SPELEOLOGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 13
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 29, 2011
• Sequence Number: 405
• Publication Date: December 3, 1948
• Content Type: REPORT

Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
I
e TrRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPONII
INFORM% p~ CD NO.
FOREIGN DOCUMENT --- tlic a na
COUNTRY
DATE OF
INFORMATION
1948
SUBJECT
HOW
speleology
DATE DIST. 3 D
ee
3.948
PUBLISHED
WHERE
PUBLISHED
Kbuth1y periodical
hilt NO. OF PAGES
13
DATE
PUBLISHED
LANGUAGE
!larch 1968
SUPPLEMENT TO
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION FOR THE RESEARCH
USE OF TRAINED INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTS
SOURCE IDENTIFICATION 1`risoe,~, No 3, 1948. (FIE Per Abe 77127 -- 1'analatica epooifi-
a;1lo requested.)
H. A. Gcoadetekiy
In this article we shall deal chiefly with tho topogreplq, eat to a lesser
extant with the lprdrograft, of the underground world.
Us largest, most complicated, and varied caverns are found in the so-called
oeneceous regions, that is, in regions where certain types of rook, soluble in
water, are found below the surface or near the surface of the earth.
Book sal: is easily and quickly dissolved in water. But the deposits of rock
salt, in which the dissolving process nil the formation of cavities a" other owe
fbslpticns takes place very aapi4r, ooeupty cols eisrll portions m the c rface of
US and in the leer ragicss of the earth's crest. Mnahi Xwe widely distributed
are apm and snhy*itej than me also salable in water, although not an esily as
melt sAit.
In the gfpsus regions there on many coverme of cc eiderablo size and of'
various topupaphic fozastic n, doveloped as a result of the dissolution of rocks.
lien soar difaicult and slower Is the dissolving process of limestone. Rem.,
limns deposits an found in some regions over a vast area in the upper steata
of 06 earth's asst; and are to the continuous nation or water the dissolving effect
one ' seen alertly In the form of bugs labyrinths and the most varied surface fame
tto caves. Is ,baeioally per. wte, iiaestose is practically Insoldble, but in
water containing eyrbon dioxide, this solnbiliy at Ilmestooe is inareassn ooosidsrably.
Btlajl water elwast oentainc carbon dieaids to same extent and, tbsxyefeav, I. capable
of t1seelviag limestone. Due to the action of cas'bon dioxide the oeloim carbasate,
which is the substance of I.9ame aw, tarns Into bierdonate which is moan easily soln-
ble in water than in aaabauate,
[Uigcres refer'ed to herein we appsaded,7
STATE
T
wAw ~aae - 7
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
I
CONFIDENTIAL
Cooo3 4 H2O -. C02 Ca 4 2 MO' 3
this reaction of limestone dissolution is reversible. Increase ttt the
amount of oaten dioxide in water causes the transformation of solid calcium
carbonate into a liquid solution. Conversely, decrease in the amrount of carbon
dioxide causes the opposite reaction and results in the precipitation of lime-
stone deposits from the liquid calcium bioarbocate solution. This process is
convected with the formation of stalactites, stalagmites, and other lisrstane
incrustations and deposits in caverns.
In the same manner the solution of other calcereoue rocks much as chalk,
awl, and dolomite takes place; but the solution of gypsum and rock salt can
take place without any accoing ohamical reactions. The presence In the
water of various orgbnic and mineral. acids and salts increases the solubility
of roam.
Sometimes the water-solUble minerals only act an a cament,'reinforciag
the insoluble mineral grains in a certain kind of rook. For instance, in
sandstone, particles of quarts and others can be ocabined by lime. The solu-
tion at lime in such a case can also lead to the formation of a cavity, but for
this pepose the insoluble seed particles not be carried out by the mechanieal
action of retuning water or else by the wind if a shallm grotto is to be Boned
with a lop rntrance.
li2C0.3
floated in the farm of the covens.
boa absolutely horisantal or nearly horizontal igare of rock deposits,
which have not been exposed after their sedimentation to fold-formations or
torability of solid root, in which large cavities arise, is caused by the
presence of many cracks is the rooks. It is, therefore, not sur'pe'isiag that
the systems of cracks, forming water passages from the surface and means of
circulation of the water in the deeper region, are usually very clao?ly re-
Ma order that the solution may occur within the rook strata and cause the
looasatim of caves, the soluble rooks must be penetrable by water. Sometimes
this penetrability depends on the porosity of rooks, but a= often the puns-
other intensive tectonic 31oese is (with the exception of raising and lowering
almost without disturbing the character of stratification), one can distinguish
Moss term are often used by our Inveetigetars,
but steep of them prefer various other technical
terms. Par the time being, unfortunately, there
is no niform, ges+erally accepted terminology for
the designation of various typos of f1do res.
geeted by Ienbree (38, 39) wring tbs. past century.
dicaler to th? first, or at an eagle to it.
g0?8k (t) Reference is made here to so-called fissures of
tectonic cleavage. There are also fissures of
prism y cleavage, which the Prsnah geologist
Daubn?ee ca1L "sinolases" ('9).
(ii) the terms "diaclases" and "paraoleses" were sug-
esnt ]. na; and cleavage fisseree or diaclaoss, rmmin6 In a direction pamper-
two basic types of fissesv slgeteose strata fissures, passing tbrough the
,m, eats of rook lasers oorreepending to the top and bottom levels of adja-
CONFIDENTIAL
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
l
CONFIDENTIAL
Vast regime consisting of very thick limestone layers with an almost un-
disturbed stratification are found in the bated States. In these regions the
influence of etrattri fieeurea.our the formation of cavcras is?usually stronger
than the influence of vertical and nearly vertical fissure systems, that is,
cavern tunnels and chambers often have greater dimensions in width than in
height. It is not surprising that American geomorphol.ogiate (37, 45, 42), in
their scientific writings m caverns and in textbooks, strictly differentiate
the influences of the two above-described types of fissure systems on the
development of cavities.
However, if thu layers of limestone (or other soluble rocks) are, taken out
of their horizontal position by dislocation processes, for instance, if they
form folds or are strongly inclined in me direction, the strattsa fissures
(Figure 1) `photograph, not reproduce can be almost as important as diaclasee.
>n greatly dislocated regime, for Instance, the Limestone ridges of the northern
foothills of the Al.ayckiy mountain range (southern Burgana), the system of
etratas fissures cum be almost =distinguishable from the disclass systems
(fissures of tectonic cleavage). In regime where the layers of rock are die-
loaated, an important part in the formation of separate caverns 1s played by
pe0raclases, i.e., fissures farmed by the dislocation of adjacent parts of the
earth's crust (faii.lt fissures).
The shapes a' caves, therefore, depend to a great extent on the character
of lesurea and the tectonic conditions in each locality.
Figure 2 choirs one of the caverns in the valley of the Rhoata River in the
Caucasus. The shape of the oavarn in the diagram is determines by a oeapLt-
cated. system of vertical and nearly vertical fissures (diacleses) In the slight-
ly Inclined layers of limestone in the saddle of an anticlinal fold. In the
forustim of the oa:ve'm tunnels and narrow passages, the diaclaees have played
a mare important peat than the etrater fissures. The tunnels and passages, as
oboes In the cross itection diagrag more often represent cavities extending verti-
cally upwerov, or narrow, slightly inclined cavities.
Figure 3 shows a cavern (in the vicinity of Sukhumi), of a different type,
ooaistiag of a nnmber of fairly large chsobers connected by very marrow passages
bMver, the contour of the cavern Is influenced not only by the daveloim nt of
cavities through volution and erosion by water of the ficews walls bat also by
deposits of lime in the farm of stalactites along the walls of the cavity. MW
narrow openings connecting he chambers pane througt. deposits of lime and are
formed as a result of 'eider openings being filled in by these deposits. Apparent-
ly, a cavern of the eases type, but m a larger scale, is the Y$n Shad Tung grotto
.36) it )forth Cl,}na (60 kilometers southwest of Pei-p'ing).
Another ommu (Figure 4), also in the vicinity of Sulrnmrl (dbe ]ceearip-
tin of this cavern and of the above-mentioned one is given by the author in aieogra-
-
fiya V 8hkole [
6_%), stresses even mars definitely the importance of deposit
fomation, In the profile of the cavern. Hero the deposits of Likes (shaded
areas) have divided we large cavity into four chambers by means of partitions.
- ceiling of the cavern is similar to a gable roof of a village hut. The
eawath ^siie corresponds to the inclination of the layer bottom, at an angle of
*pproadmately 40 degrees. The other side is covered by stalactite deposits.
'lima tunnels of underground rivers often form caverns. Souetimss they cm-
ta:a no water, but the formation of the long and narrow tunnels branching out
but never interlacing, clearly shove that they were caused by an umdwgromd
river end its tributaries. 7n other iaestyncos, caverns repreeent systems of
cueupliested, interlAwing, labyrinth passages and large cbaabere. Such laby
rintbs, apperently, 'iare formed by at messes of water moving slowly under
considerable pressure. The following conditions are necessary for the foraa-
tim of a cave: rocks soluble in t'ater, eater capable of dissolving the rock
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
I
located laSere of limestone. Consequently, the caverns: deprived of vats, currents,
oeemot always be comparci, aoccrdiu to their location, with river terraoee of
correepauding height. One meat always beer in mind the retarded development of?the
"voklyuzy") on the slops, of river valleys at a considerable height ebove-tt-e river
level. The author bas observed in the Cauca ue,:in the vicinity of Sukhumi, a
oavsrn river flowing out of a hariaoutol tunnel on the slope of the valley of the
Zap. Oamuista ri:ur at a height of not less than 100 cetera above the river level.
In Central Apia. In the front ranges of the Alayekiy mountain range (sout em
FWrana), in the valley of the small Apshir-say River, there is a spring of the
"voklynza" type, which rime out of a hurisantel cavern passage at a height of 20
meter. above the riverbed, Ta both oases, the cavern tunnels pees through di,-
ten orserve
o'aafru later than the incision of surface river valleys. one can o
rivers flowing out of horizontal cavern peeregeekrigo ous springs, the se-called
who be", carried out cavern research in connection with bydrotecbnieal construe-
tion,have accumulated a great quantity of material which might aid in solving
um questions pertaining to the hydrogeoloa of cavernous regime.
the nearly horizontal position of the majority of large caverns is a matter
of Interest. If this bad been observed only in regions with horizontal layers,
it could be explained by tbw influence of the layer crevices and the lesser de
W" of solubility of a certain layer above which a cavern is being formed.
liaxwer, the nearly horizontal position of large cavities can also be found in
dislocated rook lagers, and tharecore time formation of a cavity should be ex-
platned by the circulation of ground water in a horizontal direction (especially
underground river,).
Cara am often observe several levels of caverns, one above the other. This
serves as a proof of the progressive, relative lowering of levels of ground
water (levels of underground riverbeds), which is usually connected with the
rising of the terrain. The upper caves are found to be more ancient, usually
filled to a greater extent with deposit formations, partly destroyed whsreae the
loser cavities are more recant. Co. the very lowest level are can often find under-
ground rives,. The separate cavern levels than appear as original underground
rivers "terraces" which determine. the ancient location of underground water currents
in the same way as the terrace ledges an the edges. of regular erosion valleys
determine the level of snai"t riverbed..
1Cim: Region. with horizontal layers farm the exception to this rule.
Davis (37) proves that in horizontally stratified limestone,
where the crevices in layers of different levels fora circula-
to:,W pass.g:a of ground water, one ground elevation may lead to
a simultaneous development of several new cavern levels.
The underground water circulation In Cavernous mountain ranges may be caonect-
ed with the development of the surface river network and with the change in posi-
tion of its erosion basis. However, one should be vary careful in drawing parallels
tntwien cavern levels and river terraces, as well as other traces ..n the develop-
sent of an erosion Contour to the vicinity of cavernous mountain ranges, since the
lowering of the level of enbterrraneen water currents in cavernous ranges usually
f
(water containing oarban dioxide for calearecue rocks), and the momeelent of such
water, even though it might be very slam, within the rock, along inc crevices or
pares.
Disport (41),has published the results of observations, made during the
building of tunnels, which shoe that at a depth of more than 300 meters below
the present underground rivers there are expanded zones of fine crevices, filled
with slowly circulating water. 'these results shoved that cavern processes can
develop considerab below the. level of subsurface water. At a later date, Davis
(37) and Lebeonn (44), prominent researchers, stressed the Importance of the
circulation, (under pressure) of water bales the level of subsurface water in the
derolopeeent of caverns. In our country, the importance of this question has been
r.yosiderea by geologist D. S. Sokolov and other researchers. Soviet geologist.,
C01WI EBP. AL
CONFIDENTIAL
.Cc FY17~1iTLAL
CONFIDENTIAL
50X1-HUM
[_Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
I
Cak ?lDffi;I'1AL
rfNH DENT I A [m
subterranean hydrographical network compared to the ourface river network.
Cavern.rivere and lakes are ebaracterietic features of the nderground land-
scape. Long stretches of cavern rivers are sometimes accessible to exploration,
but an insurmountable obstacle is often found in the form of "siphons."
The underground Poyk River, flowing through one of the largest caverns of
Western 8uropo, Postoyna Tens (Adelaberg Grotto), has been explored for a distance
of several kilometers from its entrance and from the direction of the river outlet
in the Planing region, situated 9 kilometers northwest of the entrance to the grotto.
This river has been explored by several scientists, among them the French epele-
olrgtat, Martel who, with the help of a folding canvas boat, has also explored
meet' subterranean rivers in the cavernous region of France (46).
The largest cavern of Ablaskir in the limestone regions of the Caucasus
contains the subterranean Acbkbahetyx -gua River. The author has observed several
subterranean rivers in the limestone mountains of the southwest Caucasus, and has
explored one, together with its subterranean tributaries, for a distance of several
hundred meters, in the quaternary limestone conglomerates in the vicinity of the
tom of Oudauta. In the northern Caucasus, subterranean rivers and brooks can
also be found in gypmas regime. Subterranean rivers are found in the Urals, in
Cr'.msa, in Siberia, for example, on the south slope of the Aldanekiy mountain range
(22), in the Minnainsk region (35), and in other districts.
Cue can often find accuuaulatione of water in caverns in the form of small
lakes. In the 4oothIlle of the pet JDegh range, there is a bWdrogeu sulfide sub.
terr nsen lake, fan, located in a cavern not far from the town of Bakherden. !a
the faswuaw ID ur.k Cavern in the Ural Mountains, there is a subterranean lake In
the Friendship of Nations Grotto (the Titania Grotto) at a considerable distance
from the entrance (Figure 5) photograph, not reproducedJ. Subterranean lakes
are found in many caverns of the Caucasus. and in other places.
Came can reach deep below the surface of the earth. Deep cavernous velle,
precipices, abysses, or so-called natural shafts, are fairly comm In crony cavern-
ous regime, althoigh the4 were formerly considered an exceptional phe?omene. In
1924 Martel (49) counted all the abysses known at that time in an area bounded by
the Pelopo,mssus peninsula in Greece, Austria, northern lagiand, and the Pyrenees.
The ms?er s punted to around 3,CC0. More than a third of them are found in the
eafernenb region of the Balkan peninsula and about a third in the cavernous regioue
of Francs (Causes, Jm'a, the calcareous Alps, Pyrenees). Wartei considers, not
without foundation, that similar pbencusna will sooner or later be found an the
surface of the earth by the thousands. m the UM natural ebafte are found In
Crimea (13), the Caucasus, Central Asia, and other regions.
The depth of natural shafts extends down to 100 meters, and somotimss 100-
200 meters. Maws ouch abysses were explored by Martel (46), especially in the
cavernous regions of France. He and his assistants descended into the deep abysses
with the alt of r windlass and a special "wing" and a long rope ladder with wooden
rungs. The explorations were made with the aid of a telephone. Some of the cavern
shafts reached a depth of more than 300 motors.
Linder's explorations of the 322 meter deep natural shaft located east of
Trieste in the room of Trebich (Figure 6), which were conducted in 1940-1644,
represented real engineering work which took 11 months (47). This shaft ends is
a large cavern with water at the bottom.
However, the depth of 322 meters does not appear -to be the maxima depth
reached in subterranean explorations. Southeast of T1iesto near Raspo, in the
Berterelli Abyss (Grotto delta Mama), which preoents a system of grottos with
famel-e;saped entrances and deep wells drsrendiag vertically one after Vas other
and weperatod by low tsrreres; with a long tunnel below, proceeding from the wells
at a alight incline (Figure 7). In 1924, a subterranean alpine expedition e+ 22
-5-
301G IDSl9rI.AL
CONFIDENTIAL
50X1-HUM
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
-6-
COIWID T1
CONFIDENTIAL
Riesenwelt Cavern, 36 kilometers south-southweat of Salzburg, In 1923 30 kilo-
t,eters of underground labyrinth paaesgee verve measured by means of a toeodolite
(scale 1:400) In this cavern. The cavern owes its name to the ice formations
which extend 2 kilometers from the entrance. (48).
kilometers hl lek Cavern in 8amgary, which has been thoroughly explored, is 22
mg. The beet-known caves in Western Europe is poetoyna Tsar
(Adslsberg Grotto) out of Trieste with the subterranean Poyk River. The cavern
to eupuipped for inspection by tourists for more than 4 kilometers, and the length
of its known galleries totals 21 kilometers (U kilometers oxtend without inter-
ruption).
a
oo
, sad the next expedition, sent out in the summer of 1925,
found the passage to be free and reached a depth of 450 meters, at which point
tae passage of the tunnel went below the water level. A sudden downpour took
place above, and violent torrents ruebed into the abyss. Two persons wese
carried into the ohm by the flood, and eight alpinists barely managed to save
their lives after being trapped 50 hours at the bottom of the abyss. (31)
Aaoug the caverns of Western Burope the largest cue n t i
va ce wee obstructed by a stone blockade. Later, this blockade was cleared away
by a eubterreae
n fl
d
a
ad
sulfides, and others, contained in the rock. The war ae= M thuse, lead
of the Zbkiteng-tau range in the easternmost au uk Cavvern on the ppst slope
Part the . Turiman 9). apparently
OOe~Jtee with the gursk Cavern in t be length of Ito passagesage. (9).
w height of 40 to 50 maters, The formational chambers in this lawe. e h react
In-
fluenced by the reaction on the linostane of tae euli.rii saves
Contained In the
birorlating water, which vas generated *11--j- asid
ti
stallacctite Cavern In the 0sh -- ---o? .w.ws -??'
staatite c skit's eeon s (sauthe'at >ergma) Is known for its
(34)? The Intricate labyrinth eof to tim the Eau it-,gut located (24) In the foothillsoofi~
the north range of the Turkestan ao,mtains, bordering the Fergana valley on the
soarh is notable (FY 8
eme
apperent>,y, are quits imposing in sine.
lot auch exrlaring has been done in the caverns of Siberia (29, 21, 35, 33)
and the Far East Sena of th
p
c
o
central district along the volge River In ow, PM UUM2 in the
MBR (30); in the rower kly Oblast (16, 231 end in the Tatarsk
in other planes Volga district In s,hc vioinit3 of Lake Baskwnchek (r), and
e
are glacier-aavraDs in the Caucasus tivilor to thos6 In the Urals,
0A sod others), a*id In Crimea.
Caverns ns* be found In many places m the
lains
8
asst of Sukhumi (17, 19) -- -- -- -? ???? ~oon,r unve q, evutin-
, 9). TFwre are also tair17 large, stalactite caverns is Crimes
(13) Ther
--p-.'.....awe ' VS MW 405P
Quat.rnary period) on the terrace platoon, which is an the left bank of the Belays,
ylver (Ehiputa) In Gudaub'r44an, there are caverns with beautiful pare stalactites.
Liz...! .w- ..r &L - _- - ... -
a
2
bas a labyrinth-with a total length of 4.6 kilosstars. The cavern0is3foarm din
a EDPsm stratum, deposited between limestone and dolomites. There are ,also a
great number of other Interesting cavern in the Urals.
In the Caucasus, In Central Hegreliya (Mingrellja), there arc cavern, 3 to
4 kilometers long which have been farmed In Neogenio Ilse eooglamerates r
canting tunnels of subterranean rivers (18, 19) ' wPn'e~
14 r__ ,~ -- , 9). These caverns contain few
Huge caverns with magnificent ornaments of stalactite, and etalagnites are
found in Czechoslovakia (caverns of the 29aravian "kras', i.e., caves).
In the MM, Caverns are found in various regions. The largest of the aa;-
glared caverns is the faasous 342gurek Cavern In the Isl
11 1
50X1-HUM
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
CONFIDENTIAL
The study of cave formatione Is necessary for hydrogeological in veetiga.
time of areas containing soluble rooks. In this case it Is related to the
water.eupp2y of inhabited places end bueinese enterprieco. It ia.very impor-
tant to take Into account the presence of cave formations in carrying out
forest -exploitation measures. The influence of cave formation, on agriculture
(40), is varied in nature and can be very important.
Cave pheaonena often Greats considerable difficulties in carrying out
various kinds of technical construction work, especially In hydroteolmioal am-
etruction. There have been casee of the leakage of water from a reservoir into
the fissured limestone which is subject to cave formation. The reservoir of
the dam at Manta-Hhake in Spain, at an elevation of 72 meters, which was built
orer fissured limestone, has never been filled with water. According to the
testimony of the geologist M. Iyushon, "it is nearly always possible to approach
the base of the dam frost the upper side" (15). The small dam at Sa1nt.Aaillelme-
lo-Desert in France "does not hold we drop of water all of which leaks out under
the construction." Such reservoirs, along whose bottom it is possible to walk
without getting the feet wet, are the result of not taking the specific gsologi-
oai condition into consideration at the time the project was constructed.
There have been instances of the deatruotico of dens because of cave faama-
time (8). The den at Austin, Tames (MA) owed In on a owe=. The owe
process (solution of We= layers is the cangiaesratea of the dean foundation)
was one of the reasons, for the gigantic catastrophe -- the destruction of the
St lheeoia Dees in California.
However, even in cases where development of cave processes in a certain
area is known, it is not always necessary to refrain from erecting lgdratech-
nieal structures. In such a case, a detailed study of the cave area can iodi-
nate the choice of a. site for the construction, the necessary precautionary
measures, eta.
The Imparteatoe of cave phenomena In the miaiag Industry is great and varied.
That' greatly cnplioate the exploitation of mineral rosou ces found baler rocks
to unexpected results In the construction of tnunwis (26).
phauoemsoa is also Important In railroad construction. Tubsre have been instances
of railvaya being built without consideration of the cave phenomena, which led
The choosing of sites for buildings ant' other heavy structures In cavernous
areas also requires perious investigation of the car. phenomena. The ecudy of cave
which are subjcat to ewe processes, or found within the leper of such rooks
(20, etc.)? lfeop of the deposits of mineral resources are genetically connected
with we p corms Of 32, 43, 47, etc.). In oases where the alasral fills In
The great and manifold practical importance at the study of one g'"'
and their widespread occurrence in the USSR, was the reason for the seiem+cifio
conference held in the city of Molotov In January 1947, under the spanwabta
of the Natural Science Institute and the Molotov State lknivsrsity twain A. M.
Our 'kip. This conference was dedicated toproblas of cave investigation and
we attended by specialists from Moscow, Leningrad, Voroness, Bosrdlavak, basin',
Simferopol', and other cities of the US S. after 47 reports ware made on various
questions connected with the study of cave phenmena, a resolution was passed.
resources as limestone and eeypsmau.
and farm, of ancient cavities. From a practical standpoint, a study of the
surfaces of the 'buried mineral caverns 1s vary important. The present surface
- 7 -
co FIIIENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
l
one of its chief points vas that a nev~tP of 'IJa, epeleolo8y, the study of
cavee,bad arisen in the USM. ActuallB the conference in Molotov marked a great Im-
provement in the accumulation of facts, in the elaboration of methods for studying cave
phenamena, and in the consideration of theoretical problems connoted with eaves in the
MM. The establishment of speleoloy is connected with numerous scientific investi-
gations in the process of fulfilling the program of manificent construction work of
the S',slim Five Year Plane.
1. V. 3?a. Al?tbarg, "fide ]Ougarek Ice Cavern," Priroda, No 10, 1930, pp 1,036-
1,041
2. 0. Berg, "Oeocbesdietry of Sites of Mineral Resources," 2d edition, CIM, Moscow,
10dagmd, 1937, pp 94, 96, 168-171, 191, 273, 275
3. ?s. A. Birahtopu, "Life in the Caverns," *10 i, Vol XIII,
No 3, 1940, pp 383-402; "Maptatian and $bo06 e ," V.a h_i
Sovdrasanno7 Biolcai.i, Vol XIV, No 3, 1941, pp 436-553
4. To. A. Dirahteyn and G. V. Lopashov, "Uplcration of the Fauns of Caverns in USSR
in the Tome 3933-3939," 8=ulleten" lop Prix, 0td Biol, Vol ffi.IE ('-4+) -Hook Obskoh 1944, pp 29.38
3. V. Vitkovekl , "Beyond the Ocean," 2d edition, at Petersburg, 1901, pp 252-277
6. N. Ovozdetskiy, "In -the Caverns of Abkhaziya," st0 'afi.7a V Shkole, No 4, 1940,
pp 9-15
7. A. A. 4edsonov, Taverns in the Vicinity of Lake Baskunobok," Izv Tie. Geogr Obehch,
Vol 72, no 3, 1900, pp 400-403
A. A. GelYsr, "Causes and Forme of Destruction of sbdro?.sobaioal Installations."
Gl7, Ludagrad, Moscow, 1936, pp 39, 82, 335, 145, 146, 189, 191, 199
9. A. V. Donor, "Geological. Outline of the ?arlyukakiy Rayon of No?kinskiy Okrug
2214!$, Wastern Bayern," III Vees Gaol S"tezd Tunahloants v 1929 ~Pntevodit
LsaingraA Ne 1, 1928, pp
10. D. L. Ivanov, "UtIaekiyo Craters, Collapses an the Sasmra-Zlatoust Railroad,"
Il$Obrr Inzb Put Soot hoh, at Petersburg, 1899
11. ?a. D. Sirshanblat, "Peculiarities of Cave Aaiaals," Pr, No 8, 1939, pp 38-448
12. M. JMtt3ry, "Ina Ice 0avp~srn in the Vicinity of h]rogusr," Z4=a,-,~cln Vbutr-Di1,7cr1
.3QII, St Petersburg, 1848, pp 357-381
13. A. A. Et'ubar, "Cave Region in the lbuntelne of Crimea," Moscow, 3915
14. X. M. IDwrdov, "'Notes an Caverns-Glacier. of Southern Dagestan," Zanlsvedani7~
Book III-IV, 1905, pp 331-335
13. M. Ijashon, "Dana and Geology," WI7, Moaoow, Leningrad, 1936, pp 14-17, 103-:10
16. A. N. Mazaro'ioh, "Collapses and Caverns in the Southwest Portion of NizbegWodakaia
0mb," ?aw]arvedaral~e, Book III- IV, `Vol 3I, 3912, pp 30-46
17. L. I. Mlarnaebvl1 , "9u Cavern of Ablaskir: A Remarkable Cave Fanatics in Abkha-
slya," rirada, so.10, 3938. pp 117-120
-8
COWI TIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
50X1-HUM
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Crrrn,
(OHFIDEN AL
38. L. I. Maruaahvili, "Cave Phenomena in the Neogenic Conglamarate of Central
ro
oocmorphological Characteristics of =p Tet,
ibu Megr Doelkii n Karat-(Weetern'iiSpeleo . zfrueiya' ). Molotov) 1941
19. L. I. Dfaruaah*ili, "Karat of Claetic Rocks, Its Geomorphologioal Characteris-
tics, in the Light of General 8psisology, With the Example of Central YOM-
Ilya (Western 4rvzi7a)," 1947, Dissertation
20. Materials of tho Karat Cmtarenc?Z Kitel, December 1933, CM, Noscov-Lenin-
grad-~
21. V. N. L4ekhayev, "The Ice Cavern Abogydrae," Isv Cos Oeoar Oba3teh, Vol 71,
No 6, 1939, pp 874?-878
20:. A. Middendorf, Trowel to the Korth and East of Siberia,, St Petersburg, 18E1,
pp 308-309
23. V. Nonakhova and A. Ba3.ochkina, "Journey in the $nt er of ]925 to the Southern
Part of Nlthegcrodakaya t3ab," Zemievedaoiye, Vol RYVIII, no III-IM, 3926,
pp 67-86
24. M. T. Popov, -20 Nan-1-gut Cavern in the Ferganekiye Mountains," ' L et
0t4 Rnesk Oaoar ~ehah, Vol YVII, Taghkaltt, 1924, pp 179-184
25? Z. F. Re aheva, "'gy'p kCavern," jh Za...B Noloto Bost, Vol
VII, Molotov, 1940, pp 169-180
26. F. P. Severan?kiy, 3Rn8ineering YAB1, 2d edition, OORTI, Moaoox-Leningrad,
1939, pp 146-148
27. V. P. 8mamo--men-Shaniki1, Rwdom and Country, Uo.cov-I.aaingad, 1928, p 51.
28. D, S. Sokolov, "Karst and the Iateratitial Water of the Central Portico of the
ffiimekiy Amphitheatre,"Tet Dokl Karat-Spelsol Kcnf, Molotov, 1947
29. Ye. V. Stefanovioh, "From Yak tok to Ayen," Zap V;-Sib Otd Rusek Osc Obshoh
no Obahoh Qaotsr, Vol U, to 3. Illustr 2-3,, 3T , 16, pp 66-69
30. A. V. Stapiahin, "Karat Phommma and Caverns of Central Povolsbye With
Rx plus From the Tatursb jn AM and Oor'kovakera Oblast," Try Doll na
Haret-Speleol Eoof, Nolotav, 1947
it. P. Tetkorakiy, "Karat Phencaena and Original Artesian Springs in `olfakapa
Oub. Chapter I. Instances of the Breakdo'm of Soil on the Polleakwe Rail-
road," Tr Obahch Zeal_ Vol IT, Zhitamir, 1911
39. A. Parmen, "Cn the lltnera]oy of Caverns,' ~iroda, to 1-2, 1926, pp 9'7.49
33. P. thoro.hikh, "Cavaans of bite!," Ito 4, 1938, pp 158-159
34. D. I. Shcherbakov, "Os Oeochamietrw of the Aieyakiy Rungs," Tr
, to 7, 0@01 1 Oeokhim, lad And lank SSI~, Leningcad,1931~,
pp~~
33? ya. e. ,
, wt j. A3oa8 lankffmk ns, no 22, Mosoor-Iwniagad, 1936
36. O. Bouillara, "Lea grottee do T$a Shut T'mg an Shang Tang Shen,- Fsl},gj
the Oaolq~9oc c-P Oh>, Vol III, to vekiag, 1924, pp 147-4
37. V. Davis, "Origin of Limestcma Caverns," Bull of the Oeol Sao of Amer, Vol
=1 1950
CO?V`IiWD:AL
CONFIDENTIAL
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 ? Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
f
C014FLDS14TTAL
CONFIDENTIAL
38.
39?
A. Daubree Etudes synthetiquee de geo1ogia esper]mentale, Paris, 1$79,pp 351-352
A. Daubree, Iee.eaur. eouterraines a 1'epoque actuelle, Vol I, Paris, 1887,
pp 130-144
40. S. H. Dick ,= and H.:3. 1'rowu, Soil lrosicn in the Karst Lends of Eoatuck ,
UAW State a ,Departaeeoet of AgrioTture, Soil Coneervaticex Service, Circular
No 490, Wuhingtcn, 1938
41. F. Dienert, "Sur 1':tydrol.ogie souterraine," Cmptes rendus de 1'Aoadd.Set
Vol 178, Paris, 1924, pp 2265-2266
'42. .H. H. A. Hinds, 0eo3crpholo": The H olutioei of 1andaeq , Now York, 1943,
pp 737-750
43. M. Kispatic, T.aurlte doe Kroatischen Karstee uad fibre Entstehung," MW
Jeha'b fQr Mine's Cool mnd P!]Ac-tologiie, Supplement, Vol mi9, 1912
44. 0. Iehmaun, "d7dragrspbie doe Karstes," Eusyki6p4die der &dkumd, 0. Sends,
Leipzig and "iemine,1932
45. A. K. Lebec':, COMM
Now York erd Lcaai,
o An Introduction to the Stu of Inds
pp 135-44-.
46. E. A. Mnr'el, Los Abia4,e: Lee seas eoutenrainea lee esavearnes ISO sowme,
...Lane, PEFIG,
47. N. A. llrttal, "Applicaticcs Seologigaee do 1s epolsologiet Crigine et role
des oave.mee, Lure variaticos cl9saterigws, lours rapporto we* lee filoor,"
9th Series, Vol ;Book 7, Paris, 1896
48. H. A.leartel," Sur is plus grand. canes d'Hoope (Hie 8lesenvelt) at lea paleo-
oiroalations d'seus souterralnes an hautee ucntapee," Comptes rsndus do 1.'Acad
j0/' Vol OLBPIII, Paris, 1924, VP 1429-1431 -
1499. N. A. Martel, "Sur l'universalite et 1'lsportanoe do pheonseno a" abisye w
pacts nattrelles dos celcaires," Caetee rendns do I'Acad d Set, Vol CLIIVIII,
Psis, 19211, pp 1738-174b
2656, 1925, pp l141-e ?) at Is
~? ourun nJJ4rrtla (ne old "es gougfrea: turn, No L'Ablw
Jh
51. 2. A. Martel, `7e dress da goeffrs Sartarels," Is Nature, No 2704, 1996,
pp 68-69
j2. V. E. S., "Memootb Cave," ~a 12ILdla oiitsmioa, 14th oditicn, Vol fV,
Lmdm, Now Task, 1932, pp 71,17-755
pApppsoded figures follavj
CONFIDENTIAL
50X1-HUM
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
1
(O I L
Figure 3. Cavern in t&, oicinSty of :bachumi
CONFIDENTIAL
1:4~r ~ ti X'V cs
0Y1 iz\ xn
2 .
LarcituAincl Plan
lr,~ Carr?"
'?L--n end Crcxs
Pteeure, Fi3sure
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
I
CO Rif hhAL
the winding liner show the elope of lime deposits which do not
join with the ceiling of the cavern.
Sep 1968. 2 - Approsimte water level, 1 Oat 1868. F - Normal
water le+e1, 18.96 meters above see level.
Distsnse ~o sand, 238.8 meters. D - Haight reached by water, 22-26
cavern. n - Level of earth's surface at entrance to Cavern. D -
Distance ,o aarml water keel in caves, 321.37 mtere. C
Figure 6. The Trebii:h Grotto. Vert:cel cross seatica of natural shaft MA
CONFIDENTIAL
50X1-HUM
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/0f6/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
b'imwe 7. Vertical Cro,e Section of Bertare111 Abyss
Figure B. Entrance to the San-i-gut Cavern. Bare calcareous rocks, witu
traces of the dissolving effect of veter,form the cheracterietic
feature of the landscape in the foothills of the Turkestan range.
crI,FDPric'IAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/06/29: CIA-RDP80-00809A000600200405-1
50X1-HUM