GREEK AND TURKISH COMMUNITIES ON CYPRUS NOTES ON POPULATION AND ECONOMY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP79T01018A000600020001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 23
• Document Creation Date: November 9, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 9, 1999
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 1, 1964
• Content Type: STUDY

3
QgpC4y~s~F~_F;~J~,a~~1999/09/21 :CIA-RDP79T01018A00060002cOpy No.
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10
GEOGRAPHIC SUPPORT STUDY
GREEK AND TURKISH COMMUNITIES ON CYPRUS
Notes on Population aryl Economy
CIA/RR GS 64-5
January 1964
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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CONFIDENTIAL
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
declassification
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This material contains information affecting
the National Defense of the United States
within the meaning of the espionage laws,
Title 18, USC, Secs. 793 and 794, the trans-
mission or revelation of which in any manner
to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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GEOGRAPHIC SUPPORT STUDY
GREEK AND TURKISH COMMUNITIES ON CYPRUS
Notes on Population and Economy
CIA/RR GS 64-5
January 196+
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
Office of Research and Reports
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GREEK AND TURKISH COMMUNITIES ON CYPRUS
Notes on Population and Economy
Summary
In this report on the possible separation of the Greek and Turkish
communities on Cyprus, emphasis is given to the ethnic composition and
distribution of the population, farmholdings and agricultural production,
and ownership of mineral resources. Other factors are considered briefly.
The population of Cyprus is 77 percent Greek and 18 percent Turkish,
and in general the two ethnic communities are rather evenly spread and
evenly mixed throughout the island. The Turkish proportion is as high
as 24 percent.in one administrative district and as low as 13 percent in
another. Sections of each town and many rural villages are inhabited ex-
clusively by one community or the other, but in many other town sections
and villages the population is mixed. The dislocations of population now
occurring as a result of the fighting could or could not permanently
change this distribution pattern, depending on future developments. Any
segregation of communities or partition of the island would involve move-
ment of substantial portions of the population.
Urban areas have grown considerably in recent years. Both Greeks a d.
Turks tend to migrate townward, but the proportion of Turks in urban area,
is increasing. Greeks are predominant in commerce, industry, and the pr-;-
fessions, but a number of Turkish enterprises have been established in the
past few years.
In rural areas there appears to be little difference in the economic
status of members of the two communities. The numbers of Greek and Turk-
ish farmholders are roughly comparable, proportionately, to the numbers
of Greeks and Turks in the total rural population. The Turkish farmholders
operate a slightly higher share of the land in relation to their numbers,
however, than do the Greeks; and proportionately more of the individual.
large landholdings are Turkish rather than Greek. Cypriot farmers in gen-
eral, whether Greek or Turk, are smallholders, faced with the problems of
insufficient capital, inadequate water supply, antiquated farming methods,,
and excessive fragmentation of holdings. Many of them supplement their
poor farm livings by work in town or on the British bases. Any partition
plan would have to take into account the need for a unified development of
water resources.
The major portion of the mining assets are owned by foreigners, the
principal exception being a company turned over to the Greek community of
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Cyprus by its Greek former owner. Mineral products include cupreous and
iron pyrites, cupreous concentrates, asbestos, chrome ore, umber, and
gypsum. The mines are located in or near the mountains in the southwest-
ern part of the island. Should partition be the final solution for Cy-
prus, consideration would have to be given to the disposition of these
mines and the valuable state forests that are located in this mountain
region. Equitable distribution of the electric power supply, now gen-
erated primarily by one plant, also would necessarily come up for con-
sideration.
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Population
The two principal ethnic communities on Cyprus -- Greeks and Turks are intermixed throughout the island, and both have taken part in the
increasing urbanization that has characterized population growth on the
island. The census of 1960 counted a total population of 574,013.* Of
this number, some 77 percent belonged to the Greek community, 18 percent
to the Turkish, and 5 percent to minor groups, mainly British, Armenian,
and Maronite. From the 1880's until the 1950's the proportion of Turks
in the total population declined steadily, but the 1960 census showed a
slight increase in the percentage of Turks (see Table 1, below). The
Table 1
Population of Cyprus, by Ethnic Community
19li-6-60
Total
Greeks Turks
Others
Date
Population
Total
Percent Total Percent
T
t
l
P
o
a
ercent
1946
450,114
361,199
80.3
80,548
17.9
8,367
1.8
1956
528,618
417,199
78.9
92,163
17.4
19,256
3.7
1960
574,013
442,363
77.1
104,333
18.2
27,317
4.7
increase from 1946 to 1960 in the minor communities reflects mainly the
influx of British during the 1950's when British military bases on Cyprus
were expanded.
No large areas of Cyprus can be described as purely Greek or purely
Turkish. The distribution pattern of communities is indicated on the
Excluded from this figure are 3,602 in the sovereign base areas and
other areas.retained and administered by Great Britain. The 1963 total
population was estimated at 583,500.
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accompanying map, Cyprus: Ethnic Communities - 1956 (28366),* and, for
1960, in Table 2 on p. 5. Turks constitute from 20 to 24 percent of the
population in the three districts of Nicosia, Larnaca, and Paphos, in the
central, southern, and western parts of the island, but in Kyrenia,
Famagusta, and Limassol, in the north, east, and south, the proportion
of Turks is from 13 to 17 percent, or less than the national average. In
the six towns that serve as the administrative centers for their respective
districts, the proportion of Turks ranges-from 31 percent in Paphos to 14
percent in Limassol. The rural population of Cyprus is settled in villages.
Isolated farmsteads are rare. Many of the villages are composed predom-
inantly or entirely of one ethnic group, but many have mixed populations.
Villages range in size from less than 50 persons to several thousand, a
few of them being larger than Kyrenia, the smallest of the district towns.
The urban population -- that is, the population of the six district
towns -- increased by 78 percent between 1946 and 1960, at the same time
that the rural population was experiencing an increase of only 2.0 percent,
and in 1960 the urban population constituted more than 33 percent of the
total. During most of the period of British sovereignty, townward migra-
tion from the countryside affected the Greeks more than the Turks, but
more recently the increase in the Turkish element of the urban population
was greater than that in the Greek. The older, central parts of the larger
towns tend to contain a higher concentration of Turks than the newer parts.
* The pattern of admixture of Greeks and Turks has not changed substantially
since 1956. The Troodos District, shown on this map, was a temporary div.-
sion and has since been abolished. For current administrative boundaries see
Map 39094, Cyprus, 1963,
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Population of Cyprus, by District
1960
District a
Total
Population
Greeks
Turks
Others
percent
percent
(percent)
.Nicosia
204,484
75.2
20.0
4.8
Urban
95,515
67.2
23.2
9.6
Rural (villages)
108,969
82.3
17.1
0.6
Kyrenia
31,015
78.8
13.9
7.3
Urban
3,1+98
67.8
20.0
12.2
Rural (villages)
27,517
80.2
13.1
6.7
Famagusta
111+,389
79.7
16.6
3.7
Urban
34J74
70.1+
17.6
12.0
Rural (villages)
79,615
83.8
16.1
0.1
Larnaca
58,660
73.9
21.5
4.6
Urban
19,821+
66.1
20.5
13.4
Rural (villages)
38,836
77.9
22.1
0
Limassol
107,306
79.7
12.6
7.7
Urban
43,593
71.7
14.0
14.3
Rural (villages)
63,713
85.2
11.6
3.2
Paphos
58,159
75.5
24.5
0
Urban
9,083
68.5
31.4
0.1
Rural (villages)
49,076
76.9
23.1
0
a. The urban population in each district is that of the district town.
The urban figures for Nicosia include the town and its suburban villages.
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The area within the municipal limits of Nicosia, for instance, contains
a mixed population of Greeks, Turks, British, Armenians, and others. The
Greeks compose 56 percent of the total number of people in this urban
area, and the Turks 32 percent. To some extent the different groups are
segregated in different sections of the inner town. On the other hand,
in the suburban villages outside the municipal limits the population is
predominantly Greek (see Table 3, below).
Table 3
Population of Nicosia, by Ethnic Community
1960
Total Population Nicosia Town
Suburban Villages
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Total
95,515
100.0
1+5,629
100.0
1+9,886
100.0
Greeks
64P207
67.2
25P561
56.0
38
7646
77.5
Turks
22,131+
23.2
14P686
32.2
.
7P448
14.9
British
1+,51+2
1+.8
1,978
1+.3
2,564
5.1
Armenians
2,529
2.6
1;1848
1+.1
681
1.1+
Others
2,103
2.2
1P556
3.1+
51+7
1.1
The educational level of the Greeks is somewhat higher than that of
the Turks. In 1960 the percentage of illiteracy for the total population
(all age groups) was 31 percent. Among Greeks it was 30 percent and among
Turks, 38 percent. In both communities, illiteracy was substantially
higher in rural areas than in the towns.
Except for the British, the Armenians are the most.numerous of the
minor communities. They are located mainly in Nicosia where many are
engaged in business. Greek-Turkish intercommunal strife, uncertainties
regarding the future of an independent Cyprus, and dissention within their
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own community have had an adverse effect on the Armenians. Their numbers
have declined from about 4,500 in 1956 to 3,627 in 1960. Many Armenians
have emigrated to the United Kingdom, and in 1962 a few hundred went to
the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. The small Maronite community,
numbering 2,706 in 1960, lives in rural areas in the northwestern part
.of the island.
Partition of the island, or segregation of Greeks and Turks into
separate areas, would require moving a considerable part of the population.
Separation of the communities could be accomplished in one of several ways.
All the Turks could be removed from the island, a movement involving about
105,000 persons. On the other hand, the island could be partitioned and
the Turks segregated into particular areas. For example, the Turks could
all be moved into Paphos and Larnaca Districts, where the Turkish per-
centage of the population is now higher than in other districts. Movement
of all Turks into these districts and removal of the Greeks presently in
the districts would involve a total of 165,000 persons -- 78,000 Turks and
87,000 Greeks. If segregation were imposed village by village and by
section of towns, so that no mixed villages were left and towns were com-
pletely segregated by quarter, the movement would affect some 37,000
Turks and 27,000 Greeks. The latter estimates are 'based on the assump-
tion that the minority group, whether Turkish or Greek, in each mixed
village would be moved and that a relocation within towns would involve
about one-third of the total population of each town.
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Economic Activities
In the towns the Greeks are more liberally represented in commerce,
industry, and the professions than are the Turks, but a number of new
Turkish enterprises have been founded in recent years. It is probably
true that, on the whole, the urban Greeks are more prosperous than the
urban Turks.
In agriculture the economic levels of the two communities appear to
be about equal. Both are represented, apparently in roughly the same
proportion as their total numbers, in the 39 percent of the economically
active population that is employed in agriculture. Greeks make up 84
percent of the number of individual farmholders and 81 percent of the
rural population. Turks comprise 15 percent of the farmholders and 16
percent of the rural population. The percentage position of Greek and
Turkish farmholders within each district is also about comparable to the
proportions of the two communities in the rural population of the dis-
trict (compare Tables 2 and 1I, pp. 5 and 9 ). The greatest variations
from this pattern are found in Nicosia and Limassol districts, where
the percentages of Greek landholders are higher than in other districts.
The Turkish farmholders, however, have more land in proportion to their
numbers than the Greeks. The average Greek holding for the whole island
is about 14 acres, whereas the average Turkish holding is about 21 acres.
Most large private landholdings belong to Turks. The largest amount
of land, however, is owned by the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprus. It
is estimated to control 8 to 10 percent of the farmland, most of its
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acreage being leased or rented to private holders. Moslem religious foun-
dations control another 1 to 2 percent of the farmland. Several commercial
plantations are operated by corporations. The rural cooperative movement,
very strong on Cyprus and a major source of agricultural credit, is backed
by two central banks, one Greek and one Turkish. Reallocation of land,
in some form or other, would be involved in any separation of communities,
whether by partition of the island or at the village level.
The typical rural Cypriot, whether Greek or Turk, is a small farmer
owning several scattered plots of land at varying distances from his
village. He spends a considerable amount of time travelling from one
plot to another in the annual round of cultivating and harvesting. The
shepherd is another type of rural dweller, owning little, if any, land
but grazing his flocks of sheep or goats in almost nomadic fashion, often
at considerable distances from his village. During seasons of slack
work on the farm the rural dweller may supplement his small farm income
by work in one of the district towns, and other members of his family
may have full-time employment in town, returning to the village on
weekends and holidays. A substantial number of the rural inhabitants
thus maintain continuing contact with the towns.
The principal field crops are wheat, barley, vetches, cotton, pota-
toes, chickpeas, sesame, and tobacco. The Mesaoria -- the central plain
lying between the Kyrenia Mountain Range on the north and the Troodos
Mountains on the south -- is the principal agricultural region. Although
field crops are of major importance here, citrus fruits, olives, and
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almonds are also grown. Vines (producing both wine and table grapes),
olives, citrus fruits, and almonds are grown in the hill lands bordering
the Troodos Mountains and along the coastal plains. Carobs (locust beans)
are grown extensively for stock feed and for gum, mainly on the seaward
slopes facing the north and south coasts. Agricultural products account
for about 33 percent of the exports from Cyprus, the principal commod-
ities exported being citrus fruits, potatoes, carobs, raising;, and wine.
The island is not self-sufficient in food, however, and must import
cereals, meat, dairy products, fruit and vegetables, fish, sugar, and
animal feed.
Agriculture on Cyprus is dependent primarily on the limited and
somewhat erratic rainfall that is characteristic of the Mediterranean
(annual rainfall varied between 9.4 inches and 19.8 inches at Nicosia
in the period 1952-61). This rainfall is concentrated in the winter
months and is the mainstay of the wheat and barley crops. Irrigation
facilities have increased steadily since 19+6 and are now available
on about 18 percent of the farmland. A considerable area of field
crops and all of the citrus fruits are irrigated. Much of the water
for irrigation, however, is used inefficiently. An increase in the
number of drilled wells and the expansion of pump irrigation have caused
a lowering of the water table, and there is a growing shortage of water
at the same time that demands are being made for additional supplies for
both irrigation and domestic use in villages and towns. As part of a
program of water development it has been recommended that a system of
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dams and storage reservoirs be built, that comprehensive water resource
planning be instituted on several entire watersheds, and that pump irri-
gation from wells be stringently regulated. In the past, disputes over
water rights have led to serious conflicts between villages. Should the
island be partitioned or the communities segregated,it would be necessary
to consider the increasing need for unified development and utilization
of water resources.
Although they do not suffer from some of the ills that beset rural
dwellers in other Middle Eastern countries,Cyprittl,t farmers do have their
problems. Water shortage, soil erosion, and soil infertility are endemic.
The small size of operations and excessive fragmentation of plots limit
the income from them, cause inefficient operation, and prevent the
increases in investment necessary for individual improvements. Frag-
mentation increases as population pressure on the land increases. Both
Greek and Turkish farmers appear to be faced by the same problems, and
the relatively prosperous towns act as a safety valve for the disad-
vantaged rural dwellers of both communities.
Mining, the second most important economic activity of Cyprus, is
controlled in large part by foreign companies, and most of the mineral
products are exported. Although the quantity and value of mineral
exports have declined since the late 1950's, because of the depletion
of the richer pyrites deposits and unfavorable world prices, minerals
still account for about 40 percent of the total exports by value. The
mineral resources -- copper and iron pyrites, chromite, asbestos, gypsum,
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and umber -- are located mainly along the periphery or the southwestern
mountain region and in the Troodos Mountains in the middle of the region
(see Table 5, p.14 , and Map 39094, Cyprus, 1963). The two largest
producers are the Cyprus Mines Corporation, a US company, and the Hellenic
Mining Company, Ltd., formerly owned by a Greek from Greece who, after
independence, donated it to the Greek community of Cyprus. Each of the
two companies mine about 700,000 tons of ore annually, producing cupreous
and iron pyrites. The principal mine of the Cyprus Mines Corporation
is near Xeros, south of Morphou Bay. With a reserve of about 1,500,000
tons, it was estimated in 1962 that this mine would last only 2 or 3
years. Open pit operations were being started at two old mines nearby,
however, giving the company an additional reserve of some 4,200,000 tons
of ore. Also in 1962, another mine producing cupreous pyrite north of
Larnaca was taken over by a company controlled jointly by the Cyprus
Mines Corporation and American Metal Climax, Inc. Mines of the Hellenic
Mining Company are on the south coast and the north flank of the moun-
tains. Near the coast beyond the western edge of the mountains are
the properties of the Cyprus Sulphur and Copper Company, Ltd., a British
concern operating on a smaller scale than either the Cyprus Mines
Corporation or the Hellenic Mining Company. A chrome deposit worked
by a US-Norwegian company and an asbestos mine belonging to an Anglo-
Danish company are located in the heart of the Troodos Range. Gypsum
and umber are minerals of less importance. A US company, the Forest
Oil Company, has been given permits to explore for petroleum on the
island.
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Table 5
Minerals Exported from Cyprus
1961
Mineral .
Quantity
(long tons)
Asbestos
15,328
2,590,000
Copper Cement
1,759
574,000
Chrome Ore
18,820
534,800
Cupreous Concentrates
101,585
10,460,800
Cupreous Pyrites
138,477
2,539,600
Iron Pyrites
822,263
6,616,4oo
Gypsum, calcined
1,830
16,800
Gypsum
24,437
70,000
Terra Umbra
4,252
148,400
Other
308
16,800
$ 23,567,600
The southwestern mountain region contains, in addition to its
mineral resources, the principal timber lands of Cyprus, primarily
owned and managed by the state. They are valuable both for lumber and
for the recreation areas they provide. Any partition of the island
would have to take into account, therefore, the disposition of both
the mineral and timber resources of this region.
The principal power supply for the island is produced at a single
central generating plant at Dhekelia having an installed capacity of
74,500 kw at the end of 1962. It is operated by the Electrical
Authority of Cyprus, a public corporation. There are transmission
lines covering much of the island and standby generators in several of
the district towns. There are several small producers in addition.
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GREEK AND TURKISH COMMUNITIES ON CYPRUS
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