THE JAPANESE FISHING INDUSTRY: PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
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• Document Creation Date: November 16, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 13, 2000
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 1, 1975
• Content Type: REPORT

Approved For Release 2005/~~F~I~~t~~9~~~~98A000500030001-8
THE JAPANESE FISHING INDUSTRY:
PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS
~ ER RP 75-12
April 1975
Copy ~s~_,
Approved For Release 2000/05/15: CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
 Approved For Release 2~9~/d~1~5?.'(~a4-1~P~~B1098A000500030001-8
THE JAPANESE FISHING INDUSTRY:
PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS
Summary
1. Japan is one of the world's leading fish-
ing nations. Operating a fishing fleet of 1.2 mil-
lion gross register tons (GRT), the Japanese lead
the world in the amount of fish caught. Much of this
catch is marketed in Japan, where more than one-half
of the animal protein consumed is provided by fish
and fish products. Average consumption in 1973 reached
150 pounds per person per year, compared with 40 pounds
in the Soviet Union and only 12 pounds in the United
States.
2. Japan's demand for fish cannot be met by its
catch -- which reached 10.7 million metric tons in
1973 -- and increasing amounts are being imported,
primarily from Soutti Korea, Taiwan, the United States,
Indonesia, and the Peoples Republic of China. Until
1971, Japan was a net exporter of fish; i~l 1974 imports
reached a record $1 billion, producing a net deficit
of about $500 million in the fishing account of the
balance of trade.
3. The growth of the Japanese fishing industry
will be slowed in the future as the result of con-
servation measures adopted by international commis-
sions and individual nations. Restrictive regulations
by coastal nations on fishing within 200 miles of
their shores initially will have little impact on
Japan, because it anticipates making bilateral arrange-
ments with the Soviet Union and the United States,
where most of its foreign fishing is currently done.
In the long run, however, Japan will have to conclude
a series of bilateral agreements with various less
developed countries to gain access to new fishing
grounds.
Note: Comments and queries regarding this ublica-
tion are welcomed. They may be directed to ~ STATINTL
STATINTL of the Office of Economic Research, Code
143, Extension 7931.
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 Approved For Release 2000/05/15: CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
Discussion
Fish Consumption and Catch
4. Fish provide more than one-half of Japan's
animal protein -- the highest proportion among the
developed countries of the world (see Table 1).
Fish Consumed, as a Share
of Animal Protein
Percent
of Total
South Korea
74
Japan
56
Portugal
44
Norway
19
USS R
1 5
United States
2
Fish consumption in Japan exceeds 150 pounds per
person a year, far ahead of the Soviet Union --
the world's second leading fishing nation -- where
annual consumption equals about 40 pounds per
person and the United States, where it is 12 pounds
per person per year. The most popular fish consumed
in Japan are yellow tail, tuna, and salmon, and the
most popular shellfish are shrimp and crab. Cod and.
mackerel are frequently part of the diet of lower
income groups.
5. The Japanese catch in 1973 was the world's
largest. Nearly 10.7 million tons were harvested --
16~ of the world total -- up from 10.3 million tons
in 1972 (see Table 2). Only the USSR, which operates
the world's largest fishing fleet, catches nearly as
much as the Japanese (see Table 3). The landed value
of the Japanese catch in 1973 exceeded $3 billion,
while the retail value exceeded $10 billion.
2
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 Approved For Release 2000/05/15: CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
Table 2
Japanese Fish Catch, by Specie
Million Metric. Tons
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
Total
7.9
8.7
8.6
9.3
9.9
10.3
10.7
Sea fish
5.7
6.3
6.5
7.2
7.9
8.0
8.3
Mackerel
Alaskan
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.3
pollack
1.2
1.6
1.9
2.3
2.7
3.0
3.3
Molluscs
Sea cul-
1.0
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
tures
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
Other
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
Fish Catchesl~
1973
1. Including ocean fish, shellfish, sea
mammals, and fresh water fish. Ocean fish
constitute about 90~ of the take.
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 Approved For Release 2000/05/15: CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
6. Despite Japan's predominant position in
world fishing, its fleet cannot meet the country's
heavy demand for fish. Imports are growing as a re-
sult. Until 1971, Japan was a net exporter of fish
and fish products. Since then, imports have increased
rapidly. In 1974 they were nearly double the 1972
total and four times imparts in 1970. Last year,
imports of fish and fish products -- mainly shrimp,
herring roe, and tuna -- reached a record $1 billion,
producing a net deficit of some $500 million in .the
fishing portion of Japan's balance of trade. South
Korea was the major supplier in 1974, providing 19~
of Japanese fish imports, followed by Taiwan, Indo-
nesia, and China, with about 9$ each.
Fleet Size and Organization
7. The Japanese operate two distinct fishing
fleets. One consists of some 350,000-400,000 small
vessels, 20~ of which are unpowered, that operate
in coastal or inland waters and collect high-value
species such as clams, shellfish, crabs, shrimp,
and squid. These constitute a small portion of the
total volume caught but represent about 400 of the
retail value -- about $4 billion.
8. The deep sea fishing fleet consists of
about 3,200 vessels totaling 1.2 million GRT, the
world's second largest, after the Soviet fleet,
which totals about 4,400 vessels of 6.0 million GRT.
About 75$ of the Japanese catch, by weight, is
taken by this fleet.
9. Most of the catch is marketed through some
3,000 fishing cooperatives established in fishing
ports throughout the country. These cooperatives
provide credit, processing, storage, and transpor-
tation services. Japan's processing and distribution
facilities are among the world's most modern.
Landed fish are sold to wholesalers who prepare
them for shipment to cities or for immediate pro-
cessing or freezing. Since one-half the catch is
frozen, investment in freezing and processing
plants has increased, and total capacity has morn
than doubled since tna mid-1960s.
4
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 Approved For Release 2000/05/15: CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
10. The Japanese fishing industry has some
225,000 firms,. mainly small individual proprietor-
ships that operate the 350,000-400,000 coastal
vessels. Most of these small businesses are capital
deficient and dependent on loans from banks -- at
government subsidized rates -- or loans from the
Agriculture Forestry Corporation, a government
agency. About 200 larger organizations control the
modern deep sea fishing fleet. The number of people
engaged in fishing has declined during the past
20 years, owing to a reduction in tree number of
small businesses, and now totals about 500,000,
compared with more than 700,000 in 1955.
11. The government also assists the industry
through oceanographic research, fisheries educa-
tion, port construction and improvement projects,
and programs to improve local fishing grounds. In
tree international arena, Japan is a member of
nearly all of the 20 or so international bodies
that control fishing in various geographic areas.
In these organizations, Tokyo seelcs to gain access
to prime fishing grounds and usually argues against
stringent conservation proposals. On the national
level, the Fisheries Association -- a private in-
dustry group -- often joins with the government to
promote-the industry at home and abroad through
extensive lobbying and promotion efforts.
Areas of Operation and Jurisdictional Conflicts
12. About 90$ of Japan's fish catch is taken
within 200 miles of its own coast and those of the
United States and Soviet Union. Although Japan has
stepped up fishing operations in Southeast Asian
waters and the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, fishing
there remains limited and is not expected to con-
tribute significantly to Japan's catch for some
time.
13. Serious conflicts with Soviet fishermen
in the waters north of Japan have been a long-
standing irritant. Over tha years, Soviet naval
vessels have seized hundreds of Japanese fishing
boats operating in these waters. Meetings regu-
larly taks place with the Soviets in an attempt
to dead with the problem and allocate catch quotas.
5
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 Approved For Release 2000/05/15: CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
Likewise, Tokyo meets regularly with Peking to dis-
cuss fishing problems. The government is anxious
to conclude with China an agreement that would
guarantee Japanese access to Chinese waters, since
Peking is claiming a 200-mile economic zone.
14. Persistent difficulties also are encoun-
tered with the United States and Canada. Both coun-
tries are attempting to reduce Japanese operations
off Alaska and the west coast of Canada, where
large quantities of Alaskan pollack and salmon are
caught. According to the United States and Canada,
the pollack stock is being exhausted by over-
fishing and the salmon are being captured before
returning to Alaskan rivers to spawn, thereby de-
pleting stocks.
15. Coastal states are moving to impose re-
strictions on fishing within 200 miles of their
shores under the auspices of the UN's ongoing Law
of the Sea Conference. Japan believes it can cape
with the 200-mile concept, primarily because both
the Soviet Union and the United States will allow
it to continue fishing off their coasts. In order
to ameliorate coastal states, Japan is extending
fisheries aid under such organizations as the
Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency -- a govern-
mental body -- which has bilateral and multilateral
agreements with most developing countries in South-
east Asia and the Indian Ocean area. In addition,
a joint government-business Overseas Fisheries
Cooperation Foundation was established in 1973 to
provide private credits and encourage economic and
technical cooperation.
New Areas of Interest
16. In an attempt to avoid increased conserva-
tion measures being imposed by various international
regulatory agencies, Z'okyo is conducting ambitious
programs to exploit the Antarctic. In this region,
the Japanese are fishing and harvesting krill -- a
shrimp-like shellfish -- which can be converted to
a protein concentrate.
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 Approved For Release 2000/05/15: CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
17. The Japanese are also the world's leaders
in developing fish farming. To date, most of their
. efforts have been in raising high-value specialty
fish -- such as yellow tail, a highly prized Japa-
nese delicacy -- which are extremely costly. For
? example, 10 pounds of other fish are required to
raise one pound of yellow tail.
18. The rapid growth of the Japanese fishing
industry probably will not continue. Government
and industry recognize that there are limits to
the fish catch. The global catch approached 70 mil-
lion tans last year and is nearing the maximum
sustainable level of about 100 million tons per
year. Moreover, competition for this valuable re-
source is increasing, especially from developing
countries.
19. The Japanese believe that they are bearing
the brunt of various world conservation measures
and are balking at international efforts to reduce
their catch. Claiming that voluntary restraint
by Japanese fishermen -- such as in the whaling
industry -- has often been negated by increases
in the fishing of others, they have publicly
accused the USSR and South Korea of several in-
ternational violations. They also have criticized
the United States, claiming that Washington shows
too much interest in conserving fish species that
the Japanese normally catch but shows no interest
in conserving the tuna caught in abundance by the
US fleet.
20. Almost certainly, nations at the on-going
Law of the Sea Conference will agree on a 200-mile
economic zone in which coastal states will gain
increased control over international fishing. Such
legislation will have only a minor impact on Japa-
nese fishing since nearly all of its catch is
taken in its own, US, and Soviet waters. Bilateral
fishing agreements with the Soviet Union and the
United States -- both very likely -- would reduce
any impact the 200-mile zone would have on Japan.
Breakthro?.~ghs in fish breeding or krill usage could
reduce the impact even further, but both will re-
quire the introduction of costly new technologies
and are not expected to provide even slight assist-
ance until well into the 1980s.
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DATE OF DOCUMENT
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NUMBER OF COPIES
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RETURNED
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FORM 2353
2.65 (13)
 COPY RECIPIENT .
NO.IS)
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17 April 1975
Distribution List for The Japanese Fishing Industry:
Prospects- and Problems, Project No. 51.07054
Otho Eskin
State/D/LOS
Rm 40321, Main State
OGCR GD/X
911 Magazine
Commander Morris Busby
State/OES
Rm 3214, Main State
George Taf t
Office of General Council
NOAA Dept of Commerce
Rm 5222, 14 Constitution
Commander C. Paul Ake, JAGG, USN
Off ice of Joint Chiefs
h F ~
~/ Negotiations Division
Rm 1E 962, Pentagon
Washington, DC 20301
STATINTL
DI-3D2 Nay ,~/
Rm l~?879, Pentagon
Washington, DC
Mr. George Clark
COMNAVINT SUPCEM, Code 34
4301 Suitland Rd
Suitland, MD 20390
Mr. Wayne Schiebel
NOAA
330 Whitehaven Street NW
Washington, DC
Mr. Alexis Obolensky
State/OPR/LS
Rm 2208, Main State
Washington, DC
STATINTL
~.~.
8 cys - Dept. of State
for Embassies in
Moscow, Brussels for Ralph
Moore, US Mission to NATO),
Taipei, HongKong, Djakarta,
Tokyo, Seoul, and Ottawa
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AFRICA
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Cameroun, Yaounde
Central African Republic, Bangui
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Nigeria, Lagos
Rhodesia, Salisbury
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Senegal, '~akar
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5on~alia, Mogadiscio
South Africa, Pretoria
Sudan, Khartoum
Swaziland, Mbabane
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam
Togo, Lome
Tunisia, Tuni s
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Upper Volta, Ouagadougou
Zambia, Lusaka
NEAR EAST AND SOUTH ASIA
Afghanistan, Kabul
Ceylon, Colombo
Cyprus, Nicosia
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Greece, Athens
India, New Delhi
Iran, Tehran
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Jamaica, Kingston
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 STATINTL
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 Approved For Release 2~~/Ov~~1~5'"~~i~-F~~~7~1098A000500030001-8
THE JAPANESE FISHING INDUSTRY:
PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS
Summary
1. Japan is one of the world's leading fish-
ing nations. Operating a fishing fleet of 1.2 mil-
lion gross register tons (GRT), the Japanese lead
the world in the amount of fish caught. Much of this
catch is marketed in Japan, where more than one-half
of the animal protein consumed is provided by fish
and fish products. Average consumption in 1973 reached
150 pounds per person per year, compared with 40 pounds
in the Soviet Union and only 12 pounds in the United
States.
2. Japan's demand for fish cannot be met by its
catch -- which reached 10.7 million metric tons in
1973 -- and increasing amounts are being imported,
primarily from Soutti Korea, Taiwan, the United States,
Indonesia, and the Peoples Republic of China. Until
1971, Japan was a net exporter 'of fish; in 1974 imports
reached a record $1 billion, producing a net deficit
of about $500 million in the fishing account of the
balance of trade.
3. The growth of the Japanese fishing industry
will be slowed in the future as the result of con-
servation measures adopted by international commis-
sions and individual nations. Restrictive regulations
by coastal nations on fishing within 200 miles of
their shores initially will have little impact on
Japan, because it anticipates making bilateral arrange-
ments with the Soviet Union and the United States,
where most of its foreign fishing is currently done.
In the long run, however, Japan will have to conclude
a series of bilateral agreements with various less
developed countries to gain access to new fishing
grounds.
Approved For Release 2000/05/15: CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
 Approved For Release 2(~d~10~IFFf51O~`~-F~'Bfi'7~T~1098A000500030001-8
THE JAPANESE FISHING INDUSTRY:
PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS
Summary
1, Japan is one of the world's leading fish-
ing nations. Operating a fishing fleet of 1.2 mil-
lion gross register tons (GRT), the Japanese lead
the world in the amount of fish caught. Much of this
catch is marketed in Japan, where more than one-half
of the animal protein consumed is provided by fish
and fish products. Average consumption in 1973 reached
150 pounds per person per year, compared with 40 pounds
in the Soviet Union and only 12 pounds in the United
States.
2. Japan's demand for fish cannot be met by its
catch -- which reached 10.7 million metric tons in
1973 -- and increasing amounts are boring imported,
primarily from Soutti Korea, Taiwan, the United States,
Indonesia, and the Peoples Republic of China. Until
1971, Japan was a net exporter 'of fish; ire 1974 imports
reached a record $1 billion, producing a net deficit
of about $500 million in the fishing account of the
balance of trade.
3. The growth of the Japanese fishing industry
will be slowed in the future as tYie result of con-
servation measures adopted by international commis-
sions and individual nations. Restrictive regulations
by coastal nations on fishing within 200 miles of
their shores initially will have little impact on
Japan, because it anticipates making bilateral arrange-
ments with the Soviet Union and the United States,
where most of its foreign fishing is currently done.
In the long run, however, Japan will have to conclude
a series of bilateral agreements with various less
developed countries to gain access to new fishing
grounds.
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 Approved For Release 20
~~~ ~~ ~~ 71~98A000500030001-8
MEMORANDUM FOR: CRS/ADD Release
~e.lease of :~.~ ZP 75-12, The J~nese
~'ishin~ Industry: Prospects 2ns.1 Problerr~s,
.~~pril 175, For official iJse Only. to
Foreign Ciovernrrsents
1. It is requested that the attached copy of subject report be
forwarded as follows:
STATINTL
2. All OER responsibilities as defined in the DDI memorandum
of 13 August 1952, "Procedures for Dissemination of Finished
Intelligence to Foreign Governments, " as applicable to this report
have been fulfilled.
STATINTL
Chief, St/P/C/ER
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_ __
03 OSR
06 CRS
08 OWI
(1-6)
17-e)
02 OER
04 OBGI
07 OSI
09 OPR
O
2
40 DIA
60 State
70 Treasury
JOINT OFFICE (spedfy):
(_
TOPICAL CATEGORY GEOGRAPHIC AREA CATEGORY
Domestic Politics USSR
International Relations Eastern Europe
Economics China
_ Military X Other Far East
Science & Technology Near East/N. Africa
Geography South Asia
Biography Africa
Latin America
Western Europe
LIST SPECIFIC COUNTRIES: Japan
TO BE COMPLETED BY CGAS
REC TYPE
TOPIC
AREA
(7-8)
(1 1-1.2)
(13-161
-ReJ
- DP79T
1098A00
oesD~ETe
FORM
3492
6-74 PREVIOUS
LDI TIONS
elea a 2000/05/1 ~~~~-RDP79T010A000~q-'3006
~"" -- /
(10-13-43)
 s,~,T~G?ti~ di c Sfai.~R ' e n
c
d
s~cvv~vTV ~r~
For eadt o ledion program contributing information ro the publication, check only the highest rating that is applicable. More than one
collection program may be rated as Key, Supplemental, or Incidental for each publication. If the source did not provide any reporting
useful in the publication, check the box labeled Not Applicable.
If a single publication treats more than one geographic area and/or topical category and the source mix for each varied then
additional forms must be completed; e.g. India-economics-State and Japan-economics--Flk's.
Rating categories are defined as follows:
Key-Information from a particular collection program was of suds importance that basic conclusions of the finished intelligence
item could not have been readied without it.
Supplemental-Information from a particular collection program was important but not essential to basic conclusions of the finished
intelligence item.
Incidental-Information from a particular collection program was useful or interesting primarily as background but was used onl
incidentally in the finished intelligence item.
CARD COL COLLECTION PROGRAMS
(17) 1. OVERHEAD IMAGERY
(7 9) 2. COMINT
{21) 3. ELINT
(23) 4. TELEMETRY
(25) 5. RADINT
(27) 6. DEFECTOR RPTS (e.g., FIRK's)
(29) 7. DDO Rpts (FIR'S)
(31) 8. STATE (FSO) REPORTS
9. DOD Human Source Reporting
{32) (a) Defense Attad~e - - --
(33)
(34) (b) Other
(35) 10. DDO/DCD Rpts (00's)
(37) 17. FBIS PRESS, RADIO 8~ TV REPORTS
(39) *1 2. Translation of Foreign Lang. doaments
b FBIS JPRS etc._
(41) *13 Non-USIB Agency Rpts. (USIA, AID, other
such reports) _
Open Literature (professional journals,
(43) *74
_
US wire ser., items, etc.)
(45) *1 5. OTHER [IMF, OECD, foreign government reports, etc.)
KIQ Related Publication: Yes No ~ 'for Kerns No. 1 2, 13, 14, and 15 specify source of reporting used.
KEY INTELLIGENCE QUESTICNJIS)-K
TRANSLATIONS:
?50
51
52
53
54
55
6
5
NON-USIB AGENCY(S): NOAA, Commerce
1st KIQ #
2nd KIQ #
OPEN LITERATURE:
tsb-boy
Various Journal and wire services and Industry
OTHE ' reports .
-- -t _ D ENT TYPE 61-62)
--
r
_ _i 02 GH ___ Ob GR 10 WR S~_ _ 14 BR 32 NIB 51 IODW
03 GM_ __ 07 IR __ 11 !H _ _ 15 TM 53 EIW
~ 04 IM__ 08 R 12 IB
16 RS
~
I __ . - - -- -~-- -
__ 05_ M
09 RA
113 RP
--- -
~_~~
. '170-7 CLASSIFICJ4TIbN: ~d~ ,~ i~r' C- ` (~Gr ~S+r O~I~y
--_ __-_~ _ - CLASSIFICATION CONTROLS:
List DDO FIR's and Defector reports that were key or supplemental informatian sources:
Np11~~/~ J7~~~~sedQ8r1i5R~Sp~ciE~ re~dtfS?~LYNharY~R~S~MOf`d~el'~15f QcX~i`IIQ~I~$
`~ SECRET
 Approved For Release 2000/05/15 :CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8
Approved For Release 2000/05/15 :CIA-RDP79T01098A000500030001-8