CHORTKOV--PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, POPULATION, GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION, TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMY, POLITICAL LIFE, LABOR, SOCIAL LIFE, AND DOCUMENTATION AND CONTROL

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80-00809A000600040124-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 8
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 30, 2011
• Sequence Number: 124
• Publication Date: May 19, 1953
• Content Type: REPORT

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CL?"NTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
,r CLASSIFICATION COPIFIDENfIA7~SECLRITX r~unuuemrn~T
INFORIVlA.lr10N REPORT
SUBJECT ChortlEOV--physical Characteristics, population,
~fov
e
r
? /`j Mey 1953
N0. OF ENCLS.
(LISTED BELOW(
SUPPLEMENT TO
REPORT N0.
1[19ifY1, I11 1 I1? [ 1YJ [I1[1 ?I ?I 11 Ill 11.11 1111Y11111
1111.111 1[IY111. 1[11111?
11111. 1I ItIY1 1Y1 1111111 1 111 1.111,1111 11111Y 11
1111111111 I? a IYI fII111I11111 I. 11lI1111Y I IY 111.1
THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
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2 ? C~'~~,~p~- f s ' located in the Seret Rirer, . Vrlley,
the ma"~ pOrtioa?ot the- pity being located on the right bank o! this '
river. 1hie part of the city contains all the important mate and muni-
cipal 6uildinge, city hall, larger storesr schools ponnr ai;ation, and
hotels. The J.arger of the tiro stores (1934 to .i9l~~ ass located on a
hilly area extending from the river T-estrrard: All other buildings tiTere
l~onted on the Ternopol{ -Stanislav highTrsy.
3. The T4rnopol~ '- Startisl.a~ ;,t gh~aq *~ paved in the city Trith 21f x 2p
granite cubes. ~C1,1 other city streets Trere of gavel surface. There
sere no asphalt streets in the city.
~` =re-I.,Ixi+iia~:yy tTTO miles from the centor of the city xesteard on both
aides of the Chortkov-~szeryk5 ~ic] highrr~i, there Trere military
o~ ~~ barracks,.garaEGS, and other buildings. Up to 19?0, +-,t,,;
military aroa cant~irien one battalion of infantry and tiro batteries
oP Polish border guards. F21om 1939 to 19~7~ the Soviets used the area
f~ tiO~~g NK9D border guards and one regiment of heavy artillery.
Additianal 3cviet troops, about one divisio:, Trera housed in various
bui].dinge in Chortkov.
CLASSIFICATION OONFIDE1rTZAL/SECURIi~? TNFVRL1lTIAN
I I ,,.~,b.~........ --1-,--
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lment and Administration;-Transpoi?tation and
Econo~?, Political, Lite,_Iaho^, Social Life, and
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CO~Eh~T7AL,~SECURITY INFOR1dATI0N
5. Streets of Chrptkov wars lighted bq electric lamps suspended over the
ceniar of the streets between two poles. Streets sere named after im-
portant dates of the Bolshevik Revolution, eg: IYrst-ot-May, October
Revolution, and Red Army Day. Streets rare named also attar Soviet leaders
or military heroes. Streets were numbered xith odd numbers on the left
sides of streets as one entered the city iron the south.
6. A village called, Tyhnanka was located on the left bank of the river
but this ran later incorporated (after World V-ar I) into the city of
Chortkov, part of this former village called Doloshna (lower) had a
mixed urban and rural character. i ra.ilway station, (~aek Catholic
Church, ruins of a Seventeenth Century castle, and a public school rare
located in boloehna. The so-called Horishna (upper) part at the village
had rural characteristics. Horishna was apread.on asteep elevated
plateau attd had no paved streets or electricity.
7. Most buildings in Chortkov rare of massive brick cons `?ruction and roots
were covered rith zinc-galvanized metal sheets and red tile. Tha~:?e
rare no shingled roofs. Moat buildings rare private homes. The center
of the city had txo large apartment houses xith stares in theip grrn:zd
tloogo-. Store-owners, doctors;, det;tiste, and lawye2's resided in those
apartment houses, The city hall was a new three-story building, in very
good condition, built of huge bricks and having asheet-ffietal root,
A city market ~~ ~ the center of the city and had stout-faced clock
tower. Nearly all government building. the post otriae, county build-
ings, and pgliae station rare of three-story height and were located
on Lhe lain a#a?eet. The courthouse was massive and the o;iy lour~tory
building iti'the aity. It sae located about ],500 feet from thrt pity hall,
4 brick-ienaed prison was in the courtyard of the co?~rthouae? r.goman
Catholic Churoh ~,nd 1(onaatary stood near the center oS the oity where
the hiB~Y m'~1e a sharp turn. ~ two-story hospital building wy a
little farther down the highway. Opp~eite the city Park, on the edge
of ttnra, wu a building which housed otrioee and dispensary of the ~ttate
Iaruraaos arsd Hapifial 9srvice, called by the Soviets el(asa Choryohr
(Building at the Ai.ck).
8? host stares and government buildings were boated oa two street, the
First-ot~Nsy Highway (polish Name ltiokiswyasa Uliaa) and Rai
The latter oonneoted the oenter of the oity with the railway s~Lioa set.
oa the Lett bank of the river. ~ steel bridge spanned the river. This
was the only way for vehicular trattio to Dross the river. There titers
Harr ar pedestrian oroseings both above and belanr the oity.
9. mccept for two large hydro-turbine driven flour milt and oae alcohol
dLtillery, there was no large industry in the city. The look of big
plants retLoted a eherte~ o* alsatriaal poxes and a Lok of Lwl
areas to build upon. In 1940-,lily the Soviets began olearin~ a forest
area between Chortkov and Kopyosynai ~oPYohi~-tsa-~l9 06 N 2$ 56 17not
tar from the highway. This wen to prepare tar building a plant oa a
~3hmaurivsi
~. Danags to the city during lrarld lrar II was Blight. The Boman Catholic
~'ch sad 1'onastery and the railroad adaSaistration buildin` way the
only two builulags which were burned down completely. Bridges sad parr
station, although PartialZ,y destroyed, were repaired rapidly. Three
new bridges xea~s constructed, two for vehicular tratl.Ya sad oae for
the railroad. These were of wooden conatrz~ction, fie r~r .t-+?.,-
naa one ~u0 hp DUSSi sngiae dHr.,aged, but that, too, waa repairsdfand
Put beak into eerviae. Y 70 hp :?1eBe1 engine which had a broloea Hain
baarln~M1 a danagsd craakBhatt, and the syncro wheels brakes ~ -eplacad
-;. ~ icti: ~ t -a+ $i'~iie. ~i oti~ar partiai~j damged buildings were
repaired,
__._...,.._.,.,.~,...,..,...s..~ ~nivcuii-ifun
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~NFIDENTIAI~/SECt7RITY INFORMATION
?3?-
11. G:' Historical significance, the most important shrine was the Seventeenth
8entury4osetle. There were no l
arge parks in the city with the exception of
park on the outskirts of the city. 'Phe city was kept clean and sanitary,
~~
the Soviets deported appro~},e~ one thousand Aaaini.ane and Poles to
Siberia in 19la0 and 19111
}~. 19l
th
1
.
t,
t
e German Gestapo had 1d1Zed T5 per
cent or the apFro~zimateljr thr?e thousand Jews or the oily.
13. Groupings or population aaaordin to bh
~' n 1
the. atty. ,at Cbortkov, includ~ng the ~illa~e_ across the
river ono; the small yil2Apww nr ae,.a., r-~_
ni
cent or the PoPulatinn im the center of the oi~tq w~~~h3 (2),uPpeF~and
loner portions of 1Yvhnanka pillage were inhabited by about equal cumbers of
Pales and Ukraiai,ans; (3) the area known as Stariehna
sent Ukrainian and 20 per cant Polish. In?mambera ~ was 80 per
of rive thousand Ula?ainiana, four thousand Poles, a ihreeithonsand J~swe.d
The Jaws, who were strict Orthodox had one lar synaaozus and three ~
roar ems11 houses o~ Ara~sr.
~ in Chortkov (1931; to 19l1lt) there were no unnaturalised tor-
rs v ng in the oity and 0 no apeoial tensions aawag ithnio
groups.
S$4]terslmsnt and A m~n~.+ ..e?
lg? Leading orQanisatione in Chor$kov (1934 to .9/.tr) were;
>1QRR1Y - Iiorods3~~ 1Conitst ~ity oommitts~ Loader, fnu
boated in the City Hall
'~~T~M - ~09y~ ParterO?~ ltoaitet ~~~ a
Party Comiaitts) located in Count~'YVBuilding Leader, ~ ~~ sad
RAYRNO ~oard of Eduoatioa~1? ,ocated in its oRa
building oPpoe!te the County Building Director, Luohkow
0BL9ppll~3PILKt located itt Courthouse Direotar~ ~n~iei_r
~. Individual dealt direotly with H9.RxOM
R.tYPARTlCOH, RAY0IN0, and ~OTDa
~Aighway DePartalent - boated in a building in ~yhnanka soot
3ealt with ~'~iOVl17DD?L, which was the General Ineuranae Ooe Buildinng
o: "Xast Chcteryohe.
17. The ~VD and ~t3B, lmairn then ae the N[C7D
behind the County Building. This building was oc~cupi,n~ lsobbg boated'
~ t~'ee'et01'3' Prison bufrding, bu21t tar housing 250 inoatee ~ormally,~i- ab~
naed by'the Nb4D and aPPa?oaimately 1000 irnnst~. Prison buildings oars
supplied with running water and were heated by central heating. Thin prit~oa
area was tencud by"a 15 feet-h h brick fence.
war or forced labor cBmnw t., +~ ~__ Thera ti-ere no Prisoner-ot-
1f3. ?Sectione cost s~ictlwy policed and guarded were railroad trill
coal storage dnepe9 military barracks and areas and ~? railroad
Vary strict ourtew restrictions were placed on intiabit~ sad the patrolling
militia (usually two air three
Persons on the streets after nine ~sm~?d' without question, all nnautharited
~iTIAt,/SSCiki1TX It~9R16!-TI0g
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larger city lots ~ or special railroad militia. All of the
military trucks andamecrhanizeddor~motorized9artilleryed ~ Parking ar9as tOr
19. One di~riaion of military troops xas stationed in and near the city. This ,
did net include NIiVD border -and
CONFIIT&I~7f IAl;~SECURiTY IP,~URZiAiION
- !t
os~YIACHLi. --- -~- 6 ~aa e:vr14ACLe4 oy an organization called
Trans*+~~+-~+ such training 18 still being practiced.
vL aL '~
21. On the railroad station property there were two
41YG-l:i ~Ory buid.ci Jl7tS? une n?uried the mail: ral.ir pad adminis G2'ative oY2~icea,
the other xae used in part for apartauente far railroad personnel and in part
far storage of railroad property. This area also contained a railroad supply
storage building, a depot for locomotive and motor cars, a repair shop, and
coal et?rage area. The railroad stetlon xas fenced but only the coal piles
Hare guarded by railroad militia.
22. The city was connected by railroad with other pities in the U99R. Distances
-neasuredr Chortkov to Stanislav, 120 km; Chortkov to Ternopolo, 60 lanj
Chortkov to Zaleehchikii 40 lcag and Chortkov to Ivane-PustA, ILK ~ (the 7a tter
trActn. xen?. ;~,~. t+a3 ?~ Fcusaia~n-Polish border). All lines were single-tracked.
In 1941, under Soviet oocupatian, xork xaa started on a now double-traok line
through the vil3age o2 Ails set Nkt
n: ~ 35-7 of AU6 Series shows a villaQs
~ Ayala" two lau out ,of Chortkov to the northxeatf.
finished. The Chortkov station handled about I*~ arse this traok ie nor
freight trains durirtQ a 24-hour P ngers and six to ten
period.
23. Concerning water traneportation~ the Beret ie a shallox river not euitad to
any type of xatem transportations
24. Ay the end of 1941 the Soviets had almost co feted a large mill aiadroms
three miles east from the Chortkov-Je l
e
i
r
used only tar goverument a on tao+.lities. Private automobiles were
city over 50 standard trop ~ wheichbwerosused for trans Eo~ete bra`tght t? the
cultural products throughout ttie city. There were no apitreetcars,buees,~i
private trucl~, ar automobiles.
26. A majority ct the population, espe,;ial,],y those from the rural part of the city,
wor'lasd ae agricultural hands on 'T3oolhozee'~~. Intelligeateia worked in Soviet
Administrative Work. Soviet administration developed to enorLwus measures aad
xas ver3' inflexib]s. Each small business establishment had a complicated
system of bookkeeping anti had to employ a director, cashier, bookkeeper, eupplp
clerk, and other clerks. Thirty per cant of these employees were womens Wages
xere low and not sutricient to cover everyda3? living expenses. All wages were
regulated by Lhe State Financial Department nFinwidln. A serious lack of eki],led
xorlaers catered the PoQiata to oetabiish two trade echcwis, agriculture,l and
mechanical.
25? Chortkov had no modern transpo
t ti '
n
25 ~~; g
ca obAbly Yagel~ni.tsai 8 57 p
,.~' ~~i~~s Wank on this airport xae7 hastened along. Thrss ehittr worked
sr~+nn +1,. nlw l i et th. fn,,. ......W_
h the oonorete poursds ~
JP to 1".934, the city was dupplied with direct current (2 x 220 volt lines)
from a local poser staticn tshich produced current by Diesel power of apprmci-
matoly lur0 horaepoirar. This power sup53y way insutticient for the needs of the
city. Just prior to tYorld llsr II, the Polish government planned to construct
a Hex hydraulic electric station and a sew municipal rater purifying plant.
These plena never materialized. Rlectric lights in home burned dimly Llec*ric
i1177nT11 Onr7 n+1.w.. ,~..+..,~_,_ .. _~._ r.F - .
for the manufacture of electrical e i Yuaiitiy fecauso coppor was not al:iowed
use. 4u pment, except that which was for arntip
COt~'~EIFf71Y,/US OFi 2CIALS
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28. The Yollowing articles were in short supply and were under strict ration:
(1; all r. eady-made" garments F ~2.) shoes and .other leather goods; (3) lineng
and (~) sugar. Tea and costae could be bought only on the black market.
Vo~ka and. smoked and pickled fish mere in good supp],y.
29. Operators of black markets, when caught, received severe sentences. These
sentences ranged .4om one-halt year at forced labor to six to ten years daporta-
tio;, to Siberia. Black markets existed, neverthe].eas, conducted by supply clerks
who had access to goods and transpan.ted .+ from supply storage areas to the
cities. Sometimes high Party personalities wer:,. involved in black matketa.ng.
Adcministratonwhad especial division otmtrained~nerr~~~~elm~h. c~h dealtoeo~l,?t]J?
with black market activities,
30. Fermera nbver had surplus agricultural pa~oducte to sell in city markets;
directors of the kol~oase made sure of that, Alarmers ~ earnings in grain and
other agricultural products amounted t;; about one kg of grain for one dada of
work. Th?s was in only the beet oases. Cities in this ar~-,. Here normally
supplied with food t'rom city stores. These stores procured their Prodt~oe
f4~om non-co].],eotiviaed united farmers. T?~.: cn th:.; t~,d ~s~6 wo nigh that
i`t was impossible for a single farmer to mr'.'ce a decent living. Thefts ~,~
icolhoaes were in much evidence. 1Rhen one 'was caught, punishment was very
severe with long perio~'~ at faresd labor. Farmers did conduct business in
so-called baeaars ooag+;,rabls to a II9 second-hand stye, but not with tho
varieties and qusatity of artiois? at a U9 second-hand store. Those basaars
were usual gathorittg places tor.tarmers~ here they could eat and driak it
they had the monsv ,~ +w. +a~
CCNFIDE::TIAL/~`ECURP?'Y INFC)rZ1ipTION
~5-
Party hommittee. They were:~ au ovos a ~ 1etd3e rebr the looal~,
2nd Jecretaryp and Pallcoeel~r. 3rd a~r~y. :l]1 three ~ro a typioT~a~iat
political chiefs, w~~ tsiligenoe or ?duoation, in their late thirties
li Yiros rough and un~aannsrly ~ habit. The chief o?' +?he looel. g11Ci~ was
hanks (not a L7cainiaa). Ail, politiosl, educational, eooaomioal.
ea31;a~, agr t~a..i _ .mod ..,
controlled by this Party Comanittee.u The ~ oallations in the ooun}ry wny
Patty Committee sM other Soviet institutions. Brancheshot thetrol aver the
militia, railroad, polies, highway (iT9FI0gTpR)~ and tine atations,~ depeeadent
of the Party Committee and 1V1(VD control were the armed forces end railroad
engineers aad firemen.
32. Phepprin~ipal newspaper published in the city was a dailq called "Cherwor~
Pre ot'"' Red Flag).
radio broadcasts were ttoted-in~N1CP'D records a~s~~~ all 7.istenere to secret
sets verb awned on b n enemies o! the peoples, Radio
~Y y people of ao-called bad social origin'-..tammsr lanryere,
store-Qwnera, and rich farmers. Their seta ware confiscated and they were
instruated~to procure no replaoemeats. Soviet ptodnced ~ddios were unauitabis
t-- ~"'"o""'g to +oreign broadcasts because of certain ~ outs on the coadenaer
plat.9s. These radios were pricdtive ax+~' gond only for aho,~t distance reoeptian.
9o-called kolkhea clnba were iastalied with a commott radio by which one could
listen to propaganda or an occasional son but moe
officials. Certain collective term members or otficia]e t~hrseraatings of :SoolYhos
lrnid speakers in their guartera which :;ere connected to the mai~nrrecei eroin tall
the club. Some people oened small crystal sets which ware used ]ate at night
and kept secret.
g1~'IAgh'TIAL/b3 CIFFICWS 0,*Bi!
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cor>FZn~~~r'IAL~c~~rr~, zraFOxuaTlox
_~_
j4. There was-, no freo recruitinE'of corkers by local errterprises. L~rery-
ooav nos obliged to work upon the direction of the chief of an enterprise.
This chief had authority to hire and fire, with no questions asked.
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a was netructed to report on informal
lice in the plaoe where he had lived previous
so that difficult new arrivals would be i ~ thin wee -lone 50X1- H U M
ac d i
p e
obtain a release from a fob. Vialators~xereVr~-' ana e:srx ayes obliged to
the first to introduce this lax in our city aftersthe Port Co~nfe(r~enceof was
940).
36. ~;Yates xere regulated strictly by the Promfinplan (Industrial Financial plan)
iri'industries and by the Agrtinp]an (Agricultural Financial plan) on farms.
Directors of etttex'prises xere not al].ov-ed to regulate or change wages once
approved by a main office (HLAVPK) located in Noscox or Eiev. Strict controls
xere also put upon clerical and official staffs. During a nee planning periodD
no changes xere allomed except in special cases where permission was obtained
from highest authorities.
37. All cities in the republics of the [I9SR had the same labor regulstione in
f~'c?. Propoea]s for production and labor staff xere instituted every year
during Ju],Y.
38. Typical wage conditior.~ in cities xere low and insufficient considering the
cost of ?.wing. There xere two categories of people: one which risked
speculation on black mari~ta and similar black dealings and obtained a better
existences the other which was always on the border of starvation and cared
for nothing but Toodo The second group consis~~ed main],q oS kolkhoa .~rorkers.
They lived like aniuala. Better paid xorkera xere technical apeoyal.istai
theater artiste, profeeaore of univeraitiea, and soien`?iata. Party members
aril the eo-called ~politioal elites oleo reoe4.ved good wages. Aeet Wald xere
NKGD offioiala, court 3udgea, end prooecutora. ~ tew of these owned their
own emaJ1 homes ss allewsd by the goviet constitution.
5ocis~ r_~z
39. A new a~ival in the oity had to oomplajr with epeoial pa~oordticya
ne Riau Lu report to the epeoiai UpRA9l' Ea;}N, xhioh xae the aooa~mmodatioaa
aeatione of the NEVD. Thi. offing ceatrollsd living gxartera and other aooommo-
datione and informed a house manager whenever a stranger was going to begin
~'~ttit in the house. The new arriv 1
.
n
v g ~~~s where they
could disrupt normal conditions least.
40. 411 buainese travelers, such as supply men, had travel orders in their
possession, anon documents were aeldan checked on railroads, busses, ar
at stations but they were checked by the UP~yr DOgp~
41. The city h ?~ enly one large hotel which was open 24 hours per day. i;atea
ware lorr and on a daily basis. All the best rooms, however, xere generally
reserved for Pasty men who might arrive in the city.
42. Pu.aic entertainment houses, such as tea rooms and cAfP= d :
ce.-.~ of of iite Nasr~. p,3,1 Rafters ar,3 bartsndera xere agents~ofWtheiNybVD and4
reported all observations. Customers who ac`?ed or looked auspicious were
observed and checked carefully.
-:3. Large apartment houses in Chortkov xere nationalized and apartments xere rented
to new arrivaLa t,..,.. ..+~_ ___~_ _. .._ .._-- --
rent. Only Party men had pricriiy ror nexc:ruand betterT~apartments. Li-~~ g;':!~i
conditions for factory workers xere terri~~ They laved fA small overcrosded V
CONx'IDE??'IAL/Uj OFFIC?4Ld ONLY
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CUIdFID~.':'!'L'LL~SECU!iITY INFORNATIUN
-?-
.moms :~ithout separate sleepin-'
3C1
dations were usu
ll
i
u
t
c
c
a
y
n basements
of. apartment
housss
Ftxrnishin s
were
simple
and in poor condition. They rare produced by furniture factories and made of
chain anf+. ,..,.,.a mow;..,. _a,.__ r_.. -- -
- vi ia~~~r YVOx'Kers.
L1~. Telephone conversations xere monitored and post offices xere under diligeat
oontaol of the NKVD. prim to sending registered or epeoisl-deliv~ary letters
or telegrams, individuals xere obligated to show documents to ppg~oPf;ea ntt;,.;-i4~
An exact. althrn,on ,,...,Pti,.s~i _______.t__ __ _
The only private telephones xere in the homes of lea ink Commurzs ar y
' restrictions on the use of medical or ~urgica ac_ es the eeinstitutions.
46. Instit~xtions of higher learning includede (1) public high ech=ol.~~ ten-yea~-
echvols; ('e) as agricultural high schools a ten-year school (this school had a
good chemistrg laboratory); and (3) a gymnasium, six-+,year school,
47. Chartkov had one oiaema and one 7agitimate theater xhera travelling theatrical
45. The city had ape hospital and one dispensary
48. Religion xas supervised b9 a eo-called contra-~eligioue activity groups a
creation of the Corsauaiet Party fully eLpportod by Party doctrines. X11 ohurahes
were taxed hsavil~. Taxes could not be paid and altar a laves or dsliaquenoy
~ P4YinB tuee~ he churches were closed. The freak Catho a religion war
liquidated ottiaial]y by the Soviets aad replaced by Qrthodauc clergy wader strict
control of ty. No sermons were a1laAed in arm of the churches.
the ~thodax church xas part of the Soviet adminis-
pr es s were often agents of the P1'.tVD.
49. Inhabitants were obi ted to car
cares ac ~ r'J personal iflentit.~~yy
all times. ?wen m~avelling, people carried ofriaial travel orders.
Personal identity cards were small 1 1/2~r x 2 1/2a booklets aontaining the
o~;erts picture and several pages for administrativs changes and changes of
address. This form of peso mss not often changed because the paper contained
secret water marks knomn only to agents of the NKVD.
SU. .hiving in secret xithout being perceived by neighbors cr without having to
enter onus name officially in a house. block, or Atreet rsaidence beak was
most difficult in a city the size of Chortkov. people, hoKever~
0 lived end still live with confidence xithou er av a registered in
th~~
51. Lass checking of civilian doeume~a xas seldom psrformed on the street. There
were no special passes required for 'wing on the streets after dark. The only
restrictions were normal wartime restri.t3c;as.
~2. Acquiring false docume~its was extremely difficult because government printing
offices and other printinb shops were under constant control of the NEVD and
thane mare martiv secret agents among the printers. L'ilitary personnel moved
about the city with much less dang~ar than did civ-tl,~~,a ~~..,.~.. ?_ -.-.
'-- - -~--- -~ :.aar a uiti~iu m the Arat7, :dEVD, 1-i}.tti.a, I;ailz-oaa' cuaras, ~ar,a :Yy
certain school teachers).
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co~m?a~r~t,/~ot~rrY ~o~mx
53~ No docm~endre were necgssary when p~chas~.ng railroad or bue tickets. OStioial
tz'avellers orasented 4,..vi.1 ,.,.ae..e .;.._ -__-.-- -
,~ ..-,..?~....,wm~,,vu avaumearq were n6 Q d Wi
intoo eitect~ arritra]. ~ sta~iona. gavel control and reatrictionr wars.
ins cial eases,
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