A SURVEY OF SOVIET RADIO TUBES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600330961-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 13
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 26, 2011
• Sequence Number: 961
• Publication Date: August 30, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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CLASSIFICATION CONr.DENTIAL C0NFIBE iff 11AL
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT
INFORMATION FROM
t OREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD I O.
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Scientific - Radio tubes
HOW
PUBLISHED Monthly periodical
WHERE
PUBLISHED Moscow
DATE
PUBLISHED Feb 1950
LANGUAGE Russian
THIS DOCUNINT CONTAINS INFORMATION AISICTINS "I NATIONAL DIFINII
OF TNN UNITID STATII WITHIN TNN ^IANINI Of ISPIONAOI ACT NO
D. I. C.. St AND FI. AS ANINDID. ITS TRANSMISSION ON INN NNTNI.ATION 129D PIRSOM NISIIID IITLAW 1 IIFRODOCTION OF THIN SO M II FROM IIITIO.IN PRO'
SOURCE Radio, No 2, 1950.
DATE OF
INFORMATION 1950
DATE DIST..Zo Aug 1950
NO. OF PAGES 13
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
A SURVEY OF SOVIET RADIO TUBES
Sables referred to are appended.7
Our vacuum tube industry is manufacturing hundreds of types of radio
tubes, many of which are obsolete, although the demand for vacuum tubes could
be satisfied by fewer types of tubes. Hence, it would be desirable to unify
the groups and types of electron tubes in use and eliminate obsolete types.
Reducing the number of categories would permit industry to increase the num-
ber produced, lower the price, an"% improve the quality of the tubes.
Because of its complexity, the problem of deciding on the necessary cat-
egories of vacuum tubes can best be determined by taking up each one separately.
In our opinion, it would be well to begin by working out categories for the most
popular types of radio tubes.
For purposes of discussion this article will attempt to determine the nec-
essary assortment of radio tubes for AC and battery broadcast receivers, low-
and medium-power amplifiers for wired radio centers, sound motion picture ampli-
fiers, etc. (Tubes for television apparatus will be discussed in a separate
article.)
The nomenclature for the prospective types of tubes should be worked out
by the Ministry of the Communications Equipment Industry. Cooperation of the
consumers in debating this problem would assist in finding the best solution.
In a preliminary classification we must be guided by:
1. Requirements for modern equipment. Since any classification should
be valid for a long time, the requirements for such equipment and, consequently,
for tubes should be raised where possible.
2. Existing classifications of radio tubes.
CLASSIFICATION CONFIDENTIAL
NSRB
FBI
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The best method iu to examine these classifications one by one, dividing
them into groups according to their uses. for example, tubes for HF ampli-
fiers, frequency conversion, low-power circuits of local oscillators, detec-
tion, etc.
fo. HF amplification should have a high transconductance
A tube intended
characteristic, high plate resistance, low interelectrode capacitance, high
input resistance, and a low level of tube noise. For automatic sensitivity
control, a tube must have a remote cutoff characteristic of the appropriate
form In addition, it must satisfy the general,requirements for all receiver
and amplifier tubes -? ecbnomical filament power consumption compactness, and
durability. conside All ehfor HFgamplification.fuA tr'iodebistpreferableoonly in superrhighhe
basic tube
frequency amplification. by us and
for mo A list of 11F pentodes ptthe suitable
current Ik; Coleumnsr10iandi11,
given in Table Column 5 shows
the value of Kst ?- the stage amplification corresponding to the given values
of transconductance S and input resistance R1 and obtaining a resonant load
resistance of 100,000 and 10,000 ohms in the plate circuit. Column 12 shows
the value of K st, indicating the maximwn stable amplification produced by
one stage at a frequency of 460 kilocycles for the given values of S, Ri, and
Cpg. If K st is excessive, oscillations may occur. The value of K' in Col-
umn 13 refers to the per-.stage HF amplification when two stages are used. The
value of K''si; characterizes one amplification stage for a frequency stofe18m-
megacycles both for a single-stage amplifier (Column 14), and
plifier (Column 15).
It may be seen from Table 1 that the 6SJ7 and 6SK7 tubes make the 6Zh7
and 6K7 tubes unnecessary, since all characteristics of the latter are infe-
glassnequivalent of
rior to those of the former. The 6K9M-type
ertubeeisba a glass
6SK7 and is cheaper to produce; it may,
With regard to transconductance, the miniature pentode 6K1P is consider-
ably inferior to the miniature pentode 6AZh5? it should be replaced by an-
other type resembling the 6AZh5 in its parameters but with a remote cutoff
characteristic. The miniature pentode 6BA6, with a transcondhisapue of
ma/v for a cathode current of 15.2 ma, may employed
After making the above reductions in the group of tubes with indirectly-
heated cathodes, the remaining tubes are the single-ended metallic pentodes
6537, 6SK7, 6SH7, and 6SG7, the miniature pentodes 6AZh5 and 6BA6 with sharp
cutoff and remote cutoff, and the 6B8M duo-diode-pentode which can be classed
as a HF tube due to its low value of plate-grid capacitance.
The seven tubes mentioned above have excellent electrical characteristics
and are suitable for HF amplification in all classes of AC broadcast receivers.
The production of the 12BA6 together with the 6BA6, which differd nly6in
the amoui,t of filament current and voltage(12.6 v and 0.15 amp
v and 0.3 amp), makes it possible to use the 12BA6 in AC/DC receivers with a
150 ma filament current.
The h3d.',duo-diode-pentode is currently used in reflex circuits of mass-
produced, Low.?cost radios. Even in the case of the 6B8M, it would be desir-
able to have a duplicate tube with filaments for twice the voltage and half
the current.
50X1-HUM
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Table 1 shows only five directly-heated HF pentodes, one of which, the
1Zh2M tube, cannot be considered as mass-produced. The 2Zh2M and 2K2M pen-
todes are quite satisfactory with respect to their parameters, but are not
:ufficientiy economical since their filament heater consumption is 0.12.
The li: ^r miniature pentode is more economical but its parameters are not so
good. In deciding on the advisability of using the 2Zh2M and 2!(24 tubes
for new radios, the efficiency of these tubes at reduced filament battery
voltage must be taken into consideration, as well as the service life.
The IK1P pentode may be included in the number of prospective tubes but
it is net sufficiently economical in heater consumption (0.072 w), while the
lZh?r; pentode, for example, required only 0.036 w. We must begin to make
fuli use of modern techniques in order to mass-produce battery tubes with
filament current of 30 or even 25 nia.
The excessive plate-grid capacitance of the pentode part of the 1BlP
tube makes it difficult to obtain sufficient IF amplification in a reflex
circuit which is most suitable for mass-produced, battery-operated super-
hets. For this reason, the 1B1P diode-pentode must be replaced by an HF
diode-pentode with a semiremote cutoff characteristic and a plate-gride
capacitance not exceeding 0.02 mnnfd.
Hence, of the various tubes under examination, only the lK1P pentode
can be considered a prospective type. The LF diode-pentode must be replaced
by an HF diode-pentode. -
Fre uenc Conversion
Tubes for frequency conversion must have high transconductance, both
in conversion and in the oscillator part, a high plate resistance, a remote
cutoff characteristic, the least possible coupling between the HF circuit
and the oscillator and IF circuits (the coupling through the interelectrode
capacitance and the electron flow), a sufficiently large input resistance,
and as far as possible, a low noise level. Moreover, during operation of
the automatic sensitivity control, the transconductance of the oscillator
plate current with respect to the voltage on. the signal grid must not be
greater than several hundredths ma per volt.
The tubes used for frequency conversion are the 6A8, 6A10, 6SA7, 6L7,
S0-242, and LA1P. The 648 pentagrid converter is characterized by an in-
admissibly large, for short-wave reception, dependence of the No 2 grid
current (oscillator plate) on signal grid voltage (equal to minus 0.4 ma/v);
moreover, the transconductance of the oscillator part of the tube is too
low (1,1 ma/v). Hence, the 6A8 is greatly, inferior to the single-ended 6SA7
pentagrid converter and might well be excluded from this category.
The 6A10 is no better than the 6SA7 tube and could easily be abolished
as far as consumers are concerned. But there is some reason for retaining
it because of cheapness of production.
The 6L7 pentagrid mixer could be satisfactorily replaced by the 6SA7
employed in circuits with separate oscillators. So the 6L7 can also be
eliminated.
Thus, the admissible types for prospective converter tubes for AC
superhets are the single-ended pentagrid tube with remote cutoff of the
6SA7 type and its cheaper alternative, the glass 6A10 tube. To these
types should be added a miniature pentagrid converter, analogous in its
operating principles (grid construction and grid connection system) to the
63A7. The 6BE6 can be considered such a tube, while for transformerless
receivers, the 12BE6 tube with a filament current of 150 ma.
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U:aa..,.t!F.
The 6SA7, 6A10, 6BE6, and 12BE6 pentagrid tubes have a satisfactory
transconductance -- 0.45 and 0.47 ma/v -- and operate well on all broad-
cast frequencies.
Because of its inadmissibly large heater consumption, 0.32 w, the
small SO-242 pentagrid converter must absolutely be excludea from the
prospective type of tubes.
The miniature 1A1P pentagrid converter with a filament consumption
of 0 072 w may be considered among the prospective tubes. But steps should
be taken to reduce its heater consumption.
Low-Powered Oscillators
Local oscillator tubes must have an adequate transconductance charac-
teristic to maintain oscillations at all broadcast frequencies during re-
ductions in filament voltage supply.
Any of the prospective pentodes with a sharp cutoff characteristic or
any triode suitable for the purpose, for example, the Type 6Zh5C triode,
may be employed as an oscillator tune. There is, therefore, no need of de-
ciding on individual oscillator tubes for future production. This is even
more true in the case of battery-operated apparatus where there is little
demand for separate oscillators.
Detectors
Diodes are used as detectors for amplitude-modulated transmission and
also to obtain the direct current voltage for various types of automatic
control, especially for automatic sensitivity control. The current and
power used for these purposes is so small that the dimensions of the diodes
can also be very small and, consequently, two diodes can easily be put in
one envelope or even in the envelope of another tube, for instance, a tri-
ode or pentode.
The existing assortment of tubes includes combination tubes of the 6G7C,
6B8M, 6SQ7, and 6SR7 types and the 6X6M duodiode. As the diode parts of the
irst four tubes are much alike, it makes little difference which of these
types is retained in this category. A selection will be made in considering
these tubes for preliminary LF amplification.
The 6X6M duodiode, consisting of two separate diodes with different
cathodes, is the only tube which permits setting up any system of automatic
sensitivity control. In addition, it can rectify a considerably stronger
current (up to 8 ma) than a combination tube-diode and may, therefore, be
employed as a low-powered kenotron in radiometric apparatus. For this same
reason, a glass duodiode of the 6X6M type must be considered a prospective
type.
Visual Voltage Indicator
The Type 6E5 visual voltage indicator (electron-ray tube) is sufficiently
sensitive but in a receiver it operates satisfactorily only at small voltages
in the automatic sensitivity control. With strong signals, the shadow sector
closes even before accurate tuning is achieved. Thus, the 6E5 tube should be
replaced by a new type with two or more shadow sectors which react to both low
(5-6 v) and high (25--30 v) voltages, The Type EM-11 visual voltage indica-
tor is an example of such a tube. It would be desirable, however, to have a
tube with better characteristics.
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A'.
lad 1~~ i~ L .11
F'or reasons of economy, there is no point in using visual voltage indica-
tors on battery-operated radics.
Low Frequency Preliminar Amplification
The parameters of tubes for LF preliminary amplification must ensure
obtaining high stage amplification with negligible frequency and nonlinear
distortion. To be employed in a r:.ultistage amplifier, such a tube must
have a low noise level.
Cable 2 shows tubes for LF preasiplification. Columns 2--7 give data
corresponding to static conditions when the load resistance equals zero;
Columns 8--10 give the amplification factor per stage in a resistance-
coupled circuit. Column 8 gives the stage amplification for a load resis-
tance or 0.1 :neghom in the plate circuit and a resistance of 0.1 megohm
in the grid circuit (plate supply reduced to 90 - 100 volts). Column 9
shows corresponding data for a 0.25-megohm plate load and 0.5-megohm re-
sistance in the grid circuit, while column 10 gives the same figures for
0.5 and 2.0 megohms, respectively (plate supply increased to 250--300 volts).
The first seven types of tubes in Table 2 are intended for voltage am-
plification, that is, they operate satisfactorily for high-resistance loads,
the resistance of which is measured in tenths of a megohm. The last four
types have an average amplification factor and a large plate current consump-
tion witn a power output of several hundred milliwatts. This power may be
required to excite the final stage, the input resistance of which is usually
between. 10,000 and 40,000 ohms.
HF pentodes are excellent LF voltage amplifiers. Among the HF pentodes
which are prospective types, only two, with small-grid-plate transconductance
characteristics are included in Table 2. But it must be borne in mind that,
in employing pentodes with increased transconductance, it is possible to ob-
tain much greater amplification with the same load in a resistance-coupled
circuit.
It is evident from Table 2 that the presence of the 6SQ7 tube will make
the 6F5M and 67(C unnecessary. Instead of manufacturing two tubes, 6C5M and
6Zh5C, it is only necessary to put out the 6Zh5C which has better parameters.
The group of twin triodes, the 6N7C, 6N7M, and 6N9M, should be retained since
they have different parameters. The 6SR7-type tube may be found useful in
transformer stages coupling a single-stage with a push-pull stage. However,
the prospects for this tube are still a matter for discussion.
Table 2 should be supplemented by a miniature duo-diode-pentode with the
same parameters as the 6B8M -?- or better. The 6AT6 (or 12AT6) miniature duo-
diode--triode with an amplification factor of 70 cannot ensure sufficient am-
plification for playing phonograph records, and. it is not adapted to simulta-
neous amplification of intermediate and low frequencies in a reflex system.
A duo-diode-pentode with a semiremote cutoff characteristic must be manufac-
tured for both 6- and 12-volt filament heating.
The list of tubes with indirectly-heated cathodes to amplify LF voltage
must also be supplemented by special tubes with a low level of tube noise. It
is obviously possible to avoid introducing a new type of tube if, in the course
of manufacturing the above-mentioned tubes, for example, the 6SJ7, it is feasi-
ble to eliminate the causes of such noises. Tubes with a low noise level should
be carefully selected, specially marked. and used only for multistage amplifiers
of sound motion picture and broadcasting apparatus.
as I IN
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As regards the directly-heated tubes in Table 2, we must exclude, first
of all, the UB-240, which consumes almost 4 watts in filament heating. The
remaining three tubes have already been discussed and the conclusions reached
spa to them are still valid.
Lew frequency Power Amplification
The output radio tube should have good emission qualities, an operating
characteristic with a long linear section, and, to ensure sufficient sensi-
tivity of the final stage -?- a comparatively high transconductance (not less
than 4 ma/v). To prevent 'occurrence of high nonlinear distortion, the op-
erating sections of its characteristic must. be as linear as possible. The
amount of power consumed in filament heating in AC, equipment is immaterial,
especially if there is a power transformer.
Tubes for LF power amplification are shown in Table 3. The last column
indicates the sensitivity of the amplifier stage expressed as a ratio of the
output power in watts to the square of the effective value of grid voltage
in volts, These values are numerically equal to the output power in watts
during the action of an effective alternating voltage of one volt in the grid
circuit.
The UO-186 triode, which consumes the same amount of power as the 6B4
triode, is greatly inferior to the latter in output power, efficiency, and
sensitivity. Consequently, it should be excluded from the list of prospec-
tive tubes. (It should be noted that the last triode of the UO-186 type is
really a very good tube; but it is not used much because of its unusually
large plate current tolerances and relatively low guaranteed output power --
totalling 0 77 watts).
The Type 6F6C tetrode is very inferior in sensitivity to the Type 6V6
beam tetrode which has nearly the same power; it may, therefore, be elimi-
nated. The parameters of the Type 6B4, 6N7C, and 6v6 tubes are satisfac-
tory and these tubes may be retained.
For lack of a more modern tube, the 30P11.1 tube may be produced for the
next couple of years, provided that the insulating strength between the fila-
ment and the cathode can be increased.
It is especially necessary to stop producing the Type 6P3 tube, which is
an unsuccessful variant of the 6L6C put out before 1940. GOST 1880-44 estab-
lished the plate current range for the 6P3 tube at 62-95 ma instead of the
62-82 ma of the 6L6C, although there is no difference between them in inter-
nal structure. One of the reasons for reducing the amplification properties
of the 6P3 tube is that the bending in the crosspieces of the control grid or
cathode is such that the turns of the former, although they do not touch, are
very close to the cathode at one end. Such a dissymmetrical tube might be
described as comppsed of two parts connected in parallel -- the two parts hav-
ing different transconductances and different amplification factors. Less
than half the total current passes through the section where the distance be-
tween cathode and grid is the greatest, and considerably more than half the
total current through the part where the grid is near the cathode. Since the
current is increased in u.-- part much more than it is decreased in the other
part, the total plate current of the tube is increased. To a certain extent,
therefore, it is possible to predict on the basis of plate current, the mutual
bending of the grid and cathode. Increasing the upper limit of plate current
from 82 to 95 ma would allow industry to put out poor tubes as well as good
tubes. The 6P3 tube is also inferior to the 6L6C because of the greater per-
missible screen-grid current.
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W .f i u Jd:~r~ti Y Lf1Ir
CONFIDENTIAL
Type 6P3 tunes are used both in the final stages of radio receivers and
in amplifiers for sound motion picture equipment, the output stages of which
1 circuit; here it is particularly necessary for both
-pu1
operate in a push
tubes to be identical. The 6P3 tube should be completely eliminated and re-
placed by the oL6c.
In second class radios, the output tube may require considerably more
sensitivity than the tubes discussed here. If it be assumed that the volt-
age is amplified 50 times in the preliminary stage, it will be necessary to
ipply a signal voltage of 0.11 volt to the input of the first stage in order
to obtain maximum power from the 6L6C (6P3) tube. An electromagnetic pickup
develops the same voltage for loud sounds in record playing. But this does
not permit effective use of negative feedback to improve the frequency char-
acteristic (double or triple amplification capacity would be needed for nega-
tive feedback!. The obvio?i.F solution would be to use tubes with higher trans-
conductance -- about 10-15 ma/v. Hence, it is advisable to supplement the
category of tubes with a high transconductance tube like the EL-11 (S, 9 ma/v;
U i, 4.3 v; Pout 4-5 w; and sensitivity, 0.25 w/v2), or the EL-12 (S, 15 ma/v;
!gl, 5.0; Pout, $ w; and sensitivity, 0.32 w/v2).
For transformerless receivers 'with 0.15-amp filament current we should add
to our list a miniature output beam tetrode or pentode. The type 50B5 or 50C5
with a 7.5 ma/v transconductance characteristic and an available power of 1.9 w
with 110 v on the plate can be used as models.
Table 3 includes data on four small tubes and one miniature pentode for
final LF amplification in battery sets.. The first four require considerable
power to heat the filaments Consequently, none of these four can be consid-
ered among our prospects. Modern tube techniques permit producing tubes which
are 3?4 times more economical in power consumption. Work should be started at
once in designing an economical twin pentode or twin triode. In the lattetrir
an economical tube for the next to the last
ode with low plate resistance -- will be repaired.
The parameters of the 2P1P miniature pentode are quite acceptable for
battery-'operated receivers with an output power of about 4 w. It may be con-
sidered a prospective tube for the immediate future. But even now a design
should be developed. for a miniature pentode with approximately the power men-
tioned but with about half its power consumption for filament heating.
Rectification
Table 4 represents the kenatron category. Types BO-230 and B0-188 can
be eliminated from the prospective list because of the appearance of the 6X5C
and 5Ts4 (5Z4) kenotrons. The three remaining types, 6X5C, 5Ts4C and 5U4G, de-
signed for rectified currents of approximately 70, 125, and 225 ma, can ensure
proper power supply for all types of AC receivers using transformers.
For AC/DC receivers, the 3OTslM kenotron (for half-wave rectification) and
the 30Ts6C (voltage doubler) may be considered as prospective types in the im-
mediate future. It is only necessary to increase their insulating strength be-
tween the filament and cathode.
Third-class AC/DC receivers require tubes with a filament consumption not
exceeding 0.15 amp. In this connection, designs must be made for
miniature
one-plate kenotrou with 0.15-amp filament current and 35 v In our opinion we should have the following set of power line miniature tubes
for AC/DC receivers: a variable ..mu heptode, a high-frequency, variable-mu pen-
tode, and a duo-diode-pentode with the parameters of the 6B8M tube (their fila-
ment voltage should be 12 v); a beams tetrode with Ug = 50 v and a kenotron with
the tubes
power should
line,-123 v. amp and
30
equal that above
v. The filament filament
voltage current
should in
the
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Economical Batt, ery-Operated Tubes
Economical supply, the most important qualitative index of battery-?op-
erated radios, depends entirely upon the economical performance of the tubes.
r.,r this reeson, determining the optimum parameters of tubes for such radios
is essential.
It must be admitted that we have not yet succeeded in producing a battery-
operated radio with sufficiently economical supply requirements. The mass-
produced Pcdina radio operates on small tubes and therefore requires too much
filament current
As a mi.t.ter of fact, an economical and well-constructed receiver and
wired rad'.) amplifier with an output power of 2-3 w could be made by the joint
efforta of designers of economical radio tubes, radio apparatus, and electro-
chemical power sources.
The lA 1P. 11C1P, 1BlP, and 2P1P miniature tubes are the most economical of
our present battery-operated tubes, but the LF diode-pentode 1B1P should be re-
placed by an HF diode-pentode or a diode should be added to the 1K1P tube. The
2P1P pentode is sufficiently economical in plate current consumption (Table 3).
Besides, it can opera:-e on half the nominal power both for heating and for the
plate circuit; therefore, this tube is acceptable. To reduce power consumption
still further, work should be immediately begun on tubes for preamplification
with 25.30 ma heater current, and on output tubes with 50-60 ma heater current.
For battery. operated wired radio centers with 2-3 w of output power, a
special tube should be designed intended for Class AB2 operation, approaching
Class B2 conditions. These tubes should be twin pentodes in order to reduce
the excitation power and make better use of the plate voltage. Such operating
conditions would be very economical since they would make it possible to ob-
tain an efficiency of more than 60 percent at full power, and a sufficiently
high efficiency at medium and low power. It might be tentatively stated that
such a tube with 1.2 v and 0.25 amp for the filament and a plate voltage of
160 v could produce a power of 2 w; the maximum admissible plate voltage should
not be less than 240 v. The coupling between a single-tube and a push-pull am-
plifier should be made through a transformer; in the driver stage a 2P2M tube
or a triode with low plate resistance can be employed.
Rural wired radio centers with an output power of 5 w or over must be
supplied by storage batteries, since the problem of saving electric power is
not so acute there. In such installations the most economical tubes of the
series intended for power line radios and amplifiers can be employed.
Conclusions
The data cited. above lead to the conclusion that our industry is meeting
the basic demands for modern tubes for power line equipment.
With regard to battery-operated tubes, however, many problems arising
from the necessity for maximum economy in electric power have not yet been
solved. It is essential to clarify the following problems:
1. The types and the operating characteristics (especially in regard to
economy) of electrochemical power supply sources which can be considered for
future use.
Y6{`~;k' Y Y13.
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3. The minimum output power for a radio which will provide adequate
loudspeaker reception in rural homes; since the amount of power required is
in inverse ratio to the sensitivity of the loudspeaker, it is possible to
make considerable reductions by designing a low-powered speaker with greater
SroSitivity.
k. The optimum plate voltage for battery-operated tubes.
5. The best design for the final stage of the receiver, and the optimum
parameters and operating conditions for the output tube.
6. The optimum parameters of tubes for the preamplification stages.
7. The question of combining several tubes in one envelope.
The categories and the parameters of modern battery-operated radio tubes
cannot be definitely determined until all these problems are solved.
Editorial Comment
Comrade Baklanovss article raises the question of what tubes are needed
for current broadcasting apparatus in general use. This is a very important
problem because the quality of a radio is largely dependent on its tubes.
The editors request workers of industry, scientific institutions, and
wired radio centers, as well as radio amateurs, to participate in discussions
of this problem.
Baklanov's problem cannot be solved simply from the standpoint of present
requirements demanded of radio tubes. We must also consider to what extent
the tubes put in the prospective category by the author can satisfy the higher
requirements of the immediate future. This is particularly important with re-
gard to battery-operated tubes whose quality (especially, economical operation)
will determine the success or failure of radiofication in rural districts not
as yet supplied with electricity.
C
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/31: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600330961-8
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/31: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600330961-8
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/08/31 CIA-RDP80-00809A000600330961-8