ECONOMIC - IRRIGATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600250768-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 1, 2011
• Sequence Number: 768
• Publication Date: October 4, 1949
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL I NTELLIGE rCjG +1 REPOP.T
IN FO RMATiOh?' ROM
FOREIGN DOCUMENTS OR RADIO BROADCASTS CD NO.
COUNTRY China Sinkiang DATE OF
SUBJECT SconomiC - Irrigation
NOW
PUBLISHED Pamphlet
WHERE
PUBLISHED Ti-hum
DATE
PUBLISHED Nov 19,18
LANGUAGE
TNII POCYNIRT COIYAINI INPORYh7ON APPICTINA.TNI NAT'OIIr. 'ATNII
.I CO
OT 70! OI1ITNO s N YT
I TRANIM0 OF 0*000A:L'ACT
P. I. C.. 11 AND 11 AN AII1NNNO O I TNLNlIII110N OR TNl RIV ILATION
tll i11 CONTNNTI II ANY RARNIR TO IN ORAL'TNCl1i1O P11101 15 PNO.
RIIIT00 NT LAY. IIPRO0OCT10R OF TNII PORN II PRO)IIITIO.'.'
SOURCE
NO. OF PAGES 9
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT NO.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
Heia-chiana'Shez bbui-31 Chien-she Set-k' Sinkiang Provincial
mater Coieervation Bureau. 1948.
Wane Ho-t'ing
(Ueda: 7262, 14528, 160)
Deficiency of water is Sinkiang's most serious problem, Situated in the
northwest part of China, in the heart of Asia, this province is remote from ooea.na
and beyond the reach of moisture-laden winds. Consequently, it suffers from lack
of rainfall. WIth the exception of the high mourtr._n rhos, the average annual
rainfall of the province is lees than 100 millimeters. Pracip1tation is greater
in northern 8inkian6, aichough the average .?Pinfall there does not exceed 400
millimeters.
Sinkiang is the most arid of the provinces; in the northwest. It is, there-
fore, the province most urgently in need of irrigation. Statistics show that
irrigation by human lebor is practiced in 7 percent of the farms in Shensi, 21
percent in Kann, 92 percent In AInghsia, and 1CO percent in gi.nkiang. Withcut
ir: t,3atlon, there would be no production n- reconstruction.
Ha?,e car, i--Elgation be oarrim4 on in Sinkiang? Although the province lacks
geographic proximity to large bodies of water and monseons, it raw.. obtain water
from its el/vatud areas. The province h9 three large mountain r7"ges; A-erh-t'ai
Shan to the north, S'un-lun Shan to the acuth, and Tien Sher iu the middle. The
peaks of these ranges receive moisture from the winds that have blown over the
Arctic and Indian oceans. The lee and snow formed during the winter they In the
aprtag and summer to form rivulets that are the primary sources of water.
Sine the source cf water depends on the aelted snow of the mountain ranges,
farms and communities must necessarily be located at the foot of these elevations.
Such settlements are called oases. Located in the northern foothills of the Slun-lun
Shan are fr h-ch'ieng, Ho-tien, and S'o-ehih. In the southern foothills of the Tien
Shan are Ha-ml, Yen-ch'i, and A-k'o-su; towards the north are Ch'i-,,'ai, Ti-hum,
and I-li. Ch'eng-hua and T'a-eh'en4 are situated at the southern elope of A-erh-t'ai
Shan. Of the 1,8:50,000 square kilometers which constitute Sinkiang, the oases
occupy only .007 percent. The goal now As to increase such oases by utilizing
sufficiently all sources of water.
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will meet with defeat during periods of emergency. Sinkiang does not fear a
lack of land; Sinkirng fears a lank of water. This factor id the cause of
lawsuits at every planting season. The most severe conditions usually exist in
Su-fu, So-on'e, and A-k'o-su halens in southern Sinkiang., These three hsiens
re:: on the :emme source of cantor. The to-as citunted upstream have the advantaao
of the terrain while those located downstream suffer the disadvantages. Problems
have become more difficult to solve wit]' the ensuing years.
in 1946, after he had made an inspection tour of Sinkiang, Yu Yu-jen,
chairman of the Control Yuan, said-
"Irrigation is definitely second to life in Sinkiang. With water, the desert
may be transformed Into fertile valleys; without water, the oases become deserts.
Should the Centt?al Ctivernment, in its program for reconstruction aid to Sinkiang,
begin with irrigation, it will receive the blepsing of each individual. In brief,
the first Ltep in Siuk inn ?e reconstruction is irrigation."
Howover, there are natural marshle.4e -and lakes which may be used for storage purposes.
For example, the Red Wild Goose lake {Rung-yen-oh'ih) (Ueda: 5985, 12957, 5986) in
Ti-hue, the Po-eau-t'eng Hu (1016, 4373, 13820) in Yen-eh'i, and the Hung-hai-tzu
(5985, 1182, 2262) in Pa-ch'u.
.Most of the rivers in Sinkiang are inland, that is, they lose themselves in
the desert soon after they leave the mountain passes. This phenomena is commonly
known as percolation.
The northern a-1 southern Sinkiang basins are alluvial plains of the S'un-lun
Shan, Tien Shan, and A-erh-t'ai Shan. The fringe of ease basin is elevated while
the venter is depressed. Along the 'foot of the mountains stretches the Gobi Desert
whose width varies from several tens ^f kilometers to over 100 kilometers and is
composed of gravel and coarse sand. The sand becomeb coEreer near the foot of the
mountains. The lower fringe of thu desert adjoins arable land where the present
oases are situated. Canals bringing water into the farming region must pass through
the desert. Two difficulties must be overcome.
1. Seepage.. The rate of seepage is about 4 percent every kilometer. With leas
water, there is more seepage. The greater the distance the more difficult it is to
conduct, the water.
Tcovaphical Featuxea
The majority of the farms in Sinkiang rely on spring thaw for irrigation
purp ees. Although, the avow-capped me-antaine form a'mgp natural reservoir, it is
difficult to coordinate the water supply end agricultural requirements. Warn
spring weather comes early to the plains before the snow in the upper regions has
melted enough to provide p;:ffietent water for young plants. This is the primary
eaude of irrigation problems And accounts for the abundance or deficiency of
harvests. The period In which plants grow and reach maturity Is very short. Lack
of water dur .n.; spring plant pg : not be remediad later by a sudden ample supply.
In the early aut-awn, flood4 sisy bring disaster.
The winter is northern Sinkiang lasts 52 months, with a low of 30 degrees C
bslov zero. lfo$t agricultural areq to Sinkiang do not require water at this time.
Therefore, it is essential to plan %he construction of rebervoire and canals to
oonOerve winter waters for use in toe ?erming areas during the spring-and 0me@.
To achieve double results for half the amount of work depe,ids on hoer the terrain
is used in the construction of a rF aerN sir. The moue tainn andvallsyr
gradients. It is difficult to find a suitable place for the storage water.
2. Erosion. The canals go through the desert with a elope of sDOat 1.5 percent.
The desert soil offers little resistance to erosion from the current. When the
upper fart of the canals are eroded, the lower part becomes silted. Then the rate
of flow decreases which results in more seepage. Before the use of cement began,
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the above-mentioned d_fficultiee were hardly surmountable. Today difficulty in
transporting cement is 11nited only by the financial angle. Sinkiang has not
yet opened a cement factory, therefore, cement must be purchased from the Yac-
chieh (8331 10620) Factory in lan-chou which is 1,900 k_lometersfrom Ti-her.
Since most of its water is percolated, Sinkiang's u:dergrouni eupp-_y is
rich. In several areas in northern Sinkiang, the opening of well, has formed
an important part of irrigation. Utilization of underground water has great
potentialities if wells are improved and mechanized methods are used is dnill.i.g
them. In the arable areas, the soil is brackish, The underground water table
is higher towards the center of th', basin and the brackishness is heavier.
White crystals accumulate on the surface to form e salt be.nk. Fortunately, the
arable surface is still extensive and the ground elopes enough to facilitate
drainage and to wash out the salt. According to the experiments of old farmers,
the brackish content of the soil. or the water can aid in plant m Turetion. It
has the value of fertilizer. Because of the limited manpower, under ordinary
conditions fertilizer is not used. To conserve the moil, 1a:.~ing or plant
d
rotation 1s practised.
His tor; of Present Syatemv
. Sinkiang has a long agricultural history extending as f.,r lack as the Han
Dynasty (206 BC). Postal aerviee by courier was initiated end c;c..: d ee..da wo,.;
introduced during the reign of Yua:. Cultivation was largely south and north
of Tien Shan. During the Ch'ing D /nasty, Lin Tee-hau propiaad the use of walls.
Too Teung-yang constructed irriga,ion canals with millteo y lator. But ;?_e fact
that irrigation is what it is today in Sinkiang may be credited to the people
who, driven by the necessities of livsllhood, struggled to dig c.anala end sells.
At present there are over 1,000 wells and more than 1,580 large and small canals
in Sinkiang with an approximate aggregate length of 40,000 kilometers. The irrigated
or cultivated area for the entire province amounts to over 19 mi:ulon moo (one acre
equals 6.6 moo). If the present population in Sinkiang is estimated at about 4 million,
the ratio is approximately 4.7 moo of watered land for each person.
Old canals divert saver from the mountain streams. The engineering work here was
comparativel, simple resulting in much seepage and lowered duty. each canal is eatable
of irrigating only 10,000 moo. In southern Sinkiang, however, canals from the larger
rivers are apable of irrigating several tens of thousand moo The old i,trig',.tion
syst9me do not have intake facilities and rely on temporar,, dikes. During high
waters, these emianleents are of no avail. Division of water was determined by
custom and reou.ced it much confusion during periods of shortage.
Beginning in 1941, modern irrigation engineering was 1, vodnced. The project
included: the Tu-nnng (10709, 11919) Canal in Sui-ling (I-'_ ), `he P'h'n-yang (4557,
2963) Canal in Ti-hum, the T-ien-chieh (1947, 5986) Canal in hoc.-k',a andd the Hsii.-
eheng (4376. 7770) Canal in Sha-wan.
Construction projects on a larger scale which are currently in progress are:
the Ho-p'ing (1263, 2899) Canal and the Red Wild Goose lake Reservoir in Ti-ham, the
West K'ta-k'c-ya-erh (4869, 4869, 12962, 7043) Canal in Shan-s.ian, the Wei-kan Ho
(63u1, 2897, 604') Diversion Gate in K'u-eh'e and three diversion gates et
Sha-ya, and Hein-ho. Recently plnnned ones include the Hein-chung ;4376, 3203)
Jenal in Ha-mi, the Hung-hat (8739, 6182) Reservoir at Pa-ch'u, the Hsi-ta (10820,
1946) Canal at A-k'o-eu, the K'ai-tu (12716. 12188) 7.1 Canal at Ye,n-ch'i, and the
T'ieh-ken-li (12634, 2897, 12372) Canal at Wei-li.
Besides the canal system, there are three other methods of irrigation in
Sinkiang: ponds, wells, and ";ante." Ponds are found at Ch'ang-chi, Ch'ien-te, and
other hatens in northern Sinkiang. Wells are scattered throughout the province.
Qenate occur largely in Shan-shan, T'u-1u-;En, T'o-ko-heun, and ha-mi. These four
haiens are an area especially difficult for canalization. The ganats here are actually
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the amount of water must be limited, Moreover, the gahate mist b? ;giftse, and
dredged annually. labor and maintenance costa of each Banat are hign.
The qanate in Sinkiang, except for those which use tiabering in certain places
as protection against shifting sands, all rely on soil reaiatance to support the
perpendicular shaft of the Banat and the shape of the subtunnel. Cbnsect?:e"tly,
loca& y as ran-erh-tau 11680, 574, 2262) and is similar to the Persian term,
"kar:.." There is a possibility that this system of irrigation was introduced
from Persia.
surface wells or tunnels'. They draw underground eater through gravitation. One
Banat can irrigate an average of 40 moo in Ha-mi, or al?,'+ut 250 nou in Tau-lu'fen,
A comparison of expenses for each mou of watered farm lane shows that ;,anal
Irrigation ovate the most.
What are the possibilities for the expansion of irrigation in Sinkiang'? To
answer this question, it Is necessary first to mains an estimate of the sources of
water. The,sources of water in Sinkiang are not as scarce as some people think
and not as mach as some oldtimsre estimate. The province's supply of water may
be very sager, but, If fully and economically utilized, it can 'no directed toward
F.ture of Possibilities of kUgation
According to early estimates, the average low-water discharge of rivars in
Sinkiang Is generally about 2,000 cubic meters per second. If spring and under-
ground water which can be utilized are discharged at 300 cubic meters Per second,
the total would be 2,300 cubic meters per second. Calculating that am average of
one cubic meter per second could irrigate 10,300 mou, the total figure would irrigate
23 million men. With the exception of farms already in existence, complete utiliza-
tion of the present sources of water, without any kind of storage, would result in
irrigation of about 4 million mou. If the summer and autumn flood waters and the
unused water of winter can be stored, and if the source of water can be increased
300 cubic meters per second, it would be possible to irrigate about 7 million mou.
If existing Irrigation systems can be further Improved, 10 million moo can be watered.
This Is a 50 percent increase over the present number cf farms. Coordination between
e iculture and en Improved it igation system would mean an increase in the quantity
of production.
The generation of electricity also has possibilities of development and value.
Due to the 'sop of the mountain etreams, water power is available a3naost everywhere
!or the mechanization of industry and agrieu]ture. For example, the Tin-man-kou
(11!412, 6476, 6404), at the mouth of t.Ae po-seu-t'eng Bi, is about 11 kilometers
long with a drop cf about 60 meters any a n?rmal discharge of 40 cubic meters pir
second. It is estimated to be capable of producing 25,000 horsepower. Thrrr are
many other areas which can supply such water power for electricity. Water conserva-
tion in Sinkiang, now or in the future should stress, above all, agricultural irriga-
tion. Therefore, the prerequisite of iydraulic development shall be noninterference
with the irrigation of farms.
As for water navigation, its development shall be confined to the Tarim Darya
and it[ relatat! waterways in southern Sinkiang. If this should succeed, then naviga-
tion will start from A-k'o-su to Wei-11, with the latter as the central line. From
the north, the line shall start from Kung-ch'iao Hu (2264, 12955, 6045) and run
directly to Zen-ch'i and Ho-shah; the southern route shall start from the canal
atlrulated in construction plane, and run directly to Brh-ch'iang and vicinity. The
e.tlre lire will be over 1,500 kilometers long and will benefit the transportation
and marketing of agr?cultural products and the development of rich farms in southern
Sinkiang. There is, however, much wilderness along this river. Shoals and other
obstacles are manifold. The results of recent navigation tests show that a goof deal
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the desert, Its sands and stones will continue to advance until they cover the oases
completely. Such a danger does Vireaten the Run-lun foothills in southern Sinkiang,
ditiom. Without. records which cover a long period of time, it is impossible to
predict these tendencies.
The second contention is that since the oases of Sinkiang are surrounded by
during winter of the year before and, on the other, by the degree of warmth of spring
of the current year. The amount of snow depends on changes in meteorological con
Tho source of water today is primarily the accurmilatton of snow on the high mountains,
Each year there is a gradual decline in the snowfall and the snow line rises higher
and will one day be completely gone. This trend of thinking has no scientific basis.
There are two prevaIl^wg ideas concerning the future of irrigation in Sinkiang.
one maintains that Sinkiang's manply of water is dependent on the snows of lony years,
ch'iang is vast and cannot be ccmpleted.in a short time.
of repair ana engineering work is required before the river can become a throa8h
transportation system. Canalization of the net of waterways in Yen-ch'i and Erb-
Tao need for irrigation in Sinkiang is urgent. ?3bpes for its development are
great. But the region is vast and irrigation engineering is extremely difficult.
And, who*, is very important, there is no railroad in Sinkiang and there exists a
-severe lack of manpower, materials, and finances. To attain success within a short
time is am impossibility. To meet this pressing need and to advance all types of
irrigation conetra^.tione, it is neoec+e r to vbtatm ample al and 'bee3azt'eal
aid fro=-the Central Camiiwant. Thp people or this province should also exert
their efforts and work vith the government to subdue difficulties and rush the
undertakAng.
Development Plane
Widespread investigation, surveying, and hydrological testa are f:ndamental.
It to important to draw up practical plans which can be carried out with present
strength. Attention shoetld be focused on irrigation and plans should be formblat3d
to make ,aelf-sufficient those m ma that.;sokgrain, and to alleviate the people ?e hard-
ships in those areas which lack wets-r. Secor_,ly, a network of waterways in couthier-)
Sinkiang should be opened, with Yen=oh'i and Wei-li as focal points, in order to
facilitate the transporting and marketing of farm products. Thus, the economy of
the villages can be raised.
Drainage engineering to Imp rove the soil is another important project. F~rdro-
logical activities should be expended vo tnclu~e power for Industry.
The Sinkiang T,rovinciel government has already arranged a Sinkiang iTivo-Year
Irrigation Peconetructlor flan based on the province's actual needs which, if
f+nancee permit, may be realized in several phased.
The grain production of Sinkiang, from the viewpoint of the entire province,
is actually sufficient to meet the demand. However, the desert acts as a barrier,
makes transportation difficult, and neighboring heiene have nifficulty helping each
other. Studies of population and arable land distribution show that southern Sinkiang
has a surplus of food production while northern Sinkiang has an insufficient supply.
Ha-%d and Ti-has suffer the most. In recent years, Ti-hue has relied on help from
the various heiene in the A-k'o-eu district in southern Sinkiang. Ha-ml depends on
Sansu Province for aid, but the transportation distance is more than 700 kilometers
and there are mazy difficulties involved. To attain self-sufficiency in ro:-thern
Sinkiang, it isrimperative that irrigation be increased.
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vest, Therefore, the greatest hope for the development irrigation in Sinkiang
lies in Yen-ch'i.
can accomplish the intricate task of scientific irrigation construction.
The Sinkiang Provincial Water Conservation Bureau was established in June
1946. In the naest P yeere, it he .tt}emoted to briny irrigation to the entire
of Water Conoeriation. With limited technical personnel, it assumed the formiMble
task of irrigation engineering. The following ie?a rough out]ine of the past 2
years' activities of this bureau :
In 1946 the Corps was dispatohe,' to every part of northern and southern
Sinkiang to conduct a general survey. The i'aterial. thus collected is being com-
piled and will form the basin of a blueprint for Sirkieng's Irrigation protects.
Prior to this survey, there wee no complete data on irrigation conditions frog
which to proceed.
A hydrological record is basic in carrying out irrigation engineering. Since
1947, this province has maintained a General Hydrological Board to promote hydrologica:
activities. Three hydrological stations have been set up in the Ti-hue and Yen-chi
area, five in Ha-mi, T"ien-ch'ih, and H'u-erh-lo areas. Others will be created from
time to ti.ae to cover the entire province within a few years. They will be of great
service in research studies on the amount of water required for all tyres of agri-
cultural p-;,ducts end in the compiling of orgiraerfng estimates. Wor'c was first
started E-t the Ti-hua station early in 1948.
3.. Surveying and Planning
The work of surveying, planning, ant.'. organizing has already been eomr. eted
for the following projects:
a. Red Wild Gvos3 Isk' ResArvoir at Ti-hua.
b. Ho-p'ing Canal at Ti-hua.
c. Shih-ch'eng-tzu Ho (7954, 1740, 2262, 6045) Irrigation Works at Ha-mt.
d. Wu-tao-kou (135, 12051, 6404) Irrigation Works at Ha-mi.
e. Wei-kan Ho Diversion Gate at K'u-ch'e.
f. Yen-oh'i Irrigation Vc:ks.
g. Ho-chug Irrigation Works.
I... Hsi-ta Canal at A-k'o-su.
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Food production in Ti-hua, the capital of Sinkiang, is not sufficient
and in recent years the population has increased. i:i-hua also lacks funds. The
transportation of food over long distances increases its cost. -rrigation is
absolutely necessary to increase local production and to provide the people with
ample food.
Ordinarily the water supply of the Urumchi River in TI-hua is insufQiciont.
Consequently, the marshlands of the Feed Wild Goose Lake must be utilized as a
reservoir to conserve winter waters. The engineering work on this project was
begun in !August 1947. Utilizing equipment made to withstand the extreme cold,
work was rushed to complete the reservoir. By the beginning of May 1948, the
capacity has reached 18 million cubic meters. When finiehed5 the reservoir will
be capable of storing 50 million cubic meters of water. It will rank second
only to the Shan-hu-t'an (7284, 7343, 6545) Reservoir in Taiwan. To stare rater
effectively, the depth of this reservoir must be 20 meters. The sluice gate uses
a 'yllndrical valve. This valve and the opening and closing mechanisms were all
manufactured in Ti-hua. Except for a small amount eurohasod from the Yao-chyeh
Tha soil in the vicinity of TS-hua is rocky and sterile. However, the
uncultivated area where Ti-)ma adjoins Ch'ien-te and Ch'ang-ohl is vast and the
soil is fertile. It can be cultivated on a large scale. The source of water would
be the Red Wild Goose Lake Reservoir and irrigation would be made possible by the
Ho-p'ing Canal. Wort was begun in March 1947. The main, canal will be 35 kilometers
long and will be ;fined 3ntirely with slate to protect it against erosion. The dis-
tributing canals will be over 100 kilometers long. Two thousand max of rice were
planted in 101+7? Over 10,000 mou were opened in 1948. Completion of the entire
project awaits the granting of more funds. When finished, the canals will have the
eapac'ty of irrigating over one million mou of rice, k.ioat, and mixed cereals. The
main part of Ti-hua'e food problem may thus be solved.
6. ?'loci-Control :+ork:a a:; iidn-au, P'a-shih, and T'a-ehth
The new clianrcel of the K'un-a-le.-k'o Ho (2614, 12830, 8354; 568, 6045), a
tributary of the A-k'o-su River, is in the vicinity of Wen-cu, P'n-ehlh, and T'a-
ehih. it Is over 10 meters above the old channel. Fertile alluvial plains along
the old 'channel have already been cultivated to the utmost and comprise what are
known today as Won-su, A-k'o-uu, etc. The P'a-shth and T'a-shih 'terrain Is treacherous.
Ac son as the dikes burst, the three ihsienr of Wen-su; A-k'o-eu, and A-wa-.'? are
Inundated. Work on this .important flood-control project began in Marol, Activated
by local citizens, with the aid of troops etatieoe- there, the construction was com-
pleted in dune 1947. Two flood-control projects are eti_. pending: (1) the lu-me-ta
Ho (7261, 1859, 1946, 6045) of Ho-tien, Lo-p'u, and Nb-yu holens; and (2) the Ru-t'-
u-pi Ko (1251, 1646, 1373, 6045) of Ching-hua Hsien.
7. Repairing of the Tien-ch'ib Reservoir
The T'Ien-ch'ih Reservoir is situated halfway up Po-k'o-ta (1016, 568,
12052) Shan, 30 kilometers southeast of Fou-k'ang county seat. It is the second
most important reservoir in this province. Built in 1943, it suffered damages in
1945 because the remoteness of its location hampered control. Repairs were made in
1947.
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We -'..a : Ho a~i der?ix._ Uete for k'u- h "e, 7ha-y2, and 3.,.i ;-!_o
ru-oh'e, She-ye, and hem -ho all rely on the Wei-kan Ho for irrigation.
extending, repairing, and improving already existing genate, it is better not to
method, there are limitations. It appears that canals, which load water directly
supply and farms in these three heiene may be increased.
Sucee a Sri usually guarani,eed when resort is need to lids e, crwel. The great
seepage. There are two reasons for thi6: (1) since the canals use a larger channel,
of the upright elates permit silting up of loose soil, seepage is gradually reduced.
The K'ai-tu Ho at Yen-eh'i has a rich supply of water. There are broad
lek`l plains on both sides of the river. In the past, because the problem of land
~?.-tta was never legally settled, water was loft to flow unchecked and the fertile
i; was permitted to go to waste. The minimum water d'echarge is this rl:rer is
u`'aSo meters per second and it is capably of _:rlg~+ting about 2 milliLc Lou. 2L- e
A3,sa i:t ?rt, >sa ved is extensive and requires a detailed survey and application of a
era s. 3. :-D complste development plan.
To meet present urgent needs, a portion of the canal should be constructed
so that cultivation of a portion of the land can be initiated. With the exception
of arge-scale surveying to be done in 1949, work is proceeding on the opening of a
ddstributing canal from the basks Jf the Ho wll:zh V_?A rripply water to exist-
ing canals, and on the aclditictu of several lateral canals.
U. Surveying the Tarim Darya it W61-li
In 1944 the channel of the Tarim Darya in Wei-li Hsien was changed to flow
eastward. It Joined the Kung-oh'ian Ho only to be lost in the Pal-lung-tu (7709,
14876, 1768) desert. The old channel ran dry and affected the water supply of the
severa_ hundred kilometers of land stretched along the banks of the Tung Ho (4765,
6045) from T'ieh-kan-ll to Erh-chIiang. On the other hand, the farms in the vicinity
of Wei-li were confronted with the danger of flood or brackish water. The people
of this area pleaded for restoration of the old channel to alleviate their hardships.
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that although the volume of water of the ^'-rim Darya was great bring seasonal floods,
nevertheless, when the farms needed water badly, none was to be had. This is
because each year the farms along the tributaries above, euah as the Yer-erh-oh"fang
Ho, K'o-shih-k'o-erh (1392, 180, 139'2, 7043, 66045) Ho, A-k'o-3u Ho, and the Wed-ken
Ho, increased in number and more water was used for irrigation purposes. Down-
stream, this"Cisoharge was reduced to a mere tricklrs. The mini=m water discha..go
was only about 10 cubic meters per second.
If the Cad c sel is used, the long desert stretch creates so such
seepage and evaporation it is difficult for the water to reach T'ieh-ken-li,
But as soon es the chez:nel was changed for this reason, it would not reach Wei-l1,
There will also be many obstructions, in the development of water transport, e.e
the Tarim Darya joins the Hwang-ch'Iac Ho. Dikes and barriers will be constructed
in the area of Wet-1i. Water will be led by canals, which will be constructed
according to plan, in the old channel. In such a fashion, the minimsm water dis-
charge of the Tarim Darya may be benefited by the excessive supply of the K'ung-
ch?iao Ho. And again, it may be connected to the proposed iesa-rvoir at Po-etiu-t'eng
Pa-oh'u is situated farthest downstream on the Teh-erh-oh'iang and K'o-
lack of water. The other hsions, located upstream and benefited by their positions,
exhaust the supply for irrigation purposes. What remains is not such. The course
of the river is several hundred kilometers and the river bed is sandy. At low water,
there i8.:nmcb evaporation and seepage. Thus, at times Pa-ch'u has little water,
sometimes none. Planting depends on the flood waters of June and Avast. Crops
are mostly autumn ones. During the dry period, from Jan ary to April; the heien
faces a problem of water for drinking purposes, Ten 1,7liometers southeast of the
city there are three swamp area3, Thing-hai ,6iA 6:132, Ku-.ha l ,1142, 632;, u tt ahao-k'x: ;'%87 l6?'.9)
which axten'i several tens of kilometers. Some or the exceas winter water and suvx r
flood waters flow to this region where the accumulation forms a lake. There is an
abundant growth of reeds. Should this favorable spot to utilizod.fo-^ the construction
of a reservoir, and emr::akments and diversion gates be built at Yen-erh-ch?tang He,
it will be possible to store these )xcc,3s waters. According to survey estimates,
the volume of water which may be stored is over 100 million cubic meters. The des-
perate water problem of Pa-ch'u can thus be solved.
Surveying is now in progress on this valuable project.
13. irs1.1.-j3caln Irrigation Schemes
With the exception of large engineering projects which will be handled
directly by the government, lesser projects such as repairing old canals, sending
dikes, adjusting wells, dredging wells, constructing small reservoirs, opening
small canals, etc. shall be assumed by the local oi':zcns +ith ?inancial supple-
mentation and technical assistance from the government. 't'ease projects were started
in ths, past, but, if seriously and universally pushed forward, they would same to
supplement the snortage of large-s As irrigation. In some areas which face a
scarcity of water, there is definitelimitatlon to the development of emaliecale
irrigation schemes. Taerefore, the solution ofagreat ,ortion of thu pressing water
conservation problems in this province still Lupends on the initiation- of large-
scale irrigation.
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