial, but this re-.
quires using bulbs with a nonspiral f:lamert. It is extremely difficult to
find such bulbs on the market.
The Glavelektroapparat plant of the Ministry of the Electrical Indus-
try produces ferroresonant voltage stabilizers. These instruments, tested
in long-term operation, proved to be very efficient and are successfully
used in individual photocolorimetric systems and for a great many experi-
mental works which require constant voltage (for example, for an installa-
tion with a rotating electrode in amperometric titration).
Only a small fraction of the instruments and apparatus required by
plant and research laboratories are mentioned here. In the author's opin-
ion, it is the~task and duty of all workers in plant laboratories and re-
search organizations to present for publication their observations and sug-
gestions, thus stimulating correction and improvement of laboratory equip-
ment.
Ye. :I. Grenberg, Chief of the Chemical Laboratory
of the Plant imeni Lenin
On the basis of laboratory practice in the plant imeni Lenin, certain
conclusions and suggestions may be made.
Analytical Balances
Those of the "Gosmetr" system are insufficiently stable under working
conditions in a plant laboratory and frequently fail in operation. Balances
oP the "Matron" system are better and up to the standards of accuracy and
sensitivity required of analytical balances.
Such apparatus is manufactured by the State Glass Plant at Klin. It
is necessary to improve the absorbers and cock section since tubes are fre-
quently broken near the three-way cock. Cases of alkalis being sucked into
the cock section .are numerous, Performance of the floats should be im-
proved sad they should close the outlet channels. The apparatus must be
manufactured with a set of endiometers for the combustion of materials with
various contents of carbon.
Photocolorimeters
Our laboratory uses instruments. of the A, L. Davydov design, prepared
by the Dnepropetrovsk Chemical-Technological Institute. The instrument is
suitable for mass control analyses and also for research purposes. The
rheostat for fine adjustment must'be redesigned since this particular part
of the instrument frequently fails; in mass analysis.
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CDNfiDENiIA~
Titration photocolorimeters are used to determine manganese and chro-
mium in high-alloy steels. The Instrument, designed by the Chair of Analy-
tical Chemistry of the Dnepropetrovsk State University, is adequate for
mass control analysis. The titration cell must be enlarged.
The "~Q" galvanometers of the Leningrad Phyaicotechnical Institute are
excellent instruments, and are used for various purposes, particularly in
photocolorimetric and emperometric titration, These galvanometers are very
dependable and possess the necessary accuracy and sensitivity. However,
the galvanometers of this type manufactured by the shops attached to the
institutes in Dnepropetrovsk do not have the required qualities and fail
frequently,
An instrument for amperometric titration, to determine chromium, man-
ganese, and vanadium in a11Qy steels, has been designed by the Chair of
Analytical Chemistry of the Dnepropetrovsk Chemical-Technological Institute.
It is quite suitable for mesa control analysis and research work.
The production of many instruments is inadequate at present. The fol-
lowing instruments may be noted as exampleac 'P galvanometers, analyzers
of gases in metals, pH-meters, apparatus for electroanalysis, current recti-
fiers, and instruments for potentiometric analysis and amperometric titra-
tion,
The development of mesa production of equipment for plant laborstories
is an urgent matter,
A. F, Gorin, Director of the "Manometr" Plant, Moscow
S- S, Olenin, Chief of the Central Laboratory
In addition to quality control of products, semiproducts, and raw ma-
terials, the tasks of plant laboratories also embrace the development of
new technological processes and the solution of scientific and technical
problems arising in the production process. For the successful fulfill-
ment of these functions, laboratories must be provided with qualified per-
sonnel and high-quality equipment. However, plant laboratories do not al-
ways receive proper attention and often their activity is limited to con-
trol operations over incoming materials and outgoing products. It is the
authors' opinion that plant laboratories must be enlarged, provided with
highly qualified personnel, and equipped with the required instruments and
apparatus of proper quality, Some indust~isl establishments manufacture
many units of laboratory equipment with defects which must be eliminated
as soon as poeaible. The authors present below an evaluation of the equip-
ment used in the central laboratory of their plant.
Several analytical balances are used itt the laboratory. The standard
second-class balance oP the "Etalon" plant is of high quality, sensitive,
and easy to operate. It may be recommended for weighing materials up to
5 kg with accuracy of 5 mg. However, insufficient weights are given with
this balance.
Considerably lower in quality is the standard third-?class balance for
20 kg manufactured by the "Gosmetr" plant. Because of careless assembling
and packing, the balance was received with bent pointer and?adjusting screw
on the beam, During operation of this balance, its prism is frequent]y
displaced from the support, because of incorrect finishing of the prism
edge.
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The generally good analytical balances of the "Gosmetr" plant have
quite a few serious defects. A balance received in 191F9 lost its sensi-
tivity .f?er several months of operation, The use of the rider was im-
possible, and pans with their stirrups frequently slipped off the prism
edges,
It is recommended that the manufacture of balances with automatic
control of weights be increased since this type of balance ie consider-
ably more convenient and accurate than the ordinary analytical balance.
The balance pans must, be protected with glasses for cases involving
the hs,ndling of some aggressive substance, but such glasses are not sup-
plied by "Gosmetr."
It is necessary to increase production of analytical weights, which
should be sold separately from the balances.
The assay balance of the "Gosmetr" plant is a good, sensitive, and
convenient device and its production should be increased. It is desir-
able that weights for this balance be sold separately since it is appar-
ently impossible to obtain such weights at present.
The carbon combustion furnaces made by the "Elektrodelo" plant oper-
ate for a long time without repair, but spare parts for these furnaces
are not manufactured. The fa,-Hate is equippca with a chromel spiral
which, when burnt out, frequently has to be replaced with a spiral made
of ribbon nichrome. Since the resistance of nichrome is different from
that of chromel, the transformer burns up from overloading, Production
of spirals for these furnaces is highly recommended.
It is very desirable to organise production of laboratory thermo-
couples for furnaces for carbon combustion.
Carbon combustion furnaces made in the "Platinopribor" plant are con-
siderably lower in their operational qualities than the "Elektrodelo"
plant's furnaces. As a rule, in 12 or 2 months of operation at 1,100-
1,2000, the spiral is burnt out and the molten metal penetrates into the
walls of the porcelain tube, causing destruction of a new spiral, at the
same place.
Production of furnaces with a nichrome?heating unit for 8000 must be
discontinued, since such a low temperature is seldom used in combustion
processes.
The laboratory and hest-treatment shop of the "Manometr" plant employ
muffle furnaces from the "Platinopribor" plant with automatic temperature
control and rheostats. These furnaces are generally good, but they do
have certain defects: the chamotte muffle begins to conduct current after
heating up to 800-900o,'the thermoregulator gives erroneous readings after
a certain time in operation, and the rheostat slide is:.sometim~:;,jammed,
causing rupture of the rheostat spii::1.
"Platinopribor" plant drying ovens for 2500 with an automatic thermo-
regulator show good performance and may be recommended for mesa production.
$owever, construction of the thermoregulator ahould?be improved because of
its frequent failure in functioning after a certain period of operation.
The highest rating may be given a tube furnace with maximum tempera-
ture of 1,200? and with rheostat temperature control. This furnace is man-
ufactured by the "Platinopribor" plant and designated for corraciion of
thermocouples, The furnace installed in the authors' plant has operated
for 2 years without repair.
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To determine phosphorus and molybdenum in steels, the chemical section
of the laboratory uses a "Moskip" photocolorimeter. The instrument showed
very good performance and may 5e recommended for use in plant laboratories.
It is necessary to organize production of spare light filters and glass
cells, the absence of which very often hampers operations.
The Rechitsa plant must be notified that its porcelain mugs frequently
crack when heated, and leak even without visible .:racks.
Production of measuring glassware without 'the Kommerpribor stamp must
be discontinued, since the use of such glassware in plant laboratories is
prohibited. The Kommerpribor stamp must be applied with hydrofluoric acid
instead of paint, as is the frequent practice at present.
The fitting of cocks and valves in apparatus for carbon determination
should be improved, since operation of the installation as a whole depends
on the quality of these parts.
It is necessary to improve the quality of the pencils for marking
glass, manufactured by the "Kirillovskiy Khimik" artel of the Mosoblles-
promkhimsoyuz (Moscow Regional Wood Industry Chemical Union). They cannot
be used at a11; they must be remelted.
Considerable increase in the production of ashless filters is desir-
able, fiance present production does not provide sufficiently for the needs
of laboratories.
The authors' plant conducts a great many analyses of noai'ex?rous metals
and uses Fischer's electrodes for electrolytical determination of copper
and lead, At present, installations using these electrodes are not manu-
factured. It is urgent to develop an electroanalytical 5-6 unit installa-
tion which would include the rectifier, electrode holders, mixing device,
and control panel with separate instruments for each unit.
Eciuipment for Spectrum Analysis
The following instruments are installed in the authors' laboratory:
an NIIF (Scientific Research Institute of Physics) steeloscope, an NIIF
steelometer, the ISP-22 spectrograph with spark and arc generators, a mi-
crophotometer, a spectropro~ector, attd a microscope for measuring wave
lengths. All these instruments are used for quantitative and semiquanti-
tative analysis of ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys.
Application of a steeloscope for semiquantitative determinations in
many cases decreased by two or three times the length of analysis.
The NIIF steeloscope is a convenient instrument of sufficient accuracy,
but has certain deficiencies, as observed in the authors' laboratory: the
location of spectrum lines does not correspond to the readings given on the
instrument chart; determination of silicon is possible only at a content of
0.9-1~, and greater; switches of the steeloscope get out of order too soon
and must be replaced.
It is advisable to install a protective glass on the lens of the steel-
oscope; otherwise, particles of molten metal, thrown by the arc at the mo-
ment of analysis, damage the lens.
The ISP-22 spectrograph deserves the best evaluation. The instrument
is easy to operate and simple to handle, The IG-2 spark generator secures
normal. functioning of the spectrograph and may be recommended for wide ap-
plication in spectral laboratories. ?
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It is ~~~sirable that the spark generators be manufactured on the basis
of complete interchangeability of parts. Spectrum methods of analysis are
receiving increasingly wider application in Soviet industry, but it is very
difficult to obtain standards for spectrographs. The laboratory of the Ural
Institute of Ferrous Metals produces a very small quantity of spectrogr&phic
standards, insufficient to satisfy requirements for ferrous metals. As a
result, the majority of plants have to make their own standards, which is
not always possible.
Ye, I. Fogel'son, Senior Engineer-Researcher of the Chemical
Laboratory of the Automobile Plant imeni I. V. Stalin
In the process of developing photocolorimetric methods of analysis, the
authors' laboratory used a photocolorimeter of the Central Laboratory of
Automatics at the Chemical Society imeni Mendeleyev. Quite a few serious
defects were revealed and the instrument is not in use at present.
A universal electrometric pg-comparator of the S. A. St4?elkov system
showed unsatisfactory performance.? Readings of this instrument do not
guarantee correct determination of pH:
There is no arrangement fo~';.manufacturing good analytical balances with
damper for quick weighing without;using a magnifier.'
Purchase of weights separately from balances is very difficult. This
situation should be corrected.
At present, the plan~ta of the Ministry of Instrument Building and some
other enterprises are fabricating a great number of various instruments and
apparatus for chemical and physicochemical analys:s, but the quality oP some
of this equipmettt is not sufficiently high. In 1949, the laboratory of the
"Elektrostal"' plant received two visual colorimeters constructed by the
Leningrad Mechanical Technicum. Both colorimeters have a defective mechanism
for regulating lifting and lowering of cylinders. The pair of prisms on one
practical purposes, it is impossible to use this colorimeter.
The volume of test tubes does not exceed 10-15 ml, whereas for analysis under
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Up to the present, Soviet industry has not resumed production of the
"Agropribor"-type potentiometers which measure potential r;ith the aid of a
slide. Production of these instruments, with a modification in the form
of the calomel electrode, is desirable. '
The instrument-building industry does not produce any electrolytic in-
stallation for mass analysis (16-20 simultaneous determinations). Chemical
laboratories have to use their own primitive, inadequate constructions.
Spectrum analysis methods are widely applied in the Soviet metallurgi-
cal industry. During the last war, the Leningrad Optical-Mechanical Plant
began to manufacture quartz ISP-22 spectrographs which are now being used
by many industrial enterprises. These spectrographs have an excellent fin-
ish and are easy to operate, but, at the same time, they have some defects
which must be eliminated as soon as possible.
The main defects are as follows: it is impossible to obtain clear fo-
cus on the spectropro~ector over the entire field of view because of defects
in the optical part of the instrument; activators get out of order because
of poor insulation of the winding or because of imperfections in the assem-
bly circuit; platinum reducers have insufficient difference in density gra-
dients and do not?permit sufficient accuracy in quantitative determinations
of certain elements.
Other instruments for spectrum analysis also have defects. For example,
a portable steeloscope has a deficiently designed arc generator, which be-
comes greatly overheated in more or less prolcnged operation.
It should be emphasized that a great obstacle to wider application of
spectrum analysts of metals in industry is the discontinuance of the manu-
facture of visual steelometers, their, condensers, and transformers for the
steelometric arc.
S. I. Solomonov, Head of the Chemical Laboratory
of the "Sere i Molot" Plant
Frequently, instruments of good quality appear on the market incomplete
or without spare parts. For example, a very good photocolorimeter of the
A, L. Davydov system is manufactured without a galvanometer and without a de-
vice for power supply of lamps. Therefore, after purchasing this instrument,
some laboratories cannot use it because there is no galvanometer, rectifier,
or battery.
The bomb in calorimeters for determinittg the heating value of fuels is
not sufficiently long-lived. A hydrostatic balance is on sale without spare
floats. These floats, made of glass, are frequently broken. The balance :~
cannot be used, since there are no separate floats on the market. '
Automatic values of absorbers in the most popular apparatus for.deter-
minatiou of carbon by combustion are frequently of very poor construction and
cause re,~ection of the absorbers.
Ordinary nonvolumetric glassware produced by the Klin Plant cracks at
slight changes of temperature.
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L. L. Kunin, Head of the Chemical Laboratory
of the "Dinamo" Plant
At present, photocolorimeters are not standardized and a great variety
of systems is manufactured by various organizations. Sometimes instruments
of entirely incorrect construction may be found on the market. The authors
laboratory purchased a photoelectric KFE-1 colorimeter from the All-Union
Scientific-Research Vitamin Institute. '.'sis instrument is made by the shop
for control-measuring instruments of the Ministry of Cinematograp2~y USSR.
The instrument must give an accuracy of 2-3~, and reproducibility of 0.5
division of the scale. However, these characteristics are never shown in op-
ez?ation. For example, in the determination of silicon in steel in the form
of molybdenum blue with the green filter included in the KFE-1 set, disagree-
ment with the gravimetric method amounted to from 0.03 to 0.08',, with the
GOST-established permissible error set at O.Ob,$. Reproducibility of measure-
ments considerably differed from rated data. Deviations reached two and some-
times three divisions of the rheochord scale.
The main defects of the KFE-1 colorimeter are as follows: the test cells
are cylindrical instead of having parallel walls; the zero reading of the gal-
vanometer is attained by rotation oP the illuminator itself; the set of light
filters is incomplete (there is no yellow filter); the light filters do not
provide for obtaining a monochromatic beam of light; instruments are incomplete
(no galvanometer); power for the light source is supplied from a line through
a transformer without voltage stabilizer; and, there are no condensers for di-
recting the light beam through the vessels with solutions to photoelectric
cells. It is desirable to eliminate the above-listed defects in designing a
standard photocolorimeter.
Professor Yu. A. Chernikhov, Head of the Laboratory
of the Scientific-Research Institute
B. M. Dobkina, Senior Scientific Collaborator
The authors consider it necessary to renew production of several labora-
tory instruments which were manufactured during prewar times and proved quite
satisfactory in operation.
In 1939 - 1941, the authors used a colorimeter with two selenium TS-3
("Tsvetomer") photocells of MOSKIP. This instrument, designed wi'~: the utili-
zation of optical and electric compensations, operates on two circuits. The
first one permits the use of current directly from a power line and therefore
is the most convenient system. The galvanometer is connected as a zero instru-
ment and readings are taken from the scale of a sliding resistor (rheochord).
In the second circuit, a battery is used for power supply and readings are
taken from the scale of a galvanometer. A 6-8 volt automobile-type bulb
serves as a light source. The glass vessels, cemented with glue, were insuf-
ficiently acid-resistant; they should be replaced with fused vessels.
Just prior to the war we introduced th:;s colorimeter into laboratory prac-
tice at the Balkhash Copper-Smeltittg Combine for determination of minimum
amounts of molybdenum by the photocolorimetric method. The instrument was very
easy to operate and should be mass-produced after suitable modernization.
The very simple "Agronom" pH-meters were manufactured before the war.
They could be ad.juated for potentiometrrc titration. The expensive p$-meters
and potentiometers manufactured at present are of more complicated design and
less dependable.
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CONFIDENTIAL
Pointer and mirror galvanometers with sensitivity from 10-6 'to 10-9a
were made 'by the Physics Institute of Leningrad University. They :~~;:re in-
expensive and manufactured in great number. Galvanometers of this type
are now in short supply and hard to obtttin. It is necessary to organize
again the production of these instruments.
Starting in 1934, the Ukrainian Affiliate of Giredmet (State Insti-
tute of Rare Metals) in Odessa, under the supervision of Professor Ye. S.
Bursker, manufactured good polarographs.
As a result of improving these instruments, the institute developed
the high-grade model No 8 in 1940 - 1941. Unfortunately, production of
these polarographs was discontinued after the war. The experience of the
Odessa Giredmet should be utilized and production renewed.
Professor Yu. A. Klyachko, Head of the Laboratory
of TS2PIIChM?(Central Scientific-Research Institute
of Ferrous Metallurgy), A. G. Atlasov, Senior
Scientific Collaborator
Among the existing methods for determining gases in metals, the
vacuum melting method deserves to be rated highly, This method permits
simultaneous determination, from one sample, of the total content of hy-
drogen, ox~-gen, and sometimes nitrcgen, i.e., it permits obtaining the
most complete characteristic of gas content in metals.
Assembly of the installation for the vacuum-melting method is quite
difficult, since the apparatus is composed of various parts manufactured
by industry for other purposes.
The installation consists of three basic parts: the furnace for melt-
ing metals under. high vacuum, the system of vacuum pumps, and the gas-ana-
lytical device.
There are two types of furnaces for the vacuum melting of metals: in-
duction heating furnaces and resistance furnaces. The first type, which
has better operational characteristics, requires complicated electrical
equipment?
The "Platinopribor" plant manufactures a laboratory induction furnace
for vacuum melting, but this furnace can be used in the.assembiy Tor gas
determination only after considerable modification,
Resistance furnaces with tube graphite heating units have somewhat
lower operational. characteristics but are simpler in operation.
Power supply for both types must permit regulation over a wide range
of temperatures (up to 2,200-2,500? in induction furnaces and up to 2,000-
2,200? in resistance furnaces).
The furnaces manufactured lately give the required temperature but of-
ten do not provide the necessary vacuum. Furnaces of the TsNIIT MASH
(Central Scien~:ific-Research Institute of Heavy Machine Building) type are
entirely satisfactory.
The system of vacuum pumps maintains a vacuum in the furnace and col-
lects liberated gases. It consists of ahigh-vacuum mercury-vapor pump,
glass mercury-dropping pump, and oil forevacuum pump.
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The high-vacuum pump must have a sufficiently high effect for critical
forevacuum pressure (up to 20-40 mm Hg) and a capacity of 10-15 l~sec.
These requirements may be satisfied by a multistage metallic mercury-vapor
pump; the o11-vapor pump, in spite of its high capacity, is unsuitable for
this purpose. It is necessary to renew the manufacture of mercury-vapor
pumps.
The mercury-dropping pump may be made by an experienced glass blower.
The design developed by the VIAM (Ail-Union Institute of Aviation Materials),
in the authors' opinion, is .superior to the designs of foreign firms.
The oil forevacuum pump has a secondary significance in the installa-
tion, and a low-power pump of 20 l~min capable of producing a vacuum up to
0.02 mm Hg is adequate.
The analyzer for determining CO2, CO, H2i and N2 includes two vacuum
meters for pressure ranges from 1 to 1X10-3 mm Hg and from 0.1 to 1X10-+
mm Hg and an optical pyrometer for 700-2,2000.
Thus, the installation for determining gases is not very complicated,
but the improvisation of separate parts is complicated. Therefore, it is
necessary to organize mass production of complete equipment.
V. A. Medvedovskiy and A. I. Zak,
Scientific Collaborators of the Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences USSR
The LP-3 vacuum-tube potentiometer produced by MOSIQP is a very good
instrument which has wide application ih laboratory practice where accuracy
may not exceed 0.1 pH or 10 mv.
This instrument may be used for measuring pH and for potentiometric
titration in both stationary and field laboratories.
The instrument operates on dry batteries, among which a filament bat=
tery for the tube amplifier fails moat frequently. Since it is very diffi-
cult to obtain a spare battery of this type, it is recommended that addi-
tional terminals be placed on the side wall of the box for connecting a
storage battery in place'of the dry battery.
The GMP galvanometers, manufactured lately, are inferior to the inex-
pensive galvanometers of the N-111 and N-IV types which previously were man-
ufactured by the Institute of Physical Instrument Building in Leningrad.
Application of GMP galvanometers in compensation devices as a zero instru-
ment decreases the accuracy of potential measurements.
It is necessary to organize the production of inexpensive, sensitive
(1-2X107a) zero instruments, which are required by electrochemical labora-
tories. Use of the mttltiflex reflecting optical system would be a substan-
tial advantage in this instrument but would make the instrument more expen-
sive.
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